diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'pkg/tbtables/cfitsio/cfitsio.ps')
| -rw-r--r-- | pkg/tbtables/cfitsio/cfitsio.ps | 12896 |
1 files changed, 12896 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/pkg/tbtables/cfitsio/cfitsio.ps b/pkg/tbtables/cfitsio/cfitsio.ps new file mode 100644 index 00000000..53d0810c --- /dev/null +++ b/pkg/tbtables/cfitsio/cfitsio.ps @@ -0,0 +1,12896 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Creator: dvips(k) 5.86 Copyright 1999 Radical Eye Software +%%Title: cfitsio.dvi +%%Pages: 168 +%%PageOrder: Ascend +%%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792 +%%EndComments +%DVIPSWebPage: (www.radicaleye.com) +%DVIPSCommandLine: dvips -N0 cfitsio +%DVIPSParameters: dpi=600, compressed +%DVIPSSource: TeX output 2004.12.02:1427 +%%BeginProcSet: texc.pro +%! +/TeXDict 300 dict def TeXDict begin/N{def}def/B{bind def}N/S{exch}N/X{S +N}B/A{dup}B/TR{translate}N/isls false N/vsize 11 72 mul N/hsize 8.5 72 +mul N/landplus90{false}def/@rigin{isls{[0 landplus90{1 -1}{-1 1}ifelse 0 +0 0]concat}if 72 Resolution div 72 VResolution div neg scale isls{ +landplus90{VResolution 72 div vsize mul 0 exch}{Resolution -72 div hsize +mul 0}ifelse TR}if Resolution VResolution vsize -72 div 1 add mul TR[ +matrix currentmatrix{A A round sub abs 0.00001 lt{round}if}forall round +exch round exch]setmatrix}N/@landscape{/isls true N}B/@manualfeed{ +statusdict/manualfeed true put}B/@copies{/#copies X}B/FMat[1 0 0 -1 0 0] +N/FBB[0 0 0 0]N/nn 0 N/IEn 0 N/ctr 0 N/df-tail{/nn 8 dict N nn begin +/FontType 3 N/FontMatrix fntrx N/FontBBox FBB N string/base X array +/BitMaps X/BuildChar{CharBuilder}N/Encoding IEn N end A{/foo setfont}2 +array copy cvx N load 0 nn put/ctr 0 N[}B/sf 0 N/df{/sf 1 N/fntrx FMat N +df-tail}B/dfs{div/sf X/fntrx[sf 0 0 sf neg 0 0]N df-tail}B/E{pop nn A +definefont setfont}B/Cw{Cd A length 5 sub get}B/Ch{Cd A length 4 sub get +}B/Cx{128 Cd A length 3 sub get sub}B/Cy{Cd A length 2 sub get 127 sub} +B/Cdx{Cd A length 1 sub get}B/Ci{Cd A type/stringtype ne{ctr get/ctr ctr +1 add N}if}B/id 0 N/rw 0 N/rc 0 N/gp 0 N/cp 0 N/G 0 N/CharBuilder{save 3 +1 roll S A/base get 2 index get S/BitMaps get S get/Cd X pop/ctr 0 N Cdx +0 Cx Cy Ch sub Cx Cw add Cy setcachedevice Cw Ch true[1 0 0 -1 -.1 Cx +sub Cy .1 sub]/id Ci N/rw Cw 7 add 8 idiv string N/rc 0 N/gp 0 N/cp 0 N{ +rc 0 ne{rc 1 sub/rc X rw}{G}ifelse}imagemask restore}B/G{{id gp get/gp +gp 1 add N A 18 mod S 18 idiv pl S get exec}loop}B/adv{cp add/cp X}B +/chg{rw cp id gp 4 index getinterval putinterval A gp add/gp X adv}B/nd{ +/cp 0 N rw exit}B/lsh{rw cp 2 copy get A 0 eq{pop 1}{A 255 eq{pop 254}{ +A A add 255 and S 1 and or}ifelse}ifelse put 1 adv}B/rsh{rw cp 2 copy +get A 0 eq{pop 128}{A 255 eq{pop 127}{A 2 idiv S 128 and or}ifelse} +ifelse put 1 adv}B/clr{rw cp 2 index string putinterval adv}B/set{rw cp +fillstr 0 4 index getinterval putinterval adv}B/fillstr 18 string 0 1 17 +{2 copy 255 put pop}for N/pl[{adv 1 chg}{adv 1 chg nd}{1 add chg}{1 add +chg nd}{adv lsh}{adv lsh nd}{adv rsh}{adv rsh nd}{1 add adv}{/rc X nd}{ +1 add set}{1 add clr}{adv 2 chg}{adv 2 chg nd}{pop nd}]A{bind pop} +forall N/D{/cc X A type/stringtype ne{]}if nn/base get cc ctr put nn +/BitMaps get S ctr S sf 1 ne{A A length 1 sub A 2 index S get sf div put +}if put/ctr ctr 1 add N}B/I{cc 1 add D}B/bop{userdict/bop-hook known{ +bop-hook}if/SI save N @rigin 0 0 moveto/V matrix currentmatrix A 1 get A +mul exch 0 get A mul add .99 lt{/QV}{/RV}ifelse load def pop pop}N/eop{ +SI restore userdict/eop-hook known{eop-hook}if showpage}N/@start{ +userdict/start-hook known{start-hook}if pop/VResolution X/Resolution X +1000 div/DVImag X/IEn 256 array N 2 string 0 1 255{IEn S A 360 add 36 4 +index cvrs cvn put}for pop 65781.76 div/vsize X 65781.76 div/hsize X}N +/p{show}N/RMat[1 0 0 -1 0 0]N/BDot 260 string N/Rx 0 N/Ry 0 N/V{}B/RV/v{ +/Ry X/Rx X V}B statusdict begin/product where{pop false[(Display)(NeXT) +(LaserWriter 16/600)]{A length product length le{A length product exch 0 +exch getinterval eq{pop true exit}if}{pop}ifelse}forall}{false}ifelse +end{{gsave TR -.1 .1 TR 1 1 scale Rx Ry false RMat{BDot}imagemask +grestore}}{{gsave TR -.1 .1 TR Rx Ry scale 1 1 false RMat{BDot} +imagemask grestore}}ifelse B/QV{gsave newpath transform round exch round +exch itransform moveto Rx 0 rlineto 0 Ry neg rlineto Rx neg 0 rlineto +fill grestore}B/a{moveto}B/delta 0 N/tail{A/delta X 0 rmoveto}B/M{S p +delta add tail}B/b{S p tail}B/c{-4 M}B/d{-3 M}B/e{-2 M}B/f{-1 M}B/g{0 M} +B/h{1 M}B/i{2 M}B/j{3 M}B/k{4 M}B/w{0 rmoveto}B/l{p -4 w}B/m{p -3 w}B/n{ +p -2 w}B/o{p -1 w}B/q{p 1 w}B/r{p 2 w}B/s{p 3 w}B/t{p 4 w}B/x{0 S +rmoveto}B/y{3 2 roll p a}B/bos{/SS save N}B/eos{SS restore}B end + +%%EndProcSet +TeXDict begin 40258431 52099146 1000 600 600 (cfitsio.dvi) +@start +%DVIPSBitmapFont: Fa cmti10 10.95 17 +/Fa 17 118 df<49B712C018F818FE903B0003FE0003FF9438007F804BEC1FC0F00FE0F0 +07F014074BEC03F8F001FCA2140F4BEC00FEA3141F4B15FFA3143F5DA3027F5D5DA219FE +14FF92C81203A34917FC4A1507A219F813034A150F19F0A20107EE1FE05CF03FC0A2010F +EE7F804A16006060011F4B5A4A4A5A4D5AA2013F4B5A4AEC3FC04DC7FC017F15FEEE03FC +4AEB0FF001FFEC7FE0B8128004FCC8FC16E0403E7BBD45>68 D<49B648B6FC495DA2D900 +0390C7000313004B5D4B5DA2180714074B5DA2180F140F4B5DA2181F141F4B5DA2183F14 +3F4B5DA2187F147F4B5DA218FF91B8FC96C7FCA292C712015B4A5DA2170313034A5DA217 +0713074A5DA2170F130F4A5DA2171F131F4A5DA2173F133F4A5DA2017F157FA24A5D496C +4A7EB66CB67EA3483E7BBD44>72 D<001FB500F090B512F0485DA226003FF0C7380FFC00 +4AEC03F04A5D715A017F1503A24A5DA201FF150795C7FC91C8FCA2485E170E5BA2000316 +1E171C5BA20007163C17385BA2000F167817705BA2001F16F05F5BA2003F1501A2495DA2 +007F1503A2495DA2160794C8FC48C8FC5E160E161E6C151C163C5E5E5E6C6C13014B5A00 +1F4A5A6C6C011FC9FC6D133E6C6C13F83903FC07F0C6B512C0013F90CAFCEB07F83C406F +BD44>85 D<147E49B47E903907C1C38090391F80EFC090383F00FF017E137F4914804848 +133F485AA248481400120F5B001F5C157E485AA215FE007F5C90C7FCA21401485C5AA214 +03EDF0385AA21407EDE078020F1370127C021F13F0007E013F13E0003E137FECF3E1261F +01E313C03A0F8781E3803A03FF00FF00D800FC133E252977A72E>97 +D<EB1FC0EA0FFF5CA2EA003FA291C7FCA25BA2137EA213FEA25BA21201A25BA21203A25B +147E3907F1FF809038F783E09038EF01F013FE390FF800F8A24913FC49137C485A157E5B +15FE123FA290C7FCA248130115FC127EA2140300FE14F85AA2EC07F0A215E048130F15C0 +141F15800078EB3F00127C147E003C5B383E01F8381E03E06C485A6CB4C7FCEA01F81F40 +76BE2A>I<EC3F80903801FFE0903807E0F890381F803CEB3E0001FC131E485A485A1207 +4848133E49133C121F4848137C15F8EC03F0397F000FE0ECFF809038FFFC00B512C048C8 +FCA45AA61506150E151E007C143C15786C14F0EC01E06CEB07C0390F801F003807C0FC38 +01FFF038007F801F2976A72A>101 D<EC03F0EC0FFC91383E0E1C9138FC077E903901F0 +03FE1303903807E001D90FC013FCEB1F80A2EB3F004914F8137E01FE1303A2484814F0A2 +150712034914E0A2150F12074914C0A2151FA216805B153F1203ED7F006D5BA200015B00 +00495A9038F80F7E90387C1EFEEB1FF8903807E0FC90C7FC1401A25DA21403A25D001C13 +07007F5C48130F5D4A5A4AC7FC48137E00F85B387C03F0381FFFC0D803FEC8FC273B7CA7 +2A>103 D<1478EB01FCA21303A314F8EB00E01400AD137C48B4FC38038F80EA0707000E +13C0121E121CEA3C0F1238A2EA781F00701380A2EAF03F140012005B137E13FE5BA21201 +5BA212035B1438120713E0000F1378EBC070A214F0EB80E0A2EB81C01383148038078700 +EA03FEEA00F8163E79BC1C>105 D<EB07F0EA03FF14E0A2EA000FA214C0A2131FA21480 +A2133FA21400A25BA2137EA213FEA25BA21201A25BA21203A25BA21207A25BA2120FA25B +A2121FA25BA2123FA290C7FCA25A1307127EA2EAFE0F130E12FCA2131E131CA2EA7C3813 +78EA3C70EA1FE0EA0780144079BE17>108 D<D801F0D93F80137F3D07FC01FFE003FFC0 +3D0F3E07C1F80F83F03D0E1F0F00FC1E01F8001E011C90387C3800001C49D97E707F003C +01F05C0038157F4A5C26783FC05C12704A91C7FC91C7127E00F003FE1301494A5CEA007E +A20301140301FE5F495CA203031407000160495C180F03075D0003051F13E0494A1480A2 +030FEC3F810007F001C0495CA2031F91383E0380120F494AEC0700A2033F150E001FEF1E +1C4991C7EA0FF80007C7000EEC03E0432979A74A>I<D801F0EB3F803A07FC01FFE03A0F +3E07C1F83A0E1F0F00FC001E011C137C001C49137E003C13F012385C38783FC012705C91 +C7FC00F015FE495CEA007EA2150101FE5C5BA2150300015D5B15075E0003020F13704914 +C0A2031F13F00007ED80E05B1681EE01C0120F49EC0380A2EE0700001FEC0F0E49EB07FC +0007C7EA01F02C2979A733>I<EC1FC0ECFFF8903803F07C90380FC01FEB1F8090393F00 +0F80017E14C0491307484814E0485A12075B000F15F0485AA2485AA2ED0FE0127F90C7FC +A2151F4815C05AA2ED3F80A2ED7F00A248147E007C5C007E13015D4A5A003E495A6C495A +4A5A260F803EC7FC3807C0FC3801FFF038003F80242977A72E>I<903903E001F890390F +F807FE903A1E7C1E0F80903A1C3E3C07C0013C137801389038E003E0EB783F017001C013 +F0ED80019038F07F0001E015F8147E1603000113FEA2C75AA20101140717F05CA2010314 +0F17E05CA20107EC1FC0A24A1480163F010F15005E167E5E131F4B5A6E485A4B5A90393F +B80F80DA9C1FC7FCEC0FFCEC03E049C9FCA2137EA213FEA25BA21201A25BA21203A2387F +FFE0B5FCA22D3A80A72E>I<D801F013FC3A07FC07FF803A0F3E0F03C0260E1F1C13E000 +1EEB380F001C1370003CEBE01F123814C0D8783F14C00070903880070092C7FC91C8FC12 +F05BEA007EA313FE5BA312015BA312035BA312075BA3120F5BA3121F5B0007C9FC232979 +A726>114 D<EC7F80903801FFE0903807C0F890381F003C013E131C013C131E017C133E +49137E15FEA2000114FCA215706D13007FEBFFC014FC6C13FF15806D13C06D13E0010F13 +F01300140F14071403120C123F387F80011403D8FF0013E0A300FCEB07C000F0EB0F8012 +700078EB1F006C133C381F01F83807FFE0C690C7FC1F297AA725>I<EB01C0EB03F01307 +A25CA2130FA25CA2131FA25CA2133FA291C7FCA2007FB51280B6FC1500D8007EC7FC13FE +A25BA21201A25BA21203A25BA21207A25BA2120FA25BA2121F141C1380A2003F133C1438 +EB0078147014F05C495AEA1F03495A6C48C7FCEA07FCEA01F0193A78B81E>I<137C48B4 +141C26038F80137EEA0707000E7F001E15FE121CD83C0F5C12381501EA781F007001805B +A2D8F03F1303140000005D5B017E1307A201FE5C5B150F1201495CA2151F0003EDC1C049 +1481A2153F1683EE0380A2ED7F07000102FF13005C01F8EBDF0F00009038079F0E90397C +0F0F1C90391FFC07F8903907F001F02A2979A731>I E +%EndDVIPSBitmapFont +%DVIPSBitmapFont: Fb cmmi10 10.95 1 +/Fb 1 63 df<126012F8B4FCEA7FC0EA1FF0EA07FCEA01FF38007FC0EB1FF0EB07FCEB01 +FF9038007FC0EC1FF0EC07FCEC01FF9138007FC0ED1FF0ED07FCED01FF9238007FC0EE1F +F0EE07FCEE01FF9338007FC0EF1FF0EF07F8EF01FCA2EF07F8EF1FF0EF7FC0933801FF00 +EE07FCEE1FF0EE7FC04B48C7FCED07FCED1FF0ED7FC04A48C8FCEC07FCEC1FF0EC7FC049 +48C9FCEB07FCEB1FF0EB7FC04848CAFCEA07FCEA1FF0EA7FC048CBFC12FC1270363678B1 +47>62 D E +%EndDVIPSBitmapFont +%DVIPSBitmapFont: Fc cmsy10 10.95 4 +/Fc 4 107 df<EB0FFCEB3FFF90B512C0000314F04880488048804880A2481580A3B712 +C0AA6C1580A36C1500A26C5C6C5C6C5C6C5CC614C0013F90C7FCEB0FFC22227BA72D>15 +D<153FEC03FFEC0FE0EC3F80EC7E00495A5C495AA2495AB3AA130F5C131F495A91C7FC13 +FEEA03F8EA7FE048C8FCEA7FE0EA03F8EA00FE133F806D7E130F801307B3AA6D7EA26D7E +80EB007EEC3F80EC0FE0EC03FFEC003F205B7AC32D>102 D<12FCEAFFC0EA07F0EA01FC +EA007E6D7E131F6D7EA26D7EB3AA801303806D7E1300147FEC1FC0EC07FEEC00FFEC07FE +EC1FC0EC7F0014FC1301495A5C13075CB3AA495AA2495A133F017EC7FC485AEA07F0EAFF +C000FCC8FC205B7AC32D>I<126012F0B3B3B3B3B11260045B76C319>106 +D E +%EndDVIPSBitmapFont +%DVIPSBitmapFont: Fd cmbx12 12 58 +/Fd 58 122 df<ED0FFF4AB512C0020F14F0027F80903A01FFF803FC499038C000FE010F +EB00034948497E49485B5C495A4C138001FF6E13005CA3705AEE01F893C8FCA74BB51280 +B9FCA5C69038E00003B3B0007FD9FFC1B6FCA538467EC53E>12 D<B612F8A91D097F9A25 +>45 D<EA07C0EA1FF0EA3FF8EA7FFCEAFFFEA7EA7FFCEA3FF8EA1FF0EA07C00F0F788E1F +>I<EC3FF849B5FC010F14E0013F14F890397FF01FFC9039FFC007FE4890380001FF4848 +6D1380000716C049147F000F16E049143F001F16F0A2003F16F8A249141F007F16FCA600 +FF16FEB3A3007F16FCA56C6CEC3FF8A3001F16F0A2000F16E06D147F000716C06D14FF6C +6C4913806C6D4813006C6D485A90397FF01FFC6DB55A010F14E0010314809026003FF8C7 +FC2F427CC038>48 D<EC03C01407141F147FEB03FF133FB6FCA413C3EA0003B3B3ADB712 +FCA5264177C038>I<ECFFE0010F13FE013F6D7E90B612E0000315F82607FC0313FE3A0F +E0007FFFD81F806D138048C7000F13C0488001C015E001F07F00FF6E13F07F17F881A46C +5A6C5A6C5AC9FC17F05DA217E05D17C04B13804B1300A2ED1FFC4B5A5E4B5A4B5A4A90C7 +FC4A5A4A5AEC0FF04A5AEC3F804AC7127814FE495A494814F8D907E014F0495A495A49C8 +FC017C140149140348B7FC4816E05A5A5A5A5AB8FC17C0A42D417BC038>I<ECFFF00107 +13FF011F14C0017F14F049C66C7ED803F8EB3FFED807E06D7E81D80FF86D138013FE001F +16C07FA66C5A6C4815806C485BC814005D5E4B5A4B5A4B5A4A5B020F1380902607FFFEC7 +FC15F815FF16C090C713F0ED3FFCED0FFEEEFF80816F13C017E0A26F13F0A217F8A3EA0F +C0EA3FF0487EA2487EA217F0A25D17E06C5A494913C05BD83F80491380D81FF0491300D8 +0FFEEBFFFE6CB612F800015D6C6C14C0011F49C7FC010113E02D427BC038>I<163FA25E +5E5D5DA25D5D5D5DA25D92B5FCEC01F7EC03E7140715C7EC0F87EC1F07143E147E147C14 +F8EB01F0EB03E0130714C0EB0F80EB1F00133E5BA25B485A485A485A120F5B48C7FC123E +5A12FCB91280A5C8000F90C7FCAC027FB61280A531417DC038>I<0007150301E0143F01 +FFEB07FF91B6FC5E5E5E5E5E16804BC7FC5D15E092C8FC01C0C9FCAAEC3FF001C1B5FC01 +C714C001DF14F09039FFE03FFC9138000FFE01FC6D7E01F06D13804915C0497F6C4815E0 +C8FC6F13F0A317F8A4EA0F80EA3FE0487E12FF7FA317F05B5D6C4815E05B007EC74813C0 +123E003F4A1380D81FC0491300D80FF0495AD807FEEBFFFC6CB612F0C65D013F1480010F +01FCC7FC010113C02D427BC038>I<4AB47E021F13F0027F13FC49B6FC01079038807F80 +90390FFC001FD93FF014C04948137F4948EBFFE048495A5A1400485A120FA248486D13C0 +EE7F80EE1E00003F92C7FCA25B127FA2EC07FC91381FFF8000FF017F13E091B512F89039 +F9F01FFC9039FBC007FE9039FF8003FF17804A6C13C05B6F13E0A24915F0A317F85BA412 +7FA5123FA217F07F121FA2000F4A13E0A26C6C15C06D4913806C018014006C6D485A6C90 +38E01FFC6DB55A011F5C010714C0010191C7FC9038003FF02D427BC038>I<121E121F13 +FC90B712FEA45A17FC17F817F017E017C0A2481680007EC8EA3F00007C157E5E00785D15 +014B5A00F84A5A484A5A5E151FC848C7FC157E5DA24A5A14035D14074A5AA2141F5D143F +A2147F5D14FFA25BA35B92C8FCA35BA55BAA6D5A6D5A6D5A2F447AC238>I<EC7FF00103 +B5FC010F14C0013F14F090397F801FFC3A01FC0003FE48486D7E497F4848EC7F80163F48 +4815C0A2001F151FA27FA27F7F01FE143F6D158002C0137F02F014006C01FC5B6E485A6C +9038FF83FCEDE7F86CECFFE06C5D6C92C7FC6D14C06D80010F14F882013F8090B7FC4801 +3F14802607FC0F14C0260FF80314E04848C6FC496D13F0003F141F48481307496D13F815 +0000FF157F90C8123F161F160FA21607A36D15F0127F160F6D15E06C6C141F6DEC3FC06C +6CEC7F80D80FFE903801FF003A07FFC00FFE6C90B55AC615F0013F14C0010F91C7FC0100 +13F02D427BC038>I<EC7FF0903807FFFE011F6D7E017F14E09039FFE03FF0489038800F +F848496C7E48488048486D7E001F80003F1680A2484815C08117E0A212FF17F0A617F8A4 +5D127FA3003F5CA26C7E5D6C6C5B12076C6C133E6CEBC07C6CEBFFF8013F5B010F01C013 +F00101130090C8FCA217E05DA2EA03C0D80FF015C0487E486C491380A217004B5A150F5E +49495A6C48495A01C0EBFFE0260FF0035B6CB65A6C4AC7FC6C14F86C6C13E0D907FEC8FC +2D427BC038>I<EA07C0EA1FF0EA3FF8EA7FFCEAFFFEA7EA7FFCEA3FF8EA1FF0EA07C0C7 +FCAEEA07C0EA1FF0EA3FF8EA7FFCEAFFFEA7EA7FFCEA3FF8EA1FF0EA07C00F2C78AB1F> +I<EE1F80A24C7EA24C7EA34C7EA24B7FA34B7FA24B7FA34B7F169F031F80161F82033F80 +ED3E07037E80157C8203FC804B7E02018115F0820203814B137F0207815D173F020F814B +7F021F8292C77EA24A82023E80027E82027FB7FCA291B87EA2498302F0C8FCA20103834A +157F0107834A153FA249488284011F8491C97E4984133E017E82B6020FB612F0A54C457C +C455>65 D<B9FC18F018FE727E19E026003FFCC700077F05017F716C7E727E727EA27213 +80A37213C0A74E1380A24E1300A24E5A4E5A4E5A4D5B05075B94B5128091B700FCC7FC18 +F018FF19E002FCC7000113F8716C7EF01FFE727E7213801AC07213E0A27213F0A31AF8A7 +1AF0A2601AE0604E13C0604E138095B5120005075BBA12F86119C04EC7FC18E045447CC3 +50>I<DCFFF01470031F01FF14F04AB6EAE0010207EDF803023FEDFE0791B539E001FF0F +4949C7EA3F9F010701F0EC0FFF4901C0804990C87E4948814948814948167F4849163F48 +49161F5A4A160F485B19074890CAFC19035A5BA2007F1801A34994C7FC12FFAE127F7F1A +F0A2123FA27F6C18011AE06C7F19036C6D17C06E16077E6C6DEE0F806C6DEE1F006D6C5E +6D6C167E6D6C6C5D6D6D4A5A6D01F0EC07F0010101FEEC1FE06D903AFFF001FF80023F90 +B6C7FC020715FC020115F0DA001F1480030001F8C8FC44467AC451>I<B9FC18F018FE72 +7E19E026003FFEC7001F13F805017F9438003FFF060F7F727F727F727F84737E737EA273 +7EA2737EA21B80A2851BC0A51BE0AD1BC0A51B8061A21B006162193F624F5A19FF624E5B +06075B4E5B063F90C7FC4DB45A050F13F8BA5A19C04EC8FC18F095C9FC4B447CC356>I< +BA12F8A485D8001F90C71201EF003F180F180318011800A2197E193EA3191EA21778A285 +A405F890C7FCA316011603161F92B5FCA5ED001F160316011600A2F101E01778A2F103C0 +A494C7FC1907A21A80A2190FA2191FA2193FF17F0061601807181F4DB5FCBBFC61A44344 +7DC34A>I<BA1280A419C026003FFEC7121F1701EF007F183F181F180F180719E01803A3 +1801A3EE01E0F000F0A419001603A31607160F167F91B6FCA59138FE007F160F16071603 +A31601A693C9FCAFB712F0A53C447CC346>I<DCFFF01470031F01FF14F04AB6EAE00102 +07EDF803023FEDFE0791B539E001FF0F4949C7EA3F9F010701F0EC0FFF4901C0804990C8 +7E4948814948814948167F4849163F4849161F5A4A160F485B19074890CAFC19035A5BA2 +007F1801A34994C8FC12FFAD057FB612F0127F7FA3003FDC0001EBF000A27F7EA26C7FA2 +6C7F807E6C7F6C7F6D7E6D6C5D6D6C7E6D6D5C6D01F05C010101FE143F6D903AFFF001FF +9F023F90B6120F0207EDFC030201EDF000DA001F02C01330030001FCC9FC4C467AC458> +I<B7D88003B612FEA526003FFEC9EBF800B3A791B9FCA54AC9FCB3AAB7D88003B612FEA5 +4F447CC358>I<B712E0A5D8001F90C7FCB3B3B3A4B712E0A523447DC32A>I<B76C0103B5 +12F8A526003FFEC93807E0004F5A4F5A077EC7FC614E5A4E5A4E5AF01F804EC8FC187E60 +4D5AEF07F0EF0FC04D5A4DC9FC177E4C5AEE03F04C5A4C5A4C7EEE7FF04C7E5D4B7F4B7F +4B7FED3F3FDB7E1F7F03FC806E486C7F4B7E4B6C7F0380804B6C7F4A7F717E84717F8371 +7F85717F83717F85717F187F727E86727F84727F86727F84B76C90B612FCA54E447CC358 +>75 D<B712F0A526003FFECAFCB3B1F00780A4180F1900A460A360A2187EA218FE170117 +031707171F177FEE03FFB95AA539447CC343>I<B500FE067FB512806E95B6FCA26F5EA2 +D8003F50C7FC013D6DEE03DFA2013C6DEE079FA26E6CEE0F1FA26E6C161EA26E6C163CA3 +6E6C1678A26E6C16F0A26E6DEC01E0A26E6DEC03C0A36E6DEC0780A26F6CEC0F00A26F6C +141EA26F6C5CA36F6C5CA26F6C5CA26F6D485AA26F6D485AA26F6D485AA3706C48C7FCA2 +93383FF81EA2706C5AA2706C5AA3706C5AA2705BA2705BA2705BA2B6057FB6128071C7FC +A2173E171C61447CC36A>I<B64BB512FE8181A281D8003F6D91C7EA780081013D7F8113 +3C6E7E6E7F6E7F6E7F6E7F82806E7F6E7F6F7E6F7F83816F7F6F7F6F7F6F7F6F7F838270 +7F707F707F707F8482707F707F717E7113807113C019E0837113F07113F87113FC7113FE +19FF847213F884848484A28484197F193F191FA2190F1907B61603190119001A78A24F44 +7CC358>I<B9FC18F018FE727E19E0D8001F90C7000F7F05017F716C7E727E727E721380 +A21AC084A21AE0A91AC0A24E1380A21A00604E5A4E5A4D485A050F5B92B712C096C7FC18 +FC18C092CBFCB3A7B712E0A543447DC34D>80 D<B812F8EFFFC018F818FE727ED8001F90 +C7003F13E005037F05007F727E727E727EA28684A286A762A24E90C7FCA24E5A61187F94 +3801FFF005075B053F138092B7C8FC18F818E018F892C77FEF3FFF050F7F717F717FA271 +7FA2717FA785A61B0F85A2187F73131F72141EB700E06DEB803E72EBE0FC72EBFFF80601 +14F0726C13E0CC0007138050457DC354>82 D<DAFFE0131C010701FE133C013F9038FF80 +7C90B6EAE0FC4815F9489038801FFF3907FC00014848EB007F4848143F4848140F491407 +007F15035B1601160012FF177CA27FA26D153C7F7F6D92C7FC6C7EEBFFE014FE6CEBFFF0 +15FF6C15E016FC6C816C6F7E6C826C826C6C81011F810107811300020F80140003077FED +007F82040F1380828212F082A282A27EA218007EA26C5D6C5E6D14036D5D6D140701F84A +5A01FFEC3FF002F8EBFFE0486CB65AD8FC1F92C7FCD8F80714FC48C614F0480107138031 +467AC43E>I<003FBA12E0A59026FE000FEB8003D87FE09338003FF049171F90C71607A2 +007E1803007C1801A300781800A400F819F8481978A5C81700B3B3A20107B8FCA545437C +C24E>I<B76C010FB512F8A526003FFEC93803E000B3B3A9011F17076280190F6D606F15 +1F6D95C7FC6D6D5D197E6D6D5D6D6D1403DA7FFC4A5A6EB4EC3FF0020F9039F003FFE06E +90B61280020193C8FC6E6C14FC030F14E09226007FFEC9FC4D457CC356>I<B792B6FCA5 +26003FFECAEAFC00806D606F15016D608119036D606F15076D606F150F6D6081191F6D6D +93C7FC61027F163E6F157E023F167C8119FC6E6D5C18016E5E7013036E5E8218076E6D5C +180F6E5E70131F6E93C8FC705B037F143E82187E033F147C7013FC6F5C17816F5C17C117 +C36F5C17E76F5C17FF6F5CA36F91C9FCA2705AA2705AA3705AA2705AA2705AA250457EC3 +55>I<B600FE017FB691B512FEA526007FFCC8D83FFEC9EA7C006E82013F701778807415 +F86D705F6F7014016D705FA26F7014036D64814E6D14076D646F70140F6D041E94C7FCA2 +6F023E6D5C6DDC3C7F151E81027F037C6D5CF0783F6F70147C023F4B6C1578A26F01016F +13F86E4B6C5D16806E02036F485A4E7E04C0EEE0036E4A486C5DA2DCE00FEDF0076E4B6C +5D16F06E4A6F48C8FC051E7F04F8705A6E4A027F131EA2DCFC7CEDFE3E037F0178023F13 +3C04FE16FF033F01F85E4D8004FF17F86F496E5BA36F496E5BA26F604D80A26F90C86C5B +A36F486F90C9FCA26F48167EA30478163C6F457EC374>I<903801FFE0011F13FE017F6D +7E48B612E03A03FE007FF84848EB1FFC6D6D7E486C6D7EA26F7FA36F7F6C5A6C5AEA00F0 +90C7FCA40203B5FC91B6FC1307013F13F19038FFFC01000313E0000F1380381FFE00485A +5B127F5B12FF5BA35DA26D5B6C6C5B4B13F0D83FFE013EEBFFC03A1FFF80FC7F0007EBFF +F86CECE01FC66CEB8007D90FFCC9FC322F7DAD36>97 D<EB7FC0B5FCA512037EB1ED0FF8 +92B57E02C314E002CF14F89139DFC03FFC9139FF000FFE02FCEB03FF4A6D13804A15C04A +6D13E05CEF7FF0A218F8173FA318FCAC18F8A2177F18F0A3EFFFE06E15C06E5B6E491380 +027C491300496C495A903AFC1FC07FFC496CB512F0D9F00314C049C691C7FCC8EA1FF036 +467DC43E>I<EC3FFC49B512C0010F14F0013F14FC90397FF003FE9039FFC001FF000349 +5A48494813805B120F485AA2485A6F1300007F6E5AED00784991C7FCA212FFAC6C7EA312 +3F6DEC03C0A26C6C1407000F16806D140F6C6DEB1F006C6D133E6C01F05B3A007FFC03F8 +6DB55A010F14C0010391C7FC9038003FF82A2F7CAD32>I<EE03FEED07FFA5ED001F160F +B1EC3FE0903803FFFC010FEBFF8F013F14CF9039FFF807FF48EBC00148903880007F4890 +C7123F4848141F49140F121F485AA3127F5BA212FFAC127FA37F123FA26C6C141FA26C6C +143F0007157F6C6C91B5FC6CD9C00314FC6C9038F01FEF6DB5128F011FEBFE0F010713F8 +9026007FC0EBF80036467CC43E>I<EC3FF80103B57E010F14E0013F8090397FF83FF890 +39FFC007FC48496C7E48496C7E48486D1380485A001FED7FC05B003FED3FE0A2127F5B17 +F0161F12FFA290B7FCA401F0C9FCA5127FA27FA2123F17F06C7E16016C6C15E06C6C1403 +6C6DEB07C06C6DEB0F806C01F0EB3F0090397FFE01FE011FB55A010714F0010114C09026 +001FFEC7FC2C2F7DAD33>I<EDFF80020F13E0027F13F049B512F849EB8FFC90390FFE0F +FE90381FFC1F14F8133FEB7FF0A2ED0FFCEBFFE0ED03F0ED00C01600ABB612F8A5C601E0 +C7FCB3B0007FEBFFE0A527467DC522>I<DAFFE0137E010F9039FE03FF80013FEBFF8F90 +B812C048D9C07F133F489038001FF84848EB0FFC4848903907FE1F80001F9238FF0F0049 +6D90C7FCA2003F82A8001F93C7FCA26D5B000F5D6C6C495A6C6C495A6C9038C07FF04890 +B55A1680D8078F49C8FC018013E0000F90CAFCA47F7F7F90B612C016FC6CEDFF8017E06C +826C16FC7E000382000F82D81FF0C77ED83FC014074848020113808248C9FC177FA46D15 +FF007F17006D5C6C6C4A5A6C6C4A5AD80FFEEC3FF83B07FFC001FFF0000190B612C06C6C +92C7FC010F14F8D9007F90C8FC32427DAC38>I<EB7FC0B5FCA512037EB1ED07FE92383F +FF8092B512E002C114F89139C7F03FFC9138CF801F9139DF000FFE14DE14FC4A6D7E5CA2 +5CA35CB3A7B60083B512FEA537457CC43E>I<137C48B4FC4813804813C0A24813E0A56C +13C0A26C13806C1300EA007C90C7FCAAEB7FC0EA7FFFA512037EB3AFB6FCA518467CC520 +>I<EB7FC0B5FCA512037EB293387FFFE0A593380FE0004C5A4CC7FC167E5EED03F8ED07 +E04B5A4B5A037FC8FC15FEECC1FCECC3FE14C7ECDFFF91B57E82A202F97F02E17F02C07F +EC807F6F7E826F7E816F7F836F7F816F7F83707E163FB60003B512F8A535457DC43B> +107 D<EB7FC0B5FCA512037EB3B3B3A3B61280A519457CC420>I<90277F8007FEEC0FFC +B590263FFFC090387FFF8092B5D8F001B512E002816E4880913D87F01FFC0FE03FF8913D +8FC00FFE1F801FFC0003D99F009026FF3E007F6C019E6D013C130F02BC5D02F86D496D7E +A24A5D4A5DA34A5DB3A7B60081B60003B512FEA5572D7CAC5E>I<90397F8007FEB59038 +3FFF8092B512E0028114F8913987F03FFC91388F801F000390399F000FFE6C139E14BC02 +F86D7E5CA25CA35CB3A7B60083B512FEA5372D7CAC3E>I<EC1FFC49B512C0010714F001 +1F14FC90397FF80FFF9026FFC0017F48496C7F4848C7EA3FE000078248486E7E49140F00 +1F82A2003F82491407007F82A400FF1780AA007F1700A46C6C4A5AA2001F5E6D141F000F +5E6C6C4A5AA26C6C6CEBFFE06C6D485B27007FF80F90C7FC6DB55A010F14F8010114C090 +26001FFCC8FC312F7DAD38>I<90397FC00FF8B590B57E02C314E002CF14F89139DFC03F +FC9139FF001FFE000301FCEB07FF6C496D13804A15C04A6D13E05C7013F0A2EF7FF8A4EF +3FFCACEF7FF8A318F017FFA24C13E06E15C06E5B6E4913806E4913006E495A9139DFC07F +FC02CFB512F002C314C002C091C7FCED1FF092C9FCADB67EA536407DAC3E>I<DA3FE013 +1E902603FFFC133E010F01FF137E013F1480903AFFF80FE0FE489038E003F148EBC00148 +90388000FB4890C7127F49143F001F151F485A160F5B127FA3485AAC6C7EA46C7EA26C6C +141F163F6C6C147F6C15FF6C6D5A6C9038E003EF6C9038F01FCF6DB5128F011FEBFE0F01 +0313F89038007FC091C7FCAD0307B512FCA536407CAC3B>I<90387F807FB53881FFE002 +8313F0028F13F8ED8FFC91389F1FFE000313BE6C13BC14F8A214F0ED0FFC9138E007F8ED +01E092C7FCA35CB3A5B612E0A5272D7DAC2E>I<90391FFC038090B51287000314FF120F +381FF003383FC00049133F48C7121F127E00FE140FA215077EA27F01E090C7FC13FE387F +FFF014FF6C14C015F06C14FC6C800003806C15806C7E010F14C0EB003F020313E0140000 +F0143FA26C141F150FA27EA26C15C06C141FA26DEB3F8001E0EB7F009038F803FE90B55A +00FC5CD8F03F13E026E007FEC7FC232F7CAD2C>I<EB01E0A51303A41307A2130FA2131F +A2133F137F13FF1203000F90B51280B7FCA4C601E0C7FCB3A3ED01E0A9150302F013C013 +7F150790393FF80F8090391FFC1F006DB5FC6D13FC01015B9038003FE023407EBE2C>I< +D97FC049B4FCB50103B5FCA50003EC000F6C81B3A85EA25EA25E7E6E491380017FD901F7 +13FE9138F807E76DB512C7010F1407010313FE9026007FF0EBFC00372E7CAC3E>I<B690 +3803FFFCA5000101E09038003E006C163C80017F5D8017F8013F5D6E1301011F5D6E1303 +010F5D6E13076D5DED800F6D92C7FC15C05E6DEBE01E163E6D143CEDF07C027F1378EDF8 +F8023F5B15FD021F5B15FF6E5BA36E5BA26E90C8FCA26E5AA26E5AA21578362C7EAB3B> +I<B5D8FE1FB539801FFFF0A500019027C0003FE0C7EA7C007114786E17F86C6F6C5C6E16 +01017F6E6C5CA26E011F1403013F6F5C6E013F1407011F6F5CA26E0179140F010F048090 +C7FC6E01F95C6D02F0EBC01E15806D902681E07F5B18E003C3157C6D9139C03FF07815E7 +6DDA801F5B18F803FF14F96E9039000FFDE018FF6E486D5BA36E486D5BA26E486D90C8FC +A24B7F02075DA26E48147C4B143C4C2C7EAB51>I<B500FE90383FFFF0A5C601F0903803 +E0006D6C495A013F4A5A6D6C49C7FC6E5B6D6C137E6DEB807C6D6D5A6DEBC1F0EDE3E06D +EBF7C06EB45A806E90C8FC5D6E7E6E7F6E7FA24A7F4A7F8291381F3FFCEC3E1F027C7F4A +6C7E49486C7F01036D7F49487E02C08049486C7F49C76C7E013E6E7E017E141FB500E090 +B512FCA5362C7EAB3B>I<B6903803FFFCA5000101E09038003E006C163C80017F5D8017 +F8013F5D6E1301011F5D6E1303010F5D6E13076D5DED800F6D92C7FC15C05E6DEBE01E16 +3E6D143CEDF07C027F1378EDF8F8023F5B15FD021F5B15FF6E5BA36E5BA26E90C8FCA26E +5AA26E5AA21578A215F85D14015D001F1303D83F805B387FC007D8FFE05B140F92C9FC5C +143E495A387FC1F8EB07F06CB45A6C5B000790CAFCEA01FC36407EAB3B>I +E +%EndDVIPSBitmapFont +%DVIPSBitmapFont: Fe cmtt10 10.95 93 +/Fe 93 127 df<121C127FEAFF80B3EA7F00B2123EC7FCA8121C127FA2EAFF80A3EA7F00 +A2121C09396DB830>33 D<00101304007C131F00FEEB3F80A26C137FA248133FB2007E14 +00007C7F003C131E00101304191C75B830>I<903907C007C0A2496C487EA8011F131FA2 +02C05BA3007FB7FCA2B81280A36C16006C5D3A007F807F80A2020090C7FCA9495BA2003F +90B512FE4881B81280A36C1600A22701FC01FCC7FCA300031303A201F85BA76C486C5AA2 +29387DB730>I<1438147C14FCA4EB03FF011F13E090B512FC4880000780481580261FFE +FD13C09039F0FC3FE0D83FC0131FD87F80EB0FF001001307007E15F800FE14035A1507A3 +6CEC03F0A2007F91C7FC138013C0EA3FF0EA1FFE13FF6C13FF6C14E0000114F86C6C7F01 +1F7F01037F0100148002FD13C09138FC7FE0151FED0FF015070018EC03F8127E1501B4FC +A35AA26CEC03F07E01801307ED0FE0D83FC0131F01F0EB7FC0D81FFEB512806CB612006C +5C6C5CC614F0013F13C0D907FEC7FCEB00FCA5147C143825477BBE30>I<D803C0EB01E0 +D80FF01303486C497E487E150F487ED87E7E495AEAFE7F5E486C133FA25E157FA24BC7FC +6C5A5D387E7E01EA7FFED83FFC5B1403EA1FF86C48485AEA03C0C75B140FA25D141FA24A +5AA25D147FA292C8FC5CA2495AA25C1303A25C1307A290390FF001E0ED07F84A487E011F +497EA24A487E133F163F90267F807F1380ED7E1F14005BA25B1201A24848EB7F3F033F13 +004914FF12076F5A5B6F5A6C486D5A0001EC01E029477DBE30>I<EB07E0EB1FF8497E13 +7F497E803801FC7F497E810003131F13F0A6143F92C8FC91387F0FFF9026F87E1F138000 +0113FEEBF9FC13FB4A6C1300D9FFF013C06C13E0151F02C05BEB7F809038FF003F4892C7 +FC485C48EB807E5A15FE391FDFC0FC383F8FE014E1397F07F1F8EB03F300FEEBFBF0EB01 +FF5D7FEDC006027F130F91393F801F8015C06C137F6CEBFFE049EBF83F018701FC130026 +3FFFFBB5FC6C01F15B14E06C9038C03FFC00039038001FF8D801FCEB07E0293A7DB830> +I<EA07C0EA0FF0EA1FF8A213FCA213FE120F1207EA007EA513FE13FCA2120113F81203EA +07F0120FEA1FE0127FEAFFC013801300127C12380F1D70B730>I<141E147F14FF5BEB03 +FEEB07FCEB0FF0EB1FE0EB3FC0EB7F80EBFF00485A5B12035B485A120F5BA2485AA2123F +5BA2127F90C7FCA412FEAD127FA47F123FA27F121FA26C7EA27F12076C7E7F12017F6C7E +EB7F80EB3FC0EB1FE0EB0FF0EB07FCEB03FEEB01FF7F147F141E184771BE30>I<127812 +FE7E7F6C7E6C7EEA0FF06C7E6C7E6C7E6C7EEB7F80133F14C0131FEB0FE014F01307A2EB +03F8A214FC1301A214FE1300A4147FAD14FEA4130114FCA2130314F8A2EB07F0A2130F14 +E0EB1FC0133F1480137FEBFF00485A485A485A485AEA3FE0485A485A90C7FC5A12781847 +78BE30>I<14E0497E497EA60038EC0380007EEC0FC0D8FF83EB3FE001C3137F9038F3F9 +FF267FFBFB13C06CB61280000FECFE00000314F86C5C6C6C13C0011F90C7FC017F13C048 +B512F04880000F14FE003FECFF80267FFBFB13C026FFF3F913E09038C3F87F0183133FD8 +7E03EB0FC00038EC0380000091C7FCA66D5A6D5A23277AAE30>I<143EA2147FAF007FB7 +FCA2B81280A36C1600A2C76CC8FCAF143EA229297DAF30>I<EA03E0EA0FF0EA1FF813FC +EA3FFEA213FFA27EA27E1203EA007FA2137E13FEEA01FC1203EA07F8EA3FF0127FEAFFE0 +EA7F801300123C1019708B30>I<007FB612F0A2B712F8A36C15F0A225077B9E30>I<120F +EA3FC0EA7FE0A2EAFFF0A4EA7FE0A2EA3FC0EA0F000C0C6E8B30>I<16F01501ED03F8A2 +1507A2ED0FF0A2ED1FE0A2ED3FC0A2ED7F80A2EDFF00A24A5AA25D1403A24A5AA24A5AA2 +4A5AA24A5AA24A5AA24AC7FCA2495AA25C1303A2495AA2495AA2495AA2495AA2495AA249 +C8FCA2485AA25B1203A2485AA2485AA2485AA2485AA2485AA248C9FCA25AA2127CA22547 +7BBE30>I<14FE903807FFC0497F013F13F8497F90B57E48EB83FF4848C6138049137F48 +48EB3FC04848EB1FE049130F001F15F0491307A24848EB03F8A290C712014815FCA400FE +EC00FEAD6C14016C15FCA36D1303003F15F8A26D1307001F15F0A26D130F6C6CEB1FE0A2 +6C6CEB3FC06C6CEB7F806D13FF2601FF8313006CEBFFFE6D5B6D5B010F13E06D5BD900FE +C7FC273A7CB830>I<EB03C0497EA2130FA2131FA2133F137F13FF1203123FB5FCA213EF +138FEA7E0F1200B3B0003FB512F84814FCB612FEA26C14FC6C14F81F3977B830>I<EB07 +FC90383FFFC090B512F00003804814FE4880261FF80F1380263FE00113C09038C0007F48 +48EB3FE090C7121FED0FF04814075A6C15F81503A3127E1218C8FCA2150716F0150F16E0 +151F16C0153FED7F8015FF4A13005DEC07FC4A5A4A5A4A5A4A5A4A5A4990C7FC495A495A +EB0FF0EB3FE0495A495A4890C8FC4848EB01F04848EB03F8485AEA1FE048B6FCB7FCA37E +6C15F025397BB830>I<EB03FF013F13E090B512F84814FE4880481580260FFE0113C090 +38F0007F4848EB1FE0150F16F01507A26C5A6C5AC8FC150F16E0A2151FED3FC0157FEDFF +8002071300903807FFFE495B5D8115FF6D1480D9000113C09138003FE0ED1FF0ED07F815 +0316FC150116FE1500A21218127EB4FCA2150116FC4814036C15F86C6C13076DEB1FF0D8 +3FF0133F3A1FFE01FFE06CB612C06C15806CECFE00C65C013F13F001031380273A7CB830 +>I<EC03FC4A7E140F141FA2143F147F157E14FEA2EB01FCEB03F8A2EB07F0A2EB0FE0EB +1FC0A2EB3F80A2EB7F0013FEA2485A485AA2485AA2485A485AA2485AA248C7FC12FEB8FC +1780A46C1600C8007EC7FCAA91387FFFFE91B6FCA46E5B29397DB830>I<000FB6128048 +15C05AA316800180C8FCAEEB83FF019F13C090B512F015FC8181D9FE0313809039F0007F +C049133F0180EB1FE06CC7120F000E15F0C81207A216F81503A31218127EA2B4FC150716 +F048140F6C15E06C141F6DEB3FC06D137F3A3FE001FF80261FFC0F13006CB55A6C5C6C5C +6C14E06C6C1380D90FFCC7FC25397BB730>I<EC0FF8EC7FFF49B51280010714E0131F49 +14F090387FF80F9039FFC007F84813803803FE005B485A4848EB03F0ED01E0484890C7FC +5B123F5BA2127FEB000C903803FFE0010F13F8D8FF3F13FE48B6FCB7128016C09039FE00 +7FE001F8EB1FF001E0130F49EB07F849EB03FCA290C7120116FE1500A37EA46C7E15016D +14FC121F6D1303000FEC07F86D130F6C6CEB1FF06DEB3FE03A03FF81FFC06C90B512806C +15006D5B011F13F8010713E001011380273A7CB830>I<127CB712FC16FEA416FC48C7EA +0FF816F0ED1FE0007CEC3FC0C8EA7F80EDFF00A24A5A4A5A5D14075D140F5D4A5AA24A5A +A24AC7FCA25C5C13015CA213035CA213075CA4495AA6131F5CA96D5A6DC8FC273A7CB830 +>I<49B4FC011F13F0017F13FC90B57E0003ECFF804815C048010113E03A1FF8003FF049 +131FD83FC0EB07F8A24848EB03FC90C71201A56D1303003F15F86D13076C6CEB0FF06C6C +EB1FE0D807FCEB7FC03A03FF83FF806C90B512006C6C13FC011F13F0497F90B512FE4880 +2607FE0013C0D80FF8EB3FE0D81FE0EB0FF04848EB07F8491303007F15FC90C712014815 +FE481400A66C14016C15FC6D1303003F15F86D1307D81FF0EB1FF06D133F3A0FFF01FFE0 +6C90B512C06C1580C6ECFE006D5B011F13F0010190C7FC273A7CB830>I<49B4FC010F13 +E0013F13F890B57E4880488048010113803A0FFC007FC0D81FF0EB3FE04848131F49EB0F +F048481307A290C7EA03F85A4815FC1501A416FEA37E7E6D1303A26C6C13076C6C130F6D +133FD80FFC13FF6CB6FC7E6C14FE6C14F9013FEBE1FC010F138190380060011400ED03F8 +A2150716F0150F000F15E0486C131F486CEB3FC0157FEDFF804A1300EC07FE391FF01FFC +90B55A6C5C6C5C6C1480C649C7FCEB3FF0273A7CB830>I<120FEA3FC0EA7FE0A2EAFFF0 +A4EA7FE0A2EA3FC0EA0F00C7FCAF120FEA3FC0EA7FE0A2EAFFF0A4EA7FE0A2EA3FC0EA0F +000C276EA630>I<EA03C0EA0FF0EA1FF8A2EA3FFCA4EA1FF8A2EA0FF0EA03C0C7FCAFEA +03C0EA0FF0121F13F8123F13FCA3121FA2120F12031200120113F8120313F01207EA1FE0 +123FEA7FC0EAFF80EA7F00127E12380E3470A630>I<16F01503ED07F8151F157FEDFFF0 +14034A13C0021F138091383FFE00ECFFF8495B010713C0495BD93FFEC7FC495A3801FFF0 +485B000F13804890C8FCEA7FFC5BEAFFE05B7FEA7FF87FEA1FFF6C7F000313E06C7F3800 +7FFC6D7E90380FFF806D7F010113F06D7FEC3FFE91381FFF80020713C06E13F01400ED7F +F8151F1507ED03F01500252F7BB230>I<007FB7FCA2B81280A36C16006C5DCBFCA7003F +B612FE4881B81280A36C1600A229157DA530>I<1278127EB4FC13C07FEA7FF813FEEA1F +FF6C13C000037F6C13F86C6C7EEB1FFF6D7F010313E06D7F9038007FFC6E7E91380FFF80 +6E13C0020113F080ED3FF8151F153FEDFFF05C020713C04A138091383FFE004A5A903801 +FFF0495B010F13804990C7FCEB7FFC48485A4813E0000F5B4890C8FCEA7FFE13F8EAFFE0 +5B90C9FC127E1278252F7BB230>I<EB1FFE90B512E0000314F8000F14FE488048158026 +7FF80313C09038C0007F48C7121F16E0150FA3127E151F0018EC7FC0C812FF020313804A +13004A5AEC1FF84A5AEC7FC04A5A92C7FC495AA2495A5CA213075CA86D5A90C9FCA8EB01 +C0EB07F0A2497EA36D5AA2EB01C023397AB830>I<EC1FE0ECFFF8010313FE010F7F4914 +804914C090397FF03FE09038FF800F4890380007F0D803FC13033A07F801FBF89038F007 +FF380FE01F4A13FCEA1FC0495A003FEBFF0F903800FE07903901FC03FE007FEBF801EA7E +03ECF000A2EAFE0700FC49137EAA00FE6D13FED87E0314FCA2ECF801D87F0114F8003FEB +FC03903900FE07F0903880FF0F001F90387FFFE06D6C13C0EA0FE06E13803A07F007FE00 +9038F801F86C6CC7127C6CB414FE6CEB800390387FF01F6DB512FC6D14F86D14E0010314 +C00100EBFE00EC1FF0273A7CB830>I<147F4A7EA2497FA4497F14F7A401077F14E3A301 +0F7FA314C1A2011F7FA490383F80FEA590387F007FA4498049133F90B6FCA34881A39038 +FC001F00038149130FA4000781491307A2D87FFFEB7FFFB56CB51280A46C496C13002939 +7DB830>I<007FB512F0B612FE6F7E82826C813A03F8001FF815076F7E1501A26F7EA615 +015EA24B5A1507ED1FF0ED7FE090B65A5E4BC7FC6F7E16E0829039F8000FF8ED03FC6F7E +1500167FA3EE3F80A6167F1700A25E4B5A1503ED1FFC007FB6FCB75A5E16C05E6C02FCC7 +FC29387EB730>I<91387F803C903903FFF03E49EBFC7E011F13FE49EBFFFE5B9038FFE0 +7F48EB801F3903FE000F484813075B48481303A2484813015B123F491300A2127F90C8FC +167C16005A5AAC7E7EA2167C6D14FE123FA27F121F6D13016C6C14FCA26C6CEB03F86D13 +076C6CEB0FF03901FF801F6C9038E07FE06DB512C06D14806D1400010713FC6D13F09038 +007FC0273A7CB830>I<003FB512E04814FCB67E6F7E6C816C813A03F8007FF0ED1FF815 +0F6F7E6F7E15016F7EA2EE7F80A2163F17C0161FA4EE0FE0AC161F17C0A3163F1780A216 +7F17005E4B5A15034B5A150F4B5AED7FF0003FB65A485DB75A93C7FC6C14FC6C14E02B38 +7FB730>I<007FB7FCB81280A47ED803F8C7123FA8EE1F0093C7FCA4157C15FEA490B5FC +A6EBF800A4157C92C8FCA5EE07C0EE0FE0A9007FB7FCB8FCA46C16C02B387EB730>I<00 +3FB712804816C0B8FCA27E7ED801FCC7121FA8EE0F8093C7FCA5153E157FA490B6FCA690 +38FC007FA4153E92C8FCAE383FFFF8487FB5FCA27E6C5B2A387EB730>I<02FF13F00103 +EBC0F8010F13F1013F13FD4913FF90B6FC4813C1EC007F4848133F4848131F49130F485A +491307121F5B123F491303A2127F90C7FC6F5A92C8FC5A5AA892B5FC4A14805CA26C7F6C +6D1400ED03F8A27F003F1407A27F121F6D130F120F7F6C6C131FA2D803FE133F6C6C137F +ECC1FF6C90B5FC7F6D13FB010F13F30103EBC1F0010090C8FC293A7DB830>I<3B3FFF80 +0FFFE0486D4813F0B56C4813F8A26C496C13F06C496C13E0D803F8C7EAFE00B290B6FCA6 +01F8C7FCB3A23B3FFF800FFFE0486D4813F0B56C4813F8A26C496C13F06C496C13E02D38 +7FB730>I<007FB6FCB71280A46C1500260007F0C7FCB3B3A8007FB6FCB71280A46C1500 +213879B730>I<49B512F04914F85BA27F6D14F090C7EAFE00B3B3123C127EB4FCA24A5A +1403EB8007397FF01FF86CB55A5D6C5C00075C000149C7FC38003FF025397AB730>I<D8 +3FFF90380FFF80486D4813C0B56C5AA26C497E6C496C1380D803F0903803F8004B5A4B5A +151F4B5A5E4BC7FC15FE14014A5A5D4A5A4A5A141F5D4A5A4AC8FC5C13F18101F37F13F7 +90B57E14EFECC7F01483EC03F8140101FE7F496C7E5B157F497F82151F82150F826F7EA2 +6F7E1501821500D83FFF903803FFC0486D4813E0B56C5AA26C497E6C496C13C02B387FB7 +30>I<383FFFF8487FB57EA26C5B6C5BD801FCC9FCB3B0EE0F80EE1FC0A9003FB7FC5AB8 +FCA27E6C16802A387EB730>I<D83FF8ECFFE0486C4913F0486C4913F8A2007F16F06C6C +4913E00007160001EF14BFEC800FA39039E7C01F3FA4ECE03F01E3133EA2ECF07EA201E1 +137CA2ECF8FCA201E013F8A214FDEC7DF0A3147FEC3FE0A3EC1FC0A2EC070091C7FCADD8 +3FFC903801FFE0486C4913F0B54913F8A26C486D13F06C486D13E02D387FB730>I<D83F +FC90381FFF80486C4913C0B54913E0A26C6D6C13C06C6E13800003913801F800EBF7C0A3 +EBF3E0A314F013F1A214F8A213F014FCA2147C147EA2143E143FA2141FA21581A2140F15 +C1A2140715E1A2140315F1A21401A215F91400A3157DA3153FEA3FFF481380B5EAC01FA2 +6CEB800F6C496C5A2B387EB730>I<90383FFFE048B512FC000714FF4815804815C04815 +E0EBF80001E0133FD87F80EB0FF0A290C71207A44815F8481403B3A96C1407A26C15F0A3 +6D130FA26D131F6C6CEB3FE001F813FF90B6FC6C15C06C15806C1500000114FCD8003F13 +E0253A7BB830>I<007FB512F0B612FE6F7E16E0826C813903F8003FED0FFCED03FE1501 +6F7EA2821780163FA6167F17005EA24B5A1503ED0FFCED3FF890B6FC5E5E16804BC7FC15 +F001F8C9FCB0387FFFC0B57EA46C5B29387EB730>I<90383FFFE048B512FC000714FF48 +15804815C04815E0EBF80001E0133F4848EB1FF049130F90C71207A44815F8481403B3A8 +147E14FE6CEBFF076C15F0EC7F87A2EC3FC7018013CF9038C01FFFD83FE014E0EBF80F90 +B6FC6C15C06C15806C1500000114FCD8003F7FEB00016E7EA21680157F16C0153F16E015 +1F16F0150FED07E025467BB830>I<003FB57E4814F0B612FC15FF6C816C812603F8017F +9138003FF0151F6F7E15071503821501A515035E1507150F4B5A153F4AB45A90B65A5E93 +C7FC5D8182D9F8007FED3FE0151F150F821507A817F8EEF1FCA53A3FFF8003FB4801C0EB +FFF8B56C7E17F06C496C13E06C49EB7FC0C9EA1F002E397FB730>I<90390FF803C0D97F +FF13E048B512C74814F74814FF5A381FF80F383FE001497E4848137F90C7123F5A48141F +A2150FA37EED07C06C91C7FC7F7FEA3FF0EA1FFEEBFFF06C13FF6C14E0000114F86C8001 +1F13FF01031480D9003F13C014019138007FE0151FED0FF0A2ED07F8A2007C140312FEA5 +6C140716F07F6DEB0FE06D131F01F8EB3FC001FF13FF91B51280160000FD5CD8FC7F13F8 +D8F81F5BD878011380253A7BB830>I<003FB712C04816E0B8FCA43AFE003F800FA8007C +ED07C0C791C7FCB3B1011FB5FC4980A46D91C7FC2B387EB730>I<3B7FFFC007FFFCB56C +4813FEA46C496C13FCD803F8C7EA3F80B3B16D147F00011600A36C6C14FE6D13016D5CEC +800390393FE00FF890391FF83FF06DB55A6D5C6D5C6D91C7FC9038007FFCEC1FF02F3980 +B730>I<D87FFE90380FFFC0B54913E06E5AA24A7E6C486D13C0D807F0903801FC00A26D +130300035DA46C6C495AA46C6C495AA46D131F6D5CA3EC803F013F5CA46D6C48C7FCA490 +380FE0FEA401075B14F1A301035BA314FB01015BA314FFA26D5BA46E5A6E5A2B397EB730 +>I<D83FFC903801FFE0486C4913F000FF16F8A2007F16F06C486D13E0D81FC09038001F +C0000F1680A76D143F00071600A7000390380F803E9039F01FC07EEC3FE0A3EC7FF0A214 +7D0001157CA29039F8FDF8FCA314F8A300005D01F913FCA2ECF07CA201FD137DA2017D5C +ECE03DA3017F133FA2ECC01FA2013F5CA2EC800F6D486C5A2D397FB730>I<3A3FFF01FF +F84801837F02C77FA202835B6C01015B3A01FC007F806D91C7FC00005C6D5BEB7F01EC81 +FCEB3F8314C3011F5B14E7010F5B14FF6D5BA26D5BA26D5BA26D90C8FCA4497FA2497FA2 +815B81EB0FE781EB1FC381EB3F8181EB7F0081497F49800001143F49800003141F498000 +07140FD87FFEEB7FFFB590B5128080A25C6C486D130029387DB730>I<D87FFF90381FFF +C0B56C4813E0A46C496C13C0D803F8903803F8006D1307A26C6C495AA26C6C5C151F6D5C +EC803F013F5CECC07F011F91C7FCA290380FE0FEA214F101075BA2903803FBF8A201015B +14FF6D5BA26E5AA36E5AB1903803FFF8497F497FA26D5B6D5B2B387EB730>I<001FB612 +FC4815FE5AA490C7EA03FCED07F816F0150FED1FE016C0153FED7F80003E1500C85A4A5A +5D14034A5A5D140F4A5A5D143F4A5A92C7FC5C495A5C1303495A5C130F495A5C133F495A +91C8FC5B4848147C4914FE1203485A5B120F485A5B123F485A90B6FCB7FCA46C15FC2738 +7CB730>I<007FB5FCB61280A4150048C8FCB3B3B3A5B6FC1580A46C140019476DBE30>I< +127CA212FEA27EA26C7EA26C7EA26C7EA26C7EA26C7EA26C7EA212017FA26C7EA26D7EA2 +6D7EA26D7EA26D7EA26D7EA26D7EA2130180A26D7EA26E7EA26E7EA26E7EA26E7EA26E7E +A26E7EA2140181A26E7EA2ED7F80A2ED3FC0A2ED1FE0A2ED0FF0A2ED07F8A21503A2ED01 +F0150025477BBE30>I<007FB5FCB61280A47EC7123FB3B3B3A5007FB5FCB6FCA46C1400 +19477DBE30>I<1307EB1FC0EB7FF0497E000313FE000FEBFF80003F14E0D87FFD13F039 +FFF07FF8EBC01FEB800F38FE0003007CEB01F00010EB00401D0E77B730>I<007FB612F0 +A2B712F8A36C15F0A225077B7D30>I<EB7FF80003B5FC4814C04880488048809038E01F +FC9038C003FE14016E7E6C487F6CC77FC8123FA491B5FC130F137F48B6FC12075A48EB80 +3F383FF800EA7FE0138048C7FC5AA4157F7E6C6C13FFEBC003263FF01FEBFF8090B712C0 +7E6C14EF000314876CD9FE01138026003FE0C8FC2A2A7BA830>97 +D<EA3FFC487E12FFA2127F123F1200AAEC03FE91381FFF80027F13E091B57E90B612FC82 +ECFE079138F001FF4A6C13804A137F4AEB3FC091C7121F17E049140FA217F01607A8160F +A217E07F161F6EEB3FC0A26EEB7F806E13FFDAF00313009138FC0FFE91B55A5E495CD97E +7F13C0D93C1F90C7FC90380003FC2C3980B730>I<ECFFE0010713FC011F7F017F7F90B6 +12804815C048EB807F3907FC003F485A485A49EB1F804848EB0F004990C7FC127F90C9FC +A25A5AA87E7EA27F003FEC07C06DEB0FE06C7E6D131F6C6C14C0D807FE133F9039FFC0FF +806C90B5FCC615006D5B011F13F801075B01011380232A7AA830>I<913801FFE04A7F5C +A28080EC0007AAEB03FE90381FFF874913E790B6FC5A5A481303380FFC00D81FF0133F49 +131F485A150F4848130790C7FCA25AA25AA87E6C140FA27F003F141F6D133F6C7E6D137F +390FF801FF2607FE07EBFFC06CB712E06C16F06C14F76D01C713E0011F010313C0D907FC +C8FC2C397DB730>I<49B4FC010713E0011F13F8017F7F90B57E488048018113803A07FC +007FC04848133FD81FE0EB1FE0150F484814F0491307127F90C7FCED03F85A5AB7FCA516 +F048C9FC7E7EA27F003FEC01F06DEB03F86C7E6C7E6D1307D807FEEB1FF03A03FFC07FE0 +6C90B5FC6C15C0013F14806DEBFE00010713F8010013C0252A7CA830>I<EDFF80020713 +E0021F13F05C4A13F891B5FC491387903803FE079138FC03F0903907F800C04A1300A800 +3FB612C04815E0B7FCA36C15C0260007F0C7FCB3A9003FB512FE4880B71280A26C15006C +5C25397DB830>I<D903FC13FF90261FFF8713C04913DF90B712E05A5A2607FE07138F90 +3AF801FE07C048486C6CC7FCA2497F001F8149133FA56D137F000F92C7FC6D5BA26C6C48 +5AEBFE0790B55A5D485C15C001DF5BD9C3FCC8FC01C0C9FCA37F7F6CB512F015FF6C15C0 +4815F0488148813A3FE0001FFE0180130148C8127F007E8100FE168048151FA56C153F00 +7FED7F006D5C6C6C495A01F013076CB4EB7FFC6C90B55A6C5D000115C06C6C91C7FC011F +13FC010113C02B3E7DA730>I<EA3FFC487E12FFA2127F123F1200AAEC01FE91380FFF80 +023F13E091B57E90B67EA29138FE07FCECF8039138E001FE14C0EC8000A291C7FCA25BB3 +A23B3FFFF81FFFF8486D4813FCB500FE14FEA26C01FC14FC6C496C13F82F3880B730>I< +14E0EB03F8A2497EA36D5AA2EB00E091C8FCA9381FFFF8487F5AA27E7EEA0001B3A9003F +B612C04815E0B7FCA27E6C15C023397AB830>I<EC01C0EC07F0A2EC0FF8A3EC07F0A2EC +01C091C7FCA990B512F04814F8A47EEB0003B3B3A5EC07F0A2123C007EEB0FE0B4131FEC +3FC0147F90B512806C14005C6C5B000F13F0000313C01D4E7CB830>I<EA7FF8487EA412 +7F1200AB0203B512804A14C017E0A217C06E14809139001FE0004B5A4B5A4BC7FC4A5A4A +5AEC0FF84A5A4A5A4A5A4A5A01FD7F90B57E8114F7ECE3F8ECC1FCEC81FEEC00FF497F49 +6D7E6F7E826F7E15076F7E6F7E3B7FFFF81FFFE0B56C4813F017F8A217F06C496C13E02D +387FB730>I<387FFFF8B57EA47EEA0001B3B3A8007FB612F0B712F8A46C15F025387BB7 +30>I<02FC137E3B7FC3FF01FF80D8FFEF01877F90B500CF7F15DF92B57E6C010F138726 +07FE07EB03F801FC13FE9039F803FC01A201F013F8A301E013F0B3A23C7FFE0FFF07FF80 +B548018F13C0A46C486C01071380322881A730>I<EC01FE3A3FFC0FFF80267FFE3F13E0 +00FF90B57E90B67E7E6C9038FE07FCC6EBF8039138E001FE14C0EC8000A291C7FCA25BB3 +A23B3FFFF81FFFF8486D4813FCB500FE14FEA26C01FC14FC6C496C13F82F2880A730>I< +49B4FC010F13E0013F13F8497F90B57E0003ECFF8014013A07FC007FC04848EB3FE0D81F +E0EB0FF0A24848EB07F8491303007F15FC90C71201A300FEEC00FEA86C14016C15FCA26D +1303003F15F86D13076D130F6C6CEB1FF06C6CEB3FE06D137F3A07FF01FFC06C90B51280 +6C15006C6C13FC6D5B010F13E0010190C7FC272A7CA830>I<EC03FE3A3FFC1FFF80267F +FE7F13E000FF90B57E90B612FC6C816CEBFE07C69038F001FF4A6C13804A137F4AEB3FC0 +91C7121F17E049140FA217F01607A8160FA217E07F161F6EEB3FC0A26EEB7F806E13FFDA +F00313009138FC0FFE91B55A5E495C6E13C0021F90C7FCEC03FC91C9FCAD383FFFF8487F +B57EA26C5B6C5B2C3C80A730>I<49B413F8010FEBC1FC013F13F14913FD48B6FC5A4813 +81390FFC007F49131F4848130F491307485A491303127F90C7FC15015A5AA77E7E15037F +A26C6C1307150F6C6C131F6C6C133F01FC137F3907FF01FF6C90B5FC6C14FD6C14F9013F +13F1010F13C1903803FE0190C7FCAD92B512F84A14FCA46E14F82E3C7DA730>I<ED07F8 +3A3FFF803FFF486DB51280B512C302CF14C06C13DF6C9038FFFC3FD8001F13E09238801F +809238000F004A90C7FC5C5C5CA25CA45CAF003FB512FC4880B7FCA26C5C6C5C2A287EA7 +30>I<90381FFC1E48B5129F000714FF5A5A5A387FF007EB800100FEC7FC4880A46C143E +007F91C7FC13E06CB4FC6C13FC6CEBFF806C14E0000114F86C6C7F01037F9038000FFF02 +001380007C147F00FEEC1FC0A2150F7EA27F151F6DEB3F806D137F9039FC03FF0090B6FC +5D5D00FC14F0D8F83F13C026780FFEC7FC222A79A830>I<EB0780497E131FA9003FB612 +E04815F0B7FCA36C15E026001FC0C7FCB216F8ED01FCA5ECE003010FEB07F814F09138FC +1FF06DB512E06D14C016806D14009038007FFCEC1FF026337EB130>I<D83FFCEB3FFC48 +6C497E00FF14FFA2007F147F003F143F00001400B3A41501A2150315076D130F903A7FC0 +7FFFF891B612FC6D15FE7F6D4913FC6D9038F87FF8010001C0C7FC2F2880A630>I<3B3F +FFC07FFF80486DB512C0B515E0A26C16C06C496C13803B01F80003F000A26D130700005D +A26D130F017E5CA2017F131F6D5CA2EC803F011F91C7FCA26E5A010F137EA2ECE0FE0107 +5BA214F101035BA3903801FBF0A314FF6D5BA36E5A6E5A2B277EA630>I<3B3FFFC01FFF +E0486D4813F0B515F8A26C16F06C496C13E0D807E0C7EA3F00A26D5C0003157EA56D14FE +00015DEC0F80EC1FC0EC3FE0A33A00FC7FF1F8A2147DA2ECFDF9017C5C14F8A3017E13FB +A290393FF07FE0A3ECE03FA2011F5C90390F800F802D277FA630>I<3A3FFF81FFFC4801 +C37FB580A26C5D6C01815BC648C66CC7FC137FEC80FE90383F81FC90381FC3F8EB0FE3EC +E7F06DB45A6D5B7F6D5B92C8FC147E147F5C497F81903803F7E0EB07E790380FE3F0ECC1 +F890381F81FC90383F80FE90387F007E017E137F01FE6D7E48486D7E267FFF80B5FCB500 +C1148014E3A214C16C0180140029277DA630>I<3B3FFFC07FFF80486DB512C0B515E0A2 +6C16C06C496C13803B01FC0003F000A2000014076D5C137E150F017F5C7F151FD91F805B +A214C0010F49C7FCA214E00107137EA2EB03F0157C15FCEB01F85DA2EB00F9ECFDF0147D +147FA26E5AA36E5AA35DA2143F92C8FCA25C147EA2000F13FE486C5AEA3FC1EBC3F81387 +EB8FF0EBFFE06C5B5C6C90C9FC6C5AEA01F02B3C7EA630>I<001FB612FC4815FE5AA316 +FC90C7EA0FF8ED1FF0ED3FE0ED7FC0EDFF80003E491300C7485A4A5A4A5A4A5A4A5A4A5A +4A5A4990C7FC495A495A495A495A495A495A4948133E4890C7127F485A485A485A485A48 +5A48B7FCB8FCA46C15FE28277DA630>I<ED3FF0913803FFF8140F5C147F16F09138FFF0 +0092C7FC495A5CB3A21303495A133F383FFFF0B55A5C91C8FC14C080003F7F38003FF813 +076D7E1301B3A2806D7E15F091387FFFF016F8141F8014039138003FF025477BBE30>I< +127CA212FEB3B3B3AD127CA207476CBE30>I<EA7FE0EAFFFE6D7E8014F07EC66C7E1307 +6D7E1301B3A2806D7E15E091387FFFE06E13F8801407141F5C4A13E09138FFE00092C7FC +495A5CB3A21303495A137F387FFFF0B5FC14C05C49C8FCEA7FE025477BBE30>I<017C13 +3848B4137C48EB80FE4813C14813C348EBEFFC397FEFFFF0D8FF8713E0010713C0486C13 +80D87C0113003838007C1F0C78B730>I E +%EndDVIPSBitmapFont +%DVIPSBitmapFont: Ff cmbx12 14.4 62 +/Ff 62 123 df<922601FFFC903801FFE0033F9026FF801F13F84AB6D8E07F13FE020F03 +F9B6FC023FD9C00FB500C0138091277FFC0003D9FE0113C0902601FFE049495A49494949 +4813E04990C714F049484A13E0495A19C0495A7413C0017F17804A6E6E1380719138007E +007192C7FCAEBCFCA526007FF8C7000301C0C8FCB3B3A7007FB5D8F803B612F0A553547D +D34E>11 D<EEFFFC031FEBFF804AB612E0020781021F9038C00FF8913A7FFE0003FCDAFF +F0EB00FE4949EB03FF4901805B4990C7487F49485CA2495A4D7F013F6F5B5CA37190C7FC +715AEF01F894C9FCA90403B512C0BAFCA526003FFCC7120783B3B3A6003FB5D8FC03B612 +C0A542547DD34B>I<151E153E157E15FCEC01F8EC07F0EC0FE0EC1FC01580143FEC7F00 +14FE1301495A5C1307495AA2495A133F5C137FA2495AA24890C7FCA25A5BA21207A2485A +A3121F5BA3123FA25BA3127FA55B12FFB3A3127F7FA5123FA37FA2121FA37F120FA36C7E +A21203A27F7EA26C7FA26D7EA2133F80131F6D7EA26D7E1303806D7E1300147FEC3F8014 +1F15C0EC0FE0EC07F0EC01F8EC00FC157E153E151E1F7973D934>40 +D<127012F8127C127E7EEA1FC06C7E6C7E12037F6C7E6C7E7F6D7E133F806D7EA26D7E80 +130780A26D7EA26D7EA215807FA215C0A2EC7FE0A315F0143FA315F8A2141FA315FCA514 +0F15FEB3A315FC141FA515F8A3143FA215F0A3147F15E0A3ECFFC0A21580A25B1500A249 +5AA2495AA25C130F5C495AA2495A5C137F49C7FC5B485A485A5B1207485A485A48C8FC12 +7E127C5A12701F7979D934>I<B712F0AB240B7F9F2D>45 D<EA07F0487E487E487E487E +B51280A76C13006C5A6C5A6C5A6C5A1111769025>I<EF01E01703EF07F0A2170FA2EF1F +E0A218C0173FA2EF7F80A218005FA24C5AA25F1603A24C5AA25F160FA24C5AA25F163FA2 +4C5AA294C7FC5EA24B5AA25E1503A24B5AA25E150FA24B5AA25E153FA24B5AA293C8FC5D +A24A5AA25D1403A25D1407A24A5AA25D141FA24A5AA25D147FA24AC9FCA25C1301A2495A +A25C1307A2495AA25C131FA2495AA25C137FA249CAFCA25B1201A2485AA25B1207A2485A +A25B121FA2485AA25B127FA248CBFCA25AA2127CA2347879D943>I<913803FFC0023F13 +FC91B6FC010315C0010F018113F0903A1FFC003FF849486D7E49486D7E49486D7E48496D +138048496D13C0A24817E04890C813F0A34817F8A24817FC49157FA3007F17FEA600FF17 +FFB3A5007F17FEA6003F17FCA26D15FFA26C17F8A36C17F0A26C6D4913E0A26C6D4913C0 +6C17806E5B6C6D4913006D6C495AD91FFCEB3FF8903A0FFF81FFF06D90B55A01011580D9 +003F01FCC7FC020313C0384F7BCD43>I<157815FC14031407141F14FF130F0007B5FCB6 +FCA2147F13F0EAF800C7FCB3B3B3A6007FB712FEA52F4E76CD43>I<EC3FFE0103B512E0 +010F14FC013F14FF90B712C048D9C07F7F2703FE000F13F8D807F801037FD80FE06D7F48 +486D7F48488001F01680486C6E13C07F486C6E13E07FA27013F0A56C5AA26C5AEA0FF0EA +03C0C914E05EA218C05E1880A24C13005F4C5A4B5B5F4B5B5F4B5B4B90C7FC4B5A5E4B5A +ED7FE04B5A4A5B4A48C8FC4A5A5D4A48EB01F04A5AEC3F804AC7FC02FEEC03E0495A495A +495A495AD91F80140749C8FC013E150F017FB7FC90B812C05A5A5A5A5A5A5AB9FC1880A4 +344E79CD43>I<91380FFFC091B512FC0107ECFF80011F15E090263FF8077F9026FF8001 +13FC4848C76C7ED803F86E7E491680D807FC8048B416C080486D15E0A4805CA36C17C06C +5B6C90C75AD801FC1680C9FC4C13005FA24C5A4B5B4B5B4B13C04B5BDBFFFEC7FC91B512 +F816E016FCEEFF80DA000713E0030113F89238007FFE707E7013807013C018E07013F0A2 +18F8A27013FCA218FEA2EA03E0EA0FF8487E487E487EB57EA318FCA25E18F891C7FC6C17 +F0495C6C4816E001F04A13C06C484A1380D80FF84A13006CB44A5A6CD9F0075BC690B612 +F06D5D011F1580010302FCC7FCD9001F1380374F7ACD43>I<177C17FEA2160116031607 +160FA2161F163F167FA216FF5D5DA25D5DED1FBFED3F3F153E157C15FCEC01F815F0EC03 +E01407EC0FC01580EC1F005C147E147C5C1301495A495A5C495A131F49C7FC133E5B13FC +485A5B485A1207485A485A90C8FC123E127E5ABA12C0A5C96C48C7FCAF020FB712C0A53A +4F7CCE43>I<D80380150ED807E0157E01FEEC03FED9FFF0137F91B65A5F5F5F5F5F94C7 +FC5E5E16F016C093C8FC15F801E190C9FC01E0CAFCABEC0FFF027F13F001E3B512FE01E7 +6E7E9026FFF8077FDAC0017F49C713F8496E7E49143F4981496E7E6C481680C9FC18C082 +18E0A418F0A3EA0FE0487E487E487E487EA418E0A35B6C484A13C05B491680003EC85A00 +3F17006C6C4A5A6D5D6C6C4A5AD807F8495BD803FE01075B2701FFC03F5B6C90B65A013F +4AC7FC6D14F8010314C09026007FF8C8FC344F79CD43>I<ED0FFF92B512E0020780021F +14FC91397FFE03FE903A01FFF0007F4901C0EB3F804990C7121F4948EC7FC0494814FF49 +484913E049485B01FF5C485BA2485B5AA2486F13C04A6D1380486F1300177E94C7FC5AA2 +91CAFC5AA21508913801FFF8020713FFB54814C04A14F04AC66C7E023C6D7E4A6D7E4A6D +7E7013804A15C0A24A15E07013F05C18F8A491C714FCA37EA67EA46C17F880A27E18F06C +5D18E06C6D15C07E6E4913806C6D15006D6C495A6D6CEB7FFC6DB448485A6D90B55A0103 +15C0010092C7FC023F13FC020713C0364F7ACD43>I<121F7F7FEBFF8091B81280A45A19 +00606060A2606060485F0180C86CC7FC007EC95A4C5A007C4B5A5F4C5A160F4C5A484B5A +4C5A94C8FC16FEC812014B5A5E4B5A150F4B5AA24B5AA24B5A15FFA24A90C9FCA25C5D14 +07A2140FA25D141FA2143FA4147F5DA314FFA55BAC6D5BA2EC3FC06E5A395279D043>I< +913807FFC0027F13FC0103B67E010F15E090261FFC0113F8903A3FE0003FFCD97F80EB0F +FE49C76C7E48488048486E1380000717C04980120F18E0177FA2121F7FA27F7F6E14FF02 +E015C014F802FE4913806C7FDBC00313009238F007FE6C02F85B9238FE1FF86C9138FFBF +F06CEDFFE017806C4BC7FC6D806D81010F15E06D81010115FC010781011F81491680EBFF +E748018115C048D9007F14E04848011F14F048487F48481303030014F8484880161F4848 +020713FC1601824848157F173FA2171FA2170FA218F8A27F007F17F06D151FA26C6CED3F +E0001F17C06D157F6C6CEDFF806C6C6C010313006C01E0EB0FFE6C01FCEBFFFC6C6CB612 +F06D5D010F1580010102FCC7FCD9000F13C0364F7ACD43>I<91380FFF8091B512F80103 +14FE010F6E7E4901037F90267FF8007F4948EB3FF048496D7E484980486F7E4849808248 +17805A91C714C05A7013E0A218F0B5FCA318F8A618FCA46C5DA37EA25E6C7F6C5DA26C5D +6C7F6C6D137B6C6D13F390387FF803011FB512E36D14C30103028313F89039007FFE03EC +00401500A218F05EA3D801F816E0487E486C16C0487E486D491380A218005E5F4C5A91C7 +FC6C484A5A494A5A49495B6C48495BD803FC010F5B9027FF807FFEC7FC6C90B55A6C6C14 +F06D14C0010F49C8FC010013F0364F7ACD43>I<171F4D7E4D7EA24D7EA34C7FA24C7FA3 +4C7FA34C7FA24C7FA34C8083047F80167E8304FE804C7E03018116F8830303814C7E0307 +8116E083030F814C7E031F81168083033F8293C77E4B82157E8403FE824B800201835D84 +0203834B800207835D844AB87EA24A83A3DA3F80C88092C97E4A84A2027E8202FE844A82 +010185A24A820103854A82010785A24A82010F855C011F717FEBFFFCB600F8020FB712E0 +A55B547BD366>65 D<BA12C019FEF1FFC01AF01AFCD8000701F0C7000313FFDE007F7F73 +7F070F7F737F878587858785A287A84F5BA263616361634F5B4F5B077F90C7FC4E485A06 +0713F892B812E097C8FC861AF003F0C7000313FE9539003FFF80070F13E0737F07017F87 +737F747E1C807413C0A27413E0A31CF0A386A362A31CE0A2621CC0A250138097B5FC1C00 +4F5B19074F5B073F13F04EB55ABC128098C7FC1AF81AC007F8C8FC54527CD160>I<9326 +01FFFCEC01C0047FD9FFC013030307B600F81307033F03FE131F92B8EA803F0203DAE003 +EBC07F020F01FCC7383FF0FF023F01E0EC0FF94A01800203B5FC494848C9FC4901F88249 +49824949824949824949824990CA7E494883A2484983485B1B7F485B481A3FA24849181F +A3485B1B0FA25AA298C7FC5CA2B5FCAE7EA280A2F307C07EA36C7FA21B0F6C6D1980A26C +1A1F6C7F1C006C6D606C6D187EA26D6C606D6D4C5A6D6D16036D6D4C5A6D6D4C5A6D01FC +4C5A6D6DEE7F806D6C6C6C4BC7FC6E01E0EC07FE020F01FEEC1FF80203903AFFE001FFF0 +020091B612C0033F93C8FC030715FCDB007F14E0040101FCC9FC525479D261>I<BA7E19 +FCF1FF801AF01AFCD8000701F0C7000F13FF060014C0071F7F070713F807017F737F747E +747F747F86747F747F8886888688A2757EA31D8087A21DC0A51DE0A387A963A31DC0A51D +80A2631D00A3515AA2646264505B6264505B505B5090C7FCF2FFFE4F5B07075B071F5B96 +B512C0060F91C8FCBB5A1AF01AC007FCC9FC19805B527CD167>I<BC1280A5D8000701F8 +C7000114C0F0001F19071901851A7F1A3F1A1FA2F20FE0A21A07A31A03A318F81BF01A01 +A497C7FC1701A317031707170F177F92B6FCA59238F8007F170F170717031701A317001B +3EA31B7CA395C8FCA21BFCA21BF8A21A01A31A031BF01A071A0FA21A1F1A3FF27FE0F101 +FF1907191F0603B5FCBCFCA21BC0A34F517CD058>I<BB12FEA5D8000701F8C700077FF0 +007F191F190785858586861B80A21A1FA31A0FA41BC006F81307A497C7FCA31701A31703 +1707170F177F92B6FCA59238F8007F170F170717031701A31700A795C9FCB3B812F8A54A +517CD055>I<932601FFFCEC01C0047FD9FFC013030307B600F81307033F03FE131F92B8 +EA803F0203DAE003EBC07F020F01FCC7383FF0FF023F01E0EC0FF94A01800203B5FC4948 +48C9FC4901F8824949824949824949824949824990CA7E494883A2484983485B1B7F485B +481A3FA24849181FA3485B1B0FA25AA298C8FC5CA2B5FCAE6C057FB712E0A280A36C94C7 +003FEBC000A36C7FA36C7FA27E6C7FA26C7F6C7FA26D7E6D7F6D7F6D6D5E6D7F6D01FC93 +B5FC6D13FF6D6C6D5C6E01F0EC07FB020F01FEEC1FF10203903AFFF001FFE0020091B6EA +C07F033FEE001F030703FC1307DB007F02E01301040149CAFC5B5479D26A>I<B8D8C003 +B8FCA5D8000701F8C9001FEBE000B3AE92BAFCA503F8C9121FB3B1B8D8C003B8FCA56052 +7CD169>I<B812C0A5D8000701F8C7FCB3B3B3B2B812C0A52A527CD132>I<B800C091B612 +F8A5D8000701F8C90003EBF8009738007F8051C7FC505AF203F8F20FF0505A505A505A50 +C8FCF101FCF107F84F5A4F5A4F5A4F5A07FEC9FCF003FC4E5A4E5A4E5A4E5A4E5ADD01FE +CAFC4D5A4D5A4D5A4D7E173F4D7E4C487E4C7F5E4C804C804C80EEFF7F9226F9FE3F7FDB +FBFC809226FFF81F7F4C7EDCC0077F0480804C7E4B6D804B6D804B8284727F727F868472 +7F727F8784728087737F85737F87737F85737F88857380747F888697B512FCB800C0013F +ECFFFEA55F527CD169>75 D<B812F8A5D8000701F8CAFCB3B3A91A7CA41AFC1AF8A51901 +A31903A219071AF0190FA2191F193F197F19FF180360183F4DB5FCBB12E0A546527CD151 +>I<B600FC073FB512FE6F61A26F96B6FCA2D80007F5C00070EF01EFA202EF6DEF03CFA2 +02E76DEF078FA202E36DEF0F0FA202E16D171EA302E06D173CA26F6C1778A26F6C17F0A2 +6F6DED01E0A26F6DED03C0A36F6DED0780A26F6DED0F00A26F6D151EA26F6D5DA3706C5D +A2706C5DA2706D495AA2706D495AA2706D495AA3706D49C7FCA2706D131EA2706D5BA271 +6C5BA3716C5BA271EB81E0A271EBC3C0A271EBE780A27101FFC8FCA3715BA2715BA2725A +A2725AA2D93FFC6F5AB74DB712FEA2725AA2725A77527CD180>I<B600FC93B7FC8181A2 +82D800076E9239003FFC0070EE07E08282A28202EF7F02E77F02E380A202E18002E0806F +7F6F7F6F7FA26F7F6F7F6F806F80A26F80707F707F707F707FA2707F7080708070808583 +717F717F717F717FA27114807114C07114E07213F07213F8A27213FC7213FE7213FF7214 +87A27214C77214E77313F77313FF85A285858585A28586868686A286868686A2D93FFC18 +7FB7173F1B1F1B0F1B07755A60527CD169>I<93380FFFC00303B6FC031F15E092B712FC +0203D9FC0013FF020F01C0010F13C0023F90C7000313F0DA7FFC02007F494848ED7FFE49 +01E0ED1FFF49496F7F49496F7F4990C96C7F49854948707F4948707FA24849717E48864A +83481B804A83481BC0A2481BE04A83A2481BF0A348497113F8A5B51AFCAF6C1BF86E5FA4 +6C1BF0A26E5F6C1BE0A36C6D4D13C0A26C6D4D1380A26C1B006C6D4D5A6E5E6C626D6C4C +5B6D6D4B5B6D6D4B5B6D6D4B5B6D6D4B5B6D6D4B90C7FC6D6D4B5A6D01FF02035B023F01 +E0011F13F0020F01FC90B512C0020390B7C8FC020016FC031F15E0030392C9FCDB001F13 +E0565479D265>I<BAFC19F819FF1AE086D8000701F0C7001F13FC060113FF726C138073 +13C0070F13E01BF0857313F81BFCA27313FEA41BFFA81BFEA31BFC61A21BF84F13F04F13 +E0614F13C04F13004E485A061F5B92B812F01AC04FC7FC19E003F8CBFCB3AEB812C0A550 +527CD15C>I<B912F0F0FF8019F819FF1AC0D8000701F0C714F0060F7F060113FE727F73 +7F737F85737F87A2737FA387A863A2616363A24F5B4F5B4F90C8FC4F5A06035B060F13F0 +95B512C092B8C9FC19F819E019F89226F0000313FE9439007FFF80727F727F727F727F72 +7F8684A28684A787A71D1C75133EA38575137E73157C7513FC731401B86C6D9038F803F8 +07039038FE07F07390B512E0736C14C0080F1400CEEA7FFC5F537CD164>82 +D<91260FFF80130791B500F85B010702FF5B011FEDC03F49EDF07F9026FFFC006D5A4801 +E0EB0FFD4801800101B5FC4848C87E48488149150F001F824981123F4981007F82A28412 +FF84A27FA26D82A27F7F6D93C7FC14C06C13F014FF15F86CECFF8016FC6CEDFFC017F06C +16FC6C16FF6C17C06C836C836D826D82010F821303010082021F16801400030F15C0ED00 +7F040714E01600173F050F13F08383A200788200F882A3187FA27EA219E07EA26CEFFFC0 +A27F6D4B13806D17006D5D01FC4B5A01FF4B5A02C04A5A02F8EC7FF0903B1FFFC003FFE0 +486C90B65AD8FC0393C7FC48C66C14FC48010F14F048D9007F90C8FC3C5479D24B>I<00 +3FBC1280A59126C0003F9038C0007F49C71607D87FF8060113C001E08449197F49193F90 +C8171FA2007E1A0FA3007C1A07A500FC1BE0481A03A6C994C7FCB3B3AC91B912F0A55351 +7BD05E>I<B800C00103B612FCA5D8000701F8CAEBF000F31F80B3B3B11B3FA26D97C7FC +81637F1B7E6D6D17FE505A6E7E505A6E6D15076E4D5A6E6D4B5A6E6D4B5A6E01F84B5A6E +6DDA03FFC8FC6E6CB46CEB0FFE6F9039F001FFF8030F90B65A030316C0DB007F92C9FC04 +0F14F8DC007F13805E537CD167>I<B700FE031FB512FEA5D8001F01F0CA383FFE00F307 +F06D626F170F6D62811B1F6D6D601B3F6D97C7FC6F5F6D197E821BFE6E6D5E1A016E6D5E +1A036E60701507A26E6D5E1A0F6E6D5E1A1F6E6070153FA26E6D93C8FC626E6E147E1AFE +6F5E711301A26F6D5C19036F6D5C19076F5E71130FA26F6D5C191F6F6D5C193F6F93C9FC +715BA26FEC807E19FE706D5A18C1705C18E3705C18F318F770EBFFE0A2705CA2705CA370 +91CAFCA2705BA2715AA3715AA2715AA2715A715A5F537DD166>I<B700FC017FB600FE91 +B612F0A5D8003F01C0C8001F01E0C9EBF8006F71EE0FC06D7161876F1C1F6D7196C7FC6F +8373606D1E3E6F836D7160876F1CFC6D666F4B801F016D66704A806E525A88704A17076E +059F5F70021F80080F160F6E6570023F806EDC3E074CC8FC8870027E5F6EDC7C03163E70 +02FC804F6C167E6E1C7C700101814F6C16FC6E745B70010317016E4C6D5D060716C00580 +496D14036F63DDC00F16E04F6D14076F07F05BDDE01F170F6F92C76C5D1DF8DDF03E6E14 +1F6F98C9FCDDF87E16FC067C6E5C6FF1FE3EDDFCFC177E6F4A6E147C1DFFDDFFF06E14FC +6F62A24E816F62A270496F5BA24E817061A295C97E7061A270487090CAFCA37048705AA2 +4D1601040360A27048705A84537DD18B>I<EC7FFF0107B512F0013F14FE90B77E48D9E0 +0F7F2703FE000113F0486C6D7F6EEB3FFC48826E131F83707FA36C496D7FA26C90C7FC6C +5AC9FCA6037FB5FC020FB6FC91B7FC01071487013FEBF0074913803901FFFC004813F048 +5B485B485B4890C7FC5A5BA2485AA45EA26D5C007F151D163D6C6C02797F6C6D01F113F8 +6C9026C003E1EBFFE06C9026F81FC014F06C90B5487EC6ED001F011F01FC010713E00101 +01E090C8FC3C387CB641>97 D<EB3FF0B5FCA51203C6FCB3A4923801FFE0030F13FE033F +EBFFC092B612F002F301017F913AF7F8003FFEDAFFE0EB0FFF03806D7F92C76C7F4A6E7F +4A824A6E7FA2727EA285A28584A31A80AC1A00A44E5AA36118FF616E4A5BA26E4A5B6E4A +5B6F495BDACFC04990C7FCDA87F0EB7FFC913A03FE03FFF849C6B612E0496D148049011F +01FCC8FC90C7000313C041547BD24B>I<913801FFF8021FEBFF8091B612F0010315FC01 +0F9038C00FFE903A1FFE0001FFD97FFC491380D9FFF05B4817C048495B5C5A485BA2486F +138091C7FC486F1300705A4892C8FC5BA312FFAD127F7FA27EA2EF03E06C7F17076C6D15 +C07E6E140F6CEE1F806C6DEC3F006C6D147ED97FFE5C6D6CEB03F8010F9038E01FF00103 +90B55A01001580023F49C7FC020113E033387CB63C>I<4DB47E0407B5FCA5EE001F1707 +B3A4913801FFE0021F13FC91B6FC010315C7010F9038E03FE74990380007F7D97FFC0101 +B5FC49487F4849143F484980485B83485B5A91C8FC5AA3485AA412FFAC127FA36C7EA37E +A26C7F5F6C6D5C7E6C6D5C6C6D49B5FC6D6C4914E0D93FFED90FEFEBFF80903A0FFFC07F +CF6D90B5128F0101ECFE0FD9003F13F8020301C049C7FC41547CD24B>I<913803FFC002 +3F13FC49B6FC010715C04901817F903A3FFC007FF849486D7E49486D7E4849130F48496D +7E48178048497F18C0488191C7FC4817E0A248815B18F0A212FFA490B8FCA318E049CAFC +A6127FA27F7EA218E06CEE01F06E14037E6C6DEC07E0A26C6DEC0FC06C6D141F6C6DEC3F +806D6CECFF00D91FFEEB03FE903A0FFFC03FF8010390B55A010015C0021F49C7FC020113 +F034387CB63D>I<ED3FFC0203B5FC020F14C0023F14E09139FFF81FF0499038C03FF849 +EB807F49903800FFFC495A495AA2495AA2EE7FF8495AEE3FF0EE0FC093C7FCAEB712E0A5 +26007FF8C8FCB3B3A7007FB512FEA52E547CD329>I<DA3FFF14FF0103B5D8F00713C001 +0FDAFC1F13E0013FECFF7F90267FFC0F9038FF9FF09026FFE001EBF83F48496C13E04849 +90387FF01F4890C7D83FF813E0489338FC0FC0F0078048486E6CC7FCA2003F82A9001F5E +A26C6C4A5AA26C5E6C6D495A6C6D495A6C6D485BDAFC0F5B4890B6C8FCD803EF14FC01C3 +14F02607C03F90C9FC91CBFCA2120FA37FA213F813FE90B7FC6C16F817FF18C06C836C83 +6C836D828448B9FC12074848C700031480D81FF8EC003F4848150748486F13C083485A83 +A56D5D007F18806D5D003F18006C6C4B5AD80FFEED1FFC6C6C6CEC7FF86C01E049485A6C +01FE011F5B6C6CB71280010F03FCC7FC010115E0D9000F01FCC8FC3C4F7CB543>I<EB3F +F0B5FCA51203C6FCB3A4EE1FFC93B512C0030314F0030F8092391FE07FFC92393F001FFE +037C8003F07FDAF1E081ECF3C0DAF7807F8502FFC7FC5CA25CA45CB3ACB6D8F807B612C0 +A542537BD24B>I<137F497E000313E0487FA2487FA76C5BA26C5BC613806DC7FC90C8FC +ADEB3FF0B5FCA512017EB3B3A6B612E0A51B547BD325>I<EB3FF0B5FCA51203C6FCB3A5 +4CB512F8A59339003FFE00EF1FF0EF3FC04D5A4DC7FCEE03FEEE07F84C5A4C5AEE7FC04C +C8FC4B5A4B5AED0FF8ED1FE04B7E4B7EECF1FF02F37F02F77F91B6FC83159F030F7F02FE +80DAF8077F4A7E6F7F6F7F83707E82707F84707F707F82707F84707F177F717E4D13C0B6 +D8F003B6FCA540537CD247>107 D<EB3FF0B5FCA512017EB3B3B3B1B612F0A51C537BD2 +25>I<D93FF0D91FFCEDFFE0B591B500C0010713FE030302F0011F6D7E030F6E017F8092 +271FE07FFCD9FF037F922A3F001FFE01F8007F0003027C9126FF03E080C602F06DD90780 +137FDAF1E0038FC77FDAF3C0159EDAF7806D01BC143F07FC8102FFC75C4A5EA24A5EA44A +5EB3ACB6D8F807B6D8C03FB512FEA567367BB570>I<D93FF0EB1FFCB591B512C0030314 +F0030F8092391FE07FFC92393F001FFE0003027C80C602F07FDAF1E081ECF3C0DAF7807F +8502FFC7FC5CA25CA45CB3ACB6D8F807B612C0A542367BB54B>I<913801FFE0021F13FE +91B612C0010315F0010F9038807FFC903A1FFC000FFED97FF86D6C7E49486D7F48496D7F +48496D7F4A147F48834890C86C7EA24883A248486F7EA3007F1880A400FF18C0AC007F18 +80A3003F18006D5DA26C5FA26C5F6E147F6C5F6C6D4A5A6C6D495B6C6D495B6D6C495BD9 +3FFE011F90C7FC903A0FFF807FFC6D90B55A010015C0023F91C8FC020113E03A387CB643 +>I<903A3FF001FFE0B5010F13FE033FEBFFC092B612F002F301017F913AF7F8007FFE00 +03D9FFE0EB1FFFC602806D7F92C76C7F4A824A6E7F4A6E7FA2717FA285187F85A4721380 +AC1A0060A36118FFA2615F616E4A5BA26E4A5B6E4A5B6F495B6F4990C7FC03F0EBFFFC91 +26FBFE075B02F8B612E06F1480031F01FCC8FC030313C092CBFCB1B612F8A5414D7BB54B +>I<90397FE003FEB590380FFF80033F13E04B13F09238FE1FF89139E1F83FFC0003D9E3 +E013FEC6ECC07FECE78014EF150014EE02FEEB3FFC5CEE1FF8EE0FF04A90C7FCA55CB3AA +B612FCA52F367CB537>114 D<903903FFF00F013FEBFE1F90B7FC120348EB003FD80FF8 +1307D81FE0130148487F4980127F90C87EA24881A27FA27F01F091C7FC13FCEBFFC06C13 +FF15F86C14FF16C06C15F06C816C816C81C681013F1580010F15C01300020714E0EC003F +030713F015010078EC007F00F8153F161F7E160FA27E17E07E6D141F17C07F6DEC3F8001 +F8EC7F0001FEEB01FE9039FFC00FFC6DB55AD8FC1F14E0D8F807148048C601F8C7FC2C38 +7CB635>I<143EA6147EA414FEA21301A313031307A2130F131F133F13FF5A000F90B6FC +B8FCA426003FFEC8FCB3A9EE07C0AB011FEC0F8080A26DEC1F0015806DEBC03E6DEBF0FC +6DEBFFF86D6C5B021F5B020313802A4D7ECB34>I<D93FF8913801FFC0B50207B5FCA500 +03ED001FC61607B3AE5FA35FA2017F5D173B177B6D6C14F3DC01E313F06D6CD907C3EBFF +C0903A0FFFC03F836D90B51203010114FE6D6C13F8020701E091C7FC42377BB54B>I<B6 +00F00107B5FCA5000101F8C8EA7FE06C6DED3F00A2017F163E6E157E013F167C6E15FC6D +5E6F13016D5E8117036D5E6F13076D5E6F130F6D5E6F131F6D93C7FC815F6E6C133E177E +023F147C6F13FC6E5C16816E5C16C3A26EEBE3E016E76E5C16FF6E5CA26E91C8FCA26F5A +A36F5AA26F5AA26F5AA26F5A6F5A40367DB447>I<B6D8E07FB5D8C003B512C0A5000101 +F0C701F0C7381FF8006E027FED07E06C715DA26E023F150F017F705DA26E181F013F4B6C +92C7FC6E606D70143E94B5FC6F177E6D4A6E137C03C001F315FC6D715B160303E001E114 +016D020702E05B03F013C06D71485A160F03F8D9807F13076D05F85B93381F003F03FC16 +0F027F4902FC5BDBFE3E011F131F023F04FE90C8FC167EDBFF7C010F5B6E01FCECFF3E4C +6D137E6E5FA24C7F6E5F4C7F6E5FA24C7F6E5F4C147FA26E5F93C8123F6F5EA2033E6FC9 +FC5A367DB461>I<007FB500F090387FFFFEA5C66C48C7000F90C7FC6D6CEC07F86D6D5C +6D6D495A6D4B5A6F495A6D6D91C8FC6D6D137E6D6D5B91387FFE014C5A6E6C485A6EEB8F +E06EEBCFC06EEBFF806E91C9FCA26E5B6E5B6F7E6F7EA26F7F834B7F4B7F92B5FCDA01FD +7F03F87F4A486C7E4A486C7E020F7FDA1FC0804A486C7F4A486C7F02FE6D7F4A6D7F495A +49486D7F01076F7E49486E7E49486E7FEBFFF0B500FE49B612C0A542357EB447>I<B600 +F00107B5FCA5C601F8C8EA7FE06EED3F00A26D6C153E187E013F167C6E15FC6D5E6F1301 +6D5E6F13036D5E8117076D6D5C170F6D6D5C171F6D93C7FC6F5B027F143E6F137E023F14 +7C6F13FCA26E6D5A16816EEBC1F016C36E5C16E76E5C16FF6E5CA26E91C8FCA36F5AA26F +5AA26F5AA26F5AA26F5AA35E150F5E151F93C9FC5DD81FC0133E486C137E486C137C486C +13FC5D14015D14034A5A6C48485A49485A263FC07FCAFCEB81FE6CB45A6C13F000035BC6 +90CBFC404D7DB447>I<001FB8FC1880A3912680007F130001FCC7B5FC01F0495B495D49 +495B495B4B5B48C75C5D4B5B5F003E4A90C7FC92B5FC4A5B5E4A5B5CC7485B5E4A5B5C4A +5B93C8FC91B5FC495B5D4949EB0F805B495B5D495B49151F4949140092C7FC495A485E48 +5B5C485E485B4A5C48495B4815074849495A91C712FFB8FCA37E31357CB43C>I +E +%EndDVIPSBitmapFont +%DVIPSBitmapFont: Fg cmbx12 20.74 23 +/Fg 23 121 df<EE3FFF0307B512F8033F14FF4AB712E0020716F8021F16FE4AD9F8077F +91B5D8C00014C04991C7003F7F4901FC020F7F49496E7F49496E7F49496E7F49496E7F4B +81498590B5C96C7FA24849707FA24886A248864A824886A34886A448864A82A4481B80A8 +B51AC0B3AA6C1B80A86C1B006E5EA46C62A36C62A36C6D4C5BA36C62A26C6D4C5BA26C6E +4B5B6D616F92B5FC6D96C7FC6D6D4A5B6D6D4A5B6D6D4A5B6D6D4A5B6D01FF023F5B6D02 +C090B55A6ED9F8075C021F90B648C8FC020716F8020116E06E6C1580030702F8C9FCDB00 +3F90CAFC527379F061>48 D<EE01F0EE07F8160F163F167FED01FF150F153F4AB5FC143F +010FB6FCB8FCA54A7E14C0EBF000C8FCB3B3B3B3AE007FBA12F0A8447171F061>I<9238 +0FFFE04AB67E020F15F0027F15FE49B87E4917E0010F17F8013F8349D9C01F14FF9027FF +FC0001814801E06D6C80480180021F804890C86C8048486F8048486F8001FF6F804801C0 +6E8002F081486D18806E816E18C0B5821BE06E81A37214F0A56C5BA36C5B6C5B6C5B0003 +13C0C690C9FC90CA15E060A34E14C0A21B80601B0060626295B55A5F624D5C624D5C4D91 +C7FC614D5B4D13F04D5B6194B55A4C49C8FC4C5B4C5B4C13E04C5B604C90C9FCEE7FFC4C +5A4B5B4B5B4B0180EC0FF04B90C8FC4B5A4B5A4B48ED1FE0EDFFE04A5B4A5B4A90C9FC4A +48163F4A5ADA3FF017C05D4A48167F4A5A4990CA12FFD903FC160749BAFC5B4919805B5B +90BBFC5A5A5A5A481A005A5ABCFCA462A44C7176F061>I<923801FFFE033FEBFFF84AB7 +FC020F16E0023F16F84A16FE49B97E49DA003F80010F01F0010714F04901800101804948 +C880D97FF86F7F02E081496C834801FC6F148014FF486E6E14C08181481AE081A96C5C1B +C06C4A5C6C5C6D90C815806D5AD90FF85D90CA150062606295B55A4D5C624D5C4D5C4D91 +C7FC4D13FC4D5B4CB512E0047F1480037FB548C8FC92B612F818C018F8F0FF806F15F092 +C7003F13FC050713FF050114C071807213F8727F727F867214801BC07214E01BF0A27214 +F81BFCA37214FEA31BFFEBFF80000313E0487F001F13FC487FA2487FA2B67EA31BFEA360 +1BFCA292C8FC6C1AF84A5D4A18F06C494B14E05C6C01C04B14C06C90C915804E14006C6D +4B5B6C01F092B55A6C01FC4A5C27007FFFC001075C6D01FE013F14C0010F90B85A6D4DC7 +FC010117F8D9003F16E0020F93C8FC020015F0030749C9FC507378F061>I<F10FF04F7E +193FA2197F19FF60A260606060A2606095B5FCA25F5F5FA25F5F5F5F18BFEFFF3F5EEE03 +FE17FCEE07F8160FEE1FF0EE3FE017C0167FEEFF804B13005E4B5A15074B5A4B5A5E153F +4B5A4B5A93C7FC4A5A14034A5A5D4A5A141F4A5A4A5A5D4AC8FC5B495A5C495A130F495A +495A5C137F495A4890C9FC5B485A1207485A485A5B123F485A485A90BC12FCA8CB02F8C7 +FCB3A20307B912FCA856727BF161>I<0170187001FEEF01F86D6C160F02F8167FDAFF80 +EC07FF03FE49B5FC92B85A6262A26297C7FC61616119E061614EC8FC18F86018C095C9FC +17F817C0020701F8CAFC91CDFCB0923801FFFC031FEBFFE092B612FC020315FF020F16C0 +4A16F0027FD9003F7FDAFFF0010F13FE038001037F4AC76C8002F86E804A6F7F4A6F7F4A +834A6F7F91C980137E017C707F90CAFC1B80A21BC0A2841BE0A51BF0A313FE3803FF8000 +0F7F4813F0487F5A80B5FCA41BE0A44E14C05C7E4A18805C4A5D6C90C9150001E0606C6C +5E6D606C6C4C5B7F000794B55A6C6C6C4A5C6C6D4A5C6E4A5C26007FF8021F49C7FC6DB4 +027F5B6DD9F007B55A6D90B712E0010317806D4CC8FC6D6C15F8021F15C002034AC9FCDA +003F13804C7376F061>I<94381FFF800403B512F8043F14FE4BB77E030782031F16F003 +7F8292B5D8FC017F02039139C0001FFE4A49C7EA07FF021F01F8804A496E13804A01C014 +0F91B548023F13C04991C85A494992B5FC49494A14E0495B495E5D5B495BA290B55A5A5D +487114C0A24891C91480731300735A48F00FF896C8FC485BA45AA44849903803FFE0041F +13FE047FEBFFC04BB612F84B81030F15FFB590261FF8038092273FE0007F13E00480011F +7F4BC76C7F03FE6E7F4B6E7FDAFDF86E7FDAFFF017804B6E14C01BE05D7313F05D1BF8A2 +92C914FC85A21BFE5CA31BFFA26C5BA87EA4807EA21BFE7EA37E1BFC6E5E6C1AF8A27E6F +17F06C95B512E06D7F1BC06D6D4A14806D4C1400816D6D4A5B6D6D4A5B6D01FF4A13F001 +006E017F5B6ED9F007B55A6E90B7C7FC020F5E020316F86E16E0DA003F1580030702FCC8 +FCDB007F1380507378F061>I<EA03FCA2487E7F14C0ECFFF092BA12C0A45AA31C801C00 +63A2486263636363A26398C7FC48616249CAEA0FF801F0171F494D5A4F5A49604F5A007F +4D90C8FC60494C5A4E5A614E5A4E5A48CA127F4E5A4D5B96C9FCCA485A4D5A170F4D5A60 +173F4D5A6017FF4C5BA25E4C90CAFCA24C5A161FA24C5AA2167FA24C5AA25DA24B5BA25D +A25DA25F5DA25DA35DA392B5FCA25FA25CA45CA75CAD6E5CA26E91CBFCA26E5BED3FF8ED +0FE0527775F461>I<93B57E031F14FC92B77E020316F0020F16FC023F16FF4A8349B5D8 +800314E04901F8C7003F7F4901C0020F7F4990C800037FD91FFC6F7F49486F6C7E137F4A +7013804948827313C05A4A821BE05AA285487FA38080806E5E8003C017C08103F85D03FE +17806F6C5C6C6F160004F05C04FC4A5A6C6F5D706C13FFDDE0015B6CDCF8035BDDFC0F13 +C06DDBFF1F5B6D93B5C7FC19FC6D17F06D5F6D17806D17E06D836D6C16FC6E16FF020F83 +6E17E06E83020F83023F8391B97E4984010701F0178049D9C07F16C0013FD9801F16E049 +EB00074948010116F048497F4849023F15F84849140F4A6E15FC48160148496E6C14FE4A +151F488391C9120348050014FF193F49838500FF84854983A28586A3861BFEA27FA2007F +1AFC7F1A7F1BF86C7FF2FFF06C7F6E4C13E06C6D4C13C06C6D5E6E4C13806C6D4C13006C +6D6CED7FFE6C02E04A485A013F01FC020F13F06D9026FFC001B55A010791B712806D95C7 +FC010017FC021F16F002071680DA007F02FCC8FC030191C9FC507378F061>I<93B5FC03 +1F14F092B612FE02076F7E021F16E04A16F891B87E49DAF00713FF0107DA0001804901FC +6D6C7F49496E7F49496E7F49496E7F90B5486E7F484A8048854891C86C7FA2487114805C +481AC0A2487213E0A2484918F0A31BF8A2B5FCA27313FCA51BFEA71BFF61A27EA396B6FC +7EA2806C5FA27E606C7F607E6C6E5C6CEF1FBF6D6DEC3F3F6D6D147F6D6D14FE6D6DEB01 +FC6D01FE130701019039FFC01FF86D91B500F014FE023F15C06E15800203ECFE00DA007F +13F8030713C092C9FC4F13FCA41BF8A31BF0D91FF093B5FCEB7FFC496C18E0487F486E17 +C06048801B804E1400A26260624E5B4B5C626C91C8485B4A4B5B4A92B55A6C01F04A91C7 +FC02804A5B6C01E0020F5B6D6C023F13F002FE91B55A90273FFFE00F5C6D90B7C8FC0107 +16FC6D16F0010016C0023F92C9FC020714F09126007FFECAFC507378F061>I<F103F84F +7E4F7EA24F7EA34F7FA24F7FA396B57EA24E80A34E80A24E80A34E80A24E80A34E81A24E +81A219BFDEFF9F80191F4D6D80A218FE05036D8018FC05076D80A218F8050F6D8018F005 +1F6D80A260053F6E8060057F6E80A26005FF6E8095C7FC4C6F80A25F04036F805F04076F +80A25F040F6F805F041F6F80A25F043F70805F047F7080A25F04FF708094C9FC4B7180A2 +5E030371805E4BBB7EA34B86A24B86A3DB3FE0CA6C805E037F7280A25E03FF7280A24A90 +CB6C80A25D02037380A24A487280A25D020F7380A24B84021F885D023F7480A24B85027F +895D902607FFFC7380B86C031FB912E0A8837979F892>65 D<BDFC1CFEF4FFC01DF81DFF +1EC01EF08AC7003F49C9000F14FE090180756C800A1F807680768076807680A27680A277 +7FA2208089A320C0A289A565A32080A3531400A29AB55AA2525C6764525C525C525C525C +5249C7FC51B55A090714F0093F14C00807B6C8FC93BA12F81DC0651DFCF5FF801EF04CCA +14FC0A3F13FF0A0F800A0314E076807614FC777F777F2080897714C020E0A27714F0A220 +F88920FCA47714FEA96520FCA45314F8A26520F06520E05314C0659AB61280521500525C +1C0F5214F899B65A09075DC05A9CC7FC1EFC1EF01EC053C8FC1DE00AF8C9FC777679F58A +>I<96267FFFE01670063FB6ED01F80503B700F01403053F04FC14074CB96C130F040706 +E0131F043F72133F93BA00FC137F0303DC00076D13FF030F03C09039003FFF814B02FCC8 +000713C3037F02E0030113F792B600806F6CB5FC02034ACA121F4A02F8834A02E0834A4A +1701027F4A8391B548CC7E494A85495C4C854988494A85494A85495C8A4991CDFC90B548 +86A2484A1B7FA2481E3F5D481E1F5D5A1F0FA2485CA3481E075DA2F703F0489BC7FCA45D +A2B6FCB27EA281A47EA2F703F06FF307F87EA36C80A21F0F7E6F1CF07E6F1B1F7E20E06C +6E1B3F816DF57FC06D80F7FF806D806D6E4F13006D6E616D525A826D6E4F5A6D6E4F5A6E +6D6C4E5A021F6EF0FFE06E6E4D5B6E02F84D5B6E02FE050F90C7FC02006E6CEE3FFE6F02 +F0EEFFFC031F02FE03035B6FDAFFC0021F13E0030303FF0103B55A030093B7C8FC043F18 +FC040718F0040118C0DC003F94C9FC050316F8DD003F1580DE007F01F0CAFC757A75F78C +>I<92383FFFF80207B612E0027F15FC49B87E010717E0011F83499026F0007F13FC4948 +C7000F7F90B502036D7E486E6D806F6D80727F486E6E7F8486727FA28684A26C5C72806C +5C6D90C8FC6D5AEB0FF8EB03E090CAFCA70507B6FC041FB7FC0303B8FC157F0203B9FC02 +1FECFE0391B612800103ECF800010F14C04991C7FC017F13FC90B512F04814C0485C4891 +C8FC485B5A485B5C5A5CA2B5FC5CA360A36E5DA26C5F6E5D187E6C6D846E4A48806C6D4A +4814FC6C6ED90FF0ECFFFC6C02E090263FE07F14FE00019139FC03FFC06C91B6487E013F +4B487E010F4B1307010303F01301D9003F0280D9003F13FC020101F8CBFC57507ACE5E> +97 D<97380FFFE00607B6FCA8F00003190086B3AD93383FFF800307B512F8033F14FF4A +B712C0020716F0021F16FC027F9039FE007FFE91B500F0EB0FFF01030280010190B5FC49 +49C87E49498149498149498149498190B548814884484A8192CAFC5AA2485BA25A5C5AA3 +5A5CA4B5FCAF7EA4807EA37EA2807EA26C7F616C6E5D6C606C80616D6D5D6D6D5D6D6D92 +B67E6D6D4A15FC010301FF0207EDFFFE6D02C0EB3FFE6D6C9039FC01FFF86E90B65A020F +16C002031600DA007F14FC030F14E09226007FFEC749C7FC5F797AF76C>100 +D<93387FFF80030FB512FC037FECFF804AB712E0020716F8021F16FE027FD9F8077F49B5 +D8C000804991C7003F13E04901FC020F7F49496E7F49498049496E7F49496E7F90B55A48 +727E92C914804884485B1BC048841BE0485BA27313F05AA25C5AA21BF885A2B5FCA391BA +FCA41BF002F8CCFCA67EA3807EA47E806CF103F0F207F86C7F1A0F6C6E17F06C191F6F17 +E06C6E163F6D6DEE7FC06D6D16FF6D6D4B13806D6D4B13006D6D6CEC0FFE6D02E0EC3FFC +6D02F8ECFFF86D9126FFC00F5B023F91B65A020F178002034CC7FC020016F8031F15E003 +0392C8FCDB000F13E04D507BCE58>I<903801FFFCB6FCA8C67E131F7FB3AD95380FFFE0 +95B512FE05036E7E050F15E0053F15F84D81932701FFF01F7F4CD900077FDC07FC6D80DC +0FF06D80DC1FC07F4C48824CC8FC047E6F7F5EEDFDF85E03FF707F5EA25EA25EA293C9FC +A45DB3B3A6B8D8E003B81280A8617879F76C>104 D<EB01FCEB07FF011F13C0497F497F +90B57EA24880A24880A76C5CA26C5CA26D5B6D5B6D5B010790C8FCEB01FC90CAFCB29038 +01FFFC007FB5FCA8C67E131F7FB3B3B3A5B81280A8297979F835>I<902601FFF891380F +FFE0B692B512FE05036E7E050F15E0053F15F84D81932701FFF01F7F4CD900077FDC07FC +6D80C66CDA0FF06D80011FDA1FC07F6D4A48824CC8FC047E6F7F5EEDF9F85E03FB707F5E +15FF5EA25EA293C9FCA45DB3B3A6B8D8E003B81280A8614E79CD6C>110 +D<902601FFFCEC7FFEB6020FB512F0057F14FE4CB712C0040716F0041F82047F16FE93B5 +C66C7F92B500F0010F14C0C66C0380010380011F4AC76C806D4A6E8004F06F7F4C6F7F4C +6F7F4C8193C915804B7014C0861DE0A27414F0A27414F8A47513FCA57513FEAF5113FCA5 +98B512F8A31DF0621DE0621DC0621D806F5E701800704B5B505B704B5B7092B55A04FC4A +5C704A5C706C010F5C05E0013F49C7FC9227FE7FFC01B55A70B712F0040F16C0040393C8 +FC040015F8053F14C0050301F0C9FC94CCFCB3A6B812E0A85F6F7ACD6C>112 +D<902601FFF8EB07FEB691383FFFC094B512F00403804C14FE4C8093261FFC3F13809326 +3FE07F13C0DC7F80B5FCC66C5D011FDAFE0114E06DEBF9FC16F815FB16F016E015FF16C0 +7114C05E72138095381FFE0093C76C5AF001E095C8FCA25DA65DB3B3A2B812F8A8434E7A +CD4F>114 D<15FFA75CA55CA45CA25CA25CA25CA25C91B5FCA25B5B5B131F5B90B9FC12 +0FBAFCA6D8000791C9FCB3B3A3F01FE0AE183F7014C07F187F7014806D16FF826D4B1300 +6E6D485AEEFE0F6E90B55A020F5D6E5D020115C06E6C5C031F49C7FC030113F03B6E7CEC +4B>116 D<007FB7023FB612F0A8D8000302C0020191C7FC6D6E9138007FF0705E6D4E5A +6E6D4A5B6E6D4A90C8FC6E6D5C704A5A6E4C5A6E6E5C6E6E495A6E6E495A7113FF6E6E48 +5B6F4A5B6F6D4890C9FC6F01FE5B71485A6FEC9FF86F14BF6FECFFF06F5D616F5D7091CA +FC705B828470808270807080854C805E4C80854C804C81EE7FE7DCFFE3804B01C1804B01 +80804D804B487F4B486D7F031F6E7F4B486D7F4B48824B487F4C6D804A496D804A90C880 +4A844A48814A486F7F4A486F7F4B6F7F4A48844A486F80010F01F881B76C91B712FEA85F +4D7DCC66>120 D E +%EndDVIPSBitmapFont +%DVIPSBitmapFont: Fh cmsl10 10.95 39 +/Fh 39 91 df<1530157015E0EC03C0EC0780EC0F00141E5C147C5C5C495A1303495A5C +130F49C7FCA2133E137E137C13FC5B1201A2485AA25B1207A2485AA3485AA448C8FCA45A +127EA512FE5AA95AA87EA2127CA5123C123EA2121EA2121F7EA26C7EA26C7EA26C7E1200 +13707FA213181C5A74C323>40 D<497E806D7E1470147880A280A280A2EC0780A215C014 +03A215E0A3EC01F0A615F8AF140315F0A5140715E0A4140F15C0A3141F1580A3EC3F00A2 +143E147EA2147C14FC5C13015C13035C13075C495AA249C7FC131E133E5B13785B485A48 +5A12075B000EC8FC5A5A12F05A1D5A7FC323>I<007FB5FCA2B512FEA418067C961E>45 +D<121EEA3F80EA7FC012FFA41380EA7F00123C0A0A788919>I<1703EF0780170FA2EF1F +00A2173EA25FA25FA24C5AA24C5AA24C5AA24C5AA24CC7FCA2163E167E167C5EA24B5AA2 +4B5AA24B5AA24B5AA24BC8FCA2153EA25DA25DA24A5AA24A5AA24A5AA24A5AA24AC9FCA2 +143EA25CA25CA2495AA2495AA2495AA2495A131F91CAFC133EA25BA25BA2485AA2485AA2 +485AA2485AA248CBFCA2123EA25AA25AA21270315B7FC32D>I<EC07F8EC3FFF9138FC0F +C0903903F003E0903907C001F0D90F8013F849C7FC013E14FC017E147C017C147E13FC48 +5AA20003157F5B1207A2120F5BA2121F16FF5BA2123FA44848EB01FEA648C7EA03FCA5ED +07F8A25A16F0A2150F16E0A3ED1FC0A21680007E143F1600157E123E003F5C4A5AD81F80 +5B000FEB07E06C6C485A2603F03FC7FC3800FFFCEB1FE0283F79BC2D>I<157015F01401 +1407143F903803FFE0137FEBFFCFEBF80F1300141F15C0A5143F1580A5147F1500A55C5C +A513015CA513035CA513075CA5130F5CA3131F497EB612F8A31D3D78BC2D>I<EC01FE91 +380FFFE0023F13F89138FC07FC903901E001FE903907C000FF49C7EA7F80011E15C0163F +4915E05B0170141F13FF80A35A163FA26C90C7FC137E0118EC7FC090C8FCEEFF80A24B13 +00A24B5A5E4B5A4B5A4B5A5E4B5A4BC7FC15FEEC01F84A5A4A5A4A5A4AC8FC143E5C5CEB +01E04948130E49485B49C7FC131E495C13705B48485C484814F0000FB6FC5A485D5AB7FC +5EA22B3D7CBC2D>I<EC07FC91383FFF809138F80FE0903903C007F09039078003FC9038 +0F0001011C14FE013C14FF137F1480EBFFC0A31480A291380003FE137E90C7FCED07FC16 +F8150F16F0ED1FE016C0ED3F80ED7E005DEC07F0903803FF8015F090380001FC6E7EED7F +80ED3FC0A2ED1FE016F0A316F8A4120EEA3F80486C133F16F012FFA216E0157F5B48C7EA +FFC000F01580007049130012786C495A003EEB07F86C495A390FE03FE00003B51280C649 +C7FCEB1FE0283F7ABC2D>I<161C163C167CA216FCED01F815031507150FA2151DED3BF0 +157315E315C31401EC038391380707E0140E141CA2143814709138E00FC0EB01C0148013 +03EB0700130E49EB1F805B133013705B485A4848EB3F0090C7FC5A120E5A5A48147E1260 +B8FCA3C73801FE00A25DA41403A25DA314074A7E0107B512F8A3283E7BBD2D>I<010614 +03D90780131F90390FF801FE91B512FC16F816F016E0168049EBFE0015F890381C7FC091 +C8FCA3133C1338A513781370A2EC1FE0ECFFF8903873E03E9038FF001F01FCEB0F804914 +C049EB07E04914F049130390C7FC16F8A61507A21206EA3F80487EA2150F00FF15F0A249 +14E090C7121F00FC15C000F0143F00701580ED7F0012786C14FE4A5A6C495A390F800FE0 +3907E03FC06CB5C7FCC613FCEB1FE0283F7ABC2D>I<ED7F80913803FFE091380FC0F091 +383E003802FC131C495A494813FE903807E003EB0FC090381F8007133FD97F0013FC01FE +1303ED01F0484890C7FC1203A2485AA2120F5BA2001FEB3F809038E0FFE0393FE3C0F890 +38E7007C01EE7F01FC133F4848EB1F80A24914C05B16E0A2485AA216F05BA2ED3FE0A290 +C7FCA4157F16C0A316804814FF007E1500007F5C14016C5C4A5A6C6C485A4A5A6C6C485A +2607E07FC7FC3803FFFEC613F8EB3FC0273F78BC2D>I<EA0380120713E090B712805AA2 +17005E485D5E001EC85A484A5A00385D150300784A5A00704AC7FC151E5D485CC8127015 +F04A5A4A5A4A5A4AC8FC140E141E5C147C14785C1301495AA213075C130F495AA2133F91 +C9FC5BA25B5B1201A312035BA21207A3485AA5121F5BA26C5AEA0780294074BD2D>I<EC +03FC91381FFF8091387C07E0903901F001F0903903C000F84948137C49C7123E131E013E +141F133C137C137813F8A3163F486C143E167E6D147C6C6C14FC6E13F89138C001F09138 +F003E090397FF807C09138FC0F0090383FFF3E6D13F86D13E06D7F01017F8101077F9039 +1F1FFF80D93E0F13C0EBF8072601F00113E048486C13F04848137F4848131F001FEC0FF8 +90C71207003E1403A2481401A300FC15F05AA3ED03E0A26CEC07C0007C1580007E140F00 +3EEC1F00003F143E6C6C5B6C6C485A3907F00FE00001B512806C6C48C7FCEB0FF0283F7A +BC2D>I<EC07F8EC3FFE9138FC0F80903901F007C0903907E003E0D90FC013F090381F80 +01013F14F8EB7F004914FC48481300A24848EB01FEA21207A3485AA41503121F5BA31507 +A2000F15FC150FA2151F1207153F000315F86C6C137F000014EF90387C01CF90393E078F +F090380FFE1FEB03F890C713E0A2ED3FC0A3ED7F8016005D003F5C487E4A5A00FF495A5D +4A5A49485A48495A007049C7FC0078137E383E03FC381FFFF06C13C0D801FEC8FC273F79 +BC2D>I<17E016011603831607A2160FA2161F83163FA2167F167716F7EEE7FCED01E316 +C3150316831507EE03FEED0F01150E151E151C153C03387FED7800157015F05D4A488017 +7F4A5AA24AC7FCA2020E81173F5C021FB6FC5CA20270C7EA3FE0171F5CA2495AA2494881 +170F49C8FCA2130EA24982013C1507A2137CD801FE4B7E2607FF80EC3FFEB500F00107B5 +12FC19F85E3E417DC044>65 D<013FB7FC18E018FC903B007FE00007FE6E48903801FF80 +9438007FC05DF03FE0F01FF0A3027F16F892C8FCA54A16F04A153F19E0187F19C0F0FF80 +01014B13004A4A5A4D5AEF1FF04D5ADC03FFC7FC49B612F8EFFF8002F8C7EA3FE0EF0FF0 +EF07FC717E010715014A81711380A319C0130F5CA5011F4B13805C19005F601707013F4B +5A4A4A5A4D5A4D5A017F913801FF8001FF020F90C7FCB812FC17F094C8FC3D3E7DBD40> +I<DCFFC01338030F01F01378037F01FC13F0913A01FF803F01913A07FC000781DA1FE0EB +03C3DA7FC0EB01E74AC812FF4948ED7FE0D907FC153F495A4948151F495A4948150F4948 +16C018074890C9FC485AA2485A000F1880491603121FA248481607A295C7FC485AA412FF +5BA75BA2181C183C1838A27F007F1778187018F0003F5F6D150160001F16036C6C4B5A95 +C7FC6C6C5D6C6C151E6C6C5D6C6C15F86D6C495A6D6CEB07C0D91FF0EB1F80D907FE01FE +C8FC0101B512F86D6C13E0DA07FEC9FC3D4276BF42>I<013FB7FC18E018F8903B007FF0 +000FFE6E48EB01FF9438007FC04B6E7E180F85727E727E147F4B6E7EA2727EA302FF1780 +92C9FCA54918C05CA41A8013034A5DA41A0013074A5DA261A24E5A130F4A5E180F61181F +61011F4C5A5C4E5A4EC7FC4D5A4D5A013F4B5A4A4A5AEF3FE0EF7F80017F4A48C8FC01FF +EC1FFCB812F0178004FCC9FC423E7DBD45>I<013FB812F8A39026007FF0C7127F6E4814 +0F18034B14011800A31978147F4B1570A502FF147092C7FCA3190017F0495D4A1301A216 +07161F91B6FC495DA29138FC003F160F1607160301075D5CA219E0180119C0010FEC0700 +4A90C712031980A218071900011F5E5C181EA2183E183C013F167C4A15FC4D5A1707017F +151F01FF4AB45AB9FCA2603D3E7DBD3E>I<013FB812E0A3903A007FF000016E48EB003F +180F4B14071803A31801147F4B15C0A514FF92C71270A395C7FC17F0495D5C1601160316 +07161F49B65AA39138FC003F160F160701075D4A1303A5010F4AC8FC5C93C9FCA4131F5C +A5133F5CA3137FEBFFF0B612F8A33B3E7DBD3B>I<4BB46C1370031F01F013F0037F9038 +FC01E0913A03FF807E03913A0FF8000F83DA1FE0EB07C7DA7F80EB01EF4AC812FFD903FE +16C04948157F4948153F495A4948151F495A4948168091C9120F5A485AA2485A000F1800 +4982121FA248485EA295C7FC485AA412FF5BA6043FB512E05BA29339001FFC00715AA260 +7F127FA2171F123F6D5EA2121F7F000F163F6C7E6C6C4B5A7F6C6C15FF6C6DEB01EFD93F +C0EB07C7D91FF0EB1F87D907FE9038FE03800101B5EAF8016D6C01E0C8FCDA07FEC9FC3C +4276BF47>I<013FB5D8F807B6FC04F015FEA29026007FF0C7380FFE006E486E5AA24B5D +A4180F147F4B5DA4181F14FF92C85BA4183F5B4A5EA491B8FC5B6102FCC8127FA318FF13 +074A93C7FCA45F130F4A5DA41703131F4A5DA41707133F4A5DA3017F150F496C4A7EB6D8 +E01FB512FC6115C0483E7DBD44>I<011FB512FC5BA29039003FF8006E5AA25DA5143F5D +A5147F5DA514FF92C7FCA55B5CA513035CA513075CA5130F5CA5131F5CA3133F497E007F +B512F0A2B6FC263E7EBD21>I<013FB500F8010FB5FC4C5BA29026007FF0C7000313E06E +486E130019FC4B15F04E5A4E5A4E5A061EC7FC027F5D4B5C4D5A4D5AEF07804DC8FC02FF +141E92C7127C5FEE01E04C5A4C5A49021FC9FC4A5B5E4C7E5D03077F01035B9139FC1F3F +E0153C4B6C7E15F09139FFE00FF84913C092380007FC5C4A6D7E5C707E130F4A6D7F8417 +7F717EA2011F6F7E5C717EA2717EA2013F6F7E5C84A2017F83496C4A13E0B600E0017F13 +FFA24B90B6FC483E7DBD47>75 D<013FB512FEA25E9026007FF8C8FCEC3FE0A25DA5147F +5DA514FF92C9FCA55B5CA513035CA513075CA21838A21870130F5CA218E0A3011F15014A +15C01703A21707EF0F80013F151F4A143F177FEFFF00017F140301FF143FB9FC5FA2353E +7DBD39>I<90263FFFF093381FFFF85013F0629026007FF8EFF000023F4D5AA2023B9338 +01DFC0A2DA39FCED039FA2F1073F14790271040E5BEC70FE191C19381A7F02F01670DAE0 +7F94C7FC19E0A2F001C06201016D6C495A02C05FF00700A2180E6F6C14010103161C0280 +03385BA218706F7EF0E00313070200DA01C05BA2923907F00380A294380700075B010E90 +2603F80E5C5FA25F190F011E6D6C5A011C605FA2EEFDC0DB00FF141F013C5D013860013C +92C7FC017C5C01FE027E143F2607FF80017C4A7EB500FC037FB512E004785E4A1338553E +7CBD53>I<90263FFFE0023FB5FC6F16FEA29026003FF8020313C0021F030013004A6C15 +7C023B163C6F15381439810238167802787FDA707F157082153F82031F15F002F07FDAE0 +0F5D8215078203031401010180DAC0015D82811780047F1303010315C04A013F5C17E016 +1F17F0040F1307010715F891C7000791C7FC17FC160317FE04015B4915FF010E6E130E18 +8E177F18CEEF3FDE011E16FE011C6F5AA2170FA21707133C01386F5A133C017C150113FE +2607FF801400B512FC18705C483E7DBD44>I<923803FF80031F13F09238FE01FE913903 +F0003FDA0FC0EB1FC0DA3F80EB07E0027EC76C7E49486E7E49488149486E7E4948157F49 +5A013F17804948ED3FC049C9FCA24848EE1FE012035B000718F05B120FA2485A19F8123F +5BA2127FA219F04848163FA5F07FE0A35BF0FFC0A219805F19007F4D5A127F4D5A60003F +160F6D5E001F4C5A4D5A6C6C4B5A95C7FC6C6C15FE00034B5A6C6C4A5A6C6C4A5A017FEC +1FC06D6C495AD90FE001FEC8FC903903F807F80100B512C0DA0FFCC9FC3D4276BF47>I< +013FB612FEEFFFE018F8903B007FF0000FFC6E48EB01FF7113804BEC7FC0183F19E0F01F +F0A2147F5D19F8A402FFED3FF092C8FCA219E0A2F07FC05B4AEDFF8019004D5A4D5AEF0F +F80103ED3FE04A903801FF8091B648C7FC17F002FCCAFCA213075CA5130F5CA5131F5CA5 +133F5CA3137F497EB612E0A25D3D3E7DBD3E>I<013FB612F017FF18E0903B007FF0003F +F86E48EB07FCEF01FE4B6D7EF07F8019C0183F19E0147F4B15F0A502FFED7FE092C8FCA2 +19C0F0FF80A2494B13004A5D4D5AEF0FF04D5AEF7F800103DA07FEC7FC91B612F0178091 +39FC0007E0EE03F8EE00FC0107814A147F717EA284A2130F5CA484011F157F5CA4190201 +3F17075CA2F0F00F017F170E496C143FB600E0011F131C94380FF83C4B01071378CA3801 +FFE09438003F8040407DBD43>82 D<9238FF80070207EBE00F021FEBF81E91387F00FE02 +FCEB1F3ED903F0EB0FFE49481307494813034AEB01FC49C7FC491400133E137E177C4915 +78A57F1770A26D1500808080EB7FFEECFFE06D13FEEDFFC06D14F06D14FC010380010080 +143F02031480DA003F13C015031500EE7FE0163F161FA2160F121CA31607160F003C16C0 +A31780003E151F1700007E5D007F153E6D5C16FC01E0495AD87DF0495AD8FCFCEB0FC03A +F87F803F8027F01FFFFEC7FCD8E00713F839C0007FC030427BBF33>I<0007B912F0A33C +0FFE000FF8003F01F0160F01C04A13034848160190C7FC121EF000E048141F5E1238A212 +781270153F5E5AA3C81600157F5EA515FF93C9FCA55C5DA514035DA514075DA5140F5DA3 +141FEC7FFC0003B7FCA33C3D76BC42>I<B600E090B512FC4B15F8A2000101C0C7000F13 +006C49EC03FCEF01F091C9FC60A317015A495EA417031203495EA4170712074993C7FCA4 +5F120F49150EA4171E121F49151CA4173C123F491538A31778177017F05F001F15015F16 +036D4A5A000F93C8FC5E6C6C141E6C6C5C000115F86C6C495A017FEB07C090393FC03F80 +90260FFFFEC9FC010313F89038007FC03E4073BD44>I<B6020FB5FC19FEA2000301E002 +0113E06C01809138007F8091C9EA7E006C173C18386E15781870017F16F0604D5A804D5A +133F4DC7FCA26E140E171E011F151C173C17386E1478010F15705FA24C5A8001074A5AA2 +4CC8FC5E6E130E0103141E161C163C16386E5B13015EA24B5A14FF6D495AA24BC9FC5D15 +8EEC7F9E159C15B8A215F0143F5DA25DA26E5AA292CAFCA2140E404074BD44>I<B6017F +B5D88007B512804A1A00A2000701C0010101E0C713F06C90C80180EC3FC06C48735A99C7 +FC057F150E1B1E6D191C6C1A3C1B3805FF15787214705E636EEB03BF017F4E5AEE073F50 +5A040E7F051F4AC8FC161C6E170E013F143862167804706D5BEEF00F04E05D90381FE001 +04C015F003035E0480140106F85B9226070007130302F05F010F010E150797C9FC5D190E +4BEB03FC616E5A01075F5D61DAF9C014FE05015BECFB8002FF6F5A7F92C75CA24A93CAFC +835C606D5A605C604A15781870594074BD5D>I<010FB500F090B512F85B5FD9003F9026 +80003F1300DA0FFEC7EA1FF84BEC0FE00207168096C7FC6E6C141E181C6E6C143C606E6D +5B4D5ADB7FC05B4D5A92383FE0074DC8FC92381FF01E171C6F6C5A5F923807FCF0EEFDE0 +6FB45A5F6F90C9FCA26F7FA2707EA216FF4B7FED03DF9238079FF0ED0F1F92380E0FF815 +1C92383C07FC15784B6C7EEC01E04B6C7EEC038002076D7F4AC7FC021E6E7E5C02386E7E +5C02F06E7E495A49486E7E130749486E7E497E017F4B7E2603FFF091383FFF80007F01FC +49B512FEB55CA2453E7EBD44>I<B66C0103B51280A3000101F0C8EBF0006C49ED7FC06D +486FC7FC6E153E013F163C606D6C5D606D6C4A5A17036D6C4A5A95C8FC6E140E0103151E +5F6D6C14385F6D6D13F04C5ADA7FC05B4C5AEDE007023F49C9FC161E91381FF01C5E9138 +0FF8785E6E6C5AEDFDC015FF6E5B93CAFC6E5AA35DA21403A45DA21407A45DA2140FA414 +1F4A7E013FB512F0A3413E75BD44>I<010FB712FEA39239C00007FCD91FFCC7EA0FF814 +F04AEC1FF00280EC3FE091C8EA7FC0013EEDFF80A2013C4A13004C5A494A5A4C5A13704C +5A4C5A494A5A4C5AA290C74890C7FC4B5A4B5A4B5AA24B5A4B5A4B5A4B5AA24A90C8FC4A +5A4A5A4A5AA24A5A4A5A4A48EB01C04A5AEF03804990C7FC495A495A494814071800495A +49485C495A495A171E4890C8123E485A4848157E484815FE4C5A484814074848141F4848 +EB01FFB8FC5FA2373E7BBD38>I E +%EndDVIPSBitmapFont +%DVIPSBitmapFont: Fi cmbx10 10.95 50 +/Fi 50 123 df<EDFFF8020F13FF027F8049B612E001079038C01FF090390FFE0007D91F +F8497ED93FE0131F4948497E13FF5C5A91C7FCA2705A705AEE03C093C8FCA6EE03FCB8FC +A50001903880001F160FB3AB007FD9FE03B512F0A534407EBF3A>12 +D<B612E0A91B097F9823>45 D<ECFFE0010713FC011F13FF017F14C0D9FFE07F48903880 +3FF03A03FE000FF848486D7EA248486D7E001F81A348486D1380A3007F16C0A500FF16E0 +B3A2007F16C0A5003F16806D5BA2001F1600A2000F5D6D13076C6C495A6C6C495A6C6D48 +5A6C9038E0FFE06DB55A011F91C7FC010713FC010013E02B3D7CBB34>48 +D<140F143F5C495A130F48B5FCB6FCA313F7EAFE071200B3B3A8007FB612F0A5243C78BB +34>I<903803FF80013F13F890B512FE00036E7E4881260FF80F7F261FC0037F4848C67F +486C6D7E6D6D7E487E6D6D7EA26F1380A46C5A6C5A6C5A0007C7FCC8FC4B1300A25E153F +5E4B5AA24B5A5E4A5B4A5B4A48C7FC5D4A5AEC1FE04A5A4A5A9139FF000F80EB01FC495A +4948EB1F00495AEB1F8049C7FC017E5C5B48B7FC485D5A5A5A5A5AB7FC5EA4293C7BBB34 +>I<903801FFE0010F13FE013F6D7E90B612E04801817F3A03FC007FF8D807F06D7E82D8 +0FFC131F6D80121F7FA56C5A5E6C48133FD801F05CC8FC4B5A5E4B5A4A5B020F5B902607 +FFFEC7FC15F815FEEDFFC0D9000113F06E6C7E6F7E6F7E6F7E1780A26F13C0A217E0EA0F +C0487E487E487E487EA317C0A25D491580127F49491300D83FC0495A6C6C495A3A0FFE01 +FFF86CB65A6C5DC61580013F49C7FC010313E02B3D7CBB34>I<ED01F815031507A2150F +151F153FA2157F15FF5C5CA25C5CEC1FBFEC3F3F143E147C14FCEB01F814F0EB03E01307 +EB0FC0EB1F801400133E137E5B485A5B485A1207485A5B48C7FC5A127E5AB812F8A5C838 +7FF800AA49B612F8A52D3C7DBB34>I<00071538D80FE0EB01F801FE133F90B6FC5E5E5E +5E93C7FC5D15F85D15C04AC8FC0180C9FCA9ECFFC0018713FC019F13FF90B67E020113E0 +9039F8007FF0496D7E01C06D7E5B6CC77FC8120F82A31780A21207EA1FC0487E487E12FF +7FA21700A25B4B5A6C5A01805C6CC7123F6D495AD81FE0495A260FFC075B6CB65A6C92C7 +FCC614FC013F13F0010790C8FC293D7BBB34>I<EC07FF023F13C049B512F001078049EB +03FC90383FF80090397FE001FE9038FFC0034849487E48495AA2485A120FA2485A6F5A00 +3F6E5A6F5A92C8FC485AA21402EC3FFE00FF496C7E01F9B512E001FB809138E03FF89039 +FF800FFC4A6C7E825B6F13804915C0A317E05BA4127FA5123FA26D15C0121FA2000F4A13 +806D150012076C6C495A6C6D485A6C9038E07FF86DB55A6D5C6D1480010749C7FC010013 +F02B3D7CBB34>I<121F7F13F890B712F0A45A17E017C0178017005E5E5A007EC7EA01F8 +4B5A007C4A5A4B5A4B5A93C7FC485C157E5DC7485A4A5AA24A5A140F5D141F143F5D147F +A214FF92C8FC5BA25BA3495AA3130FA5131FAA6D5A6D5A6D5A2C3F7ABD34>I<ECFFF001 +0713FE011F6D7E017F14E09039FFC07FF03A01FE001FF848486D7E48486D7E1503485A82 +81121FA27F7F7F6D5B02C05B14F06C6D485A9138FE0FF89138FF9FF06CECFFE06C5D5E6C +92C7FC6C816D14E0011F80498090B67E48812607FE3F7F48486C1480381FF807D9F00114 +C048486C7E007F8049010F13E0150348487F81167FA2163FA36D15C0127FEE7F807F6C6C +ECFF006C6C5B01FEEB07FE3A0FFFC03FFC6C90B55A000115E06C6C5C011F49C7FC010113 +F02B3D7CBB34>I<903801FFE0010F13FC013F13FF90B612C04801E07F489038003FF048 +486D7E000F6E7E485A6F7E123F48488081178012FFA217C0A517E0A4007F5CA4003F5C6C +7E5D6C7E00075C3903FF80FB6C13FF6C6C13F36D13C3010F018313C090380008031400A2 +4B1380EA03F0487E486C1500487E4B5AA25E151F4B5A495C6C48EBFFE049485B2607FC0F +5B6CB6C7FC6C14FC6C14F06D13C0D90FFEC8FC2B3D7CBB34>I<16FCA24B7EA24B7EA34B +7FA24B7FA34B7FA24B7FA34B7F157C03FC7FEDF87FA2020180EDF03F0203804B7E020781 +15C082020F814B7E021F811500824A81023E7F027E81027C7FA202FC814A147F49B77EA3 +4982A2D907E0C7001F7F4A80010F835C83011F8391C87E4983133E83017E83017C81B500 +FC91B612FCA5463F7CBE4F>65 D<B812F8EFFF8018F018FC8426003FFCC7EA3FFF050F13 +807113C07113E08319F0A27113F8A719F05FA24D13E019C04D13804D1300EF3FFE933801 +FFF891B712E0188018F818FE02FCC7380FFF80050313C07113E07113F019F8F07FFCA2F0 +3FFEA219FFA38460A419FE187FA2F0FFFC4D13F85F4D13F0053F13E0BA12C0190018FC18 +F095C7FC403E7DBD4A>I<922607FFC0130E92B500FC131E020702FF133E023FEDC07E91 +B7EAE1FE01039138803FFB499039F80003FF4901C01300013F90C8127F4948151FD9FFF8 +150F48491507485B4A1503481701485B18004890CAFC197E5A5B193E127FA349170012FF +AC127F7F193EA2123FA27F6C187E197C6C7F19FC6C6D16F86C6D150119F06C6D15036C6D +ED07E0D97FFEED0FC06D6CED3F80010F01C0ECFF006D01F8EB03FE6D9039FF801FFC0100 +91B55A023F15E002071580020002FCC7FC030713C03F407ABE4C>I<B812F8EFFF8018F0 +18FC18FF26003FFCC76C13C005077F05017F716C7E727E727E727E721380A27213C0A272 +13E0A21AF084A21AF8A41AFCA5197FA319FFA51AF8A41AF0A2601AE0A24E13C0A24E1380 +4E1300604E5A4E5A4D485A050713E0057F5BBA5A4EC7FC18F818C005F8C8FC463E7DBD50 +>I<BAFCA4198026003FFEC7123F1707170183183FA2181FF00FC0A31807EE07C0A3F003 +E0A3160F95C7FC161F163F16FF91B6FCA54AC6FC163F161F040F147CA2160719F8A593C7 +1201A219F01803A21807A2180FF01FE0183F18FF1703173FBAFCA219C0A33E3D7DBC45> +I<B912FEA48426003FFEC77E170F1703170084A284F01F80A3180FA2EE07C0A2F007C0A4 +040F90C7FCA2161F163F16FF91B6FCA54AC6FC163F161F160FA21607A693C9FCACB712E0 +A53A3D7DBC42>I<922607FFC0130E92B500FC131E020702FF133E023FEDC07E91B7EAE1 +FE01039138803FFB499039F80003FF4901C01300013F90C8127F4948151FD9FFF8150F48 +491507485B4A1503481701485B18004890CAFC197E5A5B193E127FA34994C7FC12FFAB04 +07B612FC127F7FA3003F92C7383FFE00A27F7EA26C7FA26C7F6C7FA26C7F6C7FD97FFE15 +7F6D6C7E010F01E014FF6D01F813036D9038FF801F010091B512F3023F15C00207ED803E +02009138FE000E030701E090C7FC46407ABE52>I<B7D8803FB612E0A526003FFEC8000F +EB8000B3A491B9FCA54AC8120FB3A7B7D8803FB612E0A54B3E7DBD52>I<B71280A52600 +3FFEC7FCB3B3B0B71280A5213E7DBD28>I<B712E0A526003FFEC9FCB3AD183EA4187E18 +7CA418FCA21701A2EF03F8A21707170F171F177FEE01FF160FB9FC18F0A4373E7DBD3F> +76 D<B6037FB512E0A2818181D8003F6D9139001F800081A281816E7E6E7F6E7F80826E +7F6E7F6E7F6E7F157F826F7F6F7F6F7F6F7F81836F7F6F7F707E701380A27013C07013E0 +7013F07013F87013FCA27013FEEF7FFF71139F7113DF8319FF8383838384A28484848484 +A284B600C080197F193F191FA24B3E7DBD52>78 D<ED3FFF0203B512F0021F14FE027F6E +7E902701FFF80713E00107D9C00013F84990C7EA3FFCD93FFCEC0FFF49486E7F49486E7F +48496E7F4A80488448496F7EA24890C96C7E4884A249161F003F84A34848701380A400FF +19C0AD007F19806D5EA3003F1900A26D5E6C60A26C6D4B5AA26C6D4B5A6C6D4A5BA26C6D +4A5B6C6D4A5B6D6C4A5B6DB4023F90C7FC6D01C0EBFFFE0107D9F80713F8010190B612E0 +6D5E021F4AC8FC020314F0DA003F90C9FC42407ABE4F>I<B812F017FF18C018F018FC26 +003FFCC77FEF1FFF7113807113C07113E0A27113F0A319F8A819F0A34D13E019C05F4D13 +80053F1300EFFFFE91B712F860188005FCC7FC4ACAFCB3A4B77EA53D3E7DBD47>I<B87E +17FCEFFF8018F08428003FFC000113FE9338003FFF050F7F717F717FA2858385A761A25F +61614D5B4D90C8FCEF3FFE4CB45A91B712F018C04DC9FC717E9126FC000F7F040113F070 +7F717EA2717EA2717EA685A6F207C019C0A271140F07E01380B76DEBF01F719038FC3F00 +7190B5FC716C5B061F13F8CB000113E04A3F7DBD4E>82 D<903A03FFC001C0011FEBF803 +017FEBFE0748B6128F4815DF48010013FFD80FF8130F48481303497F4848EB007F127F49 +143F161F12FF160FA27F1607A27F7F01FC91C7FCEBFF806C13F8ECFFC06C14FCEDFF806C +15E016F86C816C816C816C16806C6C15C07F010715E0EB007F020714F0EC003F15030300 +13F8167F163F127800F8151FA2160FA27EA217F07E161F6C16E06D143F01E015C001F8EC +7F8001FEEB01FF9026FFE00713004890B55A486C14F8D8F81F5CD8F00314C027E0003FFE +C7FC2D407ABE3A>I<003FB912FCA5903BFE003FFE003FD87FF0EE0FFE01C01603491601 +90C71500197E127EA2007C183EA400FC183F48181FA5C81600B3AF010FB712F8A5403D7C +BC49>I<903807FFC0013F13F848B6FC48812607FE037F260FF8007F6DEB3FF0486C806F +7EA36F7EA26C5A6C5AEA01E0C8FC153F91B5FC130F137F3901FFFE0F4813E0000F138038 +1FFE00485A5B485A12FF5BA4151F7F007F143F6D90387BFF806C6C01FB13FE391FFF07F3 +6CEBFFE100031480C6EC003FD91FF890C7FC2F2B7DA933>97 D<13FFB5FCA512077EAFED +FFE0020713FC021FEBFF80027F80DAFF8113F09139FC003FF802F06D7E4A6D7E4A13074A +80701380A218C082A318E0AA18C0A25E1880A218005E6E5C6E495A6E495A02FCEB7FF090 +3AFCFF01FFE0496CB55AD9F01F91C7FCD9E00713FCC7000113C033407DBE3A>I<EC7FF0 +0107B5FC011F14C0017F14E09039FFF01FF0489038800FF848EB001F4848EB3FFC120F48 +5AA2485AA2007FEC1FF849EB0FF0ED03C000FF91C7FCAB127F7FA3003F153E7F001F157E +6C6C147C6C6C14FC91388001F86C9038C003F0C69038F81FE06DB512C0011F14800107EB +FE009038007FF0272B7DA92E>I<EE07F8ED07FFA5ED003F161FAFEC7FF0903807FFFE01 +1FEBFF9F017F14DF9039FFF01FFF48EBC00348EB00014848EB007F485A001F153F5B123F +A2127F5BA212FFAA127FA37F123FA26C6C147F120F6D14FF6C6C01037F6C6D48EBFFE06C +EBF03F6C6CB512BF6D143F010713FC010001E0EBE00033407DBE3A>I<ECFFF0010713FE +011F6D7E017F809039FFE07FE0489038801FF048496C7E48486D7E48486D7E121F491301 +003F81A2485A6F1380A212FFA290B7FCA401F0C9FCA5127FA27F123FEE0F806C7E161F6C +6C15006C6C5C6C6D137E6C9038E001FC6C9038F80FF8013FB55A6D14C0010391C7FC9038 +007FF8292B7DA930>I<EC07FE91387FFF8049B512C0010714E090390FFE3FF0EB1FF090 +393FE07FF8EB7FC013FF1480A2489038003FF0ED1FE0ED0FC092C7FCAAB612E0A5000101 +80C7FCB3AC007FEBFF80A525407DBF20>I<903A03FF8007F0013F9038F83FF8499038FC +FFFC48B712FE48018313F93A07FC007FC34848EB3FE1001FEDF1FC4990381FF0F8170000 +3F81A7001F5DA26D133F000F5D6C6C495A3A03FF83FF8091B5C7FC4814FC01BF5BD80F03 +138090CAFCA2487EA27F13F06CB6FC16F016FC6C15FF17806C16C06C16E01207001F16F0 +393FE000034848EB003F49EC1FF800FF150F90C81207A56C6CEC0FF06D141F003F16E001 +F0147FD81FFC903801FFC02707FF800F13006C90B55AC615F8013F14E0010101FCC7FC2F +3D7DA834>I<13FFB5FCA512077EAFED1FF8EDFFFE02036D7E4A80DA0FE07F91381F007F +023C805C4A6D7E5CA25CA35CB3A4B5D8FE0FB512E0A5333F7CBE3A>I<EA01F8487E487E +487E481380A66C13006C5A6C5A6C5AC8FCA913FFB5FCA512077EB3ABB512F8A515407CBF +1D>I<13FFB5FCA512077EB3B3AFB512FCA5163F7CBE1D>108 D<01FFD91FF8ECFFC0B590 +B5010713F80203DAC01F13FE4A6E487FDA0FE09026F07F077F91261F003FEBF801000701 +3EDAF9F0806C0178ECFBC04A6DB4486C7FA24A92C7FC4A5CA34A5CB3A4B5D8FE07B5D8F0 +3FEBFF80A551297CA858>I<01FFEB1FF8B5EBFFFE02036D7E4A80DA0FE07F91381F007F +0007013C806C5B4A6D7E5CA25CA35CB3A4B5D8FE0FB512E0A533297CA83A>I<EC7FF090 +3803FFFE011FEBFFC0017F14F09039FFE03FF8489038800FFC3A03FE0003FE48486D7E00 +0F168048486D13C0A2003F16E049147F007F16F0A400FF16F8AA007F16F0A46C6CECFFE0 +A2001F16C06C6C491380A26C6C4913003A03FF800FFE6C9038E03FFC6C6CB512F0011F14 +C0010791C7FC9038007FF02D2B7DA934>I<01FFEBFFE0B5000713FC021FEBFF80027F80 +DAFF8113F09139FC007FF8000701F06D7E6C496D7E4A130F4A6D7E1880A27013C0A38218 +E0AA4C13C0A318805E18005E6E5C6E495A6E495A02FCEBFFF0DAFF035B92B55A029F91C7 +FC028713FC028113C00280C9FCACB512FEA5333B7DA83A>I<3901FE01FE00FF903807FF +804A13E04A13F0EC3F1F91387C3FF8000713F8000313F0EBFFE0A29138C01FF0ED0FE091 +388007C092C7FCA391C8FCB3A2B6FCA525297DA82B>114 D<90383FFC1E48B512BE0007 +14FE5A381FF00F383F800148C7FC007E147EA200FE143EA27E7F6D90C7FC13F8EBFFE06C +13FF15C06C14F06C806C806C806C80C61580131F1300020713C014000078147F00F8143F +151F7EA27E16806C143F6D140001E013FF9038F803FE90B55A15F0D8F87F13C026E00FFE +C7FC222B7DA929>I<EB07C0A5130FA4131FA3133F137FA213FF5A1207001FEBFFFEB6FC +A40001EBC000B3151FA96CEBE03EA2017F137EECF8FC90383FFFF86D13F0010713E00100 +1380203B7EB929>I<D9FF80EB0FF8B5EB0FFFA50007EC007F6C153FB3A5167FA316FF6C +5C4B7F6C903AC007DFFFE09138F01F9F6DB5121F6D13FE010F13F8010101E0EBE000332A +7CA83A>I<B500FC90383FFFC0A5000101C0903803E0006E1307A26C5E6E130F017F5D6E +131F013F92C7FC6E5B011F143E6E137E010F147C6E13FCA26D5C15816D5C15C36D5C15E7 +6D5C15FF6E5BA36E90C8FCA26E5AA26E5AA26E5AA26E5AA232287EA737>I<B5D8FC03B5 +1280A5C69026E0007FC7FC6E13FE6D6C5B6D6C485A6D6C485A010F13076D6C485AED9FC0 +6DEBFF806D91C8FC6D5B6E5AA2143F6E7E140F814A7F4A7F4A7F02FE7F903801FC7F4948 +6C7E02F07F49486C7E49486C7E011F7F49486C7FD97F008001FE6D7FB5D8C007EBFFC0A5 +32287EA737>120 D<B500FC90383FFFC0A5000101C0903803E0006E1307A26C5E6E130F +017F5D6E131F013F92C7FC6E5B011F143E6E137E010F147C6E13FCA26D5C15816D5C15C3 +6D5C15E76D5C15FF6E5BA36E90C8FCA26E5AA26E5AA26E5AA26E5AA35D14075D000E130F +D83F805B387FC01FD8FFE090C9FC5C143E147E5CEBC1F8387FC3F0387E0FE06CB45A6C5B +6C48CAFCEA03F8323B7EA737>I<003FB612F8A4D9F80113F001C014E0495A494813C04A +1380007E15005C4A5A007C5C147F4A5A495B5DC65A495B495BA249EB007C495A5C137F49 +4813FC484913F85C5A48EBC00114804814034813004848130749131F007FECFFF0B7FCA4 +26287DA72E>I E +%EndDVIPSBitmapFont +%DVIPSBitmapFont: Fj cmr10 10.95 92 +/Fj 92 124 df<4AB4EB0FE0021F9038E03FFC913A7F00F8FC1ED901FC90383FF03FD907 +F090397FE07F80494801FF13FF4948485BD93F805C137F0200ED7F00EF003E01FE6D91C7 +FC82ADB97EA3C648C76CC8FCB3AE486C4A7E007FD9FC3FEBFF80A339407FBF35>11 +D<EC03FE91383FFF809138FE03E0903903F800F0D90FE013384948137C90393F8001FE90 +387F00035B5BA2485A6F5AED007093C7FCAA16FEB7FCA33901FC000315011500B3AC486C +497EB5D8F87F13FCA32E407EBF33>I<EC03FF023F13EE9138FE01FEEB03F090380FE003 +EB1FC0EB3F80EB7F005B5B150148481300AEB7FCA3D801FCC7FCB3AE486C497EB5D8F87F +13FCA32E407EBF33>I<DA03FE49B4FC91273FFF801F13C0913BFE03E07F01F0903C03F0 +00F1FC0078D90FE0D97FF0131C49484948133E4948484913FF494848495A5B491500A248 +485C03016E5A0300153896C7FCAA197FBBFCA3D801FCC738FE00018485B3AC486C496CEC +FF80B5D8F87FD9FC3F13FEA347407EBF4C>I<121EEA7F80EAFFC0A9EA7F80ACEA3F00AC +121EAB120CC7FCA8121EEA7F80A2EAFFC0A4EA7F80A2EA1E000A4179C019>33 +D<001E130F397F803FC000FF137F01C013E0A201E013F0A3007F133F391E600F30000013 +00A401E01370491360A3000114E04913C00003130101001380481303000EEB070048130E +0018130C0038131C003013181C1C7DBE2D>I<4B6C130C4B6C131EA20307143EA24C133C +A2030F147CA293C71278A24B14F8A2031E5CA2033E1301A2033C5CA3037C1303A203785C +A203F81307A24B5CA20201140F007FBAFCBB1280A26C1900C72707C0003EC8FC4B133CA3 +020F147CA292C71278A24A14F8A2021E5CA3023E1301007FBAFCBB1280A26C1900C727F8 +0007C0C8FC4A5CA20101140FA24A91C9FCA301035CA24A131EA20107143EA24A133CA201 +0F147CA291C71278A34914F8A2011E5CA2013E1301A2013C5CA201186D5A41517BBE4C> +I<14E0A4EB07FC90383FFF8090B512E03901F8E3F03903E0E0FCD807C0133CD80F807FD8 +1F007F003E80003C1580007C140316C00078141F00F8143F157FA47EED3F806CEC0E0092 +C7FC127F138013C0EA3FF013FEEA1FFF6C13FC6C13FF6C14C06C806C6C13F8011F7F1303 +01007FECE7FF14E102E01380157F153FED1FC0A2003E140F127FD8FF801307A5130000FC +158000F0140F1270007815005D6C141E153E6C5C6C5C3907C0E1F03903F8EFE0C6B51280 +D93FFEC7FCEB0FF8EB00E0A422497BC32D>I<013F1603D9FFC04B7E2601E0E0150F2607 +C070151F48486C4BC7FC023E157E48486C15FE48D90FC0EB03FC003ED90EF0EB0FF8DA0F +3F13FD007E903A070FFFF1F0007C0200EB03E0160000FC6D6C495A170F604DC8FC5F173E +5F17FC5F4C5A1603007CD907005B4C5A007E150F003E495C020E49C9FC003F5D6C49133E +260F803C5B023813FC6C6C485B3A01E0E001F03800FFC090273F0003E0133F90C70007EC +FFC09339C001E0E0923A0F8007C070031F49487E0400143C033E90381F001C037E497F03 +7C133E4B150F0201027E7F4B137C4A5A020702FCEB03805D4A5A141F92C7FC143E147E14 +7C5CA2495A0103037CEB07005C4948147E010F033E5B4A160E49C8123F496F5B013E9238 +0F803C49173801FC6F6C5A49923801E0E0496FB45A0160043FC7FC41497BC34C>I<EC0F +80EC7FE0ECF870903803E0380107133CECC01CEB0F80011F131E150EA2EB3F00A55D1480 +A25D157815705D6D6C5A14C1ECC38002C7CAFC02EE91387FFFFCEB0FEC14FC4A020713C0 +6D48913801FE006E5DEF00F06D7E01074B5A496C5D011D1503D939FF4A5A017093C7FC49 +6D5B0001017F140E496C6C131E00036E131C2607801F143C000F6E5B001F6D6C1370263F +000714F0486E485ADA03FE5B913801FF03486D495A0487C8FCED7FCFED3FFE6F4814386D +5C150F007F6E6C14786D6D6C1470003F4A6C14F06D496C6C13E0001F91393E3FC0016C6C +903AFC1FF003C03D07FC07F007FC1F800001B5D8C001B512006C6C90C7EA7FFCD90FF8EC +0FF03E437CC047>I<121EEA7F8012FF13C0A213E0A3127FEA1E601200A413E013C0A312 +011380120313005A120E5A1218123812300B1C79BE19>I<1430147014E0EB01C0EB0380 +1307EB0F00131E133E133C5B13F85B12015B1203A2485AA2120F5BA2121F90C7FCA25AA3 +123E127EA6127C12FCB2127C127EA6123E123FA37EA27F120FA27F1207A26C7EA212017F +12007F13787F133E131E7FEB07801303EB01C0EB00E014701430145A77C323>I<12C07E +12707E7E121E7E6C7E7F12036C7E7F12007F1378137CA27FA2133F7FA21480130FA214C0 +A3130714E0A6130314F0B214E01307A614C0130FA31480A2131F1400A25B133EA25BA213 +7813F85B12015B485A12075B48C7FC121E121C5A5A5A5A145A7BC323>I<EB03C0A2805C +A600F0140F00FC143F00FE147F00FF14FF393FC3C3FC390FE187F03903F18FC03900FDBF +00EB3FFCEB0FF0EB03C0EB0FF0EB3FFCEBFDBF3903F18FC0390FE187F0393FC3C3FC39FF +03C0FF00FE147F00FC143F00F0140F00001400A6805CA220277AC32D>I<1506150FB3A9 +007FB912E0BA12F0A26C18E0C8000FC9FCB3A915063C3C7BB447>I<121EEA7F8012FF13 +C0A213E0A3127FEA1E601200A413E013C0A312011380120313005A120E5A121812381230 +0B1C798919>I<B512FEA617067F961E>I<121EEA7F80A2EAFFC0A4EA7F80A2EA1E000A0A +798919>I<ED0180ED03C01507A21680150FA216005DA2151E153EA2153C157CA2157815 +F8A25D1401A25D1403A25D1407A25D140FA24AC7FCA2141E143EA2143C147CA2147814F8 +A25C1301A25C1303A25C1307A25C130FA291C8FC5BA2131E133EA25BA2137813F8A25B12 +01A25B1203A25B1207A25B120FA290C9FC5AA2121E123EA2123C127CA2127812F8A25A12 +60225B7BC32D>I<EB01FE90380FFFC090383F03F090387C00F849137C48487F48487F48 +48EB0F80A2000F15C04848EB07E0A3003F15F0A290C712034815F8A64815FCB3A26C15F8 +A56C6CEB07F0A3001F15E0A36C6CEB0FC0A26C6CEB1F80000315006C6C133E6C6C5B017C +5B90383F03F090380FFFC0D901FEC7FC263F7DBC2D>I<EB01C013031307131F137FEA07 +FFB5FC139FEAF81F1200B3B3ACEB7FF0B612F8A31D3D78BC2D>I<EB07FC90383FFF8090 +B512E03903F01FF83907C007FC390F0001FE001E6D7E001C1580003CEC7FC05AED3FE012 +70B4FC6DEB1FF07FA56C5A6CC7FC120CC813E0153FA216C0157F168015FF16004A5A5D4A +5A4A5A5D4A5A4A5A4AC7FC147E147C5C495A495A495A495A49C71270133E133C5B4914E0 +485A485A485A48C7120148B6FCA25A4815C0B7FCA3243D7CBC2D>I<EB07FC90383FFF80 +9038F80FE03901E003F839078001FCD80F007F000E6D7E001E1580D81F80137F486C14C0 +7FA27F5BA2121F6C5AC8138015FF1600A24A5AA24A5A5DEC07E04A5A023FC7FCEB1FFCEC +FF809038000FE0EC07F86E7E6E7E6E7E1680ED7FC0A216E0153FA216F0A2120C123F487E +487EA316E0A249137F6CC713C01278EDFF807E6C4913006C495A3907C007FC3903F80FF0 +C6B55A013F1380D907F8C7FC243F7CBC2D>I<150E151E153EA2157EA215FE1401A21403 +EC077E1406140E141CA214381470A214E0EB01C0A2EB0380EB0700A2130E5BA25B5BA25B +5B1201485A90C7FC5A120E120C121C5AA25A5AB8FCA3C8EAFE00AC4A7E49B6FCA3283E7E +BD2D>I<00061403D80780131F01F813FE90B5FC5D5D5D15C092C7FC14FCEB3FE090C9FC +ACEB01FE90380FFF8090383E03E090387001F8496C7E49137E497F90C713800006141FC8 +13C0A216E0150FA316F0A3120C127F7F12FFA416E090C7121F12FC007015C012780038EC +3F80123C6CEC7F00001F14FE6C6C485A6C6C485A3903F80FE0C6B55A013F90C7FCEB07F8 +243F7CBC2D>I<EC1FE0ECFFF8903803F03E90380FC00F90391F000780133E017EEB1FC0 +49133F4848137F12035B12074848EB3F80ED1F00001F91C7FC5BA2123FA3485AA214FE90 +3887FF8039FF8F07E090389C01F09038B800FC01B0137E13F0497F16804914C0A2ED1FE0 +A34914F0A5127FA6123F6D14E0A2121FED3FC0A26C6C1480A20007EC7F006C6C137E6C6C +5B6C6C485A90387E07F06DB45A010F1380D903FCC7FC243F7CBC2D>I<1238123C123F90 +B612FCA316F85A16F016E00078C712010070EC03C0ED078016005D48141E151C153C5DC8 +127015F04A5A5D14034A5A92C7FC5C141EA25CA2147C147814F8A213015C1303A31307A3 +130F5CA2131FA6133FAA6D5A0107C8FC26407BBD2D>I<EB03FC90381FFF8090387C07E0 +9038F001F83901E0007C48487F48487F48C7FCED0F80121E16C0003E1407A4123FA26DEB +0F807F6C6C131F6D140001FC133E6C6C5B9038FF80786C6D5A6CEBF3E06CEBFF806C91C7 +FC133F6D13C06D7F013F13F801787F48486C7E3903E01FFF48486C1380260F800313C048 +487E489038007FE0003E143F007E141F007CEC0FF01507481403A31501A46C15E0007C14 +03A2007E15C06C14076CEC0F806DEB1F006C6C133ED807F05B3901FC03F86CB512E0011F +1380D903FCC7FC243F7CBC2D>I<EB03FCEB1FFF90387E07C09038FC03F048486C7E4848 +6C7E4848137C000F147E4848137F81003F15805B007F15C0A2151F12FF16E0A516F0A512 +7F153FA36C7EA2001F147F120F6C6C13FF6D13DF000313013900F8039F90387E0F1FD91F +FE13E0EB07F090C7FCA2ED3FC0A41680157FD80F801400487E486C13FEA24A5A5D49485A +EB8007391E000FE0001F495A260FC07FC7FC3803FFFE6C13F838003FC0243F7CBC2D>I< +121EEA7F80A2EAFFC0A4EA7F80A2EA1E00C7FCB3121EEA7F80A2EAFFC0A4EA7F80A2EA1E +000A2779A619>I<121EEA7F80A2EAFFC0A4EA7F80A2EA1E00C7FCB3121E127FEAFF80A2 +13C0A4127F121E1200A412011380A3120313005A1206120E120C121C5A1230A20A3979A6 +19>I<007FB912E0BA12F0A26C18E0CDFCAE007FB912E0BA12F0A26C18E03C167BA147> +61 D<EB0780EB1FE0A2497EA46D5AA2EB078090C8FCA8130380A4130791C7FCA65BA313 +1EA2133E133C137CA25B1201485A485A120F485A485A127FA248C7127C15FEEC01FFA480 +157F6C141EA26C6C133C1578390FC001E03907F00FC03901FFFE0038003FF020407BAC2B +>I<EB1FF890B5FC3903E01FC0390F0007F0001EEB03F848EB01FC4814FE140000FE14FF +7E7FA46CC7FC123EC7EA01FEA2EC03FCEC07F815F0EC0FC0EC1F80EC3F00143E5C147814 +F85C13015CA2495AA25CAB91C7FC90C8FCA8EB0780EB1FE0A2497EA46D5AA2EB07802040 +7BBF2B>I<ED7FE0913807FFFE91391F801F809139780001E0D901E0EB0078D90780141E +49C87E011E6F7E0138ED01C0496F7E4916700001177848488249D93F80131C28070001FF +F07F48902607E07C130F000E90260FC01E7F001E90263F00071480001C49903803800300 +3C01FED901C013C0003849ECFE010101EC00FF267803F8027F13E000701700495AA200F0 +18F000E01870495AA96D7E12F01270A26D7E007818E0263801FC5C01005C003C7F001C01 +7F49EB01C0001E6DEB077F000E903B0FC01E3F8380000F903B07E07C1F87006C903A01FF +F007FE3C0380003F8001F86D90CAFC6C7E120013707F011EEE03F06D160F6D6CED3FC0D9 +01E0913801FE00D90078EC1FF0913A1F8003FF800207B500F8C7FC9126007FFEC8FC3C41 +7BBF47>I<15074B7EA34B7EA34B7EA34B7EA34B7E15E7A2913801C7FC15C3A291380381 +FEA34AC67EA3020E6D7EA34A6D7EA34A6D7EA34A6D7EA34A6D7EA349486D7E91B6FCA249 +819138800001A249C87EA24982010E157FA2011E82011C153FA2013C820138151FA20178 +82170F13FC00034C7ED80FFF4B7EB500F0010FB512F8A33D417DC044>I<B712FCEEFF80 +17F00001903980000FF86C6CC7EA03FE707E701380EF7FC0EF3FE0A2EF1FF0A218F8A317 +0F171FA318F0A2EF3FE0177F18C0EFFF804C1300EE03FCEE0FF8EE7FE091B6C7FC17E091 +C7EA07FCEE01FE933800FF80EF7FC0EF3FE0EF1FF018F8170F18FC1707A218FEA718FC17 +0FA2EF1FF818F0173FEF7FE0EFFFC00403138048486C90380FFE00B85A17E094C7FC373E +7DBD40>I<DB3FF01306912603FFFE130E020F9038FF801E913A3FF007E03E9139FF8000 +F8D903FEC7EA7C7ED907F8EC1EFE4948140FD93FE0140749481403495A91C81201484815 +0012034848167E5B000F173EA24848161EA2123F5B180E127FA349160012FFAC127F7F18 +0EA2123FA27F001F171E181C6C7EA20007173C6D16386C6C1678000117706C6C16F06EEC +01E06D6C15C06D6C1403D90FF0EC07806D6CEC1F00D903FE143E902600FF8013F891393F +F007F0020FB512C0020391C7FC9138003FF037427BBF42>I<B712FCEEFF8017E0000190 +39C0001FF86C6C48EB03FEEE00FF717E717EEF0FE084717E717E170184717EA21980187F +19C0A3F03FE0A519F0AB19E0A5F07FC0A21980A218FF19004D5AA24D5A6017074D5A4D5A +EF7FC04DC7FCEE03FE48486CEB1FF8B85A178004FCC8FC3C3E7DBD45>I<B912E0A30001 +9038C000016C6C48EB001FEF0FF01703A217011700A31870A418381638A41800A21678A2 +16F81501150791B5FCA3EC8007150115001678A21638A2180EA3181C93C7FCA4183C1838 +A21878A318F8EF01F0A21707170F173F48486CEB03FFB912E0A3373E7DBD3E>I<B91280 +A300019038C000036C6C48EB007FEF1FC0170F1707A21703A31701A4EF00E0A21638A318 +00A31678A216F81501150791B5FCA3EC8007150115001678A21638A693C8FCAF3801FFE0 +B612F0A3333E7DBD3B>I<DB3FE0130C912603FFFE131C021F9038FF803C913A7FF00FC0 +7C9139FF0001F0D903FC90380078FC4948143DD91FE0141F4948140F4948140701FF1503 +4890C8FC491501485A000716005B000F177C5B001F173CA2485AA2181C127FA25B95C7FC +12FFAB041FB512F0127FA26D9139000FFE00EF03FC123FA27F121FA26C7EA212077F1203 +6C7E7F6C7F6D6C14076D7E6D6C140FD907F8141ED903FEEC3C7C902600FF80EBF83C913A +7FF007F01C021FB5EAC00C020391C8FC9138003FF03C427BBF47>I<B6D8C01FB512F8A3 +000101E0C7383FFC0026007F80EC0FF0B3A691B7FCA30280C7120FB3A92601FFE0EC3FFC +B6D8C01FB512F8A33D3E7DBD44>I<B612F0A3C6EBF000EB3FC0B3B3B2EBFFF0B612F0A3 +1C3E7EBD21>I<011FB512FCA3D9000713006E5A1401B3B3A6123FEA7F80EAFFC0A44A5A +1380D87F005B007C130700385C003C495A6C495A6C495A2603E07EC7FC3800FFF8EB3FC0 +26407CBD2F>I<B600C090387FFFFCA3000101E0C7000F138026007F80913807FE0018F8 +18E0604D5A4DC7FC173E5F5F4C5A4C5A4C5A4C5A4CC8FC163E5E5E4B5A4B5AED07804B7E +151F4B7E4B7E15FF913881EFF8913883C7FCEC878791388F03FE91389E01FF14BCDAF800 +7F4A6D7E5C4A6D7E4A6D7EA2707E707EA2707E707EA2707F717E84173F717E717EA2717E +848419802601FFE04A13C0B600C090B6FCA3403E7DBD47>I<B612F8A3000101E0C9FC38 +007F80B3B0EF0380A517071800A45FA35FA25F5F5F4C5A160748486C133FB8FCA3313E7D +BD39>I<B500C093B512C0A300016D4BEBE000D8007F1880D977F0ED03BFA3D973F8ED07 +3FA3D971FC150EA2D970FE151CA3027F1538A36E6C1470A36E6C14E0A26E6CEB01C0A36E +6CEB0380A36E6CEB0700A26E6C130EA36E6C5BA3037F5BA26F6C5AA36F6C5AA392380FE1 +C0A3923807F380A26FB4C7FCA36F5AA213F8486C6D5AD807FFEFFFE0B500F80178017FEB +FFC0A34A3E7CBD53>I<B56C91B512F88080D8007F030713006EEC01FC6E6E5A1870EB77 +FCEB73FEA2EB71FF01707FA26E7E6E7EA26E7E6E7EA26E7E6E7EA26E7E6E7FA26F7E6F7E +A26F7E6F7EA26F7E6F7EA26F7E6F1380A2EE7FC0EE3FE0A2EE1FF0EE0FF8A2EE07FCEE03 +FEA2EE01FF7013F0A2177F173FA2171F170FA2170701F81503487ED807FF1501B500F814 +00A218703D3E7DBD44>I<ED7FE0913807FFFE91391FC03F8091397E0007E04948EB03F8 +D907F0EB00FE4948147F49486E7E49486E7E49C86C7E01FE6F7E00018349150300038348 +486F7EA248486F7EA2001F188049167F003F18C0A3007F18E049163FA300FF18F0AC007F +18E06D167FA4003F18C0A26C6CEEFF80A36C6C4B1300A26C6C4B5A00035F6D150700015F +6C6C4B5A6D5E6D6C4A5A6D6C4A5A6D6C4AC7FC6D6C14FED901FCEB03F8D9007FEB0FE091 +391FC03F80912607FFFEC8FC9138007FE03C427BBF47>I<B712F8EEFF8017E000019039 +C0003FF86C6C48EB07FCEE01FE707EEF7F80EF3FC018E0A2EF1FF0A218F8A818F0A2EF3F +E0A218C0EF7F80EFFF004C5AEE07FCEE3FF091B612C04CC7FC0280C9FCB3A73801FFE0B6 +12C0A3353E7DBD3E>I<ED7FE0913807FFFE91391FC03F8091397F000FE0D901FCEB03F8 +D907F0EB00FE4948147F49486E7E49486E7E49C86C7E498248486F7E4915030003834848 +6F7EA2000F834981001F1880A24848EE7FC0A3007F18E0A249163FA200FF18F0AC007F18 +E0A26D167FA3003F18C0A26C6CEEFF80A3000F18006D5D0007DA0F805B6C6C90393FE003 +FCED70706C6C496C485A6C6C48486C485A017FD9800E5BD93F819038061FC0D91FC19038 +073F80D90FE14AC7FCD907F1EB03FE902601FDC013F8903A007EE007E091271FF03FC013 +180207B5FC9139007FE1E0DB0001143883711378A2706C13F0EFFF0318FFA27113E0A371 +13C0711380711300715AEF01F83D527BBF47>I<B712C016FCEEFF800001D9C00013E06C +6C48EB1FF0EE07FCEE01FE707E84717EA2717EA284A760177F606017FF95C7FCEE01FCEE +07F8EE1FE0EEFF8091B500FCC8FC16F091388001FCED003FEE1FC0707E707E8316038316 +0183A383A484A4F0C004190EA28218E0057F131E2601FFE0161CB600C0EB3FF094381FF8 +3805071370CA3801FFE09438003F803F407DBD43>I<D907FC131890391FFF8038017FEB +E0783901FC03F83A03F0007CF8D807C0133F4848130F001F140748C7FC003E1403007E14 +01A2007C140012FC1678A46C1538A27EA26C6C14007F7FEA3FF8EBFF806C13F86CEBFF80 +6C14F06C14FC6C14FF6C15C0013F14E0010714F0EB007F020713F89138007FFC150FED07 +FE15031501ED00FFA200E0157FA3163FA27EA3163E7E167E6C157C6C15FC6C15F86D1301 +6DEB03F06DEB07E0D8F9FCEB0FC03AF07F803F8090391FFFFE00D8E00713F839C0007FC0 +28427BBF33>I<003FB91280A3903AF0007FE001018090393FC0003F48C7ED1FC0007E17 +07127C00781703A300701701A548EF00E0A5C81600B3B14B7E4B7E0107B612FEA33B3D7D +BC42>I<B600C090B512F8A3000101E0C70007130026007F80EC01FC715A1870B3B3A401 +3F16F06E5DA21701011F5E80010F15036E4A5A010793C7FC6D6C5C6D6C141E6D6C5C027F +14F86E6C485A91390FF00FE00203B51280020049C8FCED1FF03D407DBD44>I<B691380F +FFFEA3000301E0020113E06C01809138007F806CEF3F00017F163E181C6E153C013F1638 +A26E1578011F1670A26D6C5DA26E140101075EA26E140301035EA26D6C4AC7FCA2806D15 +0EA26F131E027F141CA26F133C023F1438A26E6C5BA26F13F0020F5CA2EDF80102075CA2 +6E6C485AA2EDFE07020191C8FCA26F5A6E130EA2ED7F9CA216DCED3FF8A36F5AA36F5AA2 +6F5AA36F5A3F407EBD44>I<B500FE017FB5D88007B5FCA3000301C0010101E0C713F86C +90C849EC3FE07148EC0F807E7215006E143F017F190E84A26D6C60A24D7E6D6C60A2EFE7 +F86D6C60A2933801C3FC6E18F001076104037F6E0281140101036104077F17006D6C4D5A +A2040EEB7F806D6C4DC7FCA24CEB3FC0DA7F80160EA24CEB1FE003C0161E023F171C0478 +14F0DBE070010F133C021F173804F014F84C1307DA0FF05EA2DBF1C0EB03FCDA07F95EA2 +DBFB80EB01FEDA03FF6F5AA293C8FCA26E5FA24B157F020094C8FCA24B81037C153EA203 +78151E0338151C58407EBD5D>I<007FB5D8C003B512E0A3C649C7EBFC00D93FF8EC3FE0 +6D48EC1F806D6C92C7FC171E6D6C141C6D6C143C5F6D6C14706D6D13F04C5ADA7FC05B02 +3F13036F485ADA1FF090C8FC020F5BEDF81E913807FC1C163C6E6C5A913801FF7016F06E +5B6F5AA26F7E6F7EA28282153FED3BFEED71FF15F103E07F913801C07F0203804B6C7EEC +07004A6D7E020E6D7E5C023C6D7E02386D7E14784A6D7E4A6D7F130149486E7E4A6E7E13 +0749C86C7E496F7E497ED9FFC04A7E00076DEC7FFFB500FC0103B512FEA33F3E7EBD44> +I<B66C0103B51280A3000101F0C8EBF8006C6C48ED3FC0725A013F041EC7FC6D7E606D6C +15386D6C1578606D6C5D6E14016D5E6D6D1303606E6C49C8FC6E6C5B170E6E6C131E171C +6E6C5B6E6C137817706E6C13F06F5B6E13016EEB83C05FED7FC7DB3FE7C9FC16EFED1FFE +5E150F6F5AB3A4ED1FFC020FB512FCA3413E7FBD44>I<003FB712F8A391C7EA1FF013F8 +01E0EC3FE00180EC7FC090C8FC003EEDFF80A2003C4A1300007C4A5A12784B5A4B5AA200 +704A5AA24B5A4B5AA2C8485A4A90C7FCA24A5A4A5AA24A5AA24A5A4A5AA24A5A4A5AA249 +90C8FCA2495A4948141CA2495A495AA2495A495A173C495AA24890C8FC485A1778485A48 +4815F8A24848140116034848140F4848143FED01FFB8FCA32E3E7BBD38>I<EAFFFCA4EA +F000B3B3B3B3ABEAFFFCA40E5B77C319>I<486C13C00003130101001380481303000EEB +070048130E0018130C0038131C003013180070133800601330A300E01370481360A400CF +EB678039FFC07FE001E013F0A3007F133FA2003F131F01C013E0390F0007801C1C73BE2D +>I<EAFFFCA4EA003CB3B3B3B3ABEAFFFCA40E5B7FC319>I<EA0180120313005A120E5A12 +181238123012701260A312E05AA412CFEAFFC013E0A3127FA2123F13C0EA0F000B1C7ABE +19>96 D<EB0FF8EBFFFE3903F01F8039078007E0000F6D7E9038E001F8D81FF07F6E7EA3 +157F6C5AEA0380C8FCA4EC1FFF0103B5FC90381FF87FEB7F803801FC00EA07F8EA0FE048 +5A485AA248C7FCEE038012FEA315FFA3007F5BEC03BF3B3F80071F8700261FC00E13CF3A +07F03C0FFE3A01FFF807FC3A003FC001F0292A7DA82D>I<EA01FC12FFA3120712031201 +B1EC03FC91381FFF8091387C07E09039FDE001F09039FFC000FC4A137E91C77E49158049 +141F17C0EE0FE0A217F0A2160717F8AA17F0A2160FA217E0161F17C06D1580EE3F006D5C +6E13FE9039F3C001F89039F1E003F09039E0780FC09026C03FFFC7FCC7EA07F82D407EBE +33>I<49B4FC010F13E090383F00F8017C131E4848131F4848137F0007ECFF80485A5B12 +1FA24848EB7F00151C007F91C7FCA290C9FC5AAB6C7EA3003FEC01C07F001F140316806C +6C13076C6C14000003140E6C6C131E6C6C137890383F01F090380FFFC0D901FEC7FC222A +7DA828>I<ED01FC15FFA3150715031501B114FF010713E190381F80F990387E003D4913 +1FD803F81307485A49130348481301121F123F5B127FA290C7FCA25AAA7E7FA2123FA26C +7E000F14037F000714076C6C497E6C6C497ED8007C017913F890383F01F190380FFFC190 +3A01FE01FC002D407DBE33>I<EB01FE90380FFFC090383F03F09038FC01F848486C7E48 +48137E48487F000F158049131F001F15C04848130FA2127F16E090C7FCA25AA290B6FCA2 +90C9FCA67EA27F123F16E06C7E1501000F15C06C6C13036DEB07806C6C1400C66C131E01 +7E5B90381F80F8903807FFE0010090C7FC232A7EA828>I<EC1FC0EC7FF8903801F83C90 +3807E07E90380FC0FFEB1FC1EB3F811401137FEC00FE01FE137C1500AEB6FCA3C648C7FC +B3AE487E007F13FFA320407EBF1C>I<167C903903F801FF903A1FFF078F8090397E0FDE +1F9038F803F83803F001A23B07E000FC0600000F6EC7FC49137E001F147FA8000F147E6D +13FE00075C6C6C485AA23901F803E03903FE0FC026071FFFC8FCEB03F80006CAFC120EA3 +120FA27F7F6CB512E015FE6C6E7E6C15E06C810003813A0FC0001FFC48C7EA01FE003E14 +0048157E825A82A46C5D007C153E007E157E6C5D6C6C495A6C6C495AD803F0EB0FC0D800 +FE017FC7FC90383FFFFC010313C0293D7EA82D>I<EA01FC12FFA3120712031201B1EC01 +FE913807FFC091381E07E091387803F09138E001F8D9FDC07F148001FF6D7E91C7FCA25B +A25BB3A6486C497EB5D8F87F13FCA32E3F7DBE33>I<EA01E0EA07F8A2487EA46C5AA2EA +01E0C8FCACEA01FC127FA3120712031201B3AC487EB512F0A3143E7DBD1A>I<1478EB01 +FEA2EB03FFA4EB01FEA2EB00781400AC147FEB7FFFA313017F147FB3B3A5123E127F38FF +807E14FEA214FCEB81F8EA7F01387C03F0381E07C0380FFF803801FC00185185BD1C>I< +EA01FC12FFA3120712031201B292B51280A392383FFC0016E0168093C7FC153C5D5D4A5A +EC07C04A5A4AC8FC143E147F4A7E13FD9038FFDFC0EC9FE0140F496C7E01FC7F496C7E14 +01816E7E81826F7E151F826F7EA282486C14FEB539F07FFFE0A32B3F7EBE30>I<EA01FC +12FFA3120712031201B3B3B1487EB512F8A3153F7DBE1A>I<2701F801FE14FF00FF9027 +07FFC00313E0913B1E07E00F03F0913B7803F03C01F80007903BE001F87000FC2603F9C0 +6D487F000101805C01FBD900FF147F91C75B13FF4992C7FCA2495CB3A6486C496CECFF80 +B5D8F87FD9FC3F13FEA347287DA74C>I<3901F801FE00FF903807FFC091381E07E09138 +7803F000079038E001F82603F9C07F0001138001FB6D7E91C7FC13FF5BA25BB3A6486C49 +7EB5D8F87F13FCA32E287DA733>I<14FF010713E090381F81F890387E007E01F8131F48 +48EB0F804848EB07C04848EB03E0000F15F04848EB01F8A2003F15FCA248C812FEA44815 +FFA96C15FEA36C6CEB01FCA3001F15F86C6CEB03F0A26C6CEB07E06C6CEB0FC06C6CEB1F +80D8007EEB7E0090383F81FC90380FFFF0010090C7FC282A7EA82D>I<3901FC03FC00FF +90381FFF8091387C0FE09039FDE003F03A07FFC001FC6C496C7E6C90C7127F49EC3F805B +EE1FC017E0A2EE0FF0A3EE07F8AAEE0FF0A4EE1FE0A2EE3FC06D1580EE7F007F6E13FE91 +38C001F89039FDE007F09039FC780FC0DA3FFFC7FCEC07F891C9FCAD487EB512F8A32D3A +7EA733>I<02FF131C0107EBC03C90381F80F090397F00387C01FC131CD803F8130E4848 +EB0FFC150748481303121F485A1501485AA448C7FCAA6C7EA36C7EA2001F14036C7E1507 +6C6C130F6C7E6C6C133DD8007E137990383F81F190380FFFC1903801FE0190C7FCAD4B7E +92B512F8A32D3A7DA730>I<3901F807E000FFEB1FF8EC787CECE1FE3807F9C100031381 +EA01FB1401EC00FC01FF1330491300A35BB3A5487EB512FEA31F287EA724>I<90383FC0 +603901FFF8E03807C03F381F000F003E1307003C1303127C0078130112F81400A27E7E7E +6D1300EA7FF8EBFFC06C13F86C13FE6C7F6C1480000114C0D8003F13E0010313F0EB001F +EC0FF800E01303A214017E1400A27E15F07E14016C14E06CEB03C0903880078039F3E01F +0038E0FFFC38C01FE01D2A7DA824>I<131CA6133CA4137CA213FCA2120112031207001F +B512C0B6FCA2D801FCC7FCB3A215E0A912009038FE01C0A2EB7F03013F138090381F8700 +EB07FEEB01F81B397EB723>I<D801FC14FE00FF147FA3000714030003140100011400B3 +A51501A31503120015076DEB06FF017E010E13806D4913FC90381FC078903807FFE00100 +903880FE002E297DA733>I<B539E00FFFE0A32707FE000313006C48EB00FC5E00015D7F +00005DA26D13016D5CA26D6C485AA2ECC007011F91C7FCA290380FE00EA2ECF01E010713 +1CA26D6C5AA2ECFC7801011370A2ECFEF001005BA2EC7FC0A36E5AA26EC8FCA3140E2B28 +7EA630>I<B53BC3FFFE03FFF8A3290FFE003FE00013C06C486D48EB3F806C4817006D01 +0F141E00016F131C15076D163C00004A6C1338A2017F5E4B7E151DD93F805DED3DFC1538 +D91FC04A5AED78FE9238707E03D90FE0017F5BEDE03F02F0140701070387C7FC9138F1C0 +1F02F9148F010315CE9138FB800F02FF14DE6D15FCED00076D5DA24A1303027E5CA2027C +1301023C5C023813003D287EA642>I<B539F01FFFE0A30003D9C00F1300C690388007F8 +D97F0013E002805BD93FC05B011F49C7FC90380FE00EECF01E6D6C5A01035B6D6C5A6E5A +EB00FF6E5A6E5A81141F814A7E81147BECF1FC903801E1FEECC0FF01037F49486C7ED90F +007F011E6D7E013E130F496D7E01FC80486C80000F4A7EB539803FFFF8A32D277FA630> +I<B539E00FFFE0A32707FE000313006C48EB01FC6F5A00015D7F00005DA2017F495AA2EC +8003013F5CA26D6C48C7FCA26E5A010F130EA26D6C5AA2ECF83C01031338A26D6C5AA2EC +FEF001005BA2EC7FC0A36E5AA36EC8FCA2140EA2141E141C143C1438A214780018137012 +7EB45BA2495AA248485AD87E07C9FCEA780EEA3C3CEA1FF8EA07E02B3A7EA630>I<001F +B61280A2EBE0000180140049485A001E495A121C4A5A003C495A141F00385C4A5A147F5D +4AC7FCC6485AA2495A495A130F5C495A90393FC00380A2EB7F80EBFF005A5B4848130712 +07491400485A48485BA248485B4848137F00FF495A90B6FCA221277EA628>I<B812F0A2 +2C0280982D>I E +%EndDVIPSBitmapFont +%DVIPSBitmapFont: Fk cmr12 14.4 16 +/Fk 16 116 df<120FEA3FC0EA7FE0EAFFF0A6EA7FE0EA3FC0EA0F000C0C768B21>46 +D<EC1FF891B5FC010314C090390FF81FF090391FC003F849486C7E017EC7127E49800001 +168049141F4848EC0FC0000716E0491407000F16F0A34848EC03F8A2003F16FCA44848EC +01FEA700FF16FFB3A5007F16FEA56D1403A2003F16FCA4001F16F8A26D1407000F16F0A2 +6C6CEC0FE0A26C6CEC1FC0A26C6CEC3F806C6CEC7F00017F14FE6D6C485A6D6C485A9039 +0FF81FF00103B512C0010091C7FCEC1FF830517BCE3B>48 D<EC7FE0903803FFFE010F6D +7E013F14E0D9FF0013F8D801F8EB1FFCD803E06D7E4848EB03FF48486D138090C813C000 +1E16E0001C157F003CED3FF012380078ED1FF81270A2B4ED0FFC13C07FA66C5A6C5A000E +C8FCC9EA1FF8A317F0163FA2EE7FE017C016FF17804B1300A24B5A4B5A5E4B5A4B5A4B5A +5E4BC7FC15FE4A5A4A5A4A5A4A5A5D4A5A4AC8FC147E5C4948141CEB03E0495A49481438 +91C8FC131E5B5B491578485A48481570484815F048B7FCA25A5A5AB812E0A42E4F7ACE3B +>50 D<160F5EA25E5EA25E5DA25D5DA25D151E151C153C5D157015F04A5A5D14035D4A5A +5C140E5C143C14385C14F05C495A13035C130749C7FC130E131E5B133813785B5B120148 +5A5B120748C8FC120E121E5A123812785AB912F0A4C8000190C7FCAF4B7F4B7F020FB612 +E0A434507DCF3B>52 D<000316C001C0140301F8141F903AFFC003FF8091B612005E5E5E +16E016804BC7FC019F13F8018113800180C9FCB0EC0FF0ECFFFE01836D7E903987F01FE0 +90399F0007F801BE6D7E01F86D7E496D7E49EC7F805BEE3FC04915E0C9121F17F0A317F8 +160FA317FCA5120EEA3F80487E12FF7FA217F85B161F5B48C813F012700078ED3FE0A26C +16C0167F6CEDFF80001F16006C6C495A6C6C13036C6CEB07F8D801F8EB1FF06CB4EB7FE0 +6DB51280011F49C7FC010713F8010013C02E517ACE3B>I<B812FEEFFFE018FC18FF2600 +7FFCC7000F13C06D4802017F011F9238003FF8F00FFC727EF001FF727F737E737E737E19 +0F86737EA2737E737EA21B8085A21BC01A7F1BE0A4F23FF0A51BF8AE1BF0A4F27FE0A41B +C01AFF1B80A24F1300A24F5AA24F5AA24F5A4F5A4F5A4F5A4F5A4E90C7FC4E5AF00FFCF0 +3FF8013FEEFFE0496C020F5BBAC8FC18FC18E04DC9FC4D527BD159>68 +D<B600FC030FB512E0A4C691CAEBFC00D97FFCEF3FF06D48EF1FC0011F616E71C7FC130F +1A0E6E171E0107181CA26E173C6D1838816D60A26F16F06D6081027F4C5AA281023F4C5A +A26F1507021F94C8FC81020F160EA26F151E0207161CA26F153C6E1638826E5EA27014F0 +6E5E821801037F5D82033F4A5AA2701307031F92C9FC82030F140EA270131E0307141CA2 +70133C6F143817806F5CA2EFC0F06F5C17E017E1047F5B17F193383FF380A217FF7090CA +FCA2705AA3705AA3705AA2705AA3705A53547ED158>86 D<EB7F80B5FCA41203C6FC137F +B3A6ED07FC92387FFF800281B512E0913987F00FF891398F8001FC029EC7B4FC02BC6E7E +02F86E7E4A6E7E4A6E7E4A1407844A6E7EA2841701A284A283A21980AB19005FA360A24D +5AA24D5A804D5A6E5D6E4A5AD97E784A5A6E4AC7FCD97C1EEB01FE6E495A903A7807E01F +F00201B512C0902670007F90C8FC90C7EA0FF839547DD241>98 D<EC0FFE91387FFFE049 +B512F8903907F801FE90391FE0001FD93F80EB078049C7EA0FC001FE143F484815E00003 +157F485A485AA2485AEE3FC0003FED0F004991C7FCA2127FA35B12FFAB127F7FA3123F6D +1570121F6D15F0000F16E06D140112076C6CEC03C06D15806C6C14076C6DEB0F00D93FC0 +131E6D6C137C903907FC03F06DB55AD9007F1380DA0FF8C7FC2C367CB434>I<EC0FF891 +B5FC010314C090390FF80FF090391FC003FC90397F8001FE49C77E4848EC7F804848143F +49EC1FC0485A000FED0FE05B001F16F01607485AA2007F16F8A25B160312FF90B7FCA301 +80C9FCA8127F7FA2123FA26D1538121F17786C6C1570000716F06D15E06C6C14016C6CEC +03C06C6C15806D6C130F6D6CEB1F00D90FF0133C903907FE01F80101B512E06D6C1380DA +07FCC7FC2D367DB434>101 D<1378EA01FE487E487FA66C90C7FC6C5AEA007890C8FCB0 +EB7F80B5FCA41203C6FC137FB3B3A43801FFE0B61280A419507CCF21>105 +D<01FFD907FEEC03FFB590261FFFC0010F13E0037F01F0013F13F8912701F80FFC9038FC +07FE913D03C003FE01E001FF000390260700019038038000C6010E6D6C48C76C7E6D48DA +7F8E6E7E4A159CA24ADA3FF86E7E02605D14E04A5DA34A5DB3AD2601FFE0DAFFF0EC7FF8 +B6D8C07F9026FFE03FB512F0A45C347CB363>109 D<01FFEB07FCB590383FFF8092B512 +E0913901F00FF8913903C007FC000349C66C7EC6010E13016D486D7E5C143002706E7E14 +6014E05CA35CB3AD2601FFE0903801FFE0B600C0B612C0A43A347CB341>I<EC0FFC9138 +7FFF8049B512E0903907F807F890391FE001FE90393F80007F017EC7EA1F80496E7E4848 +6E7E00038248486E7EA248486E7EA248486E7EA2003F82A24848ED7F80A400FF17C0AB00 +7F1780A26D15FFA2003F1700A2001F5E6D1401000F5E6D140300075E6C6C4A5A6C6C4A5A +A2D8007FEC3F806D6C49C7FC90391FE001FE903907F807F86DB55AD9007F1380DA0FFCC8 +FC32367CB43B>I<01FFEB1F80B5EB7FF0913801FFF8913803E1FC91380783FE0003EB0F +07C6131EEB7F1C1438143091387003FC91386000F0160014E05CA45CB3AA8048487EB612 +F0A427347DB32E>114 D<D907FE13C090387FFF8148B512E33907F803FF390FC0007F48 +48133F48C7121F003E140F007E1407127C00FC1403A315017EA27E7F6C6C90C7FC13F013 +FF6C13F86CEBFF806C14E06C14F86C14FEC680013F1480010714C0D9003F13E014039138 +007FF0151F00E0140FED07F8A26C1403A215017EA36C15F0A26C14036C15E015076DEB0F +C06DEB1F80D8FDF0EB3F0039F8FC01FE39F07FFFF8D8E01F13E0D8C00390C7FC25367CB4 +2E>I E +%EndDVIPSBitmapFont +%DVIPSBitmapFont: Fl cmbx12 17.28 20 +/Fl 20 117 df<F00FE04E7EA24E7EA34E7EA24E7EA34D7FA24D80A24D80A34D80A24D80 +A34D80A2DD7FBF7FA2181F05FF8017FE04016D7FA24D7E04038217F804076D80A24D7E04 +0F8217E0041F6D80A24D7F043F825F047F6E7FA294C77E4C825E03016F7FA24C80030384 +5E03076F80A24C80030F845E031F6F80A24C81033F845E037F707F93B9FCA292BA7EA24A +85A203FCC912070203865D020771805D86020F864B82021F865D87023F864B83027F8692 +CBFC874A864A840101875C496C728090381FFFC0B700E092B812FEA66F647BE37A>65 +D<4DB5ED03C0057F02F014070407B600FE140F047FDBFFC0131F4BB800F0133F030F05FC +137F033F9127F8007FFE13FF92B6C73807FF814A02F0020113C3020702C09138007FE74A +91C9001FB5FC023F01FC16074A01F08291B54882490280824991CB7E4949844949844949 +8449865D49498490B5FC484A84A2484A84A24891CD127FA25A4A1A3F5AA348491A1FA448 +99C7FCA25CA3B5FCB07EA380A27EA2F50FC0A26C7FA37E6E1A1F6C1D80A26C801D3F6C6E +1A00A26C6E616D1BFE6D7F6F4E5A7F6D6D4E5A6D6D4E5A6D6D4E5A6D6E171F6D02E04D5A +6E6DEFFF806E01FC4C90C7FC020F01FFEE07FE6E02C0ED1FF8020102F8ED7FF06E02FF91 +3803FFE0033F02F8013F1380030F91B648C8FC030117F86F6C16E004071680DC007F02F8 +C9FC050191CAFC626677E375>67 D<BD12E0A41CF0A2D8000102C0C71207F1003F1A0F1A +031A001B7F1B3FF31FF81B0FA21B07A21B03A21B011CFCA31B00A419FCA21C7EA41C00A2 +1801A31803A21807180F183FEF01FF93B6FCA6EEC001EF003F180F18071803A21801A318 +00A896C9FCB3A5B912F8A657617AE065>70 D<B912E0A6C702E0C7FCB3B3B3B3AEB912E0 +A633627CE13C>73 D<BB7E1AFCF2FFC01BF81BFE757ED800010280C7001F80070114F073 +6C7F081F7F747F747F7414807414C0A27414E0A21DF0A27513F8A41DFCA91DF8A498B512 +F0A21DE0A25014C01D8062501400505B505B087F5B4FB512E0071F5C93B9C7FC1BFC1BF0 +1B8008F0C8FC04C0CCFCB3B3A2B97EA65E627AE16E>80 D<DBFFFCEC01E0020FD9FFE013 +03027F02FC130749B7130F0107EEC01F011F16F049D9C007EBF83F4948C7383FFE7FD9FF +F8020FB5FC4801E014014849804849153F91C97E484882001F834982003F83845B007F18 +7FA2193FA200FF181FA27F190FA27FA26D17078080806C01F893C7FC80ECFF8015F86CEC +FFC016FC6CEDFFE017FE6CEEFFE018F86C17FE6C717E6C846C846D17F86D836D836D8313 +036D18806D6C17C0020F17E01401DA000F16F01500040715F8EE007F1703050014FC183F +84060713FE84A2007C8300FC83A2197FA3193F7EA31AFC7EA27F1AF86D177F7F1AF06D17 +FF6D18E06D5E01FF18C06E4B138002E04B130002F84B5A02FFED3FFC01CF01E0ECFFF801 +8301FF010F5B010191B65A6D6C5E48011F93C7FC48010315FC48D9003F14E048020149C8 +FC476677E35A>83 D<001FBEFCA64849C79126E0000F148002E0180091C8171F498601F8 +1A0349864986A2491B7FA2491B3F007F1DC090C9181FA4007E1C0FA600FE1DE0481C07A5 +CA95C7FCB3B3B3A3021FBAFCA663617AE070>I<913803FFFE027FEBFFF00103B612FE01 +0F6F7E4916E090273FFE001F7FD97FE001077FD9FFF801017F486D6D7F717E486D6E7F85 +717FA2717FA36C496E7FA26C5B6D5AEB1FC090C9FCA74BB6FC157F0207B7FC147F49B612 +07010F14C0013FEBFE004913F048B512C04891C7FC485B4813F85A5C485B5A5CA2B55AA4 +5FA25F806C5E806C047D7F6EEB01F96C6DD903F1EBFF806C01FED90FE114FF6C9027FFC0 +7FC01580000191B5487E6C6C4B7E011F02FC130F010302F001011400D9001F90CBFC4943 +7CC14E>97 D<92380FFFF04AB67E020F15F0023F15FC91B77E01039039FE001FFF4901F8 +010113804901E0010713C04901804913E0017F90C7FC49484A13F0A2485B485B5A5C5A71 +13E0485B7113C048701380943800FE0095C7FC485BA4B5FCAE7EA280A27EA2806C18FCA2 +6C6D150119F87E6C6D15036EED07F06C18E06C6D150F6D6DEC1FC06D01E0EC7F806D6DEC +FF00010701FCEB03FE6D9039FFC03FFC010091B512F0023F5D020F1580020102FCC7FCDA +000F13C03E437BC148>99 D<92380FFFC04AB512FC020FECFF80023F15E091B712F80103 +D9FE037F499039F0007FFF011F01C0011F7F49496D7F4990C76C7F49486E7F4849804884 +4A804884485B727E5A5C48717EA35A5C721380A2B5FCA391B9FCA41A0002C0CBFCA67EA3 +80A27EA27E6E160FF11F806C183F6C7FF17F006C7F6C6D16FE6C17016D6C4B5A6D6D4A5A +6D01E04A5A6D6DEC3FE0010301FC49B45A6D9026FFC01F90C7FC6D6C90B55A021F15F802 +0715E0020092C8FC030713F041437CC14A>101 D<EE3FFC0307B51280033F14C04AB612 +F0020715F84A9038F03FFC4AEB807F913A7FFE00FFFE4A5A4B4813FF4913F05B4913E0A2 +4913C0A27013FE4949EB7FFCEF3FF8EF1FF0EF07C094C7FCB0B812C0A6D8001F01C0C8FC +B3B3B0007FB612FCA638657CE431>I<F107F8DB7FFEEC3FFE020FB5D8F001B5FC027FDA +FE03148049B7128F49DCDFFD13C0010FD9F00FEBFFC149D9800114014990C7EBFC034948 +6E6C7E4948EC3FFF48496E018113800780130048F0C03E97C7FC48496E7FA34884A96C60 +A36C6D4A5BA26C60A26C6D4A90C8FC6D6C4A5A6D6C4A5A6D6D485BDBF00F5B4990B612C0 +60D97C7F4AC9FCD9FC0F14F09126007FFECAFC92CCFC1201A47FA27F8014F091B77E18FE +6CEFFFC019F06D17FC19FF6D846D846D846D84013F8490BAFC0003854801E0C712014890 +C9000F7F484816014848EE007F4848717E8512FF5B85A56D5F007F616D173F003F616D17 +7F6C6C4D5A6C01C003035B6C6D4B5B6C01F8031F5BC601FF92B5C7FC6D01F8011F5B011F +90B712F8010717E0010094C8FC020F15F0DA003F01FCC9FC4A607CC151>I<EB0FE0EB3F +F8497E48B5FCA24880A24880A76C5CA26C91C7FCA238007FFC6D5AEB0FE090C9FCAF9038 +07FF80007FB5FCA6C6FC7F7FB3B3AEB712C0A622657BE42C>105 +D<903807FF80B6FCA6C6FC7F7FB3B3B3B3ADB712E0A623647BE32C>108 +D<902607FF80D91FFFEEFFF8B691B500F00207EBFF80040702FC023F14E0041F02FF91B6 +12F84C6F488193267FE07F6D4801037F922781FE001F9027E00FF0007FC6DA83F86D9026 +F01FC06D7F6DD987F06D4A487F6DD98FC0DBF87EC7804C6D027C80039FC76E488203BEEE +FDF003BC6E4A8003FC04FF834B5FA24B5FA24B94C8FCA44B5EB3B2B7D8F007B7D8803FB6 +12FCA67E417BC087>I<902607FF80EB1FFFB691B512F0040714FC041F14FF4C8193267F +E07F7F922781FE001F7FC6DA83F86D7F6DD987F07F6DD98FC0814C7F039FC78015BE03BC +8003FC825DA25DA25DA45DB3B2B7D8F007B71280A651417BC05A>I<923807FFE092B6FC +020715E0021F15F8027F15FE494848C66C6C7E010701F0010F13E04901C001037F49496D +7F4990C87F49486F7E49486F7E48496F13804819C04A814819E048496F13F0A24819F8A3 +48496F13FCA34819FEA4B518FFAD6C19FEA46C6D4B13FCA36C19F8A26C6D4B13F0A26C19 +E06C6D4B13C0A26C6D4B13806C6D4B13006D6C4B5A6D6D495B6D6D495B010701F0010F13 +E06D01FE017F5B010090B7C7FC023F15FC020715E0020092C8FC030713E048437CC151> +I<D90FFFEB0FFCB690383FFF8093B512E04B14F04B14F8923907FC7FFC92390FE0FFFEC6 +EC1F806DD93F0113FF6D133E157E157C15F8A215F07013FEA24BEB7FFCEF3FF8EF0FE04B +90C7FCA55DB3B0B712F8A638417BC042>114 D<913A3FFF8007800107B5EAF81F011FEC +FE7F017F91B5FC48B8FC48EBE0014890C7121FD80FFC1407D81FF0801600485A007F167F +49153FA212FF171FA27F7F7F6D92C7FC13FF14E014FF6C14F8EDFFC06C15FC16FF6C16C0 +6C16F06C826C826C826C82013F1680010F16C01303D9007F15E0020315F0EC001F150004 +1F13F81607007C150100FC81177F6C163FA2171F7EA26D16F0A27F173F6D16E06D157F6D +16C001FEEDFF806D0203130002C0EB0FFE02FCEB7FFC01DFB65A010F5DD8FE0315C026F8 +007F49C7FC48010F13E035437BC140>I<EC07E0A6140FA5141FA3143FA2147FA214FF5B +A25B5B5B5B137F48B5FC000F91B512FEB8FCA5D8001F01E0C8FCB3AFEF0FC0AC171F6D6D +1480A2173F6D16006F5B6D6D137E6D6D5B6DEBFF836EEBFFF86E5C020F14C002035C9126 +003FFCC7FC325C7DDA3F>I E +%EndDVIPSBitmapFont +%DVIPSBitmapFont: Fm cmbx12 24.88 41 +/Fm 41 123 df[<96380FFFFE060FB612E04DB712FC051F16FF94B912C0040784041F18 +F8047F9126FC001F7F4BB6008001017F030702F8C8EA3FFF4B02E0030F7F033F02804B7F +4B49C9127F92B54893B57E4A02F05D4A4A4B804A4A5D4A4A84634A91C9FC4A5BA24A5B51 +80755C91B5FC5EA3755CA2755C755C755CE23FFEC8FCF40FF899CAFCAF083FB612FCBFFC +A9C702FCC912038787B3B3B3B2003FB800F0013FB812F0A9>116 +144 123 271 129 12 D[<EB1FE0EBFFFC00037F486D7E488048804880A24880A281B6FC +81A281A416807EA37EA27E7E6C14BF6C143FC613FCEB1FE090C7FC157F1600A55D5DA214 +015DA214035D1407A24A5AA24A5AA24A5A147F5D4AC7FC5B495A5C1307495A495A495AEB +FFC0485B4890C8FC485A5B6C5A6C5A6C5A>33 70 111 270 65 39 +D[<F31FE0F37FF8A2517EA2507FA3507FA25080A35080A25080A35080A25080A397B67E +A24F81A34F81A24F82A34F82A24F82A21AFBDF3FF981A2DF7FF1811AF06207FF6D80A24E +01C081871A804E6E80A24E0100828761060F6E81A24E48838761063F6E81A24E48838761 +06FF6F80A24D498388614D7080A24D90C8FC768160050F7081A260051F708160053F7081 +A260057F70816005FF7180A2604C7280604C7280A295CAFC4C72815F040F7281A294BDFC +4C88A24C88A34C88A293BE7E05E0CB7E5F4B7480A24B497280A294CCFC4B7481A24B4873 +81A25E031F7481A24B487381A25E037F7481A24B487480A25E4A7680A24A497480A293CE +FC4A7681A24A4875814A7E0107B512FCB96C043FBA12FCA9>158 +145 120 272 175 65 D[<BFFC1EFEF6FFE01FFCF7FF8020F020FC20FF8DC7000392CA00 +1F15E00B0181776C800C1F807814FF0C03818A78818E79808B8E8B8E8B8EA27980A47915 +80AB551500A4555CA26A676A676A555C9CB65AA2545D5492C7FC545C5414F80C3F5C545C +53B612800B0F4AC8FC0B7F14F80A1FB612E095BBC9FC1FF81F801FF8F7FF8020F820FE95 +CBECFFC00C1F14F00C07807814FE0C006E7E7980798079807980798079808E79158023C0 +8B23E08C23F0A223F88CA223FCA38C23FEAB5614FCA55614F8A39DB612F0A25515E06723 +C055158067551500555C555C9CB6FC545D0C075D0C1F15C09BB75A0B0F93C7FCC212FC69 +21E021800EFCC8FC20F020800DF0C9FC0CFCCAFC>143 142 120 +269 165 I[<0803B500C0EE01F00703B600FEEE03F8077FDBFFE015070607B800FC150F +063F05FF151F4DBA00E0143F050F07F8147F053F07FE14FF94BC5B04039326F8000FECC0 +03040F4BC86CEBF007043F03C0030F6D5A93B648C900036D5A4B03F09339007FFF3F0307 +03C0051F90B5FC4B92CB7E033F02FC18034B02F08492B648844A0380193F4A92CD7E4A4A +864A4A864A02F0864A4A864A8991B65A494B874992CF7E4C885B494A885E498B494A88A2 +495C8D90B65A8D5A5E48217FA24892D1FC223FA25A5DA248211FA3485CFA0FF09FC7FCA2 +5AA45DA3B6FCB27EA381A47EA46C80FA07F0FA0FF87EA2817EA36C6F1D1F23F07E827E22 +3F6D6E1EE0A26D6E1D7F23C06D6E1DFF7F705213806D806D55130070646D6F646D6F515A +6E6E1B1F6E6E515A6E6E515A6E6E1BFF6E6E505B6E6E505B6E6F4F5B6E03E04F90C7FC6F +6EF13FFE6F02FC4F5A030F02FF4E485A6F03C005075B030103F0051F5B6F03FE057F1380 +043FDAFFE00303B5C8FC040F03FE033F13FC0403DBFFF80107B55A040093B812E0053F1A +80050F4FC9FC050119F8DD003F18C0060795CAFCDE007F16F0070393CBFCDF000314C0> +141 146 115 271 168 I[<BE12FEF5FFFCF6FFC01FFCF7FF8020E020FC20FF21C0C700 +030380C8000116F0E2000F810B0015FE0C1F800C0315C00C00810D3F8079800D0714FE79 +807981796C808C7A807A808F7A807A808C8F7A818DA17E8DA17E8DA17EA27B80A2A17E8D +A17EA28DA17EA3A113808DA3A113C0A57B15E0A6A113F0B3A2A113E0A569A113C0A5A113 +80A269A2A11300A3575CA2A15AA269A15A69A15AA2575CA15A69A15A9EB6FC5692C7FC6B +565C68565C565C565C565C9DB65A5592C8FC0D075C555C0D3F5C9CB65A0C0315C00C0F5D +0C7F92C9FC0B07B612FC52B712F0C212C09ECAFC20FC20F020800DFCCBFC1FE00CFCCCFC +53CDFC>156 142 120 269 178 I[<C212F8A48DA5C7000303C0C9123FF5007F1E0F0C01 +80787E1F1F8B8B1F018BA27A7E8C8CA28CA28CA28C8EA28CA38CA38EA2E21FF0157FA67B +7EA40A3F93C8FCA41C7FA21CFFA26363631B1F1B7F0807B5FC95B8FCA99538C00007F200 +7F1B1F1B07878787A21C7FA21C3FA3FA7FC01C1FA2FAFF80A6571300A299CAFCA369A26A +A22107A3210F6AA2211FA2213FA2575AA221FFA26868565BA26868207F9DB5FC555C1F07 +1F1F1F7F0C03B6FC1E3F0B1FB7FCC35AA66AA3>138 141 120 268 +153 I[<C21280A421C0A5C7000303C0C81201F40007F5007F0C1F14E01E071E01787E8B +8B8B8B7913F0A28B8BA2207FA3203F21F8201FA4200FA321FC2007A4F47FC0A3F803FEA4 +9DC7FCA31CFFA463A263A26363631B7F50B5FC1A1F95B8FCA99538C0001F1A01747E1B1F +878787A287A287A41C7FAA99CBFCB3AFBC12F8A9>127 141 120 +268 146 I[<0803B500C0EE01F00703B600FE4C7E077FDBFFE015070607B800FC150F06 +3F05FF151F4DBA00E0143F050F07F8147F053F07FE14FF94BC5B04039326F8000FECC003 +040F4BC86CEBF007043F03C0030F6D5A93B648C900036D5A4B03F09339007FFF3F030703 +C0051F90B5FC4B92CB7E033F02FC18034B02F08492B648844A0380193F4A92CD7E4A4A86 +4A4A864A02F0864A4A864A8991B65A494B874992CF7E4C885B494A885E498B494A88A249 +5C8D90B65A8D5A5E48217FA24892D1FC223FA25A5DA248211FA3485C7C5A9FC9FCA25AA4 +5DA3B6FCB27EA381A20A0FBB12F8A27EA46C80A36C98C96C02F8C7FCA2817EA36C81A27E +827E827FA26D80A26D806D80A26D806D80A26D816D816E806E806E806E6E97B6FC6E806E +806E03C0606E816F02F8606F02FE60030F6E606F03E0173F030103F85F6F03FF933801FF +FC043F03E00307497E040F03FF033F497E040304FC0107B5EAE00F040093B8487E053FF2 +0001050F07FCEB007F050107F0141FDD003F06C01407060795C81201DE007F04F8ED0070 +0703048093C8FCDF000302E0CDFC>157 146 115 271 183 I[<BC0207BB12F8A9C70003 +03C0CC001F4AC8FCB3B3B395BEFCA906C0CC121FB3B3B3A6BC0207BB12F8A9>165 +142 120 269 182 I[<BC12C0A9C7000103E0C8FCB3B3B3B3B3B3B0BC12C0A9>74 +142 122 269 87 I[<BC12F8A9C7000303C0CEFCB3B3B3B3A5F8FF80A4672100A667A368 +A21F07A41F0FA3555AA21F3FA21F7FA21FFFA2666668666666666653B5FC65650B1F5C1D +7F0A03B6FC1C1F0903B7FCC1FCA468A5>121 142 120 269 140 +76 D[<B900E04EB912F884848484A2848585C700037094C7000302FCC7FC73DF000F90C8 +FC7C5A85858585A27081708170817081868270817081708187837181718171817181A271 +8171817181728188847281728172817281A2728172817381738189857381738173818985 +73817481748174818A867481748174818A8675817581758175818B877581758175818C88 +7681768176817681A276817681768177158021C0897715E07715F07715F87715FCA27715 +FE7715FF7815877815C722E78A7815F77815FF8AA28A8A8B8B8BA28B8B8B8BA28B8C8C8C +8CA28C8C8C8CA28D8D8D8D8DA24A6D8849B500FE88B900FC86227FA2223F221F220F2207 +A27C5A>165 142 120 269 182 78 D[<97B512F0077FECFFE00607B712FE067FEEFFE0 +0503B912FC051FF0FF80057F19E00403BB12FC040F9226E0007F14FF043F02FCC7000315 +C04C02E0DA007F804BB60080031F14F8030702FCC9000314FE4B4A70804B02E0706C8003 +7F0280051F14E092B6CB6C804A4A72804A4A72804A02F00600804A4A737F4A4A73804A8B +4A4A738091B6CD6C80494A7480A2494A7480494A7480498C4C86498D4C87498D494A7580 +A290B68B4C87488EA24892CF6C80A3488E4B88A2488EA3484A761580A34823C0A5484A76 +15E0A7B621F0B36C23E0A26F64A56C23C0A46F646C2380A36C23006F64A26C6AA270636C +6AA26C6A70636C6A70636D69A26D6E98B65AA26D6E505DA26D6E5092C7FC6D6870626D6E +505C6D686D6F4F5C6E6E4F5C6E6E4F5CA26E6E96B65A6E6E4E92C8FC6E6E4E5C020102FF +060F14F86E6F4D5C6F6E4D5C6F02F094B65A030F6E4C92C9FC6F02FE04075C03016E6C03 +1F14F86F03F092B65A043F02FE020715C0040FDAFFF090B7CAFC040392B812FC04001AF0 +051F198005074ECBFCDD007F17E0060F94CCFCDE007F15E0070002F0CDFC>148 +146 115 271 175 I[<BE12F8F5FFF01EFF1FE01FFCF7FF8020E020F820FEC700030380 +C8000781E2003F15C00B03810B00810C3F8078800C07807880788178818E8B8E8B8E8B8E +A28EA28B8EA42380AC2300A46A67A26AA26A676A676A9CB65A6A665492C7FC545C0C1F5C +545C9BB612E00B075D0B3F5D0A07B648C8FC95BB12F820E0208055C9FC1FF09CCAFC1EF0 +0BF8CBFC06C0D0FCB3B3B2BCFCA9>137 142 120 269 159 I[<BD12FCF4FFFCF5FFE01E +FCF6FFC01FF01FFE797E20E0C700030380C86C15F80A0181E2003F14FF0B07810B0115E0 +776C8078807880788078808A78818E7881A28E8B8EA37980A48EAA6AA3676AA26AA29CB6 +5AA26A545D9FCAFC66545C545C545C545C9BB612C0535D0B074ACBFC0B3F5C52B612F00A +7F15C095BBCCFC1FF81FC054CDFC66F6FF801FE00680C7000315F8E1003F14FE0A0F800A +0315C07681766C807780778077808C7781898D898D898DA38A8DAD8DACA1EB1FC0A1EB3F +E08D8AA37880A1137FA114C078817818FF7C1580785F786F1500BB00FE6F6F5B796E495A +7902FEEB1FFC799139FFC07FF80D0792B55A0D015F796C5E0E1F5E0E034BC7FCD4001F14 +F8E7003F13C0>163 144 120 269 173 82 D[<93260FFFF8163E4BB600E0153F031F03 +FE5D037FDBFFC05C0203B800F05B020F05FC5B4A05FF5B027FF0C00F91B526FE000FECF0 +1F010302C0D9007F6D5A4991C800076D5A4901FC030090B6FC4901F0163F4949160F4901 +808290B5170192CBFC4849844849181F87484984A2484984874886A248498588A24887A3 +88A2B58680A36E85A280A26E8580A2818103F0725A6C6E96C7FC15FE8116E06C15FEEEFF +E017FF6C17F0F0FF806C18F8F1FFC06C19FCF2FF806C1AE01BF86C1AFE6C747E6D1AE088 +6D866D866D1AFF6D876D87010087806E86020F86020386020086153F030F851501DB001F +19801601DC000F18C0EF007F060717E0F0003F070316F0F1003F1A0F080315F81A00871B +1F877514FCA287007F86486C85A288A388A36D86A31EF87FA37F1EF0A26D626D1CE0A27F +6D5013C0A26E1B806E96B5FC6E1B0002F8606E4E5B6E626E6C5F03E04D5B03F84D5B03FE +057F5BDBFFC093B55A04F803035C496CD9FF80021F91C7FCD9FC1F02FF49B55AD9F80792 +B75A496C19F049C66149011F18804901074DC8FC90C817F848031F16C048030003FCC9FC +007C04011480>102 146 115 271 129 I[<000FC312F8A6488EA304C0C7001F4AC71201 +03F8C8F0000F03C01C0192C9737E02FC1E1F4A1E0702E08A4A8A4A8A4890CA757EA24920 +3F49201FA349200FA2492007A4492003007F8EA4498CA848487A1380A6CC99C7FCB3B3B3 +B3AA030FBD12FCA9>145 140 120 267 162 I[<BC040FB912C0A9C7000303C0CD001F02 +E0C7FC9E26007FF8C8FC7C5AB3B3B3B3B36E555AA3848022FF6BA26F65726481696F9CC9 +FC72626F66210F6F6E505AA26F6E505A6F535A6F6E1AFF734E5B706E4E5B70637002F04E +5B706E063F90CAFC706E4E5A7002FF4D485A04006F04075B7102E0043F5B7102FC4BB55A +050FDAFF80020F14807103FC0103B6CBFC050192B812FC716C61061F19E0060319800600 +06FCCCFC071F17F007011780DF001F03F8CDFCE0001F49CEFC>162 +144 120 269 179 I<93B512FC037FECFFF00207B8FC023F17E091B912F84918FE010772 +7E499126C0007F14E04901E0C7000F80496D020380496D020014FE6F6F7F90B570806F6F +8085486E6F807380A27380A28885886C5CA26D4982886D5B6D5B010713C0010190CAFC90 +CCFCA90603B7FC050FB8FC0403B9FC167F0307BAFC153F4AB7EA807F020FEDE000023F02 +FCC7FC91B612E0010392C8FC4914FC011F14F04914C0495C90B548C9FC485C485C485C48 +5C5A5D485CA24891CAFCA3B6FC5CA397B6FCA461806C60F107EF6C6E150F6F16CF6C183F +6FDB7F8F806C6EDBFF0F14E06C02FCDA03FE15FE6C6E91260FFC0791B5FC6C6E6CD93FF8 +17806C923AF803FFF003013F91B6487E010FEF8000010394C77E010004FC141F021F03F0 +140702010380DA007F1400DA000701F8CDFC695F79DD71>97 D[<ED1FF0017FB5FCB7FC +A9EA003F1307A27FB3B296383FFFC00607B512FE063FECFFE04DB712F8050716FF051F17 +C0057F17F094B5D8C00F8004F301FCC714FE04F701E0023F7F93B50080020F804DC86C14 +E005F80301804D6F804D707F05808294CA804C717F4C7180A24C71808BA27680A28B88A2 +8BA28BA3888BA52080B02000A56764A267A3676467A2525CA267647062704D91C7FC704D +5BA2714C5B7193B55A05F04B5CDCBFF84B5CDC1FFC030F5C4B6CB44B91C8FC7001C0027F +5B4B6C01F00103B55A4BC601FF013F14F04B6D90B712C04B011F94C9FC4B6D16FC4B0103 +16F092C86C15804A030F02F8CAFC90CB49CBFC>113 144 121 270 +129 I<94387FFFF0041FB612E093B712FE0307707E031F17F092B97E4A18FE020784021F +9126F8000F14804A0280010014C04A49C74814E049B500F85C494A17F0494A5C495C494A +4A14F84991C8FC5D495B90B5FC5D5A485C7314F05A4B6F14E05A7314C0487214804B9338 +3FFE00F20FF84896C8FCA4485CA5B6FCB07EA281A37EA36C80A37E6F18FE6CF201FFA26C +6E5F1CFE6C801B076C6EEF0FFC6D7F70EE1FF86DF13FF06D6E167F6D6EEEFFE06D02F84B +13C06D6E5D6D02FF030F13806D03C0023F1300023F02F0903801FFFC6E9126FF801F5B02 +0792B65A6E18C0020060033F4CC7FC030716F8030016C0041F4AC8FCDC007F13C0585F78 +DD67>I[<F53FE098B6FC4FB7FCA996C77E1B0FA287B3B294383FFF80040FB512FC93B712 +80030716E0031F16F8037F16FE4AB9128702074AC66C13C7021F02E0010713F74A91C890 +B6FC4A01FC153F49B548150F4902E081494A81494A814991CA7E495B8749498390B54883 +5A5D5AA2485CA25A5D5AA35AA25D5AA5B6FCB07EA57E81A37EA27EA2817EA26C80A26C62 +6C6E5F636D7F6D6D94B6FC6D606D6D1607705D6D6E4B81010102F0157F6D6E92B712FE6E +01FE020301EF91B512806E6D6C011F13CF020FDAF801B5120F020391B612FE6E17F86E6C +16E0030F16800301EDFC00DB003F14E0040049C74AC8FC>113 144 +120 270 129 I<94387FFFC0040FB6FC93B712E0030716FC031F16FF037F17C04AB912F0 +0207DAF80380021F912680003F13FE4A49C7000F7F4A01F802038049B5486E804902C06E +6C7F494A6F7F4991C9FC49727F4949707F4B84498490B548707F5A4B198048855D481CC0 +86481CE05D5A871DF05AA25D5AA21DF887A2B6FCA392BBFCA51DF00380CDFCA77EA4817E +A37EA2817EA26CF307F06FF00FF87E816C1B1F6F19F06C1B3F6D6DF07FE06D7FF4FFC06D +6E4C13806D6E5E6D02F04C13006D6EEE1FFE6D6E4C5A6D6C01FFEEFFF86E02E002035B6E +02FC021F5B02079126FFC003B55A6E92B7C7FC020060033F17F8030F17E003011780DB00 +3F03FCC8FC040315C0DC000F01F8C9FC5D5F7ADD6A>I[<95383FFF80050FB512F094B612 +FE040781041F16C0047F824BB87E0307DAF8077F031FDAC00F7F4B49C6487F4B495B92B5 +00F0814A4A5B4A5C4A93B612805F4A91C7FC5C5E5C5E5C731400A24C6E5B91B56F5BA273 +5B070313E00700138097C8FCB3A4BA12F8A9C702FCCBFCB3B3B3B3A2003FB9FCA9>81 +144 121 271 71 I<F5FFC093260FFFFC030F13F04BB600E0027F7F031F03FE49B512FE +037F9226FF8007800203B8EAF01F020FDDFC3F15804A7148133F027FDA003F90B500F014 +C091B500F80107ED807F4902E00101ECFC00010702806D6C5B93C87E49496F7F49496F7F +49496F6D6D1380491A8077130090B5486F6E6C5AF503F84875C8FCA2484A6F80A44887AB +6C63A46C6E4B5CA26C63A26D6D4B5CA26D97C9FC6D6D4B5B6D6D4B5B6D6D4B5B705C0101 +02E049B512E06D02F801075C4902FF013F5C4992B648CAFC496002F317F090260FE07F16 +80031F4BCBFC90261FC00115E0DB000F01FCCCFC013F91CFFCA3137FA280A380A2808080 +6E7E15F092B812F06DF0FFE01BFEF3FFC06D1AF81CFE767E6D1BE06D87896D1BFE6D877F +6E878A0103BD7E130F013F8890BEFC4802E0C9003F814891CBFC4801FC180F4849060180 +4849727E484985884849737F88A2B55A88A66E616C65A26E616C6D4F5B6C656E616C6D4F +5B6C6D96B55A6C6D6C05035C6F5FC602F0051F49C7FC6D01FC057F5B6DD9FF800303B55A +010F02F8033F14E06DDAFFE0010FB65A010192B9C8FCD9003F19F8020F19E0020196C9FC +DA001F17F0030194CAFCDB000192CBFC6A887ADD74>I[<ED1FF0017FB5FCB7FCA9EA003F +1307A27FB3B2963803FFFC073FEBFFE096B612F8060715FE061F6F7E4E16E095B87E4DD9 +FC03804DD9C000804D48C76C7FDD0FF880DD1FE0824D486E804D5A05FEC881DCF1FC815F +04F385EEF7F04D81EEFFC0A24D84A294C9FCA25EA35EA45EB3B3AFB9D8E001B912C0A9> +114 143 119 270 129 I[<EC3FC0ECFFF0010313FC497F497F498049804980A290B67E +A24881A86C5DA26D5CA26D5C6D5C6D91C8FC6D5B6D5B010013F0EC3FC091CAFCB3A3ED1F +F0017FB5FCB7FCA9EA003F1307A27FB3B3B3B0B91280A9>49 144 +119 271 65 I[<ED1FF0017FB5FCB7FCA9EA003F1307A27FB3B3B3B3B3B3ACB912C0A9> +50 143 119 270 65 108 D<DB3FE0912601FFFC943801FFFC017FB5031FD9FFE0041FEB +FFE0B792B600FC93B612FC060303FF030315FF060F04C0020F16C0063F04F0023F16F095 +B86C91B87E4DD9FC036E49D9FC03804DD9C0006E49D9C000804D48C7003F6D4948C7003F +7FDD0FF86EDB0FF880D8003F4B48714848830107DB3FC06E9126C03FC06E804D484E5A6D +4BC86F48C881DCE1FE6FDAE1FE814D61DCE3F8DEF3F884DCE7F0F0F7F04D6F4B81DCEFC0 +F0FFC0A2DCFF804F84A294C993C9FCA24C61A34C61A44C61B3B3AFB900E090B900E090B9 +12E0A9B35D77DCC2>I<DB3FE0913803FFFC017FB5033FEBFFE0B792B612F8060715FE06 +1F6F7E4E16E095B87E4DD9FC03804DD9C000804D48C76C7FDD0FF880D8003FDB1FE08201 +074B486E804D5A6D03FEC881DCE1FC815F04E385EEE7F04D81EEEFC0A2DCFF8084A294C9 +FCA25EA35EA45EB3B3AFB9D8E001B912C0A9725D77DC81>I<94381FFFF00407B612C004 +7F15FC0303B87E030F17E0037F17FC4ABAFC4A9126FC007F80020F02C0010714E04A49C8 +80027F01F8033F13FC91B5486F7F4902C003077F494A6F804991C96C8049497080494971 +7F49874949717FA290B548717F48884B83481D80A2481DC04B83481DE0A2481DF0A3484A +7114F8A4481DFCA5B61BFEAF6C1DFCA56C6E4D14F8A36C1DF0A36C1DE06F5F6C1DC0A26C +6E4D1480A26C1D006F5F6C646D6D4D5B6F94B5FC6D636D6D4C5C6D6E4B5C6D6E4B5C6D02 +F0031F5C6D6E4B91C7FC6D6C01FE92B512FC6ED9FFC001075C6E02FC017F5C020791B812 +C0020196C8FC6E6C17FC031F17F003031780DB007F03FCC9FC040715C0DC001F01F0CAFC +675F7ADD74>I<DB1FF091381FFFC0017FB50203B6FCB7021F15E095B712FC050316FF05 +0F17C0053F17F094B912FC04F1DAC01F8004F79026FC00018093B500E06D6C14C0D8003F +93C86C8001074B030F8005F86F806D03E06F804D6F804D8194CA6C7F4C864C71805E7680 +A27680A27680A28B88A28BA288A28BA4882080B0200064A467A26467A3525CA267646764 +67647062704D91C7FC7094B55AA2714B5C714B5C714B5C05F84B5C71033F5C05FF4B91C8 +FC06C049B55A04FB01F001075C04F801FF017F14F07190B712C0051F94C9FC7116FC0503 +16F0DD007F1580060F02F8CAFC060049CBFC96CDFCB3ACB912E0A9718579DC81>I<DB7F +C049B47E90B6021F13F8B7027F13FE4DB67E4D15E04D814D814D01077F94263FF00F7F94 +387FC01F4D48487FD8003F16000107DAC1FE491480EEC3FC6D5DEEC7F05F16CF5F16DF4D +6D1400A204FFC76C5BA2735B4C6E5B735B070013C04C92C8FCA45EA65EB3B3AAB912FCA9 +515D79DC5F>114 D<92261FFFF814F80203B638C001FC023FEDFC0791B8121F010317FF +130F013F9038F8001F4990C8FCD9FFF8153F4801E0150F484915034849814890CAFC197F +4848173F191F485AA2007F180FA31907487EA27FA28002E0705A6E93C8FC14FC14FF15F0 +6CECFF8016FCEEFFF06CEEFF8018F06C17FE727E6C18E0856C18FC6C846C727E6C856D84 +011F846D841303010084023F83140F020183EC001FDB007F16801603DC000F15C0170018 +3F060F14E0007F1703486C82727E857F85857FA2857F1BC07FA27F1B806D5F7F1B006E5E +6E5F6E163F6E4C5A02FC4C5A6E03035B6E6C4A5B03F0023F5B03FF0107B55A01F991B7C7 +FCD9F07F16FCD9E01F16F0D9800716C0D9000193C8FC48D9003F14F8007C020349C9FC4B +5F78DD5C>I[<ED03FEA81507A5150FA4151FA3153FA2157FA215FFA25CA25C5CA25C5C5C +5C91B5FC13035B131F017F91B712F00007BAFCBBFCA7C74AC9FCB3B3AAF101FFB1616E17 +FE82A219076E17FC836EEE0FF871131F6E6EEB3FF071137F6E6EEBFFE06EDAFF0313C06E +92B512806E1700033F5D6F5D03075D030015E0041F1480040001FCC7FC>72 +132 124 258 90 I<DB0FF8F01FF0017FB594B6FCB74BB7FCA9D8003F94C77E0107190F +A26D85B3B3B063A463A263A27F6398B6FCA26DF001FB7015036EEF07F3E00FE3806E6D15 +1FE07FC314FF6E6D6CDAFF83EDFFC06E6E010313036E02FCEB3FFE6E91B612FC020017F8 +6F16E0031F16800303EDFE00DB007F14F8040102C093C8FC725E77DC81>I<B90303B7FC +A9D8000702F8CA000FEBFE006D6E050013E0666D6E6164826D5090C7FC836E4F5AA26E6E +4C5AA26E6E4C5AA26E6E5F1C3F836E4F5A836E4F5AA26E6E4B5BA26E6E4B90C8FCA26F6E +5D1B07846F4D5A846F4D5AA26F6E4A5AA26F6E4A5AA26F6E5D1BFF846F4C5B846F4C90C9 +FCA2706E485AA27002C05B1A0F7002E05B1A1F19F0704B5A19F8704B5AA2706E485AA270 +6E5B96B5FC7093CAFCA3715CA2715CA2715CA2715CA3715CA2715CA2715CA27191CBFCA2 +725AA3725A725A725A705D7BDB7B>I<007FB86C49B712FEA9C792C9000F02C0C7FC6E6E +030101F0C8FC715F6E6E4B5B6E6E4B5B6E4E90C9FC6E6E5E71151F6E6E4B5A6E6E4B5A6E +4E5A6F6E495B72495B6F6E495B6F806F6E4990CAFC6F4C5A72495A6F6E495A6F6E495A6F +03815B705E7014C307E75B7091B5CBFC705D705D705D6282705D715C8386718071807180 +837180864D814D815F4D81874D814D81DDFFF3804C13E14C01C1804C0180814E6C804C6E +804C487F4C48824C486D804C486D804B496D804B497F73804B49834B90C86C804B486F80 +4B48814B486F804B48844C6F804A71804A496F804A49814A90CA814A487180023F728001 +0FB500E07080B8031FB812E0A9735C7CDB7B>120 D<007FB800C04AB71280A9D800034A +CA000791C7FC6D080013F0775A6D6E4E5AA26E6E6064836E4F90C8FC836E4F5A836E4F5A +A26E6E4C5AA26E6E5F1C3F6E6E5F1C7F836E4F5A846F4D5B846F4D90C9FCA26F6E4A5AA2 +6F6E5D1B0F846F4D5A846F4D5A846F4D5AA26F6E4A5AA2706E5C627002C091CAFC6219E0 +704B5A19F0704B5AA2706E485AA2706E485AA27002FE5B1A7F19FF704B5AA2715DA27192 +CBFCA2715CA2715CA3715CA2715CA2715CA2715CA2725BA27290CCFCA3725AA2725AA24E +5AA24E5AA261187FA24E5AA24D5B13FE2603FF804A90CDFC000F13E0486D4A5A487F486D +4A5AA260B56C141F4D5AA24D5A17FF604C5B4A4990CEFC6C5D4C5A6C49EB3FFC4A495A6C +4948485A9026FE80075B270FFFC03F5B6C90B6CFFC6C5D6C15F86C6C5C011F14C0010749 +D0FC9038007FE071857CDB7B>I<0003BC12F81CFCA51CF80480C7123F03F0C84814F048 +028018E04AC9B612C04A5D02F04B15804A19004E5C4A5D4A4B5C6391C9485C604993B65A +634D5D495D98C7FC4D5C4D5C000F5E62494B5C4D5C94B6FC624C5D4C92C8FC5EC95D4C5C +5E4C5C614C5C93B6FC4B5D614B92C9FC5D4B5C604B5C5D4B4AEC07FC6092B65A5C604A92 +C8EA0FF84A5C5C5F4A5C4A5C4A181F5F91B65A495D491AF094C9123F495C5B494A167F5E +494A16FF496090B65A4C5D484B5D484F13E04892C95A4B5E484A93B5FC481803484A151F +4B0203B6FC4891BAFCBDFCA21CC0A47E565C7ADB67>I E +%EndDVIPSBitmapFont +end +%%EndProlog +%%BeginSetup +%%Feature: *Resolution 600dpi +TeXDict begin + +%%EndSetup +%%Page: 1 1 +1 0 bop 240 1799 a Fm(CFITSIO)76 b(User's)g(Reference)i(Guide)727 +2258 y Fl(An)53 b(In)l(terface)f(to)i(FITS)g(F)-13 b(ormat)53 +b(Files)1263 2518 y(for)h(C)f(Programmers)1667 3013 y +Fk(V)-10 b(ersion)38 b(2.5)1727 3916 y Fj(HEASAR)m(C)1764 +4029 y(Co)s(de)30 b(662)1363 4142 y(Go)s(ddard)f(Space)i(Fligh)m(t)f +(Cen)m(ter)1522 4255 y(Green)m(b)s(elt,)g(MD)i(20771)1857 +4367 y(USA)1561 5239 y Fk(Decem)m(b)s(er)37 b(2004)p +eop +%%Page: 2 2 +2 1 bop 0 299 a Fj(ii)p eop +%%Page: 3 3 +3 2 bop 0 1267 a Fm(Con)-6 b(ten)g(ts)0 1858 y Fi(1)84 +b(In)m(tro)s(duction)3136 b(1)136 2020 y Fj(1.1)125 b(A)30 +b(Brief)g(Ov)m(erview)84 b(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h +(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.) +g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)131 b(1)136 2182 +y(1.2)94 b(Sources)30 b(of)h(FITS)f(Soft)m(w)m(are)h(and)f(Information) +37 b(.)46 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g +(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)131 b(1)136 2344 y(1.3)94 +b(Ac)m(kno)m(wledgemen)m(ts)60 b(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f +(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.) +h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)131 b(2)136 2506 +y(1.4)94 b(Legal)31 b(Stu\013)92 b(.)46 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.) +g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)131 +b(3)0 2766 y Fi(2)119 b(Creating)34 b(the)h(CFITSIO)e(Library)2256 +b(5)136 2928 y Fj(2.1)94 b(Building)28 b(the)i(Library)57 +b(.)45 b(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.) +g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)f(.)131 b(5)345 3090 y(2.1.1)106 b(Unix)30 b(Systems)44 +b(.)h(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.) +f(.)131 b(5)345 3252 y(2.1.2)106 b(VMS)33 b(.)46 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f +(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.) +h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)131 +b(7)345 3413 y(2.1.3)106 b(Windo)m(ws)30 b(PCs)g(.)45 +b(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f +(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.) +131 b(7)345 3575 y(2.1.4)106 b(Macin)m(tosh)31 b(PCs)55 +b(.)46 b(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.) +f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f +(.)131 b(7)136 3737 y(2.2)94 b(T)-8 b(esting)31 b(the)f(Library)i(.)46 +b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.) +f(.)131 b(8)136 3899 y(2.3)94 b(Linking)29 b(Programs)h(with)f(CFITSIO) +45 b(.)g(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.) +g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)131 b(9)136 +4061 y(2.4)94 b(Getting)31 b(Started)g(with)e(CFITSIO)60 +b(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.) +h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)131 +b(9)136 4223 y(2.5)94 b(Example)30 b(Program)86 b(.)46 +b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.) +f(.)85 b(10)0 4483 y Fi(3)119 b(A)35 b(FITS)f(Primer)2917 +b(13)0 4742 y(4)119 b(Programming)35 b(Guidelines)2482 +b(15)136 4904 y Fj(4.1)94 b(CFITSIO)29 b(De\014nitions)42 +b(.)j(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.) +f(.)85 b(15)136 5066 y(4.2)94 b(Curren)m(t)30 b(Header)h(Data)h(Unit)d +(\(CHDU\))87 b(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f +(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 +b(17)136 5228 y(4.3)94 b(F)-8 b(unction)31 b(Names)f(and)g(V)-8 +b(ariable)30 b(Datat)m(yp)s(es)41 b(.)46 b(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h +(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 +b(18)136 5390 y(4.4)94 b(Supp)s(ort)29 b(for)h(Unsigned)f(In)m(tegers)i +(and)f(Signed)f(Bytes)86 b(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h +(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 b(19)136 5552 +y(4.5)94 b(Dealing)31 b(with)e(Character)h(Strings)60 +b(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.) +h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 +b(21)136 5714 y(4.6)94 b(Implicit)28 b(Data)k(T)m(yp)s(e)e(Con)m(v)m +(ersion)64 b(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 +b(22)1912 5942 y(iii)p eop +%%Page: 4 4 +4 3 bop 0 299 a Fj(iv)3310 b Fh(CONTENTS)136 555 y Fj(4.7)94 +b(Data)32 b(Scaling)87 b(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.) +f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 b(22)136 +720 y(4.8)94 b(Supp)s(ort)29 b(for)h(IEEE)g(Sp)s(ecial)e(V)-8 +b(alues)67 b(.)45 b(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g +(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 +b(23)136 885 y(4.9)94 b(Error)30 b(Status)g(V)-8 b(alues)31 +b(and)e(the)i(Error)e(Message)j(Stac)m(k)44 b(.)i(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f +(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 +b(23)136 1049 y(4.10)49 b(V)-8 b(ariable-Length)31 b(Arra)m(ys)f(in)f +(Binary)h(T)-8 b(ables)30 b(.)46 b(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g +(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 +b(24)136 1214 y(4.11)49 b(Multiple)29 b(Access)i(to)g(the)g(Same)f +(FITS)g(File)f(.)45 b(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h +(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 +b(25)136 1379 y(4.12)49 b(When)31 b(the)f(Final)f(Size)h(of)h(the)f +(FITS)g(HDU)h(is)e(Unkno)m(wn)34 b(.)45 b(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f +(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 b(26)136 +1543 y(4.13)49 b(CFITSIO)29 b(Size)h(Limitations)39 b(.)46 +b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g +(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 +b(26)0 1817 y Fi(5)f(Basic)36 b(CFITSIO)d(In)m(terface)h(Routines)2074 +b(29)136 1982 y Fj(5.1)94 b(CFITSIO)29 b(Error)h(Status)g(Routines)88 +b(.)45 b(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.) +g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 b(29)136 +2146 y(5.2)94 b(FITS)30 b(File)g(Access)h(Routines)f(.)46 +b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g +(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 +b(30)136 2311 y(5.3)94 b(HDU)32 b(Access)f(Routines)71 +b(.)46 b(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.) +f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f +(.)85 b(33)136 2476 y(5.4)94 b(Header)31 b(Keyw)m(ord)f(Read/W)-8 +b(rite)32 b(Routines)39 b(.)45 b(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.) +g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 +b(35)345 2640 y(5.4.1)106 b(Keyw)m(ord)30 b(Reading)g(Routines)64 +b(.)46 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.) +f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 b(35)345 +2805 y(5.4.2)106 b(Keyw)m(ord)30 b(W)-8 b(riting)30 b(Routines)85 +b(.)46 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.) +f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 b(37)136 +2970 y(5.5)94 b(Primary)29 b(Arra)m(y)i(or)f(IMA)m(GE)i(Extension)d +(I/O)h(Routines)53 b(.)45 b(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f +(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 b(39)136 3135 y(5.6)94 +b(Image)32 b(Compression)e(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h +(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.) +g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 b(42)136 3299 +y(5.7)94 b(ASCI)s(I)29 b(and)h(Binary)g(T)-8 b(able)30 +b(Routines)84 b(.)46 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g +(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 +b(45)345 3464 y(5.7.1)106 b(Create)32 b(New)e(T)-8 b(able)83 +b(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.) +g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 +b(45)345 3629 y(5.7.2)106 b(Column)29 b(Information)g(Routines)h(.)46 +b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 b(46)345 3793 y(5.7.3)106 +b(Routines)30 b(to)h(Edit)e(Ro)m(ws)i(or)f(Columns)38 +b(.)46 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.) +f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 b(48)345 3958 y(5.7.4)106 +b(Read)31 b(and)f(W)-8 b(rite)30 b(Column)f(Data)j(Routines)65 +b(.)46 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.) +f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 b(50)345 4123 y(5.7.5)106 b(Ro)m(w)31 +b(Selection)f(and)g(Calculator)f(Routines)87 b(.)46 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 +b(51)136 4287 y(5.8)94 b(Utilit)m(y)30 b(Routines)c(.)45 +b(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f +(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.) +h(.)g(.)f(.)85 b(53)345 4452 y(5.8.1)106 b(File)30 b(Chec)m(ksum)g +(Routines)46 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 +b(53)345 4617 y(5.8.2)106 b(Date)32 b(and)e(Time)f(Utilit)m(y)h +(Routines)89 b(.)46 b(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 b(54)345 +4781 y(5.8.3)106 b(General)31 b(Utilit)m(y)e(Routines)j(.)46 +b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 b(56)0 +5055 y Fi(6)119 b(The)35 b(CFITSIO)e(Iterator)g(F)-9 +b(unction)2154 b(63)136 5220 y Fj(6.1)94 b(The)30 b(Iterator)i(W)-8 +b(ork)31 b(F)-8 b(unction)44 b(.)h(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g +(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.) +f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 b(64)136 5385 y(6.2)94 b(The)30 b(Iterator)i(Driv)m +(er)e(F)-8 b(unction)77 b(.)46 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.) +h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h +(.)g(.)f(.)85 b(66)136 5549 y(6.3)94 b(Guidelines)28 +b(for)i(Using)g(the)g(Iterator)i(F)-8 b(unction)44 b(.)i(.)g(.)f(.)h(.) +g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)f(.)85 b(67)136 5714 y(6.4)94 b(Complete)31 b(List)e(of)i(Iterator)g +(Routines)61 b(.)46 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g +(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 +b(68)p eop +%%Page: 5 5 +5 4 bop 0 299 a Fh(CONTENTS)3334 b Fj(v)0 555 y Fi(7)119 +b(Celestial)34 b(Co)s(ordinate)h(System)f(Routines)1882 +b(71)136 717 y Fj(7.1)125 b(Self-con)m(tained)30 b(W)m(CS)g(Routines)e +(.)46 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f +(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 +b(72)0 978 y Fi(8)119 b(Hierarc)m(hical)36 b(Grouping)g(Routines)2163 +b(75)136 1140 y Fj(8.1)94 b(Grouping)29 b(T)-8 b(able)30 +b(Routines)86 b(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h +(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.) +g(.)f(.)85 b(76)136 1302 y(8.2)94 b(Group)30 b(Mem)m(b)s(er)g(Routines) +g(.)46 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.) +h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 +b(78)0 1563 y Fi(9)119 b(Sp)s(ecialized)36 b(CFITSIO)d(In)m(terface)h +(Routines)1777 b(81)136 1725 y Fj(9.1)94 b(FITS)30 b(File)g(Access)h +(Routines)f(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.) +f(.)85 b(81)136 1887 y(9.2)94 b(HDU)32 b(Access)f(Routines)71 +b(.)46 b(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.) +f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f +(.)85 b(84)136 2049 y(9.3)94 b(Sp)s(ecialized)29 b(Header)h(Keyw)m(ord) +h(Routines)73 b(.)45 b(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h +(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 +b(86)345 2211 y(9.3.1)106 b(Header)31 b(Information)e(Routines)63 +b(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.) +h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 b(86)345 2373 +y(9.3.2)106 b(Read)31 b(and)f(W)-8 b(rite)30 b(the)h(Required)e(Keyw)m +(ords)51 b(.)46 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f +(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 b(86)345 2536 y(9.3.3)106 +b(W)-8 b(rite)31 b(Keyw)m(ord)f(Routines)25 b(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.) +h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f +(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 b(88)345 2698 y(9.3.4)106 +b(Insert)30 b(Keyw)m(ord)g(Routines)88 b(.)45 b(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g +(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.) +f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 b(90)345 2860 y(9.3.5)106 b(Read)31 +b(Keyw)m(ord)f(Routines)44 b(.)i(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.) +g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)f(.)85 b(91)345 3022 y(9.3.6)106 b(Mo)s(dify)29 b(Keyw)m(ord)i +(Routines)k(.)45 b(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g +(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 +b(92)345 3184 y(9.3.7)106 b(Up)s(date)31 b(Keyw)m(ord)f(Routines)25 +b(.)45 b(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.) +g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 b(93)136 +3346 y(9.4)94 b(De\014ne)31 b(Data)h(Scaling)d(and)h(Unde\014ned)f +(Pixel)g(P)m(arameters)43 b(.)j(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f +(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 b(94)136 3508 y(9.5)94 +b(Sp)s(ecialized)29 b(FITS)g(Primary)g(Arra)m(y)i(or)f(IMA)m(GE)h +(Extension)f(I/O)g(Routines)54 b(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.) +85 b(95)136 3670 y(9.6)94 b(Sp)s(ecialized)29 b(FITS)g(ASCI)s(I)g(and)h +(Binary)f(T)-8 b(able)30 b(Routines)86 b(.)46 b(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f +(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 b(99)345 +3832 y(9.6.1)106 b(General)31 b(Column)d(Routines)50 +b(.)45 b(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.) +g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)85 b(99)345 +3994 y(9.6.2)106 b(Lo)m(w-Lev)m(el)32 b(T)-8 b(able)30 +b(Access)h(Routines)39 b(.)46 b(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f +(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 +b(100)345 4156 y(9.6.3)106 b(W)-8 b(rite)31 b(Column)e(Data)j(Routines) +51 b(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f +(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 b(100)345 +4318 y(9.6.4)106 b(Read)31 b(Column)d(Data)k(Routines)71 +b(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.) +h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 b(102)0 4579 +y Fi(10)67 b(Extended)35 b(File)f(Name)g(Syn)m(tax)2278 +b(105)136 4741 y Fj(10.1)49 b(Ov)m(erview)83 b(.)46 b(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h +(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.) +g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)f(.)40 b(105)136 4903 y(10.2)49 b(Filet)m(yp)s(e)60 +b(.)45 b(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.) +g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 b(108)345 5066 +y(10.2.1)61 b(Notes)32 b(ab)s(out)e(HTTP)g(pro)m(xy)g(serv)m(ers)k(.)46 +b(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f +(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 b(108)345 5228 y(10.2.2)61 +b(Notes)32 b(ab)s(out)e(the)h(ro)s(ot)f(\014let)m(yp)s(e)67 +b(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.) +h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 b(108)345 +5390 y(10.2.3)61 b(Notes)32 b(ab)s(out)e(the)h(shmem)e(\014let)m(yp)s +(e:)69 b(.)46 b(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h +(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 b(110)136 5552 +y(10.3)49 b(Base)32 b(Filename)88 b(.)45 b(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f +(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.) +h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 +b(111)136 5714 y(10.4)49 b(Output)30 b(File)f(Name)i(when)f(Op)s(ening) +e(an)i(Existing)f(File)79 b(.)45 b(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 b(113)p eop +%%Page: 6 6 +6 5 bop 0 299 a Fj(vi)3310 b Fh(CONTENTS)136 555 y Fj(10.5)49 +b(T)-8 b(emplate)31 b(File)f(Name)h(when)e(Creating)h(a)h(New)f(File)55 +b(.)46 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.) +f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 b(114)136 721 y(10.6)49 b(Image)32 +b(Tile-Compression)27 b(Sp)s(eci\014cation)89 b(.)45 +b(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g +(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 b(114)136 887 y(10.7)49 +b(HDU)32 b(Lo)s(cation)e(Sp)s(eci\014cation)45 b(.)g(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.) +g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 b(115)136 1053 +y(10.8)49 b(Image)32 b(Section)38 b(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g +(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.) +f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 +b(116)136 1219 y(10.9)49 b(Column)29 b(and)h(Keyw)m(ord)g(Filtering)e +(Sp)s(eci\014cation)89 b(.)45 b(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f +(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 b(117)136 +1385 y(10.10)t(Ro)m(w)31 b(Filtering)e(Sp)s(eci\014cation)80 +b(.)45 b(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.) +g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 +b(118)345 1551 y(10.10.1)16 b(General)31 b(Syn)m(tax)44 +b(.)i(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f +(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.) +40 b(119)345 1718 y(10.10.2)16 b(Bit)31 b(Masks)43 b(.)j(.)g(.)f(.)h(.) +g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 +b(121)345 1884 y(10.10.3)16 b(V)-8 b(ector)32 b(Columns)91 +b(.)46 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.) +h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 +b(122)345 2050 y(10.10.4)16 b(Go)s(o)s(d)30 b(Time)g(In)m(terv)-5 +b(al)30 b(Filtering)59 b(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 +b(123)345 2216 y(10.10.5)16 b(Spatial)29 b(Region)i(Filtering)56 +b(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.) +h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 +b(124)345 2382 y(10.10.6)16 b(Example)30 b(Ro)m(w)h(Filters)f(.)45 +b(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f +(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 +b(126)136 2548 y(10.11)35 b(Binning)28 b(or)i(Histogramming)g(Sp)s +(eci\014cation)f(.)46 b(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 b(127)0 +2828 y Fi(11)32 b(T)-9 b(emplate)34 b(Files)2933 b(131)136 +2994 y Fj(11.1)49 b(Detailed)31 b(T)-8 b(emplate)30 b(Line)g(F)-8 +b(ormat)48 b(.)e(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.) +g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 +b(131)136 3160 y(11.2)49 b(Auto-indexing)29 b(of)i(Keyw)m(ords)73 +b(.)45 b(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.) +g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 +b(132)136 3326 y(11.3)49 b(T)-8 b(emplate)31 b(P)m(arser)g(Directiv)m +(es)85 b(.)45 b(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h +(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 +b(133)136 3492 y(11.4)49 b(F)-8 b(ormal)31 b(T)-8 b(emplate)31 +b(Syn)m(tax)j(.)46 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.) +h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h +(.)g(.)f(.)40 b(133)136 3658 y(11.5)49 b(Errors)63 b(.)46 +b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.) +g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 b(134)136 3824 y(11.6)49 +b(Examples)71 b(.)46 b(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.) +f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 b(134)0 +4105 y Fi(12)67 b(Lo)s(cal)35 b(FITS)g(Con)m(v)m(en)m(tions)2462 +b(137)136 4271 y Fj(12.1)49 b(64-Bit)32 b(Long)f(In)m(tegers)61 +b(.)45 b(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.) +g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g +(.)f(.)40 b(137)136 4437 y(12.2)49 b(Long)31 b(String)e(Keyw)m(ord)h(V) +-8 b(alues.)64 b(.)46 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f +(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.) +40 b(138)136 4603 y(12.3)49 b(Arra)m(ys)31 b(of)f(Fixed-Length)h +(Strings)d(in)h(Binary)h(T)-8 b(ables)77 b(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f +(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 +b(139)136 4769 y(12.4)49 b(Keyw)m(ord)31 b(Units)e(Strings)40 +b(.)46 b(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.) +f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f +(.)40 b(139)136 4935 y(12.5)49 b(HIERAR)m(CH)31 b(Con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)g +(for)f(Extended)g(Keyw)m(ord)g(Names)91 b(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.) +g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 b(140)136 5101 +y(12.6)49 b(Tile-Compressed)29 b(Image)i(F)-8 b(ormat)52 +b(.)46 b(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.) +h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 +b(140)0 5382 y Fi(13)67 b(Optimizing)34 b(Programs)2588 +b(143)136 5548 y Fj(13.1)49 b(Ho)m(w)32 b(CFITSIO)c(Manages)k(Data)g +(I/O)78 b(.)46 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.) +h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 +b(143)136 5714 y(13.2)49 b(Optimization)29 b(Strategies)76 +b(.)46 b(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.) +h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)f(.)40 +b(144)p eop +%%Page: 7 7 +7 6 bop 0 299 a Fh(CONTENTS)3284 b Fj(vii)0 555 y Fi(A)57 +b(Index)35 b(of)g(Routines)2789 b(147)0 806 y(B)62 b(P)m(arameter)34 +b(De\014nitions)2598 b(151)0 1057 y(C)60 b(CFITSIO)33 +b(Error)i(Status)f(Co)s(des)2255 b(157)p eop +%%Page: 8 8 +8 7 bop 0 299 a Fj(viii)3258 b Fh(CONTENTS)p eop +%%Page: 1 9 +1 8 bop 0 1225 a Fg(Chapter)65 b(1)0 1687 y Fm(In)-6 +b(tro)6 b(duction)0 2216 y Ff(1.1)180 b(A)45 b(Brief)g(Ov)l(erview)0 +2495 y Fj(CFITSIO)38 b(is)h(a)h(mac)m(hine-indep)s(enden)m(t)e(library) +f(of)j(routines)e(for)i(reading)f(and)g(writing)e(data)k(\014les)d(in)h +(the)0 2608 y(FITS)c(\(Flexible)f(Image)i(T)-8 b(ransp)s(ort)34 +b(System\))h(data)h(format.)56 b(It)35 b(can)h(also)f(read)g(IRAF)h +(format)f(image)h(\014les)0 2721 y(and)g(ra)m(w)h(binary)e(data)i(arra) +m(ys)g(b)m(y)g(con)m(v)m(erting)h(them)e(on)h(the)g(\015y)f(in)m(to)h +(a)g(virtual)e(FITS)h(format)h(\014le.)59 b(This)0 2833 +y(library)30 b(is)i(written)g(in)f(ANSI)i(C)f(and)g(pro)m(vides)g(a)h +(p)s(o)m(w)m(erful)e(y)m(et)j(simple)d(in)m(terface)i(for)g(accessing)g +(FITS)f(\014les)0 2946 y(whic)m(h)j(will)f(run)h(on)h(most)h(commonly)f +(used)g(computers)g(and)g(w)m(orkstations.)59 b(CFITSIO)35 +b(supp)s(orts)f(all)i(the)0 3059 y(features)26 b(describ)s(ed)d(in)h +(the)h(o\016cial)g(NOST)f(de\014nition)f(of)j(the)f(FITS)g(format)h +(and)e(can)i(read)f(and)g(write)g(all)f(the)0 3172 y(curren)m(tly)d +(de\014ned)f(t)m(yp)s(es)i(of)g(extensions,)h(including)18 +b(ASCI)s(I)j(tables)g(\(T)-8 b(ABLE\),)23 b(Binary)e(tables)h(\(BINT)-8 +b(ABLE\))0 3285 y(and)27 b(IMA)m(GE)h(extensions.)39 +b(The)27 b(CFITSIO)f(routines)g(insulate)g(the)h(programmer)g(from)g +(ha)m(ving)f(to)i(deal)f(with)0 3398 y(the)e(complicated)f(formatting)h +(details)e(in)g(the)i(FITS)f(\014le,)h(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)j(it)c(is)f +(assumed)h(that)h(users)f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(a)f(general)0 +3511 y(kno)m(wledge)30 b(ab)s(out)g(the)h(structure)f(and)g(usage)h(of) +f(FITS)g(\014les.)0 3671 y(CFITSIO)k(also)i(con)m(tains)h(a)f(set)h(of) +f(F)-8 b(ortran)36 b(callable)f(wrapp)s(er)g(routines)f(whic)m(h)h +(allo)m(w)h(F)-8 b(ortran)36 b(programs)0 3784 y(to)31 +b(call)e(the)h(CFITSIO)e(routines.)40 b(See)30 b(the)g(companion)f +(\\FITSIO)g(User's)h(Guide")f(for)h(the)g(de\014nition)e(of)i(the)0 +3897 y(F)-8 b(ortran)39 b(subroutine)c(calling)i(sequences.)63 +b(These)38 b(wrapp)s(ers)e(replace)i(the)g(older)f(F)-8 +b(ortran)39 b(FITSIO)d(library)0 4010 y(whic)m(h)29 b(is)h(no)g(longer) +g(supp)s(orted.)0 4170 y(The)20 b(CFITSIO)f(pac)m(k)-5 +b(age)23 b(w)m(as)e(initially)d(dev)m(elop)s(ed)i(b)m(y)g(the)h(HEASAR) +m(C)g(\(High)g(Energy)f(Astroph)m(ysics)g(Science)0 4283 +y(Arc)m(hiv)m(e)34 b(Researc)m(h)h(Cen)m(ter\))f(at)h(the)f(NASA)g(Go)s +(ddard)e(Space)j(Fligh)m(t)e(Cen)m(ter)h(to)h(con)m(v)m(ert)g(v)-5 +b(arious)33 b(existing)0 4396 y(and)25 b(newly)g(acquired)g +(astronomical)h(data)g(sets)h(in)m(to)f(FITS)f(format)h(and)f(to)i +(further)e(analyze)h(data)h(already)e(in)0 4509 y(FITS)i(format.)41 +b(New)28 b(features)g(con)m(tin)m(ue)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(added)h(to)g +(CFITSIO)f(in)f(large)i(part)g(due)g(to)g(con)m(tributions)f(of)0 +4622 y(ideas)32 b(or)h(actual)g(co)s(de)g(from)f(users)g(of)h(the)g +(pac)m(k)-5 b(age.)49 b(The)33 b(In)m(tegral)g(Science)f(Data)i(Cen)m +(ter)f(in)f(Switzerland,)0 4734 y(and)h(the)g(XMM/ESTEC)h(pro)5 +b(ject)34 b(in)e(The)h(Netherlands)f(made)h(esp)s(ecially)f +(signi\014can)m(t)g(con)m(tributions)g(that)0 4847 y(resulted)d(in)g +(man)m(y)i(of)f(the)h(new)f(features)g(that)h(app)s(eared)f(in)f(v2.0)j +(of)e(CFITSIO.)0 5322 y Ff(1.2)135 b(Sources)45 b(of)g(FITS)f(Soft)l(w) +l(are)i(and)f(Information)0 5601 y Fj(The)22 b(latest)h(v)m(ersion)f +(of)h(the)f(CFITSIO)f(source)i(co)s(de,)h(do)s(cumen)m(tation,)h(and)c +(example)i(programs)f(are)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)0 5714 +y(on)30 b(the)h(W)-8 b(orld-Wide)30 b(W)-8 b(eb)31 b(or)f(via)g(anon)m +(ymous)g(ftp)g(from:)1927 5942 y(1)p eop +%%Page: 2 10 +2 9 bop 0 299 a Fj(2)2452 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(1.)71 b(INTR)m(ODUCTION)382 +555 y Fe(http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa)o(.go)o(v/fi)o(tsio)382 +668 y(ftp://legacy.gsfc.nasa.g)o(ov/)o(soft)o(ware)o(/fi)o(tsio)o(/c)0 +902 y Fj(An)m(y)28 b(questions,)f(bug)g(rep)s(orts,)h(or)f(suggested)i +(enhancemen)m(ts)f(related)f(to)i(the)e(CFITSIO)f(pac)m(k)-5 +b(age)30 b(should)c(b)s(e)0 1015 y(sen)m(t)31 b(to)g(the)g(primary)d +(author:)382 1249 y Fe(Dr.)47 b(William)f(Pence)810 b(Telephone:)92 +b(\(301\))47 b(286-4599)382 1362 y(HEASARC,)e(Code)i(662)811 +b(E-mail:)45 b(pence@tetra.gsfc.nasa.gov)382 1475 y(NASA/Goddard)f +(Space)j(Flight)f(Center)382 1588 y(Greenbelt,)f(MD)i(20771,)f(USA)0 +1822 y Fj(This)39 b(User's)j(Guide)e(assumes)h(that)h(readers)f +(already)f(ha)m(v)m(e)j(a)f(general)f(understanding)d(of)k(the)f +(de\014nition)0 1935 y(and)31 b(structure)g(of)h(FITS)e(format)i +(\014les.)43 b(F)-8 b(urther)32 b(information)d(ab)s(out)j(FITS)f +(formats)g(is)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)31 b(from)g(the)0 +2048 y(FITS)h(Supp)s(ort)f(O\016ce)i(at)g Fe(http://fits.gsfc.nasa.gov) +o Fj(.)42 b(In)32 b(particular,)g(the)h('NOST)f(FITS)g(Standard')0 +2161 y(giv)m(es)i(the)h(authoritativ)m(e)f(de\014nition)e(of)i(the)g +(FITS)g(data)h(format,)g(and)f(the)g(`FITS)g(User's)g(Guide')f(pro)m +(vides)0 2274 y(additional)28 b(historical)h(bac)m(kground)h(and)g +(practical)g(advice)g(on)g(using)f(FITS)h(\014les.)0 +2434 y(The)38 b(HEASAR)m(C)g(also)h(pro)m(vides)e(a)i(v)m(ery)g +(sophisticated)f(FITS)f(\014le)h(analysis)f(program)h(called)g(`Fv')h +(whic)m(h)0 2547 y(can)34 b(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h(displa)m(y)e(and)h +(edit)g(the)h(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)e(an)m(y)g(FITS)f(\014le)f(as)i(w)m +(ell)f(as)h(construct)g(new)f(FITS)g(\014les)0 2660 y(from)j(scratc)m +(h.)61 b(The)36 b(displa)m(y)f(functions)g(in)g(Fv)i(allo)m(w)f(users)g +(to)i(in)m(teractiv)m(ely)e(adjust)g(the)h(brigh)m(tness)f(and)0 +2773 y(con)m(trast)i(of)f(images,)h(pan,)g(zo)s(om,)h(and)d(blink)e +(images,)39 b(and)d(measure)h(the)f(p)s(ositions)f(and)h(brigh)m +(tnesses)g(of)0 2886 y(ob)5 b(jects)33 b(within)d(images.)46 +b(FITS)31 b(tables)h(can)h(b)s(e)e(displa)m(y)m(ed)g(lik)m(e)h(a)g +(spread)g(sheet,)h(and)f(then)f(mo)s(di\014ed)f(using)0 +2999 y(p)s(o)m(w)m(erful)25 b(calculator)i(and)e(sorting)h(functions.) +38 b(Fv)27 b(is)e(freely)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)26 b(for)g(most)h(Unix)e +(platforms,)i(Mac)g(PCs,)0 3112 y(and)34 b(Windo)m(ws)f(PCs.)52 +b(CFITSIO)33 b(users)h(ma)m(y)h(also)f(b)s(e)g(in)m(terested)h(in)e +(the)h(FTOOLS)f(pac)m(k)-5 b(age)37 b(of)d(programs)0 +3225 y(that)27 b(can)f(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)i(manipulate)e(and)g(analyze)i +(FITS)e(format)i(\014les.)38 b(Fv)27 b(and)e(FTOOLS)g(are)i(a)m(v)-5 +b(ailable)25 b(from)0 3337 y(their)k(resp)s(ectiv)m(e)i(W)-8 +b(eb)31 b(sites)f(at:)382 3572 y Fe(http://fv.gsfc.nasa.gov)382 +3685 y(http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa)o(.go)o(v/ft)o(ools)0 +4014 y Ff(1.3)135 b(Ac)l(kno)l(wledgemen)l(ts)0 4264 +y Fj(The)34 b(dev)m(elopmen)m(t)g(of)g(the)g(p)s(o)m(w)m(erful)f +(features)h(in)f(CFITSIO)g(w)m(as)h(made)g(p)s(ossible)e(through)h +(collab)s(orations)0 4377 y(with)d(man)m(y)h(p)s(eople)f(or)g +(organizations)h(from)g(around)f(the)h(w)m(orld.)41 b(The)30 +b(follo)m(wing)g(in)f(particular)h(ha)m(v)m(e)i(made)0 +4490 y(esp)s(ecially)d(signi\014can)m(t)g(con)m(tributions:)0 +4650 y(Programmers)c(from)h(the)f(In)m(tegral)h(Science)g(Data)h(Cen)m +(ter,)g(Switzerland)d(\(namely)-8 b(,)27 b(Jurek)d(Bork)m(o)m(wski,)k +(Bruce)0 4763 y(O'Neel,)33 b(and)f(Don)h(Jennings\),)e(designed)g(the)i +(concept)g(for)f(the)h(plug-in)d(I/O)i(driv)m(ers)f(that)i(w)m(as)g(in) +m(tro)s(duced)0 4876 y(with)h(CFITSIO)f(2.0.)56 b(The)34 +b(use)h(of)g(`driv)m(ers')f(greatly)h(simpli\014ed)d(the)j(lo)m(w-lev)m +(el)g(I/O,)g(whic)m(h)e(in)h(turn)g(made)0 4989 y(other)40 +b(new)f(features)i(in)d(CFITSIO)g(\(e.g.,)45 b(supp)s(ort)38 +b(for)h(compressed)h(FITS)f(\014les)g(and)g(supp)s(ort)f(for)i(IRAF)0 +5102 y(format)32 b(image)f(\014les\))g(m)m(uc)m(h)g(easier)h(to)g +(implemen)m(t.)42 b(Jurek)31 b(Bork)m(o)m(wski)g(wrote)h(the)g(Shared)e +(Memory)i(driv)m(er,)0 5215 y(and)23 b(Bruce)i(O'Neel)f(wrote)g(the)g +(driv)m(ers)f(for)g(accessing)i(FITS)e(\014les)g(o)m(v)m(er)i(the)f +(net)m(w)m(ork)h(using)d(the)j(FTP)-8 b(,)24 b(HTTP)-8 +b(,)0 5328 y(and)30 b(R)m(OOT)g(proto)s(cols.)0 5488 +y(The)45 b(ISDC)g(also)g(pro)m(vided)f(the)i(template)g(parsing)e +(routines)g(\(written)h(b)m(y)g(Jurek)g(Bork)m(o)m(wski\))h(and)f(the)0 +5601 y(hierarc)m(hical)36 b(grouping)f(routines)h(\(written)h(b)m(y)g +(Don)h(Jennings\).)59 b(The)37 b(ISDC)f(D)m(AL)i(\(Data)h(Access)f(La)m +(y)m(er\))0 5714 y(routines)29 b(are)i(la)m(y)m(ered)g(on)f(top)h(of)f +(CFITSIO)f(and)h(mak)m(e)h(extensiv)m(e)g(use)f(of)h(these)g(features.) +p eop +%%Page: 3 11 +3 10 bop 0 299 a Fh(1.4.)72 b(LEGAL)30 b(STUFF)2995 b +Fj(3)0 555 y(Uw)m(e)25 b(Lammers)e(\(XMM/ESA/ESTEC,)h(The)g +(Netherlands\))f(designed)g(the)h(high-p)s(erformance)e(lexical)h +(pars-)0 668 y(ing)41 b(algorithm)g(that)h(is)f(used)g(to)i(do)e +(on-the-\015y)h(\014ltering)e(of)i(FITS)f(tables.)75 +b(This)40 b(algorithm)h(essen)m(tially)0 781 y(pre-compiles)34 +b(the)i(user-supplied)c(selection)k(expression)e(in)m(to)i(a)g(form)g +(that)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(rapidly)e(ev)-5 b(aluated)36 b(for)0 +894 y(eac)m(h)31 b(ro)m(w.)40 b(P)m(eter)31 b(Wilson)d(\(RSTX,)h +(NASA/GSF)m(C\))i(then)e(wrote)h(the)g(parsing)e(routines)g(used)h(b)m +(y)g(CFITSIO)0 1007 y(based)i(on)f(Lammers')h(design,)f(com)m(bined)g +(with)g(other)h(tec)m(hniques)f(suc)m(h)h(as)g(the)g(CFITSIO)f +(iterator)h(routine)0 1120 y(to)h(further)e(enhance)h(the)h(data)g(pro) +s(cessing)e(throughput.)42 b(This)30 b(e\013ort)i(also)f(b)s +(ene\014ted)f(from)h(a)h(m)m(uc)m(h)f(earlier)0 1233 +y(lexical)22 b(parsing)h(routine)f(that)i(w)m(as)g(dev)m(elop)s(ed)f(b) +m(y)h(Ken)m(t)g(Blac)m(kburn)e(\(NASA/GSF)m(C\).)j(More)g(recen)m(tly) +-8 b(,)26 b(Craig)0 1346 y(Markw)m(ardt)j(\(NASA/GSF)m(C\))g(implemen)m +(ted)e(additional)f(functions)h(\(median,)h(a)m(v)m(erage,)k(stddev\))c +(and)g(other)0 1458 y(enhancemen)m(ts)j(to)g(the)g(lexical)e(parser.)0 +1619 y(The)40 b(CFITSIO)g(iterator)h(function)e(is)h(lo)s(osely)g +(based)h(on)f(similar)f(ideas)h(dev)m(elop)s(ed)g(for)h(the)g(XMM)g +(Data)0 1732 y(Access)31 b(La)m(y)m(er.)0 1892 y(P)m(eter)25 +b(Wilson)e(\(RSTX,)h(NASA/GSF)m(C\))h(wrote)g(the)f(complete)h(set)f +(of)h(F)-8 b(ortran-callable)24 b(wrapp)s(ers)e(for)i(all)f(the)0 +2005 y(CFITSIO)29 b(routines,)g(whic)m(h)g(in)g(turn)h(rely)f(on)i(the) +f(CF)m(OR)-8 b(TRAN)31 b(macro)g(dev)m(elop)s(ed)f(b)m(y)g(Burkhard)f +(Buro)m(w.)0 2165 y(The)h(syn)m(tax)i(used)e(b)m(y)h(CFITSIO)f(for)g +(\014ltering)g(or)h(binning)c(input)i(FITS)i(\014les)f(is)g(based)g(on) +h(ideas)g(dev)m(elop)s(ed)0 2278 y(for)41 b(the)g(AXAF)h(Science)f(Cen) +m(ter)h(Data)h(Mo)s(del)d(b)m(y)h(Jonathan)g(McDo)m(w)m(ell,)k(An)m +(tonella)c(F)-8 b(ruscione,)44 b(Aneta)0 2391 y(Siemigino)m(wsk)-5 +b(a)24 b(and)h(Bill)f(Jo)m(y)m(e.)41 b(See)26 b(h)m +(ttp://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.go)m(v/do)s(cs/journal/axaf7.h)m(t)q(ml)31 +b(for)25 b(further)0 2503 y(description)j(of)j(the)g(AXAF)g(Data)h(Mo)s +(del.)0 2664 y(The)j(\014le)f(decompression)g(co)s(de)h(w)m(ere)h(tak)m +(en)g(directly)e(from)g(the)i(gzip)e(\(GNU)i(zip\))f(program)g(dev)m +(elop)s(ed)f(b)m(y)0 2777 y(Jean-loup)29 b(Gailly)g(and)h(others.)0 +2937 y(The)e(new)h(compressed)g(image)g(data)h(format)f(\(where)g(the)g +(image)g(is)f(tiled)g(and)g(the)h(compressed)g(b)m(yte)h(stream)0 +3050 y(from)k(eac)m(h)i(tile)f(is)e(stored)i(in)f(a)h(binary)e(table\)) +j(w)m(as)f(implemen)m(ted)e(in)h(collab)s(oration)g(with)f(Ric)m(hard)h +(White)0 3163 y(\(STScI\),)c(P)m(erry)g(Green\014eld)g(\(STScI\))g(and) +f(Doug)i(T)-8 b(o)s(dy)30 b(\(NO)m(A)m(O\).)0 3323 y(Doug)h(Mink)f +(\(SA)m(O\))g(pro)m(vided)f(the)i(routines)e(for)h(con)m(v)m(erting)i +(IRAF)e(format)h(images)f(in)m(to)h(FITS)e(format.)0 +3483 y(In)e(addition,)g(man)m(y)h(other)g(p)s(eople)f(ha)m(v)m(e)i +(made)f(v)-5 b(aluable)27 b(con)m(tributions)f(to)j(the)f(dev)m +(elopmen)m(t)g(of)g(CFITSIO.)0 3596 y(These)i(include)e(\(with)i(ap)s +(ologies)g(to)h(others)f(that)h(ma)m(y)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(inadv)m(erten)m +(tly)e(b)s(een)f(omitted\):)0 3756 y(Stev)m(e)g(Allen,)e(Carl)g(Ak)m +(erlof,)h(Keith)f(Arnaud,)h(Morten)g(Krabb)s(e)e(Barfo)s(ed,)j(Ken)m(t) +f(Blac)m(kburn,)g(G)g(Bo)s(dammer,)0 3869 y(Romk)m(e)h(Bon)m(tek)m(o)s +(e,)i(Lucio)c(Chiapp)s(etti,)f(Keith)h(Costorf,)h(Robin)f(Corb)s(et,)h +(John)e(Da)m(vis,)j(Ric)m(hard)e(Fink,)h(Ning)0 3982 +y(Gan,)j(Emily)d(Greene,)j(Gretc)m(hen)g(Green,)f(Jo)s(e)g(Harrington,) +g(Cheng)g(Ho,)h(Phil)d(Ho)s(dge,)i(Jim)f(Ingham,)h(Y)-8 +b(oshi-)0 4095 y(tak)j(a)44 b(Ishisaki,)g(Diab)f(Jerius,)h(Mark)g +(Levine,)h(T)-8 b(o)s(dd)42 b(Karak)-5 b(askian,)46 b(Edw)m(ard)c +(King,)j(Scott)f(Ko)s(c)m(h,)i(Claire)0 4208 y(Larkin,)c(Rob)f +(Managan,)j(Eric)c(Mandel,)j(Ric)m(hard)d(Mathar,)k(John)c(Matto)m(x,) +46 b(Carsten)41 b(Mey)m(er,)k(Emi)39 b(Miy-)0 4320 y(ata,)44 +b(Stefan)c(Mo)s(c)m(hnac)m(ki,)k(Mik)m(e)d(Noble,)h(Oliv)m(er)d(Ob)s +(erdorf,)i(Cliv)m(e)e(P)m(age,)45 b(Arvind)38 b(P)m(armar,)43 +b(Je\013)e(P)m(edelt)m(y)-8 b(,)0 4433 y(Tim)31 b(P)m(earson,)j +(Philipp)s(e)28 b(Prugniel,)j(Maren)h(Purv)m(es,)h(Scott)g(Randall,)f +(Chris)e(Rogers,)k(Arnold)c(Rots,)k(Barry)0 4546 y(Sc)m(hlesinger,)h +(Robin)f(Stebbins,)h(Andrew)f(Szymk)m(o)m(wiak,)j(Allyn)c(T)-8 +b(ennan)m(t,)37 b(P)m(eter)g(T)-8 b(eub)s(en,)35 b(James)h(Theiler,)0 +4659 y(Doug)c(T)-8 b(o)s(dy)g(,)32 b(Shiro)e(Ueno,)j(Stev)m(e)f(W)-8 +b(alton,)33 b(Arc)m(hie)f(W)-8 b(arno)s(c)m(k,)33 b(Alan)e(W)-8 +b(atson,)33 b(Dan)f(Whipple,)e(Wim)h(Wim-)0 4772 y(mers,)f(P)m(eter)i +(Y)-8 b(oung,)31 b(Jianjun)d(Xu,)i(and)g(Nelson)g(Zarate.)0 +5216 y Ff(1.4)135 b(Legal)46 b(Stu\013)0 5488 y Fj(Cop)m(yrigh)m(t)36 +b(\(Unpublished{all)d(righ)m(ts)j(reserv)m(ed)h(under)e(the)i(cop)m +(yrigh)m(t)g(la)m(ws)f(of)h(the)g(United)f(States\),)k(U.S.)0 +5601 y(Go)m(v)m(ernmen)m(t)30 b(as)g(represen)m(ted)e(b)m(y)h(the)g +(Administrator)e(of)i(the)g(National)f(Aeronautics)h(and)f(Space)h +(Adminis-)0 5714 y(tration.)41 b(No)31 b(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)f(is)g +(claimed)f(in)g(the)i(United)e(States)i(under)e(Title)h(17,)h(U.S.)f +(Co)s(de.)p eop +%%Page: 4 12 +4 11 bop 0 299 a Fj(4)2452 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(1.)71 b(INTR)m(ODUCTION)0 +555 y Fj(P)m(ermission)28 b(to)i(freely)e(use,)i(cop)m(y)-8 +b(,)31 b(mo)s(dify)-8 b(,)28 b(and)h(distribute)e(this)h(soft)m(w)m +(are)j(and)e(its)g(do)s(cumen)m(tation)g(without)0 668 +y(fee)g(is)e(hereb)m(y)h(gran)m(ted,)i(pro)m(vided)d(that)i(this)e(cop) +m(yrigh)m(t)i(notice)f(and)g(disclaimer)e(of)i(w)m(arran)m(t)m(y)i(app) +s(ears)d(in)g(all)0 781 y(copies.)41 b(\(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)33 +b(see)e(the)f(restriction)f(on)i(the)f(use)g(of)h(the)f(gzip)g +(compression)g(co)s(de,)h(b)s(elo)m(w\).)0 941 y(DISCLAIMER:)0 +1101 y(THE)i(SOFTW)-10 b(ARE)32 b(IS)g(PR)m(O)m(VIDED)i('AS)f(IS')g +(WITHOUT)f(ANY)i(W)-10 b(ARRANTY)33 b(OF)g(ANY)h(KIND,)f(EI-)0 +1214 y(THER)42 b(EXPRESSED,)f(IMPLIED,)i(OR)e(ST)-8 b(A)g(TUTOR)g(Y,)43 +b(INCLUDING,)f(BUT)h(NOT)e(LIMITED)h(TO,)0 1327 y(ANY)33 +b(W)-10 b(ARRANTY)33 b(THA)-8 b(T)32 b(THE)g(SOFTW)-10 +b(ARE)32 b(WILL)g(CONF)m(ORM)g(TO)g(SPECIFICA)-8 b(TIONS,)30 +b(ANY)0 1440 y(IMPLIED)38 b(W)-10 b(ARRANTIES)37 b(OF)h(MER)m(CHANT)-8 +b(ABILITY,)38 b(FITNESS)f(F)m(OR)h(A)g(P)-8 b(AR)g(TICULAR)38 +b(PUR-)0 1553 y(POSE,)24 b(AND)i(FREEDOM)f(FR)m(OM)h(INFRINGEMENT,)g +(AND)f(ANY)h(W)-10 b(ARRANTY)25 b(THA)-8 b(T)25 b(THE)g(DOC-)0 +1666 y(UMENT)-8 b(A)g(TION)31 b(WILL)f(CONF)m(ORM)h(TO)e(THE)h(SOFTW) +-10 b(ARE,)30 b(OR)g(ANY)h(W)-10 b(ARRANTY)31 b(THA)-8 +b(T)30 b(THE)0 1779 y(SOFTW)-10 b(ARE)31 b(WILL)h(BE)g(ERR)m(OR)g +(FREE.)g(IN)g(NO)f(EVENT)h(SHALL)f(NASA)h(BE)g(LIABLE)g(F)m(OR)g(ANY)0 +1892 y(D)m(AMA)m(GES,)26 b(INCLUDING,)e(BUT)f(NOT)g(LIMITED)h(TO,)f +(DIRECT,)g(INDIRECT,)g(SPECIAL)f(OR)h(CON-)0 2005 y(SEQUENTIAL)28 +b(D)m(AMA)m(GES,)k(ARISING)d(OUT)g(OF,)h(RESUL)-8 b(TING)29 +b(FR)m(OM,)h(OR)f(IN)h(ANY)g(W)-10 b(A)i(Y)30 b(CON-)0 +2118 y(NECTED)25 b(WITH)g(THIS)f(SOFTW)-10 b(ARE,)25 +b(WHETHER)g(OR)g(NOT)g(BASED)g(UPON)g(W)-10 b(ARRANTY,)26 +b(CON-)0 2230 y(TRA)m(CT,)d(TOR)-8 b(T)23 b(,)g(OR)g(OTHER)-10 +b(WISE,)22 b(WHETHER)i(OR)f(NOT)f(INJUR)-8 b(Y)24 b(W)-10 +b(AS)23 b(SUST)-8 b(AINED)23 b(BY)h(PER-)0 2343 y(SONS)h(OR)i(PR)m +(OPER)-8 b(TY)26 b(OR)g(OTHER)-10 b(WISE,)26 b(AND)h(WHETHER)g(OR)f +(NOT)g(LOSS)f(W)-10 b(AS)26 b(SUST)-8 b(AINED)0 2456 +y(FR)m(OM,)37 b(OR)e(AR)m(OSE)h(OUT)f(OF)h(THE)g(RESUL)-8 +b(TS)35 b(OF,)h(OR)f(USE)h(OF,)g(THE)g(SOFTW)-10 b(ARE)35 +b(OR)g(SER-)0 2569 y(VICES)29 b(PR)m(O)m(VIDED)j(HEREUNDER.")0 +2729 y(The)i(\014le)h(compress.c)g(con)m(tains)g(\(sligh)m(tly)f(mo)s +(di\014ed\))f(source)i(co)s(de)g(that)h(originally)c(came)k(from)f +(gzip-1.2.4,)0 2842 y(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)26 b(\(C\))g(1992-1993)k(b)m(y)c +(Jean-loup)f(Gailly)-8 b(.)38 b(This)24 b(gzip)h(co)s(de)h(is)f +(distributed)e(under)i(the)h(GNU)g(General)0 2955 y(Public)k(License)i +(and)f(th)m(us)h(requires)f(that)i(an)m(y)f(soft)m(w)m(are)i(that)f +(uses)f(the)g(CFITSIO)f(library)f(\(whic)m(h)h(in)g(turn)0 +3068 y(uses)e(the)g(gzip)g(co)s(de\))h(m)m(ust)f(conform)g(to)h(the)f +(pro)m(visions)e(in)h(the)i(GNU)g(General)f(Public)e(License.)40 +b(A)29 b(cop)m(y)h(of)0 3181 y(the)h(GNU)g(license)e(is)g(included)f +(at)j(the)g(b)s(eginning)c(of)k(compress.c)g(\014le.)0 +3341 y(An)h(alternate)i(v)m(ersion)e(of)h(the)g(compress.c)g(\014le)f +(\(called)g(compress)p 2381 3341 28 4 v 33 w(alternate.c\))i(is)e(pro)m +(vided)f(for)i(users)e(who)0 3454 y(w)m(an)m(t)24 b(to)g(use)e(the)i +(CFITSIO)d(library)g(but)h(are)h(un)m(willing)d(or)j(unable)e(to)j +(publicly)c(release)j(their)f(soft)m(w)m(are)i(under)0 +3567 y(the)i(terms)g(of)g(the)g(GNU)h(General)e(Public)f(License.)39 +b(This)24 b(alternate)i(v)m(ersion)g(con)m(tains)g(non-functional)e +(stubs)0 3680 y(for)g(the)h(\014le)e(compression)h(and)f(uncompression) +g(routines)g(used)h(b)m(y)g(CFITSIO.)f(Replace)i(the)f(\014le)g +(`compress.c')0 3793 y(with)32 b(`compress)p 600 3793 +V 33 w(alternate.c')j(b)s(efore)e(compiling)e(the)i(CFITSIO)f(library) +-8 b(.)48 b(This)31 b(will)g(pro)s(duce)h(a)i(v)m(ersion)f(of)0 +3906 y(CFITSIO)20 b(whic)m(h)h(do)s(es)g(not)h(supp)s(ort)e(reading)h +(or)h(writing)e(compressed)h(FITS)g(\014les)g(but)g(is)g(otherwise)g +(iden)m(tical)0 4019 y(to)31 b(the)g(standard)e(v)m(ersion.)p +eop +%%Page: 5 13 +5 12 bop 0 1225 a Fg(Chapter)65 b(2)0 1687 y Fm(Creating)77 +b(the)h(CFITSIO)e(Library)0 2216 y Ff(2.1)135 b(Building)45 +b(the)h(Library)0 2466 y Fj(The)h(CFITSIO)f(co)s(de)h(is)g(con)m +(tained)g(in)f(ab)s(out)h(40)h(C)f(source)h(\014les)e(\(*.c\))j(and)e +(header)g(\014les)f(\(*.h\).)93 b(On)0 2579 y(V)-10 b(AX/VMS)31 +b(systems)g(2)f(assem)m(bly-co)s(de)h(\014les)e(\(vmsieeed.mar)h(and)g +(vmsieeer.mar\))h(are)f(also)h(needed.)0 2739 y(CFITSIO)e(has)h(curren) +m(tly)f(b)s(een)h(tested)h(on)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)e(platforms:)95 +2959 y Fe(OPERATING)46 b(SYSTEM)523 b(COMPILER)143 3072 +y(Sun)47 b(OS)1002 b(gcc)47 b(and)g(cc)g(\(3.0.1\))143 +3185 y(Sun)g(Solaris)762 b(gcc)47 b(and)g(cc)143 3298 +y(Silicon)f(Graphics)g(IRIX)285 b(gcc)47 b(and)g(cc)143 +3411 y(Silicon)f(Graphics)g(IRIX64)189 b(MIPS)143 3523 +y(Dec)47 b(Alpha)f(OSF/1)572 b(gcc)47 b(and)g(cc)143 +3636 y(DECstation)93 b(Ultrix)428 b(gcc)143 3749 y(Dec)47 +b(Alpha)f(OpenVMS)476 b(cc)143 3862 y(DEC)47 b(VAX/VMS)762 +b(gcc)47 b(and)g(cc)143 3975 y(HP-UX)1049 b(gcc)143 4088 +y(IBM)47 b(AIX)954 b(gcc)143 4201 y(Linux)1049 b(gcc)143 +4314 y(MkLinux)953 b(DR3)143 4427 y(Windows)46 b(95/98/NT)523 +b(Borland)46 b(C++)h(V4.5)143 4540 y(Windows)f(95/98/NT/ME/XP)235 +b(Microsoft/Compaq)43 b(Visual)j(C++)h(v5.0,)g(v6.0)143 +4653 y(Windows)f(95/98/NT)523 b(Cygwin)46 b(gcc)143 4765 +y(MacOS)h(7.1)f(or)i(greater)332 b(Metrowerks)45 b(10.+)143 +4878 y(MacOS-X)h(10.1)h(or)g(greater)189 b(cc)47 b(\(gcc\))0 +5098 y Fj(CFITSIO)26 b(will)g(probably)g(run)g(on)i(most)g(other)h +(Unix)d(platforms.)39 b(Cra)m(y)28 b(sup)s(ercomputers)e(are)j(curren)m +(tly)e(not)0 5211 y(supp)s(orted.)0 5495 y Fd(2.1.1)112 +b(Unix)38 b(Systems)0 5714 y Fj(The)30 b(CFITSIO)f(library)f(is)h +(built)f(on)j(Unix)e(systems)h(b)m(y)g(t)m(yping:)1927 +5942 y(5)p eop +%%Page: 6 14 +6 13 bop 0 299 a Fj(6)1580 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(2.)112 b(CREA)-8 +b(TING)30 b(THE)g(CFITSIO)f(LIBRAR)-8 b(Y)48 555 y Fe(>)95 +b(./configure)45 b([--prefix=/target/insta)o(llat)o(ion)o(/pat)o(h])48 +668 y(>)95 b(make)476 b(\(or)95 b('make)46 b(shared'\))48 +781 y(>)95 b(make)47 b(install)93 b(\(this)46 b(step)h(is)g(optional\)) +0 1037 y Fj(at)24 b(the)g(op)s(erating)f(system)h(prompt.)38 +b(The)23 b(con\014gure)g(command)g(customizes)h(the)g(Mak)m(e\014le)g +(for)g(the)g(particular)0 1150 y(system,)g(then)d(the)g(`mak)m(e')i +(command)e(compiles)f(the)h(source)h(\014les)e(and)h(builds)d(the)j +(library)-8 b(.)36 b(T)m(yp)s(e)21 b(`./con\014gure')0 +1263 y(and)34 b(not)h(simply)d(`con\014gure')j(to)h(ensure)e(that)h +(the)g(con\014gure)g(script)e(in)h(the)h(curren)m(t)f(directory)g(is)g +(run)g(and)0 1375 y(not)29 b(some)g(other)g(system-wide)f(con\014gure)g +(script.)39 b(The)29 b(optional)f('pre\014x')g(argumen)m(t)h(to)g +(con\014gure)g(giv)m(es)g(the)0 1488 y(path)f(to)i(the)f(directory)f +(where)g(the)h(CFITSIO)f(library)e(and)i(include)f(\014les)g(should)g +(b)s(e)h(installed)f(via)h(the)h(later)0 1601 y('mak)m(e)j(install')c +(command.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)143 1857 y Fe(>)48 +b(./configure)c(--prefix=/usr1/local)0 2113 y Fj(will)22 +b(cause)k(the)f('mak)m(e)h(install')d(command)i(to)h(cop)m(y)g(the)f +(CFITSIO)e(lib)s(c\014tsio)f(\014le)j(to)g(/usr1/lo)s(cal/lib)e(and)i +(the)0 2226 y(necessary)33 b(include)c(\014les)j(to)g(/usr1/lo)s +(cal/include)f(\(assuming)g(of)h(course)g(that)h(the)f(pro)s(cess)g +(has)g(p)s(ermission)0 2338 y(to)f(write)f(to)h(these)g(directories\).) +0 2499 y(The)d('mak)m(e)h(shared')f(option)g(builds)d(a)k(shared)e(or)i +(dynamic)e(v)m(ersion)h(of)g(the)h(CFITSIO)d(library)-8 +b(.)38 b(When)28 b(using)0 2612 y(the)f(shared)f(library)f(the)i +(executable)g(co)s(de)g(is)f(not)h(copied)f(in)m(to)h(y)m(our)g +(program)g(at)g(link)e(time)h(and)h(instead)f(the)0 2724 +y(program)h(lo)s(cates)h(the)g(necessary)g(library)d(co)s(de)j(at)g +(run)e(time,)i(normally)e(through)g(LD)p 3065 2724 28 +4 v 33 w(LIBRAR)-8 b(Y)p 3514 2724 V 34 w(P)g(A)g(TH)28 +b(or)0 2837 y(some)j(other)f(metho)s(d.)41 b(The)29 b(adv)-5 +b(an)m(tages)33 b(of)d(using)f(a)i(shared)e(library)f(are:)143 +3093 y Fe(1.)95 b(Less)47 b(disk)f(space)h(if)g(you)g(build)f(more)h +(than)f(1)i(program)143 3206 y(2.)95 b(Less)47 b(memory)f(if)h(more)g +(than)f(one)h(copy)g(of)g(a)g(program)f(using)h(the)g(shared)334 +3319 y(library)f(is)h(running)f(at)h(the)g(same)g(time)f(since)h(the)g +(system)f(is)h(smart)334 3432 y(enough)f(to)h(share)g(copies)f(of)h +(the)g(shared)f(library)g(at)h(run)g(time.)143 3545 y(3.)95 +b(Possibly)46 b(easier)g(maintenance)e(since)j(a)g(new)g(version)f(of)h +(the)g(shared)334 3658 y(library)f(can)h(be)g(installed)e(without)h +(relinking)f(all)i(the)g(software)334 3770 y(that)g(uses)f(it)i(\(as)e +(long)h(as)g(the)g(subroutine)e(names)i(and)f(calling)334 +3883 y(sequences)f(remain)h(unchanged\).)143 3996 y(4.)95 +b(No)47 b(run-time)f(penalty.)0 4252 y Fj(The)30 b(disadv)-5 +b(an)m(tages)31 b(are:)143 4508 y Fe(1.)47 b(More)g(hassle)f(at)h +(runtime.)94 b(You)46 b(have)h(to)g(either)f(build)h(the)g(programs)286 +4621 y(specially)f(or)h(have)f(LD_LIBRARY_PATH)e(set)j(right.)143 +4733 y(2.)g(There)g(may)g(be)g(a)g(slight)f(start)h(up)g(penalty,)e +(depending)h(on)h(where)f(you)h(are)286 4846 y(reading)f(the)h(shared)f +(library)g(and)h(the)g(program)f(from)g(and)h(if)g(your)g(CPU)g(is)286 +4959 y(either)f(really)h(slow)f(or)h(really)f(heavily)g(loaded.)0 +5215 y Fj(On)32 b(Mac)i(OS)e(X)i(platforms)e(the)h('mak)m(e)h(shared')f +(command)f(w)m(orks)h(lik)m(e)g(on)g(other)g(UNIX)g(platforms,)g(but)g +(a)0 5328 y(.dylib)d(\014le)h(will)e(b)s(e)i(created)i(instead)f(of)g +(.so.)46 b(If)31 b(installed)f(in)h(a)h(nonstandard)f(lo)s(cation,)h +(add)f(its)h(lo)s(cation)f(to)0 5441 y(the)g(D)m(YLD)p +422 5441 V 34 w(LIBRAR)-8 b(Y)p 872 5441 V 33 w(P)g(A)g(TH)31 +b(en)m(vironmen)m(t)f(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(so)i(that)g(the)f(library)e +(can)j(b)s(e)f(found)f(at)i(run)e(time.)0 5601 y(On)h(HP/UX)i(systems,) +g(the)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(CFLA)m(GS)h(should)e(b) +s(e)i(set)g(to)h(-Ae)g(b)s(efore)f(running)d(con-)0 5714 +y(\014gure)i(to)h(enable)f("extended)h(ANSI")f(features.)p +eop +%%Page: 7 15 +7 14 bop 0 299 a Fh(2.1.)72 b(BUILDING)31 b(THE)f(LIBRAR)-8 +b(Y)2507 b Fj(7)0 555 y(By)31 b(default,)g(a)g(set)h(of)f(F)-8 +b(ortran-callable)31 b(wrapp)s(er)e(routines)h(are)h(also)g(built)e +(and)h(included)f(in)g(the)i(CFITSIO)0 668 y(library)-8 +b(.)68 b(If)40 b(these)g(wrapp)s(er)f(routines)g(are)h(not)h(needed)e +(\(i.e.,)44 b(the)c(CFITSIO)f(library)e(will)h(not)i(b)s(e)g(link)m(ed) +0 781 y(to)d(an)m(y)f(F)-8 b(ortran)37 b(applications)d(whic)m(h)h +(call)g(FITSIO)g(subroutines\))f(then)i(they)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e +(omitted)h(from)g(the)0 894 y(build)26 b(b)m(y)k(t)m(yping)f('mak)m(e)h +(all-no\014tsio')f(instead)f(of)i(simply)d(t)m(yping)i('mak)m(e'.)42 +b(This)27 b(will)g(reduce)i(the)h(size)f(of)h(the)0 1007 +y(CFITSIO)f(library)f(sligh)m(tly)-8 b(.)0 1167 y(Most)37 +b(32-bit)g(op)s(erating)f(systems)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(only)d(supp)s(orted)g +(disk)g(\014les)g(up)g(to)i(2.1GB)i(\(2**31)g(b)m(ytes\))e(in)e(size.)0 +1280 y(Starting)c(with)f(v)m(ersion)h(2.1)h(of)g(CFITSIO,)e(FITS)h +(\014les)f(larger)h(than)g(this)g(limit)e(\(up)i(to)h(6)g(terab)m +(ytes\))h(can)f(b)s(e)0 1393 y(read)25 b(and)g(written)f(on)h +(platforms)f(that)h(supp)s(ort)f(large)h(\014les)f(\(e.g.,)k(at)e +(least)f(some)h(LINUX)f(platforms)f(and)h(So-)0 1506 +y(laris\).)36 b(T)-8 b(o)22 b(enable)e(this)g(feature,)j(CFITSIO)d(m)m +(ust)h(b)s(e)f(compiled)f(with)h(the)h('-D)p 2731 1506 +28 4 v 34 w(LAR)m(GEFILE)p 3298 1506 V 33 w(SOUR)m(CE')g(and)0 +1619 y(`-D)p 129 1619 V 34 w(FILE)p 374 1619 V 32 w(OFFSET)p +774 1619 V 32 w(BITS=64')g(compiler)e(\015ags.)37 b(Some)21 +b(platforms)e(ma)m(y)i(also)f(require)f(the)h(`-D)p 3380 +1619 V 34 w(LAR)m(GE)p 3736 1619 V 33 w(FILES')0 1732 +y(compiler)29 b(\015ag.)42 b(It)30 b(app)s(ears)g(that)h(in)e(most)i +(cases)g(it)g(is)e(not)i(necessary)g(to)g(also)f(include)f(these)i +(compiler)e(\015ags)0 1844 y(when)k(compiling)f(programs)h(that)i(link) +d(to)i(the)g(CFITSIO)f(library)-8 b(.)49 b(See)34 b(the)g(`CFITSIO)f +(Size)g(Limitations')0 1957 y(section)e(in)e(Chapter)g(4)i(for)f +(further)f(details.)0 2118 y(It)g(ma)m(y)h(not)f(b)s(e)f(p)s(ossible)f +(to)i(staticly)g(link)e(programs)i(that)g(use)g(CFITSIO)e(on)i(some)h +(platforms)d(\(namely)-8 b(,)30 b(on)0 2230 y(Solaris)k(2.6\))j(due)e +(to)i(the)e(net)m(w)m(ork)i(driv)m(ers)d(\(whic)m(h)h(pro)m(vide)g(FTP) +g(and)g(HTTP)g(access)i(to)g(FITS)e(\014les\).)56 b(It)0 +2343 y(is)32 b(p)s(ossible)e(to)k(mak)m(e)f(b)s(oth)g(a)g(dynamic)e +(and)h(a)i(static)f(v)m(ersion)f(of)h(the)g(CFITSIO)e(library)-8 +b(,)32 b(but)g(net)m(w)m(ork)i(\014le)0 2456 y(access)e(will)27 +b(not)k(b)s(e)f(p)s(ossible)e(using)h(the)h(static)h(v)m(ersion.)0 +2762 y Fd(2.1.2)112 b(VMS)0 2984 y Fj(On)28 b(V)-10 b(AX/VMS)31 +b(and)d(ALPHA/VMS)i(systems)f(the)h(mak)m(e)p 2100 2984 +V 34 w(g\015oat.com)h(command)e(\014le)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(executed)h +(to)0 3097 y(build)j(the)k(c\014tsio.olb)e(ob)5 b(ject)37 +b(library)d(using)h(the)h(default)g(G-\015oating)g(p)s(oin)m(t)g +(option)f(for)h(double)f(v)-5 b(ariables.)0 3210 y(The)37 +b(mak)m(e)p 405 3210 V 33 w(d\015oat.com)i(and)d(mak)m(e)p +1279 3210 V 34 w(ieee.com)i(\014les)f(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(used)f(instead)h +(to)h(build)c(the)j(library)e(with)h(the)0 3322 y(other)26 +b(\015oating)h(p)s(oin)m(t)e(options.)38 b(Note)28 b(that)f(the)f +(getcwd)h(function)e(that)i(is)e(used)g(in)g(the)i(group.c)f(mo)s(dule) +e(ma)m(y)0 3435 y(require)43 b(that)j(programs)e(using)f(CFITSIO)g(b)s +(e)h(link)m(ed)g(with)f(the)i(ALPHA$LIBRAR)-8 b(Y:V)e(AX)m(CR)i(TL.OLB) +0 3548 y(library)g(.)39 b(See)30 b(the)h(example)f(link)e(line)h(in)g +(the)i(next)f(section)h(of)f(this)g(do)s(cumen)m(t.)0 +3854 y Fd(2.1.3)112 b(Windo)m(ws)37 b(PCs)0 4076 y Fj(A)28 +b(precompiled)e(DLL)i(v)m(ersion)f(of)h(CFITSIO)e(is)h(a)m(v)-5 +b(ailable)28 b(for)f(IBM-PC)h(users)g(of)g(the)g(Borland)f(or)h +(Microsoft)0 4189 y(Visual)44 b(C++)g(compilers)g(in)g(the)i(\014les)e +(c\014tsio)s(dll)p 1802 4189 V 31 w(2xxx)p 2022 4189 +V 33 w(b)s(orland.zip)e(and)j(c\014tsio)s(dll)p 3078 +4189 V 30 w(2xxx)p 3297 4189 V 33 w(v)m(cc.zip,)50 b(where)0 +4302 y('2xxx')45 b(represen)m(ts)f(the)g(curren)m(t)g(release)h(n)m(um) +m(b)s(er.)81 b(These)44 b(zip)f(arc)m(hiv)m(es)h(also)h(con)m(tains)f +(other)g(\014les)g(and)0 4414 y(instructions)28 b(on)i(ho)m(w)h(to)g +(use)f(the)h(CFITSIO)d(DLL)j(library)-8 b(.)0 4575 y(The)28 +b(CFITSIO)g(library)e(ma)m(y)j(also)g(b)s(e)f(built)f(from)h(the)h +(source)g(co)s(de)g(using)f(the)h(mak)m(e\014le.b)s(c)f(or)h(mak)m +(e\014le.v)m(cc)0 4688 y(\014les.)54 b(Finally)-8 b(,)35 +b(the)g(mak)m(ep)s(c.bat)h(\014le)e(giv)m(es)i(an)f(example)g(of)g +(building)c(CFITSIO)j(with)f(the)j(Borland)e(C++)0 4800 +y(v4.5)d(compiler)e(using)g(older)h(DOS)g(commands.)0 +5106 y Fd(2.1.4)112 b(Macin)m(tosh)38 b(PCs)0 5328 y +Fj(When)30 b(building)d(on)j(Mac)h(OS-X,)g(users)e(should)g(follo)m(w)g +(the)i(Unix)e(instructions,)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)0 5488 +y(The)h(classic)f(MacOS)h(v)m(ersion)g(\(OS)g(9)g(or)g(earlier\))f(of)i +(the)f(CFITSIO)e(library)g(can)i(b)s(e)g(built)e(b)m(y)i(\(1\))h(un)e +(binhex)0 5601 y(and)e(unstu\013)g(c\014tsio)p 714 5601 +V 33 w(mac.sit.hqx,)i(\(2\))g(put)e(CFitsioPPC.mcp)f(in)h(the)h +(c\014tsio)g(directory)-8 b(,)28 b(and)e(\(3\))i(load)f(CFit-)0 +5714 y(sioPPC.mcp)i(in)m(to)i(Co)s(deW)-8 b(arrior)30 +b(Pro)g(5)h(and)f(mak)m(e.)42 b(This)29 b(builds)e(the)k(CFITSIO)e +(library)f(for)i(PPC.)g(There)p eop +%%Page: 8 16 +8 15 bop 0 299 a Fj(8)1580 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(2.)112 b(CREA)-8 +b(TING)30 b(THE)g(CFITSIO)f(LIBRAR)-8 b(Y)0 555 y Fj(are)31 +b(also)f(targets)i(for)e(b)s(oth)g(the)g(test)i(program)e(and)f(the)i +(sp)s(eed)e(test)j(program.)0 715 y(T)-8 b(o)27 b(use)f(the)h(MacOS)g +(p)s(ort)f(y)m(ou)h(can)g(add)f(C\014tsio)g(PPC.lib)e(to)j(y)m(our)g +(Co)s(deW)-8 b(arrior)26 b(Pro)g(5)h(pro)5 b(ject.)40 +b(Note)28 b(that)0 828 y(this)h(only)h(has)g(b)s(een)g(tested)h(for)f +(the)g(PPC)g(and)g(probably)e(w)m(on't)j(w)m(ork)g(on)f(68k)h(Macs.)0 +1162 y Ff(2.2)135 b(T)-11 b(esting)46 b(the)f(Library)0 +1412 y Fj(The)40 b(CFITSIO)e(library)g(should)g(b)s(e)h(tested)i(b)m(y) +f(building)c(and)j(running)f(the)i(testprog.c)h(program)f(that)h(is)0 +1525 y(included)28 b(with)h(the)h(release.)41 b(On)30 +b(Unix)f(systems,)i(t)m(yp)s(e:)191 1782 y Fe(\045)47 +b(make)g(testprog)191 1895 y(\045)g(testprog)f(>)h(testprog.lis)191 +2008 y(\045)g(diff)g(testprog.lis)d(testprog.out)191 +2121 y(\045)j(cmp)g(testprog.fit)e(testprog.std)0 2378 +y Fj(On)30 b(VMS)g(systems,)g(\(assuming)g(cc)h(is)e(the)i(name)f(of)h +(the)f(C)g(compiler)f(command\),)i(t)m(yp)s(e:)191 2636 +y Fe($)47 b(cc)h(testprog.c)191 2749 y($)f(link)g(testprog,)e +(cfitsio/lib,)g(alpha$library:vaxcrtl/l)o(ib)191 2862 +y($)i(run)g(testprog)0 3119 y Fj(The)42 b(test)h(program)f(should)e +(pro)s(duce)h(a)i(FITS)e(\014le)h(called)f(`testprog.\014t')j(that)f +(is)e(iden)m(tical)g(to)i(the)f(`test-)0 3232 y(prog.std')35 +b(FITS)e(\014le)h(included)d(with)i(this)g(release.)53 +b(The)34 b(diagnostic)g(messages)h(\(whic)m(h)f(w)m(ere)h(pip)s(ed)d +(to)j(the)0 3345 y(\014le)g(testprog.lis)h(in)f(the)i(Unix)e(example\)) +h(should)e(b)s(e)i(iden)m(tical)f(to)i(the)f(listing)e(con)m(tained)j +(in)e(the)h(\014le)g(test-)0 3458 y(prog.out.)63 b(The)37 +b('di\013)7 b(')37 b(and)g('cmp')h(commands)g(sho)m(wn)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m +(e)i(should)c(not)j(rep)s(ort)f(an)m(y)h(di\013erences)f(in)g(the)0 +3571 y(\014les.)64 b(\(There)38 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(some)h(minor)e +(format)i(di\013erences,)h(suc)m(h)e(as)h(the)g(presence)f(or)h +(absence)g(of)f(leading)0 3684 y(zeros,)31 b(or)g(3)f(digit)g(exp)s +(onen)m(ts)g(in)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers,)g(whic)m(h)g(can)i(b)s(e)f +(ignored\).)0 3844 y(The)e(F)-8 b(ortran)30 b(wrapp)s(ers)d(in)g +(CFITSIO)g(ma)m(y)j(b)s(e)e(tested)h(with)f(the)h(testf77)h(program)f +(on)g(Unix)e(systems)i(with:)191 4101 y Fe(\045)47 b(f77)g(-o)g +(testf77)f(testf77.f)g(-L.)g(-lcfitsio)g(-lnsl)g(-lsocket)95 +4214 y(or)191 4327 y(\045)h(f77)g(-f)g(-o)h(testf77)d(testf77.f)h(-L.)h +(-lcfitsio)188 b(\(under)46 b(SUN)h(O/S\))95 4440 y(or)191 +4553 y(\045)g(f77)g(-o)g(testf77)f(testf77.f)g(-Wl,-L.)f(-lcfitsio)h +(-lm)h(-lnsl)f(-lsocket)f(\(HP/UX\))191 4779 y(\045)i(testf77)f(>)i +(testf77.lis)191 4892 y(\045)f(diff)g(testf77.lis)e(testf77.out)191 +5005 y(\045)i(cmp)g(testf77.fit)e(testf77.std)0 5262 +y Fj(On)31 b(mac)m(hines)g(running)f(SUN)h(O/S,)h(F)-8 +b(ortran)33 b(programs)e(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)f(compiled)f(with)h(the)h('-f) +7 b(')32 b(option)g(to)g(force)0 5375 y(double)24 b(precision)g(v)-5 +b(ariables)24 b(to)i(b)s(e)f(aligned)f(on)i(8-b)m(yte)h(b)s(oundarys)c +(to)j(mak)m(e)h(the)e(fortran-declared)g(v)-5 b(ariables)0 +5488 y(compatible)32 b(with)f(C.)h(A)h(similar)d(compiler)h(option)h +(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(required)f(on)h(other)h(platforms.)47 +b(F)-8 b(ailing)31 b(to)i(use)0 5601 y(this)25 b(option)g(ma)m(y)h +(cause)h(the)f(program)f(to)i(crash)e(on)h(FITSIO)f(routines)f(that)j +(read)f(or)f(write)g(double)g(precision)0 5714 y(v)-5 +b(ariables.)p eop +%%Page: 9 17 +9 16 bop 0 299 a Fh(2.3.)72 b(LINKING)30 b(PR)m(OGRAMS)h(WITH)f +(CFITSIO)1975 b Fj(9)0 555 y(Also)30 b(note)h(that)f(on)g(some)h +(systems,)f(the)h(output)e(listing)f(of)j(the)f(testf77)i(program)d(ma) +m(y)i(di\013er)e(sligh)m(tly)f(from)0 668 y(the)j(testf77.std)h +(template,)f(if)f(leading)f(zeros)i(are)g(not)g(prin)m(ted)e(b)m(y)i +(default)f(b)s(efore)g(the)h(decimal)e(p)s(oin)m(t)h(when)0 +781 y(using)f(F)i(format.)0 941 y(A)37 b(few)f(other)g(utilit)m(y)f +(programs)h(are)h(included)d(with)h(CFITSIO;)g(the)i(\014rst)e(four)h +(of)g(this)g(programs)g(can)h(b)s(e)0 1054 y(compiled)c(an)i(link)m(ed) +e(b)m(y)i(t)m(yping)f(`mak)m(e)i(program)p 1815 1054 +28 4 v 33 w(name')f(where)f(`program)p 2746 1054 V 33 +w(name')h(is)f(the)h(actual)g(name)g(of)0 1167 y(the)c(program:)191 +1467 y Fe(speed)46 b(-)i(measures)d(the)i(maximum)f(throughput)f(\(in)i +(MB)g(per)g(second\))668 1580 y(for)g(writing)f(and)h(reading)f(FITS)g +(files)h(with)f(CFITSIO.)191 1806 y(listhead)f(-)j(lists)e(all)h(the)g +(header)f(keywords)g(in)h(any)g(FITS)f(file)191 2032 +y(fitscopy)f(-)j(copies)e(any)h(FITS)g(file)f(\(especially)f(useful)h +(in)h(conjunction)811 2145 y(with)g(the)g(CFITSIO's)e(extended)h(input) +g(filename)g(syntax\).)191 2371 y(cookbook)f(-)j(a)f(sample)f(program)g +(that)h(performs)e(common)i(read)f(and)811 2483 y(write)h(operations)e +(on)i(a)g(FITS)g(file.)191 2709 y(iter_a,)f(iter_b,)g(iter_c)g(-)h +(examples)f(of)h(the)g(CFITSIO)f(iterator)f(routine)0 +3091 y Ff(2.3)135 b(Linking)45 b(Programs)h(with)f(CFITSIO)0 +3350 y Fj(When)25 b(linking)e(applications)h(soft)m(w)m(are)j(with)d +(the)i(CFITSIO)e(library)-8 b(,)25 b(sev)m(eral)h(system)g(libraries)d +(usually)g(need)0 3463 y(to)36 b(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(on)h(the)g +(link)f(command)h(line.)54 b(On)34 b(Unix)h(systems,)i(the)e(most)h +(reliable)d(w)m(a)m(y)k(to)f(determine)0 3576 y(what)26 +b(libraries)e(are)i(required)f(is)g(to)i(t)m(yp)s(e)f('mak)m(e)i +(testprog')f(and)f(see)h(what)f(libraries)e(the)i(con\014gure)g(script) +f(has)0 3689 y(added.)39 b(The)25 b(t)m(ypical)h(libraries)d(that)j +(need)g(to)g(b)s(e)g(added)f(are)h(-lm)g(\(the)g(math)g(library\))e +(and)h(-lnsl)f(and)i(-lso)s(c)m(k)m(et)0 3802 y(\(needed)k(only)f(for)h +(FTP)g(and)f(HTTP)g(\014le)g(access\).)43 b(These)30 +b(latter)g(2)g(libraries)d(are)k(not)f(needed)g(on)g(VMS)g(and)0 +3915 y(Windo)m(ws)f(platforms,)h(b)s(ecause)g(FTP)h(\014le)e(access)j +(is)d(not)i(curren)m(tly)e(supp)s(orted)g(on)h(those)h(platforms.)0 +4075 y(Note)i(that)g(when)e(upgrading)f(to)j(a)f(new)m(er)g(v)m(ersion) +f(of)h(CFITSIO)f(it)g(is)g(usually)f(necessary)i(to)h(recompile,)f(as)0 +4188 y(w)m(ell)d(as)i(relink,)e(the)h(programs)g(that)h(use)f(CFITSIO,) +f(b)s(ecause)i(the)f(de\014nitions)e(in)h(\014tsio.h)h(often)g(c)m +(hange.)0 4569 y Ff(2.4)135 b(Getting)46 b(Started)g(with)f(CFITSIO)0 +4829 y Fj(In)27 b(order)h(to)g(e\013ectiv)m(ely)h(use)f(the)g(CFITSIO)e +(library)g(it)h(is)g(recommended)h(that)g(new)f(users)h(b)s(egin)e(b)m +(y)i(reading)0 4942 y(the)g(\\CFITSIO)g(Quic)m(k)f(Start)h(Guide".)40 +b(It)28 b(con)m(tains)g(all)g(the)g(basic)g(information)e(needed)i(to)h +(write)e(programs)0 5055 y(that)d(p)s(erform)f(most)h(t)m(yp)s(es)g(of) +g(op)s(erations)f(on)h(FITS)f(\014les.)38 b(The)23 b(set)i(of)f +(example)f(FITS)h(utilit)m(y)e(programs)h(that)0 5168 +y(are)29 b(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)28 b(from)g(the)g(CFITSIO)f(w)m(eb)i +(site)f(are)h(also)f(v)m(ery)h(useful)e(for)h(learning)f(ho)m(w)h(to)h +(use)f(CFITSIO.)f(T)-8 b(o)0 5281 y(learn)22 b(ev)m(en)h(more)g(ab)s +(out)f(the)h(capabilities)d(of)j(the)g(CFITSIO)e(library)f(the)j(follo) +m(wing)e(steps)h(are)h(recommended:)0 5441 y(1.)41 b(Read)31 +b(the)f(follo)m(wing)f(short)h(`FITS)g(Primer')f(c)m(hapter)i(for)f(an) +h(o)m(v)m(erview)g(of)f(the)h(structure)f(of)g(FITS)g(\014les.)0 +5601 y(2.)40 b(Review)27 b(the)g(Programming)f(Guidelines)f(in)h +(Chapter)g(4)i(to)g(b)s(ecome)f(familiar)e(with)h(the)i(con)m(v)m(en)m +(tions)g(used)0 5714 y(b)m(y)i(the)h(CFITSIO)e(in)m(terface.)p +eop +%%Page: 10 18 +10 17 bop 0 299 a Fj(10)1535 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(2.)112 +b(CREA)-8 b(TING)30 b(THE)g(CFITSIO)f(LIBRAR)-8 b(Y)0 +555 y Fj(3.)74 b(Refer)41 b(to)h(the)g(co)s(okb)s(o)s(ok.c,)j +(listhead.c,)f(and)c(\014tscop)m(y)-8 b(.c)43 b(programs)e(that)h(are)g +(included)c(with)i(this)h(re-)0 668 y(lease)g(for)f(examples)g(of)h +(routines)e(that)i(p)s(erform)e(v)-5 b(arious)40 b(common)h(FITS)f +(\014le)f(op)s(erations.)71 b(T)m(yp)s(e)40 b('mak)m(e)0 +781 y(program)p 339 781 28 4 v 33 w(name')30 b(to)h(compile)f(and)f +(link)g(these)i(programs)f(on)g(Unix)f(systems.)0 941 +y(4.)40 b(W)-8 b(rite)29 b(a)f(simple)e(program)i(to)g(read)g(or)g +(write)f(a)i(FITS)e(\014le)g(using)g(the)h(Basic)g(In)m(terface)h +(routines)e(describ)s(ed)0 1054 y(in)i(Chapter)h(5.)0 +1214 y(5.)79 b(Scan)43 b(through)f(the)h(more)g(sp)s(ecialized)f +(routines)f(that)j(are)f(describ)s(ed)e(in)h(the)h(follo)m(wing)f(c)m +(hapters)h(to)0 1327 y(b)s(ecome)31 b(familiar)d(with)h(the)i +(functionalit)m(y)d(that)j(they)g(pro)m(vide.)0 1660 +y Ff(2.5)135 b(Example)46 b(Program)0 1910 y Fj(The)c(follo)m(wing)g +(listing)f(sho)m(ws)h(an)h(example)g(of)g(ho)m(w)g(to)g(use)g(the)g +(CFITSIO)f(routines)f(in)h(a)h(C)g(program.)0 2023 y(Refer)26 +b(to)g(the)g(co)s(okb)s(o)s(ok.c)g(program)f(that)i(is)d(included)f +(with)h(the)i(CFITSIO)e(distribution)e(for)j(other)h(example)0 +2136 y(routines.)0 2296 y(This)37 b(program)i(creates)h(a)f(new)f(FITS) +g(\014le,)j(con)m(taining)d(a)h(FITS)f(image.)67 b(An)38 +b(`EXPOSURE')h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(is)0 2409 y(written)26 +b(to)h(the)f(header,)i(then)e(the)h(image)f(data)i(are)f(written)e(to)i +(the)g(FITS)f(\014le)f(b)s(efore)i(closing)e(the)i(FITS)f(\014le.)0 +2665 y Fe(#include)46 b("fitsio.h")92 b(/*)47 b(required)f(by)h(every)g +(program)e(that)i(uses)g(CFITSIO)93 b(*/)0 2778 y(main\(\))0 +2891 y({)191 3004 y(fitsfile)45 b(*fptr;)333 b(/*)47 +b(pointer)f(to)h(the)g(FITS)g(file;)f(defined)g(in)h(fitsio.h)f(*/)191 +3117 y(int)h(status,)f(ii,)h(jj;)191 3230 y(long)94 b(fpixel)46 +b(=)i(1,)f(naxis)f(=)i(2,)f(nelements,)e(exposure;)191 +3343 y(long)i(naxes[2])e(=)j({)f(300,)g(200)g(};)142 +b(/*)47 b(image)g(is)g(300)g(pixels)f(wide)h(by)g(200)g(rows)f(*/)191 +3456 y(short)g(array[200][300];)191 3681 y(status)g(=)h(0;)429 +b(/*)48 b(initialize)d(status)h(before)g(calling)g(fitsio)g(routines)f +(*/)191 3794 y(fits_create_file\(&fptr,)c("testfile.fits",)j +(&status\);)140 b(/*)48 b(create)e(new)h(file)f(*/)191 +4020 y(/*)h(Create)f(the)h(primary)f(array)g(image)h(\(16-bit)e(short)i +(integer)f(pixels)g(*/)191 4133 y(fits_create_img\(fptr,)c(SHORT_IMG,)j +(naxis,)h(naxes,)g(&status\);)191 4359 y(/*)h(Write)f(a)i(keyword;)d +(must)i(pass)g(the)g(ADDRESS)e(of)j(the)f(value)f(*/)191 +4472 y(exposure)f(=)j(1500.;)191 4585 y(fits_update_key\(fptr,)42 +b(TLONG,)k("EXPOSURE",)f(&exposure,)430 4698 y("Total)h(Exposure)f +(Time",)h(&status\);)191 4924 y(/*)h(Initialize)e(the)i(values)f(in)h +(the)g(image)g(with)f(a)i(linear)e(ramp)g(function)g(*/)191 +5036 y(for)h(\(jj)g(=)g(0;)g(jj)h(<)f(naxes[1];)e(jj++\))382 +5149 y(for)i(\(ii)g(=)g(0;)g(ii)g(<)h(naxes[0];)d(ii++\))573 +5262 y(array[jj][ii])f(=)j(ii)h(+)f(jj;)191 5488 y(nelements)e(=)j +(naxes[0])d(*)j(naxes[1];)474 b(/*)48 b(number)e(of)h(pixels)f(to)h +(write)g(*/)191 5714 y(/*)g(Write)f(the)h(array)g(of)g(integers)e(to)j +(the)f(image)f(*/)p eop +%%Page: 11 19 +11 18 bop 0 299 a Fh(2.5.)72 b(EXAMPLE)31 b(PR)m(OGRAM)2618 +b Fj(11)191 555 y Fe(fits_write_img\(fptr,)42 b(TSHORT,)k(fpixel,)g +(nelements,)f(array[0],)g(&status\);)191 781 y(fits_close_file\(fptr,)d +(&status\);)570 b(/*)47 b(close)g(the)g(file)f(*/)191 +1007 y(fits_report_error\(stderr)o(,)c(status\);)93 b(/*)47 +b(print)g(out)g(any)f(error)h(messages)e(*/)191 1120 +y(return\()h(status)g(\);)0 1233 y(})p eop +%%Page: 12 20 +12 19 bop 0 299 a Fj(12)1535 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(2.)112 +b(CREA)-8 b(TING)30 b(THE)g(CFITSIO)f(LIBRAR)-8 b(Y)p +eop +%%Page: 13 21 +13 20 bop 0 1225 a Fg(Chapter)65 b(3)0 1687 y Fm(A)78 +b(FITS)f(Primer)0 2180 y Fj(This)22 b(section)j(giv)m(es)f(a)h(brief)d +(o)m(v)m(erview)j(of)f(the)h(structure)e(of)i(FITS)e(\014les.)37 +b(Users)24 b(should)f(refer)g(to)i(the)g(do)s(cumen-)0 +2293 y(tation)i(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)27 b(from)g(the)g(NOST,)f(as)i +(describ)s(ed)d(in)h(the)h(in)m(tro)s(duction,)f(for)h(more)g(detailed) +g(information)e(on)0 2406 y(FITS)30 b(formats.)0 2566 +y(FITS)e(w)m(as)h(\014rst)g(dev)m(elop)s(ed)f(in)f(the)i(late)h(1970's) +h(as)e(a)g(standard)f(data)i(in)m(terc)m(hange)f(format)g(b)s(et)m(w)m +(een)h(v)-5 b(arious)0 2679 y(astronomical)34 b(observ)-5 +b(atories.)51 b(Since)33 b(then)h(FITS)f(has)h(b)s(ecome)g(the)h +(standard)e(data)i(format)f(supp)s(orted)e(b)m(y)0 2791 +y(most)f(astronomical)f(data)h(analysis)e(soft)m(w)m(are)j(pac)m(k)-5 +b(ages.)0 2952 y(A)34 b(FITS)f(\014le)f(consists)h(of)h(one)g(or)g +(more)g(Header)g(+)f(Data)i(Units)e(\(HDUs\),)j(where)d(the)h(\014rst)f +(HDU)h(is)f(called)0 3065 y(the)k(`Primary)e(HDU',)j(or)f(`Primary)e +(Arra)m(y'.)60 b(The)36 b(primary)f(arra)m(y)i(con)m(tains)g(an)f +(N-dimensional)f(arra)m(y)i(of)0 3177 y(pixels,)26 b(suc)m(h)h(as)h(a)f +(1-D)h(sp)s(ectrum,)f(a)h(2-D)g(image,)h(or)e(a)g(3-D)i(data)f(cub)s +(e.)39 b(Fiv)m(e)27 b(di\013eren)m(t)g(primary)e(data)j(t)m(yp)s(es)0 +3290 y(are)e(supp)s(orted:)37 b(Unsigned)24 b(8-bit)i(b)m(ytes,)h(16)g +(and)e(32-bit)h(signed)e(in)m(tegers,)j(and)f(32)g(and)f(64-bit)h +(\015oating)g(p)s(oin)m(t)0 3403 y(reals.)40 b(FITS)29 +b(also)h(has)g(a)g(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)i(for)d(storing)h(16)h(and)e +(32-bit)h(unsigned)e(in)m(tegers)j(\(see)g(the)f(later)g(section)0 +3516 y(en)m(titled)d(`Unsigned)g(In)m(tegers')i(for)e(more)h +(details\).)39 b(The)27 b(primary)f(HDU)j(ma)m(y)f(also)g(consist)f(of) +h(only)f(a)h(header)0 3629 y(with)h(a)i(n)m(ull)d(arra)m(y)j(con)m +(taining)f(no)g(data)h(pixels.)0 3789 y(An)m(y)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h +(additional)f(HDUs)i(ma)m(y)g(follo)m(w)f(the)g(primary)f(arra)m(y;)j +(these)f(additional)e(HDUs)i(are)g(called)0 3902 y(FITS)d +(`extensions'.)40 b(There)30 b(are)h(curren)m(tly)e(3)i(t)m(yp)s(es)g +(of)f(extensions)g(de\014ned)f(b)m(y)h(the)h(FITS)f(standard:)136 +4171 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(Image)31 b(Extension)f(-)h(a)f(N-dimensional)e +(arra)m(y)j(of)g(pixels,)e(lik)m(e)g(in)g(a)i(primary)d(arra)m(y)136 +4368 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(ASCI)s(I)29 b(T)-8 b(able)30 b(Extension)g(-)g +(ro)m(ws)h(and)e(columns)g(of)i(data)g(in)e(ASCI)s(I)g(c)m(haracter)j +(format)136 4564 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(Binary)30 b(T)-8 b(able)30 +b(Extension)f(-)i(ro)m(ws)f(and)g(columns)f(of)i(data)g(in)e(binary)f +(represen)m(tation)0 4833 y(In)33 b(eac)m(h)i(case)g(the)f(HDU)h +(consists)f(of)g(an)g(ASCI)s(I)e(Header)i(Unit)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)f(b)m +(y)h(an)g(optional)f(Data)i(Unit.)51 b(F)-8 b(or)0 4946 +y(historical)34 b(reasons,)j(eac)m(h)f(Header)g(or)g(Data)h(unit)d(m)m +(ust)h(b)s(e)g(an)g(exact)i(m)m(ultiple)c(of)j(2880)h(8-bit)e(b)m(ytes) +h(long.)0 5059 y(An)m(y)30 b(un)m(used)g(space)g(is)g(padded)f(with)g +(\014ll)f(c)m(haracters)k(\(ASCI)s(I)d(blanks)g(or)i(zeros\).)0 +5219 y(Eac)m(h)i(Header)f(Unit)g(consists)g(of)g(an)m(y)g(n)m(um)m(b)s +(er)f(of)i(80-c)m(haracter)i(k)m(eyw)m(ord)d(records)g(or)g(`card)h +(images')f(whic)m(h)0 5332 y(ha)m(v)m(e)g(the)e(general)h(form:)95 +5601 y Fe(KEYNAME)46 b(=)i(value)e(/)i(comment)d(string)95 +5714 y(NULLKEY)h(=)334 b(/)48 b(comment:)d(This)i(keyword)f(has)g(no)i +(value)1905 5942 y Fj(13)p eop +%%Page: 14 22 +14 21 bop 0 299 a Fj(14)2398 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(3.)112 +b(A)30 b(FITS)g(PRIMER)0 555 y Fj(The)35 b(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(names)f(ma)m +(y)g(b)s(e)g(up)f(to)h(8)h(c)m(haracters)g(long)f(and)f(can)h(only)g +(con)m(tain)g(upp)s(ercase)f(letters,)j(the)0 668 y(digits)23 +b(0-9,)k(the)e(h)m(yphen,)g(and)f(the)h(underscore)e(c)m(haracter.)41 +b(The)24 b(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(name)g(is)e(\(usually\))g(follo)m(w)m(ed)i +(b)m(y)f(an)0 781 y(equals)k(sign)g(and)g(a)g(space)i(c)m(haracter)g +(\(=)e(\))h(in)e(columns)h(9)h(-)f(10)i(of)f(the)f(record,)h(follo)m(w) +m(ed)g(b)m(y)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(of)h(the)0 894 +y(k)m(eyw)m(ord)34 b(whic)m(h)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(either)g(an)h(in)m +(teger,)h(a)f(\015oating)f(p)s(oin)m(t)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)h(a)g(c)m +(haracter)h(string)d(\(enclosed)i(in)0 1007 y(single)26 +b(quotes\),)k(or)e(a)g(b)s(o)s(olean)f(v)-5 b(alue)27 +b(\(the)h(letter)g(T)g(or)f(F\).)i(A)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(ma)m(y)h(also)e +(ha)m(v)m(e)i(a)g(n)m(ull)c(or)j(unde\014ned)0 1120 y(v)-5 +b(alue)30 b(if)f(there)i(is)e(no)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(v)-5 +b(alue)30 b(string,)g(as)g(in)f(the)i(second)f(example,)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m +(e)0 1280 y(The)42 b(last)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(in)e(the)i(header)f(is)f +(alw)m(a)m(ys)i(the)g(`END')g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(whic)m(h)e(has)h(no)h(v) +-5 b(alue)41 b(or)i(commen)m(t)0 1393 y(\014elds.)c(There)30 +b(are)h(man)m(y)f(rules)f(go)m(v)m(erning)i(the)f(exact)i(format)f(of)f +(a)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)f(record)h(\(see)g(the)f(NOST)g(FITS)0 +1506 y(Standard\))c(so)i(it)e(is)h(b)s(etter)g(to)h(rely)e(on)h +(standard)g(in)m(terface)g(soft)m(w)m(are)i(lik)m(e)d(CFITSIO)g(to)i +(correctly)g(construct)0 1619 y(or)i(to)h(parse)g(the)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h +(records)f(rather)g(than)h(try)f(to)h(deal)f(directly)f(with)g(the)h +(ra)m(w)h(FITS)f(formats.)0 1779 y(Eac)m(h)37 b(Header)g(Unit)e(b)s +(egins)g(with)g(a)h(series)g(of)g(required)f(k)m(eyw)m(ords)h(whic)m(h) +f(dep)s(end)g(on)h(the)g(t)m(yp)s(e)h(of)f(HDU.)0 1892 +y(These)31 b(required)f(k)m(eyw)m(ords)i(sp)s(ecify)f(the)g(size)h(and) +f(format)h(of)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)e(Data)j(Unit.)44 +b(The)31 b(header)g(ma)m(y)0 2005 y(con)m(tain)g(other)g(optional)e(k)m +(eyw)m(ords)i(to)h(describ)s(e)d(other)h(asp)s(ects)h(of)g(the)g(data,) +g(suc)m(h)g(as)g(the)f(units)f(or)i(scaling)0 2118 y(v)-5 +b(alues.)43 b(Other)31 b(COMMENT)g(or)g(HISTOR)-8 b(Y)30 +b(k)m(eyw)m(ords)i(are)g(also)f(frequen)m(tly)g(added)f(to)i(further)e +(do)s(cumen)m(t)0 2230 y(the)h(data)g(\014le.)0 2391 +y(The)36 b(optional)f(Data)j(Unit)e(immediately)e(follo)m(ws)i(the)g +(last)g(2880-b)m(yte)j(blo)s(c)m(k)d(in)f(the)h(Header)h(Unit.)58 +b(Some)0 2503 y(HDUs)31 b(do)f(not)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(a)g(Data)h(Unit)e +(and)g(only)f(consist)h(of)h(the)f(Header)h(Unit.)0 2664 +y(If)24 b(there)i(is)e(more)h(than)f(one)h(HDU)h(in)e(the)h(FITS)f +(\014le,)h(then)g(the)g(Header)h(Unit)e(of)h(the)g(next)g(HDU)h +(immediately)0 2777 y(follo)m(ws)e(the)g(last)h(2880-b)m(yte)i(blo)s(c) +m(k)d(of)h(the)f(previous)f(Data)k(Unit)c(\(or)i(Header)g(Unit)f(if)f +(there)i(is)f(no)g(Data)i(Unit\).)0 2937 y(The)k(main)f(required)g(k)m +(eyw)m(ords)h(in)f(FITS)h(primary)f(arra)m(ys)h(or)h(image)f +(extensions)g(are:)136 3172 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(BITPIX)39 +b({)h(de\014nes)f(the)g(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(of)f(the)h(arra)m(y:)59 +b(8,)42 b(16,)h(32,)g(-32,)g(-64)d(for)f(unsigned)f(8{bit)h(b)m(yte,) +227 3284 y(16{bit)h(signed)f(in)m(teger,)j(32{bit)f(signed)d(in)m +(teger,)43 b(32{bit)d(IEEE)f(\015oating)g(p)s(oin)m(t,)i(and)f(64{bit)g +(IEEE)227 3397 y(double)29 b(precision)g(\015oating)h(p)s(oin)m(t,)g +(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)136 3585 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(NAXIS)30 +b({)h(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(dimensions)e(in)h(the)i(arra)m(y)-8 +b(,)31 b(usually)d(0,)j(1,)g(2,)g(3,)g(or)g(4.)136 3773 +y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(NAXISn)30 b({)h(\(n)f(ranges)g(from)g(1)h(to)g +(NAXIS\))g(de\014nes)e(the)i(size)f(of)h(eac)m(h)g(dimension.)0 +4008 y(FITS)e(tables)h(start)h(with)e(the)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(XTENSION)g +(=)f(`T)-8 b(ABLE')31 b(\(for)f(ASCI)s(I)f(tables\))h(or)g(XTENSION)f +(=)0 4120 y(`BINT)-8 b(ABLE')32 b(\(for)e(binary)f(tables\))h(and)g(ha) +m(v)m(e)i(the)e(follo)m(wing)f(main)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords:)136 +4355 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(TFIELDS)30 b({)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h +(\014elds)f(or)i(columns)e(in)g(the)h(table)136 4543 +y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(NAXIS2)31 b({)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(ro)m(ws)h(in)e +(the)h(table)136 4731 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(TTYPEn)29 b({)i(for)f(eac)m(h)i +(column)d(\(n)h(ranges)h(from)f(1)g(to)h(TFIELDS\))g(giv)m(es)f(the)h +(name)f(of)h(the)f(column)136 4918 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(TF)m(ORMn)31 +b({)f(the)h(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e)f(of)h(the)g(column)136 +5106 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(TUNITn)30 b({)g(the)h(ph)m(ysical)e(units)g(of)h +(the)h(column)e(\(optional\))0 5341 y(Users)e(should)e(refer)i(to)g +(the)h(FITS)e(Supp)s(ort)f(O\016ce)i(at)h Fe(http://fits.gsfc.nasa.go)o +(v)21 b Fj(for)27 b(futher)f(informa-)0 5454 y(tion)k(ab)s(out)g(the)h +(FITS)e(format)i(and)f(related)g(soft)m(w)m(are)i(pac)m(k)-5 +b(ages.)p eop +%%Page: 15 23 +15 22 bop 0 1225 a Fg(Chapter)65 b(4)0 1687 y Fm(Programming)77 +b(Guidelines)0 2216 y Ff(4.1)135 b(CFITSIO)44 b(De\014nitions)0 +2466 y Fj(An)m(y)30 b(program)g(that)h(uses)f(the)h(CFITSIO)d(in)m +(terface)j(m)m(ust)f(include)e(the)j(\014tsio.h)e(header)h(\014le)g +(with)f(the)h(state-)0 2579 y(men)m(t)95 2818 y Fe(#include)46 +b("fitsio.h")0 3057 y Fj(This)29 b(header)i(\014le)g(con)m(tains)g(the) +g(protot)m(yp)s(es)h(for)f(all)f(the)h(CFITSIO)f(user)g(in)m(terface)i +(routines)e(as)h(w)m(ell)f(as)i(the)0 3170 y(de\014nitions)e(of)i(v)-5 +b(arious)31 b(constan)m(ts)i(used)e(in)g(the)i(in)m(terface.)46 +b(It)32 b(also)g(de\014nes)f(a)i(C)f(structure)f(of)h(t)m(yp)s(e)h +(`\014ts\014le')0 3283 y(that)j(is)f(used)g(b)m(y)g(CFITSIO)f(to)j +(store)f(the)g(relev)-5 b(an)m(t)36 b(parameters)g(that)g(de\014ne)f +(the)h(format)g(of)g(a)g(particular)0 3396 y(FITS)c(\014le.)47 +b(Application)31 b(programs)i(m)m(ust)g(de\014ne)f(a)h(p)s(oin)m(ter)f +(to)h(this)f(structure)h(for)f(eac)m(h)i(FITS)e(\014le)g(that)i(is)0 +3508 y(to)i(b)s(e)f(op)s(ened.)56 b(This)34 b(structure)h(is)g +(initialized)d(\(i.e.,)38 b(memory)d(is)g(allo)s(cated)g(for)h(the)g +(structure\))f(when)g(the)0 3621 y(FITS)h(\014le)f(is)h(\014rst)f(op)s +(ened)h(or)g(created)i(with)d(the)h(\014ts)p 1949 3621 +28 4 v 33 w(op)s(en)p 2172 3621 V 32 w(\014le)f(or)i(\014ts)p +2596 3621 V 32 w(create)p 2864 3621 V 34 w(\014le)f(routines.)58 +b(This)34 b(\014ts\014le)0 3734 y(p)s(oin)m(ter)c(is)h(then)g(passed)g +(as)g(the)h(\014rst)e(argumen)m(t)i(to)g(ev)m(ery)g(other)g(CFITSIO)d +(routine)i(that)h(op)s(erates)g(on)f(the)0 3847 y(FITS)h(\014le.)47 +b(Application)31 b(programs)i(m)m(ust)g(not)g(directly)e(read)i(or)g +(write)f(elemen)m(ts)h(in)f(this)g(\014ts\014le)f(structure)0 +3960 y(b)s(ecause)f(the)h(de\014nition)d(of)j(the)f(structure)g(ma)m(y) +h(c)m(hange)g(in)f(future)f(v)m(ersions)h(of)g(CFITSIO.)0 +4120 y(A)45 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(sym)m(b)s(olic)e(constan)m(ts)j +(are)f(also)f(de\014ned)g(in)f(\014tsio.h)h(for)g(the)h(con)m(v)m +(enience)h(of)f(application)0 4233 y(programmers.)55 +b(Use)35 b(of)h(these)f(sym)m(b)s(olic)f(constan)m(ts)i(rather)f(than)g +(the)h(actual)f(n)m(umeric)f(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(will)d(help)i(to)0 +4346 y(mak)m(e)d(the)g(source)f(co)s(de)h(more)g(readable)e(and)h +(easier)h(for)f(others)g(to)h(understand.)0 4585 y Fe(String)46 +b(Lengths,)g(for)h(use)f(when)h(allocating)e(character)g(arrays:)95 +4811 y(#define)h(FLEN_FILENAME)e(1025)j(/*)g(max)g(length)f(of)h(a)h +(filename)857 b(*/)95 4924 y(#define)46 b(FLEN_KEYWORD)140 +b(72)95 b(/*)47 b(max)g(length)f(of)h(a)h(keyword)905 +b(*/)95 5036 y(#define)46 b(FLEN_CARD)284 b(81)95 b(/*)47 +b(max)g(length)f(of)h(a)h(FITS)f(header)f(card)476 b(*/)95 +5149 y(#define)46 b(FLEN_VALUE)236 b(71)95 b(/*)47 b(max)g(length)f(of) +h(a)h(keyword)e(value)g(string)285 b(*/)95 5262 y(#define)46 +b(FLEN_COMMENT)140 b(73)95 b(/*)47 b(max)g(length)f(of)h(a)h(keyword)e +(comment)g(string)189 b(*/)95 5375 y(#define)46 b(FLEN_ERRMSG)188 +b(81)95 b(/*)47 b(max)g(length)f(of)h(a)h(CFITSIO)e(error)g(message)237 +b(*/)95 5488 y(#define)46 b(FLEN_STATUS)188 b(31)95 b(/*)47 +b(max)g(length)f(of)h(a)h(CFITSIO)e(status)g(text)g(string)h(*/)95 +5714 y(Note)g(that)g(FLEN_KEYWORD)d(is)j(longer)f(than)h(the)g(nominal) +f(8-character)f(keyword)1905 5942 y Fj(15)p eop +%%Page: 16 24 +16 23 bop 0 299 a Fj(16)1763 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(4.)112 +b(PR)m(OGRAMMING)32 b(GUIDELINES)95 555 y Fe(name)47 +b(length)f(because)g(the)h(HIERARCH)e(convention)g(supports)h(longer)g +(keyword)g(names.)0 781 y(Access)g(modes)g(when)h(opening)f(a)h(FITS)g +(file:)95 1007 y(#define)f(READONLY)94 b(0)95 1120 y(#define)46 +b(READWRITE)g(1)0 1346 y(BITPIX)g(data)h(type)f(code)h(values)f(for)h +(FITS)g(images:)95 1571 y(#define)f(BYTE_IMG)284 b(8)96 +b(/*)f(8-bit)46 b(unsigned)f(integers)h(*/)95 1684 y(#define)g +(SHORT_IMG)189 b(16)95 b(/*)47 b(16-bit)141 b(signed)46 +b(integers)g(*/)95 1797 y(#define)g(LONG_IMG)237 b(32)95 +b(/*)47 b(32-bit)141 b(signed)46 b(integers)g(*/)95 1910 +y(#define)g(FLOAT_IMG)141 b(-32)95 b(/*)47 b(32-bit)f(single)g +(precision)f(floating)h(point)g(*/)95 2023 y(#define)g(DOUBLE_IMG)93 +b(-64)i(/*)47 b(64-bit)f(double)g(precision)f(floating)h(point)g(*/)95 +2249 y(The)h(following)f(4)h(data)g(type)f(codes)h(are)g(also)f +(supported)g(by)h(CFITSIO:)95 2362 y(#define)f(LONGLONG_IMG)f(64)i(/*)g +(64-bit)f(long)h(signed)f(integers)f(*/)95 2475 y(#define)h(SBYTE_IMG) +93 b(10)143 b(/*)95 b(8-bit)46 b(signed)g(integers,)g(equivalent)f(to)i +(*/)1241 2588 y(/*)95 b(BITPIX)46 b(=)h(8,)h(BSCALE)e(=)h(1,)g(BZERO)g +(=)g(-128)g(*/)95 2700 y(#define)f(USHORT_IMG)93 b(20)i(/*)47 +b(16-bit)f(unsigned)g(integers,)f(equivalent)g(to)i(*/)1241 +2813 y(/*)95 b(BITPIX)46 b(=)h(16,)g(BSCALE)f(=)i(1,)f(BZERO)f(=)i +(32768)e(*/)95 2926 y(#define)g(ULONG_IMG)141 b(40)95 +b(/*)47 b(32-bit)f(unsigned)g(integers,)f(equivalent)g(to)i(*/)1241 +3039 y(/*)95 b(BITPIX)46 b(=)h(32,)g(BSCALE)f(=)i(1,)f(BZERO)f(=)i +(2147483648)d(*/)0 3265 y(Codes)h(for)h(the)g(data)g(type)f(of)i +(binary)e(table)g(columns)g(and/or)g(for)h(the)0 3378 +y(data)g(type)f(of)h(variables)f(when)g(reading)g(or)h(writing)f +(keywords)g(or)h(data:)1432 3604 y(DATATYPE)714 b(TFORM)46 +b(CODE)95 3717 y(#define)g(TBIT)476 b(1)96 b(/*)1335 +b('X')47 b(*/)95 3830 y(#define)f(TBYTE)381 b(11)95 b(/*)47 +b(8-bit)f(unsigned)g(byte,)332 b('B')47 b(*/)95 3942 +y(#define)f(TLOGICAL)237 b(14)95 b(/*)47 b(logicals)e(\(int)i(for)g +(keywords)236 b(*/)1289 4055 y(/*)95 b(and)46 b(char)h(for)g(table)f +(cols)142 b('L')47 b(*/)95 4168 y(#define)f(TSTRING)285 +b(16)95 b(/*)47 b(ASCII)f(string,)666 b('A')47 b(*/)95 +4281 y(#define)f(TSHORT)333 b(21)95 b(/*)47 b(signed)f(short,)666 +b('I')47 b(*/)95 4394 y(#define)f(TINT32BIT)189 b(41)95 +b(/*)47 b(signed)f(32-bit)g(int,)428 b('J')47 b(*/)95 +4507 y(#define)f(TLONG)381 b(41)95 b(/*)47 b(signed)f(long,)905 +b(*/)95 4620 y(#define)46 b(TFLOAT)333 b(42)95 b(/*)47 +b(single)f(precision)f(float,)189 b('E')47 b(*/)95 4733 +y(#define)f(TDOUBLE)285 b(82)95 b(/*)47 b(double)f(precision)f(float,) +189 b('D')47 b(*/)95 4846 y(#define)f(TCOMPLEX)237 b(83)95 +b(/*)47 b(complex)f(\(pair)g(of)h(floats\))141 b('C')47 +b(*/)95 4959 y(#define)f(TDBLCOMPLEX)f(163)95 b(/*)47 +b(double)f(complex)g(\(2)h(doubles\))e('M')i(*/)95 5185 +y(The)g(following)f(data)g(type)h(codes)f(are)h(also)g(supported)e(by)i +(CFITSIO:)95 5297 y(#define)f(TINT)429 b(31)95 b(/*)47 +b(int)1335 b(*/)95 5410 y(#define)46 b(TSBYTE)333 b(12)95 +b(/*)47 b(8-bit)f(signed)g(byte,)428 b('S')47 b(*/)95 +5523 y(#define)f(TUINT)381 b(30)95 b(/*)47 b(unsigned)e(int)715 +b('V')47 b(*/)95 5636 y(#define)f(TUSHORT)285 b(20)95 +b(/*)47 b(unsigned)e(short)619 b('U')95 b(*/)p eop +%%Page: 17 25 +17 24 bop 0 299 a Fh(4.2.)72 b(CURRENT)30 b(HEADER)h(D)m(A)-8 +b(T)g(A)32 b(UNIT)e(\(CHDU\))1786 b Fj(17)95 555 y Fe(#define)46 +b(TULONG)333 b(40)95 b(/*)47 b(unsigned)e(long)858 b(*/)95 +668 y(#define)46 b(TLONGLONG)189 b(81)95 b(/*)47 b(64-bit)f(long)h +(signed)f(integer)f('K')i(*/)0 894 y(HDU)g(type)g(code)f(values)g +(\(value)g(returned)g(when)h(moving)f(to)h(new)g(HDU\):)95 +1120 y(#define)f(IMAGE_HDU)93 b(0)i(/*)48 b(Primary)d(Array)i(or)g +(IMAGE)f(HDU)h(*/)95 1233 y(#define)f(ASCII_TBL)93 b(1)i(/*)48 +b(ASCII)94 b(table)46 b(HDU)h(*/)95 1346 y(#define)f(BINARY_TBL)f(2)95 +b(/*)48 b(Binary)e(table)g(HDU)h(*/)95 1458 y(#define)f(ANY_HDU)142 +b(-1)94 b(/*)48 b(matches)d(any)i(type)g(of)g(HDU)g(*/)0 +1684 y(Column)f(name)h(and)g(string)f(matching)f(case-sensitivity:)95 +1910 y(#define)h(CASESEN)142 b(1)g(/*)48 b(do)f(case-sensitive)d +(string)i(match)g(*/)95 2023 y(#define)g(CASEINSEN)g(0)142 +b(/*)48 b(do)f(case-insensitive)c(string)j(match)h(*/)0 +2249 y(Logical)f(states)g(\(if)h(TRUE)f(and)h(FALSE)g(are)g(not)g +(already)e(defined\):)95 2475 y(#define)h(TRUE)h(1)95 +2588 y(#define)f(FALSE)h(0)0 2813 y(Values)f(to)h(represent)f +(undefined)f(floating)g(point)i(numbers:)95 3039 y(#define)f +(FLOATNULLVALUE)e(-9.11912E-36F)95 3152 y(#define)i(DOUBLENULLVALUE)e +(-9.1191291391491E-36)0 3378 y(Image)i(compression)f(algorithm)g +(definitions)95 3604 y(#define)h(RICE_1)285 b(11)95 3717 +y(#define)46 b(GZIP_1)285 b(21)95 3830 y(#define)46 b(PLIO_1)285 +b(31)0 4306 y Ff(4.2)135 b(Curren)l(t)46 b(Header)f(Data)h(Unit)g +(\(CHDU\))0 4585 y Fj(The)37 b(concept)h(of)g(the)f(Curren)m(t)g +(Header)g(and)g(Data)i(Unit,)g(or)e(CHDU,)h(is)e(fundamen)m(tal)h(to)h +(the)f(use)g(of)h(the)0 4698 y(CFITSIO)31 b(library)-8 +b(.)44 b(A)32 b(simple)f(FITS)g(image)i(ma)m(y)g(only)e(con)m(tain)i(a) +f(single)f(Header)i(and)f(Data)h(unit)e(\(HDU\),)0 4811 +y(but)39 b(in)f(general)i(FITS)f(\014les)g(can)h(con)m(tain)g(m)m +(ultiple)e(Header)i(Data)h(Units)e(\(also)h(kno)m(wn)f(as)h +(`extensions'\),)0 4924 y(concatenated)c(one)f(after)f(the)h(other)f +(in)f(the)h(\014le.)52 b(The)33 b(user)h(can)g(sp)s(ecify)f(whic)m(h)g +(HDU)i(should)d(b)s(e)h(initially)0 5036 y(op)s(ened)j(at)i(run)d(time) +i(b)m(y)g(giving)f(the)h(HDU)h(name)f(or)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(after)h +(the)g(ro)s(ot)h(\014le)e(name.)60 b(F)-8 b(or)38 b(example,)0 +5149 y('m)m(y\014le.\014ts[4]')h(op)s(ens)e(the)h(5th)h(HDU)g(in)e(the) +h(\014le)f(\(note)i(that)g(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(ering)e(starts)j(with)e +(0\),)k(and)c('m)m(y-)0 5262 y(\014le.\014ts[EVENTS])j(op)s(ens)g(the)h +(HDU)h(with)d(the)i(name)g('EVENTS')g(\(as)g(de\014ned)f(b)m(y)h(the)g +(EXTNAME)g(or)0 5375 y(HDUNAME)35 b(k)m(eyw)m(ords\).)50 +b(If)33 b(no)g(HDU)h(is)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(then)h(CFITSIO)e(op)s(ens)i +(the)g(\014rst)g(HDU)h(\(the)g(primary)0 5488 y(arra)m(y\))24 +b(b)m(y)e(default.)38 b(The)22 b(CFITSIO)f(routines)h(whic)m(h)g(read)g +(and)g(write)h(data)g(only)f(op)s(erate)h(within)e(the)i(op)s(ened)0 +5601 y(HDU,)32 b(Other)e(CFITSIO)f(routines)h(are)h(pro)m(vided)e(to)j +(mo)m(v)m(e)g(to)f(and)f(op)s(en)g(an)m(y)h(other)g(existing)f(HDU)h +(within)0 5714 y(the)g(FITS)e(\014le)h(or)g(to)h(app)s(end)e(or)h +(insert)f(new)h(HDUs)h(in)e(the)i(FITS)f(\014le.)p eop +%%Page: 18 26 +18 25 bop 0 299 a Fj(18)1763 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(4.)112 +b(PR)m(OGRAMMING)32 b(GUIDELINES)0 555 y Ff(4.3)135 b(F)-11 +b(unction)44 b(Names)i(and)f(V)-11 b(ariable)46 b(Datat)l(yp)t(es)0 +806 y Fj(Most)33 b(of)f(the)g(CFITSIO)f(routines)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s +(oth)e(a)i(short)e(name)h(as)h(w)m(ell)e(as)h(a)g(longer)g(descriptiv)m +(e)f(name.)45 b(The)0 919 y(short)32 b(name)g(is)f(only)g(5)i(or)f(6)g +(c)m(haracters)h(long)f(and)g(is)f(similar)e(to)k(the)f(subroutine)e +(name)i(in)f(the)h(F)-8 b(ortran-77)0 1032 y(v)m(ersion)37 +b(of)h(FITSIO.)f(The)h(longer)f(name)h(is)f(more)h(descriptiv)m(e)f +(and)g(it)g(is)g(recommended)h(that)g(it)g(b)s(e)f(used)0 +1145 y(instead)30 b(of)g(the)h(short)f(name)g(to)h(more)g(clearly)f(do) +s(cumen)m(t)g(the)g(source)h(co)s(de.)0 1305 y(Man)m(y)c(of)f(the)g +(CFITSIO)f(routines)g(come)i(in)d(families)g(whic)m(h)h(di\013er)g +(only)g(in)g(the)h(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(of)g(the)g(asso)s(ciated)0 +1418 y(parameter\(s\).)45 b(The)31 b(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(of)g(these)g +(routines)e(is)h(indicated)f(b)m(y)h(the)h(su\016x)e(of)i(the)g +(routine)e(name.)44 b(The)0 1530 y(short)27 b(routine)g(names)h(ha)m(v) +m(e)h(a)f(1)g(or)f(2)h(c)m(haracter)i(su\016x)c(\(e.g.,)31 +b('j')c(in)g('\013pkyj'\))h(while)d(the)j(long)f(routine)g(names)0 +1643 y(ha)m(v)m(e)32 b(a)e(4)h(c)m(haracter)h(or)e(longer)g(su\016x)g +(as)g(sho)m(wn)g(in)f(the)i(follo)m(wing)e(table:)191 +1905 y Fe(Long)285 b(Short)94 b(Data)191 2018 y(Names)237 +b(Names)94 b(Type)191 2131 y(-----)237 b(-----)94 b(----)191 +2244 y(_bit)381 b(x)190 b(bit)191 2357 y(_byt)381 b(b)190 +b(unsigned)46 b(byte)191 2469 y(_sbyt)333 b(sb)142 b(signed)46 +b(byte)191 2582 y(_sht)381 b(i)190 b(short)47 b(integer)191 +2695 y(_lng)381 b(j)190 b(long)47 b(integer)191 2808 +y(_lnglng)237 b(jj)142 b(8-byte)46 b(LONGLONG)g(integer)g(\(see)g(note) +h(below\))191 2921 y(_usht)333 b(ui)142 b(unsigned)46 +b(short)g(integer)191 3034 y(_ulng)333 b(uj)142 b(unsigned)46 +b(long)g(integer)191 3147 y(_uint)333 b(uk)142 b(unsigned)46 +b(int)h(integer)191 3260 y(_int)381 b(k)190 b(int)47 +b(integer)191 3373 y(_flt)381 b(e)190 b(real)47 b(exponential)e +(floating)g(point)i(\(float\))191 3486 y(_fixflt)237 +b(f)190 b(real)47 b(fixed-decimal)d(format)i(floating)g(point)g +(\(float\))191 3599 y(_dbl)381 b(d)190 b(double)46 b(precision)g(real)g +(floating-point)e(\(double\))191 3711 y(_fixdbl)237 b(g)190 +b(double)46 b(precision)g(fixed-format)e(floating)i(point)g(\(double\)) +191 3824 y(_cmp)381 b(c)190 b(complex)46 b(reals)g(\(pairs)h(of)g +(float)f(values\))191 3937 y(_fixcmp)237 b(fc)142 b(complex)46 +b(reals,)g(fixed-format)f(floating)g(point)191 4050 y(_dblcmp)237 +b(m)190 b(double)46 b(precision)g(complex)f(\(pairs)i(of)g(double)f +(values\))191 4163 y(_fixdblcmp)93 b(fm)142 b(double)46 +b(precision)g(complex,)f(fixed-format)g(floating)g(point)191 +4276 y(_log)381 b(l)190 b(logical)46 b(\(int\))191 4389 +y(_str)381 b(s)190 b(character)46 b(string)0 4650 y Fj(The)32 +b(logical)g(data)i(t)m(yp)s(e)f(corresp)s(onds)e(to)j(`in)m(t')e(for)h +(logical)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(v)-5 b(alues,)33 b(and)f(`b)m(yte')i(for)f +(logical)f(binary)0 4763 y(table)39 b(columns.)66 b(In)39 +b(other)g(w)m(ords,)i(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(when)h(writing)e(a)j +(logical)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(stored)g(in)f(an)0 +4876 y(`in)m(t')g(v)-5 b(ariable,)38 b(and)g(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(stored)h +(in)f(a)h(`c)m(har')h(arra)m(y)f(when)f(reading)g(or)g(writing)f(to)j +(`L')f(columns)e(in)h(a)0 4989 y(binary)e(table.)59 b(Inplicit)34 +b(data)j(t)m(yp)s(e)f(con)m(v)m(ersion)h(is)f(not)h(supp)s(orted)d(for) +i(logical)g(table)h(columns,)g(but)f(is)f(for)0 5102 +y(k)m(eyw)m(ords,)30 b(so)f(a)h(logical)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(ma)m(y)f(b)s +(e)g(read)f(and)h(cast)h(to)g(an)m(y)f(n)m(umerical)f(data)h(t)m(yp)s +(e;)h(a)g(returned)d(v)-5 b(alue)0 5215 y(=)30 b(0)h(indicates)e +(false,)h(and)g(an)m(y)h(other)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(=)g(true.)0 +5375 y(The)37 b(`in)m(t')h(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(2)h(b)m +(ytes)h(long)e(on)g(some)h(IBM)h(PC)e(compatible)g(systems)g(and)g(is)g +(usually)f(4)0 5488 y(b)m(ytes)27 b(long)f(on)h(most)g(other)g +(systems.)39 b(Some)27 b(64-bit)g(mac)m(hines,)g(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)i +(lik)m(e)d(the)h(Dec)h(Alpha/OSF,)e(de\014ne)0 5601 y(the)j(`short',)h +(`in)m(t',)g(and)e(`long')h(in)m(teger)h(data)g(t)m(yp)s(es)f(to)h(b)s +(e)e(2,)i(4,)g(and)f(8)g(b)m(ytes)h(long,)f(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 +b(.)40 b(The)29 b(FITS)0 5714 y(standard)j(only)g(supp)s(orts)g(2)h +(and)g(4)g(b)m(yte)h(in)m(teger)f(data)h(t)m(yp)s(es,)g(so)f(CFITSIO)f +(in)m(ternally)f(con)m(v)m(erts)j(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)p +eop +%%Page: 19 27 +19 26 bop 0 299 a Fh(4.4.)72 b(SUPPOR)-8 b(T)30 b(F)m(OR)g(UNSIGNED)h +(INTEGERS)f(AND)h(SIGNED)f(BYTES)942 b Fj(19)0 555 y(4)31 +b(and)f(8)g(b)m(ytes)h(when)f(reading)f(or)h(writing)f(`long')h(in)m +(tegers)h(on)f(Alpha/OSF)f(systems.)0 715 y(The)e(8-b)m(yte)i +('LONGLONG')f(in)m(teger)g(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(is)e(supp)s(orted)g(on)i +(most)f(platforms.)39 b(CFITSIO)26 b(de\014nes)h(the)0 +828 y(LONGLONG)i(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(equiv)-5 +b(alen)m(t)29 b(to)g('long)g(long')g(on)f(most)i(Unix)d(platforms)h +(and)g(on)h(Mac)h(OS-X.)0 941 y(Since)36 b(most)i(Windo)m(ws)e +(compilers)g(don't)h(supp)s(ort)e(the)j('long)f(long')g(data)g(t)m(yp)s +(e,)j(LONGLONG)d(is)f(de\014ned)0 1054 y(instead)e(to)h(b)s(e)f(equiv) +-5 b(alen)m(t)33 b(to)i(')p 1141 1054 28 4 v 1175 1054 +V 66 w(in)m(t64'.)54 b(If)34 b(the)g(compiler)f(do)s(es)h(not)h(supp)s +(ort)d(a)j(8-b)m(yte)h(in)m(teger)f(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e)0 +1167 y(then)d(LONGLONG)h(is)f(de\014ned)f(to)i(b)s(e)f(equiv)-5 +b(alen)m(t)33 b(to)g('long'.)48 b(Note)34 b(that)f(the)g(C)f(format)h +(sp)s(eci\014er)e(to)i(prin)m(t)0 1280 y(out)38 b(these)g(long)g(in)m +(teger)g(v)-5 b(alues)37 b(is)g("\045lld")g(on)h(most)g(unix)e(mac)m +(hines,)k(except)e(on)g(OSF)g(platforms)e(where)0 1393 +y("\045ld")d(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)f(used.)49 b(On)32 b(Windo)m(ws)g +(platform)h(that)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)p 2385 1393 V 2417 +1393 V 99 w(in)m(t64)e(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e,)h(the)e(format)h(sp)s +(eci\014er)0 1506 y(is)29 b("\045INT64d".)0 1666 y(When)23 +b(dealing)f(with)g(the)i(FITS)f(b)m(yte)h(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e)f(it)g(is)g +(imp)s(ortan)m(t)f(to)i(remem)m(b)s(er)f(that)h(the)g(ra)m(w)f(v)-5 +b(alues)23 b(\(b)s(efore)0 1779 y(an)m(y)i(scaling)e(b)m(y)h(the)h +(BSCALE)e(and)h(BZER)m(O,)g(or)h(TSCALn)d(and)i(TZER)m(On)f(k)m(eyw)m +(ord)i(v)-5 b(alues\))24 b(in)f(b)m(yte)i(arra)m(ys)0 +1892 y(\(BITPIX)37 b(=)f(8\))h(or)f(b)m(yte)i(columns)d(\(TF)m(ORMn)i +(=)f('B'\))h(are)g(in)m(terpreted)f(as)h(unsigned)d(b)m(ytes)j(with)f +(v)-5 b(alues)0 2005 y(ranging)33 b(from)h(0)g(to)h(255.)53 +b(Some)34 b(C)g(compilers)f(de\014ne)g(a)h('c)m(har')h(v)-5 +b(ariable)33 b(as)i(signed,)f(so)g(it)g(is)f(imp)s(ortan)m(t)g(to)0 +2118 y(explicitly)28 b(declare)i(a)h(n)m(umeric)e(c)m(har)i(v)-5 +b(ariable)29 b(as)i('unsigned)d(c)m(har')j(to)g(a)m(v)m(oid)g(an)m(y)g +(am)m(biguit)m(y)0 2278 y(One)22 b(feature)h(of)g(the)g(CFITSIO)e +(routines)h(is)f(that)j(they)f(can)g(op)s(erate)g(on)f(a)h(`X')h +(\(bit\))e(column)g(in)f(a)i(binary)e(table)0 2391 y(as)33 +b(though)f(it)g(w)m(ere)h(a)g(`B')g(\(b)m(yte\))h(column.)46 +b(F)-8 b(or)33 b(example)f(a)h(`11X')h(data)f(t)m(yp)s(e)g(column)e +(can)i(b)s(e)f(in)m(terpreted)0 2503 y(the)c(same)h(as)f(a)g(`2B')i +(column)d(\(i.e.,)i(2)f(unsigned)e(8-bit)i(b)m(ytes\).)41 +b(In)27 b(some)i(instances,)f(it)f(can)i(b)s(e)e(more)h(e\016cien)m(t)0 +2616 y(to)j(read)f(and)g(write)g(whole)f(b)m(ytes)i(at)g(a)g(time,)f +(rather)h(than)f(reading)f(or)i(writing)d(eac)m(h)k(individual)25 +b(bit.)0 2777 y(The)36 b(complex)h(and)f(double)g(precision)f(complex)i +(data)h(t)m(yp)s(es)f(are)g(not)g(directly)f(supp)s(orted)f(in)h(ANSI)g +(C)h(so)0 2889 y(these)g(data)g(t)m(yp)s(es)f(should)e(b)s(e)i(in)m +(terpreted)g(as)g(pairs)f(of)i(\015oat)g(or)f(double)f(v)-5 +b(alues,)37 b(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)38 b(where)e(the)0 +3002 y(\014rst)30 b(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(in)h(eac)m(h)h(pair)e(is)h(the)g +(real)g(part,)h(and)e(the)i(second)f(is)g(the)g(imaginary)f(part.)0 +3470 y Ff(4.4)135 b(Supp)t(ort)44 b(for)h(Unsigned)h(In)l(tegers)g(and) +f(Signed)g(Bytes)0 3747 y Fj(Although)32 b(FITS)g(do)s(es)g(not)h +(directly)f(supp)s(ort)f(unsigned)f(in)m(tegers)j(as)g(one)g(of)g(its)g +(fundamen)m(tal)e(data)j(t)m(yp)s(es,)0 3860 y(FITS)27 +b(can)h(still)e(b)s(e)h(used)g(to)i(e\016cien)m(tly)f(store)g(unsigned) +e(in)m(teger)i(data)h(v)-5 b(alues)27 b(in)g(images)h(and)f(binary)f +(tables.)0 3973 y(The)42 b(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)i(used)e(in)f(FITS)h +(\014les)g(is)f(to)j(store)f(the)g(unsigned)d(in)m(tegers)j(as)g +(signed)f(in)m(tegers)h(with)e(an)0 4086 y(asso)s(ciated)33 +b(o\013set)g(\(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)h(the)g(BZER)m(O)g(or)g(TZER)m +(On)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord\).)47 b(F)-8 b(or)33 b(example,)f(to)h(store)g +(unsigned)0 4199 y(16-bit)f(in)m(teger)g(v)-5 b(alues)31 +b(in)f(a)i(FITS)f(image)h(the)f(image)h(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)f(de\014ned)h +(as)h(a)g(signed)e(16-bit)i(in)m(teger)g(\(with)0 4312 +y(BITPIX)d(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(=)g(SHOR)-8 b(T)p 1132 4312 +V 32 w(IMG)30 b(=)e(16\))j(with)c(the)j(k)m(eyw)m(ords)f(BSCALE)f(=)h +(1.0)h(and)f(BZER)m(O)g(=)f(32768.)0 4425 y(Th)m(us)34 +b(the)h(unsigned)e(v)-5 b(alues)34 b(of)h(0,)i(32768,)h(and)d(65535,)j +(for)d(example,)h(are)f(ph)m(ysically)e(stored)i(in)f(the)h(FITS)0 +4538 y(image)k(as)f(-32768,)43 b(0,)e(and)d(32767,)k(resp)s(ectiv)m +(ely;)g(CFITSIO)37 b(automatically)h(adds)f(the)i(BZER)m(O)f(o\013set)h +(to)0 4650 y(these)g(v)-5 b(alues)38 b(when)g(they)g(are)h(read.)65 +b(Similarly)-8 b(,)38 b(in)f(the)i(case)h(of)e(unsigned)f(32-bit)i(in)m +(tegers)f(the)h(BITPIX)0 4763 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord)c(w)m(ould)e(b)s(e)h +(equal)g(to)i(LONG)p 1392 4763 V 32 w(IMG)f(=)g(32)g(and)f(BZER)m(O)g +(w)m(ould)g(b)s(e)g(equal)g(to)h(2147483648)k(\(i.e.)54 +b(2)0 4876 y(raised)29 b(to)i(the)g(31st)g(p)s(o)m(w)m(er\).)0 +5036 y(The)j(CFITSIO)g(in)m(terface)h(routines)f(will)e(e\016cien)m +(tly)j(and)f(transparen)m(tly)h(apply)e(the)i(appropriate)f(o\013set)i +(in)0 5149 y(these)29 b(cases)h(so)f(in)f(general)h(application)e +(programs)i(do)g(not)g(need)f(to)i(b)s(e)e(concerned)h(with)f(ho)m(w)h +(the)g(unsigned)0 5262 y(v)-5 b(alues)43 b(are)i(actually)f(stored)g +(in)e(the)j(FITS)e(\014le.)81 b(As)44 b(a)g(con)m(v)m(enience)i(for)d +(users,)k(CFITSIO)c(has)h(sev)m(eral)0 5375 y(prede\014ned)19 +b(constan)m(ts)j(for)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)20 b(of)h(BITPIX)g(\(USHOR)-8 +b(T)p 2189 5375 V 33 w(IMG,)21 b(ULONG)p 2790 5375 V +33 w(IMG\))h(and)e(for)h(the)g(TF)m(ORMn)0 5488 y(v)-5 +b(alue)35 b(in)f(the)i(case)g(of)g(binary)e(tables)h(\(`U')i(and)e +(`V'\))h(whic)m(h)e(programmers)h(can)h(use)f(when)g(creating)h(FITS)0 +5601 y(\014les)i(con)m(taining)g(unsigned)f(in)m(teger)i(v)-5 +b(alues.)65 b(The)39 b(follo)m(wing)e(co)s(de)i(fragmen)m(t)g +(illustrates)e(ho)m(w)i(to)h(write)e(a)0 5714 y(FITS)30 +b(1-D)h(primary)e(arra)m(y)h(of)h(unsigned)d(16-bit)j(in)m(tegers:)p +eop +%%Page: 20 28 +20 27 bop 0 299 a Fj(20)1763 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(4.)112 +b(PR)m(OGRAMMING)32 b(GUIDELINES)286 555 y Fe(unsigned)46 +b(short)g(uarray[100];)286 668 y(int)h(naxis,)f(status;)286 +781 y(long)h(naxes[10],)e(group,)h(firstelem,)f(nelements;)334 +894 y(...)286 1007 y(status)h(=)i(0;)286 1120 y(naxis)f(=)g(1;)286 +1233 y(naxes[0])f(=)h(100;)286 1346 y(fits_create_img\(fptr,)42 +b(USHORT_IMG,)j(naxis,)h(naxes,)g(&status\);)286 1571 +y(firstelem)g(=)h(1;)286 1684 y(nelements)f(=)h(100;)286 +1797 y(fits_write_img\(fptr,)c(TUSHORT,)i(firstelem,)g(nelements,)1241 +1910 y(uarray,)h(&status\);)334 2023 y(...)0 2264 y Fj(In)40 +b(the)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(example,)g(the)f(2nd)e(parameter)h(in)f +(\014ts)p 1998 2264 28 4 v 33 w(create)p 2267 2264 V +34 w(img)g(tells)g(CFITSIO)g(to)i(write)e(the)h(header)0 +2377 y(k)m(eyw)m(ords)34 b(appropriate)f(for)g(an)g(arra)m(y)i(of)e +(16-bit)h(unsigned)e(in)m(tegers)i(\(i.e.,)h(BITPIX)e(=)g(16)i(and)e +(BZER)m(O)g(=)0 2490 y(32768\).)41 b(Then)23 b(the)h(\014ts)p +834 2490 V 32 w(write)p 1069 2490 V 32 w(img)g(routine)f(writes)f(the)j +(arra)m(y)f(of)g(unsigned)e(short)h(in)m(tegers)h(\(uarra)m(y\))h(in)m +(to)f(the)0 2603 y(primary)f(arra)m(y)i(of)g(the)g(FITS)f(\014le.)38 +b(Similarly)-8 b(,)23 b(a)i(32-bit)h(unsigned)c(in)m(teger)j(image)h +(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(created)i(b)m(y)f(setting)0 2716 y(the)34 +b(second)f(parameter)h(in)e(\014ts)p 1130 2716 V 33 w(create)p +1399 2716 V 34 w(img)h(equal)g(to)h(`ULONG)p 2330 2716 +V 33 w(IMG')g(and)f(b)m(y)h(calling)d(the)j(\014ts)p +3491 2716 V 33 w(write)p 3727 2716 V 32 w(img)0 2829 +y(routine)i(with)f(the)i(second)f(parameter)h(=)f(TULONG)h(to)g(write)f +(the)g(arra)m(y)h(of)g(unsigned)e(long)h(image)h(pixel)0 +2942 y(v)-5 b(alues.)0 3102 y(An)27 b(analogous)g(set)g(of)g(routines)f +(are)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)27 b(for)f(reading)g(or)h(writing)e(unsigned) +g(in)m(teger)i(v)-5 b(alues)27 b(and)f(signed)0 3215 +y(b)m(yte)i(v)-5 b(alues)27 b(in)g(a)h(FITS)f(binary)f(table)i +(extension.)39 b(When)28 b(sp)s(ecifying)d(the)j(TF)m(ORMn)g(k)m(eyw)m +(ord)g(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(whic)m(h)0 3328 y(de\014nes)36 +b(the)h(format)g(of)g(a)h(column,)f(CFITSIO)e(recognized)j(3)f +(additional)e(data)i(t)m(yp)s(e)g(co)s(des)g(b)s(esides)e(those)0 +3440 y(already)29 b(de\014ned)g(in)f(the)i(FITS)f(standard:)40 +b(`U')30 b(meaning)f(a)h(16-bit)g(unsigned)e(in)m(teger)i(column,)f +(`V')h(for)g(a)g(32-)0 3553 y(bit)25 b(unsigned)e(in)m(teger)j(column,) +g(and)f('S')g(for)g(a)h(signed)f(b)m(yte)h(column.)38 +b(These)25 b(non-standard)g(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(co)s(des)0 +3666 y(are)36 b(not)g(actually)g(written)f(in)m(to)g(the)h(FITS)g +(\014le)e(but)i(instead)f(are)h(just)f(used)g(in)m(ternally)f(within)f +(CFITSIO.)0 3779 y(The)d(follo)m(wing)f(co)s(de)h(fragmen)m(t)h +(illustrates)e(ho)m(w)h(to)h(use)f(these)h(features:)286 +4020 y Fe(unsigned)46 b(short)g(uarray[100];)286 4133 +y(unsigned)g(int)95 b(varray[100];)286 4359 y(int)47 +b(colnum,)f(tfields,)g(status;)286 4472 y(long)h(nrows,)f(firstrow,)f +(firstelem,)g(nelements,)g(pcount;)286 4698 y(char)i(extname[])e(=)j +("Test_table";)521 b(/*)47 b(extension)f(name)g(*/)286 +4924 y(/*)i(define)e(the)h(name,)f(data)h(type,)f(and)h(physical)e +(units)i(for)g(the)g(2)g(columns)f(*/)286 5036 y(char)h(*ttype[])f(=)h +({)g("Col_1",)f("Col_2",)g("Col_3")f(};)286 5149 y(char)i(*tform[])f(=) +h({)g("1U",)285 b("1V",)190 b("1S"};)94 b(/*)47 b(special)f(CFITSIO)g +(codes)g(*/)286 5262 y(char)h(*tunit[])f(=)h({)g(")h(",)381 +b(")48 b(",)190 b(")47 b(")h(};)334 5375 y(...)525 5601 +y(/*)f(write)g(the)f(header)h(keywords)e(*/)286 5714 +y(status)94 b(=)48 b(0;)p eop +%%Page: 21 29 +21 28 bop 0 299 a Fh(4.5.)72 b(DEALING)31 b(WITH)f(CHARA)m(CTER)g +(STRINGS)1816 b Fj(21)286 555 y Fe(nrows)142 b(=)48 b(1;)286 +668 y(tfields)e(=)i(3)286 781 y(pcount)94 b(=)48 b(0;)286 +894 y(fits_create_tbl\(fptr,)42 b(BINARY_TBL,)j(nrows,)h(tfields,)g +(ttype,)g(tform,)764 1007 y(tunit,)g(extname,)f(&status\);)525 +1233 y(/*)i(write)g(the)f(unsigned)g(shorts)g(to)h(the)g(1st)g(column)f +(*/)286 1346 y(colnum)190 b(=)47 b(1;)286 1458 y(firstrow)94 +b(=)47 b(1;)286 1571 y(firstelem)f(=)h(1;)286 1684 y(nelements)f(=)h +(100;)286 1797 y(fits_write_col\(fptr,)c(TUSHORT,)i(colnum,)h +(firstrow,)f(firstelem,)668 1910 y(nelements,)g(uarray,)h(&status\);) +525 2136 y(/*)h(now)g(write)f(the)h(unsigned)f(longs)g(to)h(the)g(2nd)g +(column)f(*/)286 2249 y(colnum)190 b(=)47 b(2;)286 2362 +y(fits_write_col\(fptr,)c(TUINT,)j(colnum,)g(firstrow,)f(firstelem,)668 +2475 y(nelements,)g(varray,)h(&status\);)334 2588 y(...)0 +2865 y Fj(Note)22 b(that)g(the)f(non-standard)f(TF)m(ORM)h(v)-5 +b(alues)20 b(for)h(the)g(3)g(columns,)h(`U')f(and)g(`V',)h(tell)e +(CFITSIO)f(to)j(write)e(the)0 2978 y(k)m(eyw)m(ords)27 +b(appropriate)e(for)h(unsigned)e(16-bit)j(and)e(unsigned)g(32-bit)h(in) +m(tegers,)i(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)d(\(i.e.,)j(TF)m(ORMn)0 +3091 y(=)39 b('1I')i(and)e(TZER)m(On)f(=)h(32678)j(for)e(unsigned)d +(16-bit)j(in)m(tegers,)j(and)c(TF)m(ORMn)h(=)f('1J')h(and)f(TZER)m(On)0 +3204 y(=)c(2147483648)40 b(for)35 b(unsigned)e(32-bit)i(in)m(tegers\).) +56 b(The)35 b('S')g(TF)m(ORMn)g(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(tells)g(CFITSIO)e(to)j +(write)f(the)0 3317 y(k)m(eyw)m(ords)30 b(appropriate)f(for)h(a)g +(signed)f(8-bit)h(b)m(yte)g(column)f(with)f(TF)m(ORMn)i(=)g('1B')h(and) +e(TZER)m(On)g(=)g(-128.)0 3430 y(The)h(calls)f(to)j(\014ts)p +628 3430 28 4 v 32 w(write)p 863 3430 V 32 w(col)e(then)g(write)g(the)h +(arra)m(ys)f(of)h(unsigned)d(in)m(teger)j(v)-5 b(alues)30 +b(to)h(the)f(columns.)0 3784 y Ff(4.5)135 b(Dealing)47 +b(with)e(Character)h(Strings)0 4039 y Fj(The)36 b(c)m(haracter)j +(string)c(v)-5 b(alues)37 b(in)e(a)i(FITS)f(header)h(or)g(in)e(an)i +(ASCI)s(I)e(column)h(in)f(a)j(FITS)e(table)g(extension)0 +4152 y(are)j(generally)g(padded)f(out)h(with)f(non-signi\014can)m(t)g +(space)h(c)m(haracters)i(\(ASCI)s(I)d(32\))i(to)g(\014ll)d(up)h(the)h +(header)0 4264 y(record)33 b(or)h(the)f(column)g(width.)48 +b(When)33 b(reading)g(a)h(FITS)e(string)h(v)-5 b(alue,)34 +b(the)f(CFITSIO)f(routines)h(will)d(strip)0 4377 y(o\013)38 +b(these)f(non-signi\014can)m(t)f(trailing)f(spaces)i(and)g(will)d +(return)i(a)i(n)m(ull-terminated)d(string)h(v)-5 b(alue)36 +b(con)m(taining)0 4490 y(only)d(the)h(signi\014can)m(t)e(c)m +(haracters.)52 b(Leading)33 b(spaces)h(in)f(a)h(FITS)f(string)f(are)i +(considered)f(signi\014can)m(t.)50 b(If)33 b(the)0 4603 +y(string)h(con)m(tains)h(all)f(blanks,)h(then)f(CFITSIO)g(will)e +(return)i(a)h(single)e(blank)h(c)m(haracter,)k(i.e,)e(the)f(\014rst)f +(blank)0 4716 y(is)29 b(considered)f(to)j(b)s(e)e(signi\014can)m(t,)g +(since)g(it)g(distinguishes)e(the)j(string)e(from)i(a)g(n)m(ull)d(or)j +(unde\014ned)e(string,)h(but)0 4829 y(the)i(remaining)d(trailing)g +(spaces)j(are)g(not)g(signi\014can)m(t.)0 4989 y(Similarly)-8 +b(,)37 b(when)g(writing)f(string)h(v)-5 b(alues)37 b(to)i(a)g(FITS)e +(\014le)g(the)h(CFITSIO)f(routines)g(exp)s(ect)h(to)h(get)g(a)g(n)m +(ull-)0 5102 y(terminated)32 b(string)g(as)h(input;)f(CFITSIO)f(will)f +(pad)i(the)h(string)f(with)f(blanks)g(if)h(necessary)h(when)f(writing)e +(it)0 5215 y(to)h(the)g(FITS)e(\014le.)0 5375 y(When)j(calling)f +(CFITSIO)g(routines)h(that)h(return)e(a)i(c)m(haracter)h(string)e(it)g +(is)f(vital)h(that)h(the)g(size)f(of)h(the)g(c)m(har)0 +5488 y(arra)m(y)38 b(b)s(e)g(large)g(enough)f(to)i(hold)d(the)i(en)m +(tire)g(string)f(of)h(c)m(haracters,)k(otherwise)37 b(CFITSIO)f(will)f +(o)m(v)m(erwrite)0 5601 y(whatev)m(er)g(memory)e(lo)s(cations)g(follo)m +(w)g(the)h(c)m(har)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)35 b(p)s(ossibly)c(causing)i(the)h +(program)g(to)g(execute)h(incor-)0 5714 y(rectly)-8 b(.)41 +b(This)29 b(t)m(yp)s(e)h(of)h(error)f(can)h(b)s(e)f(di\016cult)e(to)j +(debug,)f(so)h(programmers)f(should)e(alw)m(a)m(ys)j(ensure)f(that)h +(the)p eop +%%Page: 22 30 +22 29 bop 0 299 a Fj(22)1763 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(4.)112 +b(PR)m(OGRAMMING)32 b(GUIDELINES)0 555 y Fj(c)m(har)27 +b(arra)m(ys)g(are)g(allo)s(cated)g(enough)f(space)i(to)f(hold)f(the)g +(longest)h(p)s(ossible)e(string,)h Fi(including)i Fj(the)f(terminat-)0 +668 y(ing)j(NULL)h(c)m(haracter.)45 b(The)30 b(\014tsio.h)g(\014le)h +(con)m(tains)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)f(de\014ned)g(constan)m(ts)i(whic)m +(h)e(programmers)0 781 y(are)h(strongly)f(encouraged)h(to)g(use)f +(whenev)m(er)g(they)h(are)f(allo)s(cating)g(space)h(for)f(c)m(har)h +(arra)m(ys:)0 1025 y Fe(#define)46 b(FLEN_FILENAME)e(1025)j(/*)g(max)g +(length)f(of)h(a)g(filename)f(*/)0 1138 y(#define)g(FLEN_KEYWORD)140 +b(72)95 b(/*)47 b(max)g(length)f(of)h(a)g(keyword)94 +b(*/)0 1251 y(#define)46 b(FLEN_CARD)284 b(81)95 b(/*)47 +b(length)f(of)h(a)h(FITS)e(header)g(card)h(*/)0 1364 +y(#define)f(FLEN_VALUE)236 b(71)95 b(/*)47 b(max)g(length)f(of)h(a)g +(keyword)f(value)h(string)f(*/)0 1477 y(#define)g(FLEN_COMMENT)140 +b(73)95 b(/*)47 b(max)g(length)f(of)h(a)g(keyword)f(comment)g(string)g +(*/)0 1590 y(#define)g(FLEN_ERRMSG)188 b(81)95 b(/*)47 +b(max)g(length)f(of)h(a)g(CFITSIO)f(error)h(message)e(*/)0 +1703 y(#define)h(FLEN_STATUS)188 b(31)95 b(/*)47 b(max)g(length)f(of)h +(a)g(CFITSIO)f(status)g(text)h(string)f(*/)0 1947 y Fj(F)-8 +b(or)23 b(example,)g(when)e(declaring)g(a)h(c)m(har)g(arra)m(y)h(to)f +(hold)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)21 b(string)g(of)h(FITS)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord,)k +(use)c(the)h(follo)m(wing)0 2060 y(statemen)m(t:)191 +2304 y Fe(char)47 b(value[FLEN_VALUE];)0 2548 y Fj(Note)41 +b(that)f(FLEN)p 686 2548 28 4 v 33 w(KEYW)m(ORD)g(is)e(longer)h(than)g +(needed)g(for)g(the)h(nominal)d(8-c)m(haracter)42 b(k)m(eyw)m(ord)e +(name)0 2661 y(b)s(ecause)30 b(the)h(HIERAR)m(CH)f(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion) +i(supp)s(orts)c(longer)i(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(names.)0 2992 +y Ff(4.6)135 b(Implicit)46 b(Data)g(T)l(yp)t(e)f(Con)l(v)l(ersion)0 +3242 y Fj(The)29 b(CFITSIO)e(routines)h(that)i(read)f(and)f(write)h(n)m +(umerical)e(data)j(can)g(p)s(erform)d(implicit)f(data)k(t)m(yp)s(e)f +(con)m(v)m(er-)0 3355 y(sion.)38 b(This)24 b(means)i(that)g(the)g(data) +g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(of)g(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)24 b(or)i(arra)m(y)g(in)e(the) +i(program)g(do)s(es)f(not)h(need)f(to)i(b)s(e)e(the)0 +3468 y(same)g(as)f(the)h(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(of)f(the)h(v)-5 +b(alue)24 b(in)f(the)h(FITS)g(\014le.)38 b(Data)26 b(t)m(yp)s(e)f(con)m +(v)m(ersion)f(is)g(supp)s(orted)e(for)i(n)m(umerical)0 +3581 y(and)37 b(string)f(data)h(t)m(yp)s(es)h(\(if)e(the)h(string)f +(con)m(tains)i(a)f(v)-5 b(alid)36 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(enclosed)g(in)g +(quotes\))i(when)e(reading)h(a)0 3694 y(FITS)30 b(header)h(k)m(eyw)m +(ord)g(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(and)g(for)h(n)m(umeric)f(v)-5 +b(alues)30 b(when)g(reading)g(or)g(writing)f(v)-5 b(alues)30 +b(in)g(the)h(primary)0 3807 y(arra)m(y)24 b(or)g(a)h(table)e(column.)38 +b(CFITSIO)22 b(returns)h(status)h(=)f(NUM)p 2267 3807 +V 34 w(O)m(VERFLO)m(W)i(if)d(the)i(con)m(v)m(erted)i(data)e(v)-5 +b(alue)0 3920 y(exceeds)33 b(the)g(range)g(of)g(the)f(output)g(data)i +(t)m(yp)s(e.)47 b(Implicit)30 b(data)j(t)m(yp)s(e)g(con)m(v)m(ersion)g +(is)e(not)i(supp)s(orted)d(within)0 4032 y(binary)f(tables)h(for)g +(string,)f(logical,)i(complex,)f(or)g(double)f(complex)h(data)h(t)m(yp) +s(es.)0 4193 y(In)g(addition,)f(an)m(y)h(table)g(column)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s +(e)f(read)g(as)h(if)e(it)h(con)m(tained)g(string)f(v)-5 +b(alues.)43 b(In)31 b(the)g(case)i(of)e(n)m(umeric)0 +4306 y(columns)e(the)i(returned)e(string)g(will)f(b)s(e)i(formatted)h +(using)d(the)j(TDISPn)e(displa)m(y)g(format)h(if)g(it)g(exists.)0 +4637 y Ff(4.7)135 b(Data)46 b(Scaling)0 4887 y Fj(When)38 +b(reading)e(n)m(umerical)h(data)h(v)-5 b(alues)37 b(in)f(the)i(primary) +e(arra)m(y)i(or)g(a)g(table)g(column,)h(the)e(v)-5 b(alues)37 +b(will)f(b)s(e)0 5000 y(scaled)h(automatically)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(BSCALE)g +(and)g(BZER)m(O)g(\(or)h(TSCALn)e(and)h(TZER)m(On\))f(header)h(v)-5 +b(alues)37 b(if)0 5113 y(they)31 b(are)f(presen)m(t)h(in)e(the)h +(header.)41 b(The)30 b(scaled)g(data)h(that)g(is)e(returned)h(to)h(the) +f(reading)g(program)g(will)e(ha)m(v)m(e)382 5357 y Fe(output)46 +b(value)g(=)i(\(FITS)e(value\))g(*)i(BSCALE)e(+)h(BZERO)0 +5601 y Fj(\(a)30 b(corresp)s(onding)d(form)m(ula)h(using)g(TSCALn)f +(and)i(TZER)m(On)e(is)h(used)h(when)f(reading)g(from)h(table)g +(columns\).)0 5714 y(In)i(the)i(case)g(of)f(in)m(teger)g(output)g(v)-5 +b(alues)31 b(the)i(\015oating)f(p)s(oin)m(t)f(scaled)g(v)-5 +b(alue)32 b(is)f(truncated)h(to)h(an)f(in)m(teger)g(\(not)p +eop +%%Page: 23 31 +23 30 bop 0 299 a Fh(4.8.)72 b(SUPPOR)-8 b(T)30 b(F)m(OR)g(IEEE)g +(SPECIAL)f(V)-10 b(ALUES)1863 b Fj(23)0 555 y(rounded)35 +b(to)j(the)f(nearest)h(in)m(teger\).)61 b(The)36 b(\014ts)p +1673 555 28 4 v 32 w(set)p 1816 555 V 34 w(bscale)h(and)f(\014ts)p +2430 555 V 32 w(set)p 2573 555 V 34 w(tscale)h(routines)f(\(describ)s +(ed)f(in)h(the)0 668 y(`Adv)-5 b(anced')29 b(c)m(hapter\))h(ma)m(y)g(b) +s(e)e(used)h(to)g(o)m(v)m(erride)h(the)f(scaling)f(parameters)h +(de\014ned)f(in)g(the)h(header)g(\(e.g.,)i(to)0 781 y(turn)e(o\013)i +(the)g(scaling)e(so)i(that)g(the)f(program)g(can)h(read)f(the)h(ra)m(w) +f(unscaled)g(v)-5 b(alues)29 b(from)h(the)h(FITS)e(\014le\).)0 +941 y(When)44 b(writing)f(n)m(umerical)g(data)i(to)g(the)g(primary)e +(arra)m(y)i(or)f(to)h(a)g(table)g(column)e(the)i(data)g(v)-5 +b(alues)44 b(will)0 1054 y(generally)27 b(b)s(e)h(automatically)g(in)m +(v)m(ersely)g(scaled)g(b)m(y)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(of)g(the)h +(BSCALE)e(and)h(BZER)m(O)g(\(or)h(TSCALn)0 1167 y(and)35 +b(TZER)m(On\))f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(v)-5 b(alues)34 b(if)h(they)g(they)g +(exist)h(in)e(the)h(header.)55 b(These)35 b(k)m(eyw)m(ords)h(m)m(ust)f +(ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s(een)0 1280 y(written)30 b(to)i(the)g(header)f(b)s +(efore)g(an)m(y)g(data)h(is)f(written)f(for)h(them)g(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h +(an)m(y)e(immediate)g(e\013ect.)45 b(One)30 b(ma)m(y)0 +1393 y(also)g(use)h(the)f(\014ts)p 623 1393 V 33 w(set)p +767 1393 V 33 w(bscale)h(and)e(\014ts)p 1367 1393 V 33 +w(set)p 1511 1393 V 33 w(tscale)i(routines)f(to)h(de\014ne)f(or)g(o)m +(v)m(erride)h(the)g(scaling)e(k)m(eyw)m(ords)i(in)0 1506 +y(the)e(header)g(\(e.g.,)i(to)e(turn)f(o\013)h(the)g(scaling)f(so)h +(that)h(the)f(program)f(can)h(write)f(the)h(ra)m(w)g(unscaled)f(v)-5 +b(alues)28 b(in)m(to)0 1619 y(the)e(FITS)g(\014le\).)39 +b(If)25 b(scaling)g(is)h(p)s(erformed,)f(the)i(in)m(v)m(erse)f(scaled)g +(output)f(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(that)h(is)e(written)g(in)m(to)h(the)h(FITS)0 +1732 y(\014le)i(will)f(ha)m(v)m(e)430 1992 y Fe(FITS)46 +b(value)h(=)g(\(\(input)f(value\))g(-)h(BZERO\))f(/)i(BSCALE)0 +2252 y Fj(\(a)39 b(corresp)s(onding)c(form)m(ula)i(using)g(TSCALn)f +(and)h(TZER)m(On)g(is)g(used)g(when)f(writing)g(to)j(table)f +(columns\).)0 2365 y(Rounding)33 b(to)j(the)g(nearest)g(in)m(teger,)h +(rather)e(than)g(truncation,)i(is)d(p)s(erformed)g(when)g(writing)f(in) +m(teger)j(data)0 2478 y(t)m(yp)s(es)30 b(to)i(the)e(FITS)g(\014le.)0 +2812 y Ff(4.8)135 b(Supp)t(ort)44 b(for)h(IEEE)h(Sp)t(ecial)f(V)-11 +b(alues)0 3062 y Fj(The)26 b(ANSI/IEEE-754)h(\015oating-p)s(oin)m(t)f +(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(standard)g(de\014nes)h(certain)g(sp)s(ecial)f(v)-5 +b(alues)25 b(that)i(are)g(used)e(to)0 3175 y(represen)m(t)j(suc)m(h)g +(quan)m(tities)f(as)h(Not-a-Num)m(b)s(er)h(\(NaN\),)h(denormalized,)d +(under\015o)m(w,)g(o)m(v)m(er\015o)m(w,)j(and)d(in\014nit)m(y)-8 +b(.)0 3288 y(\(See)29 b(the)f(App)s(endix)d(in)i(the)h(NOST)g(FITS)f +(standard)g(or)h(the)g(NOST)g(FITS)f(User's)h(Guide)f(for)h(a)g(list)f +(of)h(these)0 3401 y(v)-5 b(alues\).)54 b(The)34 b(CFITSIO)f(routines)h +(that)h(read)g(\015oating)f(p)s(oin)m(t)g(data)i(in)d(FITS)h(\014les)g +(recognize)h(these)h(IEEE)0 3514 y(sp)s(ecial)22 b(v)-5 +b(alues)24 b(and)f(b)m(y)g(default)g(in)m(terpret)h(the)g(o)m(v)m +(er\015o)m(w)h(and)e(in\014nit)m(y)e(v)-5 b(alues)24 +b(as)g(b)s(eing)e(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)23 b(to)i(a)f(NaN,)0 +3627 y(and)36 b(con)m(v)m(ert)i(the)e(under\015o)m(w)f(and)h +(denormalized)f(v)-5 b(alues)35 b(in)m(to)i(zeros.)59 +b(In)36 b(some)g(cases)i(programmers)d(ma)m(y)0 3740 +y(w)m(an)m(t)d(access)h(to)g(the)e(ra)m(w)h(IEEE)f(v)-5 +b(alues,)31 b(without)g(an)m(y)h(mo)s(di\014cation)e(b)m(y)h(CFITSIO.)f +(This)g(can)i(b)s(e)f(done)g(b)m(y)0 3853 y(calling)26 +b(the)j(\014ts)p 567 3853 V 32 w(read)p 771 3853 V 33 +w(img)e(or)h(\014ts)p 1209 3853 V 33 w(read)p 1414 3853 +V 32 w(col)g(routines)f(while)f(sp)s(ecifying)g(0.0)j(as)f(the)g(v)-5 +b(alue)28 b(of)g(the)g(NULL)-10 b(V)g(AL)0 3966 y(parameter.)59 +b(This)35 b(will)e(force)k(CFITSIO)e(to)i(simply)d(pass)i(the)h(IEEE)f +(v)-5 b(alues)35 b(through)h(to)h(the)g(application)0 +4079 y(program)31 b(without)f(an)m(y)i(mo)s(di\014cation.)42 +b(This)29 b(is)i(not)g(fully)e(supp)s(orted)h(on)h(V)-10 +b(AX/VMS)32 b(mac)m(hines,)f(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)0 4192 +y(where)f(there)g(is)g(no)g(easy)h(w)m(a)m(y)g(to)h(b)m(ypass)e(the)g +(default)g(in)m(terpretation)f(of)i(the)g(IEEE)e(sp)s(ecial)g(v)-5 +b(alues.)0 4526 y Ff(4.9)135 b(Error)46 b(Status)f(V)-11 +b(alues)45 b(and)g(the)g(Error)g(Message)h(Stac)l(k)0 +4776 y Fj(Nearly)35 b(all)f(the)i(CFITSIO)e(routines)g(return)g(an)h +(error)g(status)h(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(in)g(2)i(w)m(a)m(ys:)51 +b(as)36 b(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)h(the)f(last)0 4889 +y(parameter)29 b(in)e(the)h(function)f(call,)i(and)f(as)g(the)h +(returned)e(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(of)g(the)h(function)e(itself.)39 +b(This)26 b(pro)m(vides)i(some)0 5002 y(\015exibilit)m(y)33 +b(in)h(the)i(w)m(a)m(y)h(programmers)e(can)h(test)h(if)e(an)g(error)h +(o)s(ccurred,)g(as)g(illustrated)e(in)g(the)i(follo)m(wing)f(2)0 +5115 y(co)s(de)c(fragmen)m(ts:)191 5375 y Fe(if)47 b(\()h +(fits_write_record\(fptr,)41 b(card,)46 b(&status\))g(\))430 +5488 y(printf\(")f(Error)h(occurred)g(while)g(writing)g(keyword."\);)0 +5714 y(or,)p eop +%%Page: 24 32 +24 31 bop 0 299 a Fj(24)1763 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(4.)112 +b(PR)m(OGRAMMING)32 b(GUIDELINES)191 668 y Fe(fits_write_record\(fptr,) +41 b(card,)47 b(&status\);)191 781 y(if)g(\()h(status)e(\))430 +894 y(printf\(")f(Error)h(occurred)g(while)g(writing)g(keyword."\);)0 +1109 y Fj(A)27 b(listing)e(of)j(all)e(the)h(CFITSIO)f(status)i(co)s(de) +f(v)-5 b(alues)27 b(is)f(giv)m(en)h(at)h(the)g(end)e(of)i(this)e(do)s +(cumen)m(t.)39 b(Programmers)0 1222 y(are)33 b(encouraged)g(to)g(use)f +(the)h(sym)m(b)s(olic)d(mnemonics)h(\(de\014ned)h(in)f(\014tsio.h\))h +(rather)g(than)g(the)h(actual)g(in)m(teger)0 1335 y(status)e(v)-5 +b(alues)29 b(to)j(impro)m(v)m(e)e(the)g(readabilit)m(y)f(of)i(their)e +(co)s(de.)0 1495 y(The)j(CFITSIO)f(library)e(uses)j(an)g(`inherited)f +(status')i(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)g(for)f(the)h(status)f(parameter)h(whic) +m(h)e(means)0 1608 y(that)37 b(if)e(a)i(routine)e(is)h(called)f(with)g +(a)i(p)s(ositiv)m(e)e(input)g(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(of)g(the)h(status)f +(parameter)h(as)g(input,)f(then)g(the)0 1721 y(routine)i(will)d(exit)k +(immediately)e(without)g(c)m(hanging)i(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)38 +b(of)h(the)g(status)g(parameter.)65 b(Th)m(us,)40 b(if)e(one)0 +1834 y(passes)24 b(the)h(status)g(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(returned)g(from)g +(eac)m(h)i(CFITSIO)d(routine)g(as)i(input)e(to)i(the)g(next)g(CFITSIO)e +(routine,)0 1947 y(then)28 b(whenev)m(er)g(an)g(error)g(is)g(detected)h +(all)f(further)f(CFITSIO)f(pro)s(cessing)h(will)f(cease.)42 +b(This)26 b(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)k(can)0 2060 y(simplify)f(the)k(error)f +(c)m(hec)m(king)i(in)d(application)g(programs)h(b)s(ecause)h(it)f(is)g +(not)h(necessary)g(to)g(c)m(hec)m(k)i(the)d(v)-5 b(alue)0 +2173 y(of)30 b(the)g(status)h(parameter)f(after)h(ev)m(ery)g(single)d +(CFITSIO)h(routine)g(call.)40 b(If)30 b(a)g(program)g(con)m(tains)g(a)h +(sequence)0 2285 y(of)d(sev)m(eral)h(CFITSIO)e(calls,)h(one)g(can)h +(just)e(c)m(hec)m(k)j(the)f(status)f(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(after)h(the)f +(last)g(call.)39 b(Since)28 b(the)g(returned)0 2398 y(status)33 +b(v)-5 b(alues)32 b(are)h(generally)f(distinctiv)m(e,)g(it)h(should)d +(b)s(e)j(p)s(ossible)d(to)j(determine)f(whic)m(h)g(routine)g +(originally)0 2511 y(returned)d(the)i(error)f(status.)0 +2671 y(CFITSIO)c(also)h(main)m(tains)g(an)g(in)m(ternal)f(stac)m(k)j +(of)f(error)f(messages)h(\(80-c)m(haracter)j(maxim)m(um)26 +b(length\))h(whic)m(h)0 2784 y(in)35 b(man)m(y)h(cases)h(pro)m(vide)e +(a)h(more)g(detailed)g(explanation)f(of)h(the)g(cause)h(of)f(the)g +(error)g(than)f(is)g(pro)m(vided)g(b)m(y)0 2897 y(the)40 +b(error)e(status)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(alone.)68 b(It)39 +b(is)g(recommended)g(that)g(the)h(error)f(message)h(stac)m(k)h(b)s(e)e +(prin)m(ted)f(out)0 3010 y(whenev)m(er)h(a)g(program)g(detects)h(a)f +(CFITSIO)e(error.)66 b(The)38 b(function)g(\014ts)p 2653 +3010 28 4 v 32 w(rep)s(ort)p 2931 3010 V 32 w(error)h(will)d(prin)m(t)i +(out)h(the)0 3123 y(en)m(tire)30 b(error)f(message)h(stac)m(k,)i(or)d +(alternativ)m(ely)h(one)g(ma)m(y)g(call)f(\014ts)p 2376 +3123 V 32 w(read)p 2580 3123 V 33 w(errmsg)g(to)h(get)h(the)f(error)f +(messages)0 3236 y(one)i(at)g(a)g(time.)0 3563 y Ff(4.10)136 +b(V)-11 b(ariable-Length)45 b(Arra)l(ys)g(in)g(Binary)g(T)-11 +b(ables)0 3813 y Fj(CFITSIO)33 b(pro)m(vides)h(easy-to-use)i(supp)s +(ort)d(for)i(reading)f(and)g(writing)f(data)i(in)f(v)-5 +b(ariable)33 b(length)h(\014elds)g(of)h(a)0 3926 y(binary)f(table.)55 +b(The)35 b(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(length)g(columns)g(ha)m(v)m(e)j(TF)m +(ORMn)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(v)-5 b(alues)34 b(of)i(the)f(form)g +(`1Pt\(len\)')0 4039 y(where)25 b(`t')i(is)d(the)i(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g +(co)s(de)g(\(e.g.,)j(I,)c(J,)h(E,)f(D,)i(etc.\))40 b(and)25 +b(`len')h(is)e(an)i(in)m(teger)g(sp)s(ecifying)d(the)j(maxim)m(um)0 +4152 y(length)g(of)h(the)h(v)m(ector)g(in)e(the)h(table.)39 +b(If)27 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)h(`len')g(is)f(not)h(sp)s +(eci\014ed)e(when)h(the)h(table)g(is)f(created)i(\(e.g.,)0 +4264 y(if)33 b(the)h(TF)m(ORM)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(v)-5 +b(alue)33 b(is)g(simply)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)h(as)h('1PE')h(instead)e(of)h +('1PE\(400\))j(\),)f(then)d(CFITSIO)0 4377 y(will)27 +b(automatically)i(scan)g(the)h(table)f(when)g(it)g(is)f(closed)h(to)h +(determine)f(the)g(maxim)m(um)f(length)h(of)h(the)f(v)m(ector)0 +4490 y(and)h(will)d(app)s(end)i(this)g(v)-5 b(alue)30 +b(to)h(the)g(TF)m(ORMn)f(v)-5 b(alue.)0 4650 y(The)29 +b(same)h(routines)f(that)h(read)f(and)g(write)g(data)h(in)f(an)g +(ordinary)f(\014xed)h(length)g(binary)f(table)h(extension)h(are)0 +4763 y(also)40 b(used)e(for)i(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b(length)h(\014elds,)h +(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)k(the)c(routine)e(parameters)i(tak)m(e)h(on)f(a)g +(sligh)m(tly)d(di\013eren)m(t)0 4876 y(in)m(terpretation)30 +b(as)g(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m(w.)0 5036 y(All)35 b(the)h(data)h(in)e +(a)i(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(length)g(\014eld)g(is)g(written)h(in)m(to)g +(an)g(area)h(called)f(the)g(`heap')g(whic)m(h)f(follo)m(ws)h(the)0 +5149 y(main)30 b(\014xed-length)h(FITS)f(binary)g(table.)43 +b(The)31 b(size)g(of)g(the)h(heap,)f(in)f(b)m(ytes,)i(is)f(sp)s +(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)i(the)h(PCOUNT)0 5262 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord)21 +b(in)e(the)i(FITS)f(header.)37 b(When)20 b(creating)h(a)g(new)f(binary) +f(table,)j(the)f(initial)d(v)-5 b(alue)20 b(of)g(PCOUNT)g(should)0 +5375 y(usually)25 b(b)s(e)j(set)g(to)g(zero.)41 b(CFITSIO)26 +b(will)f(recompute)j(the)g(size)f(of)h(the)g(heap)g(as)g(the)g(data)g +(is)f(written)f(and)i(will)0 5488 y(automatically)d(up)s(date)f(the)i +(PCOUNT)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(when)f(the)h(table)g(is)f +(closed.)39 b(When)25 b(writing)e(v)-5 b(ariable)0 5601 +y(length)33 b(data)h(to)g(a)g(table,)h(CFITSIO)d(will)e(automatically)k +(extend)f(the)h(size)f(of)h(the)g(heap)f(area)h(if)f(necessary)-8 +b(,)0 5714 y(so)31 b(that)g(an)m(y)f(follo)m(wing)f(HDUs)i(do)f(not)h +(get)h(o)m(v)m(erwritten.)p eop +%%Page: 25 33 +25 32 bop 0 299 a Fh(4.11.)73 b(MUL)-8 b(TIPLE)30 b(A)m(CCESS)f(TO)g +(THE)i(SAME)f(FITS)f(FILE)1515 b Fj(25)0 555 y(By)30 +b(default)e(the)i(heap)f(data)i(area)f(starts)g(immediately)e(after)i +(the)f(last)h(ro)m(w)f(of)h(the)g(\014xed-length)e(table.)41 +b(This)0 668 y(default)26 b(starting)g(lo)s(cation)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f +(o)m(v)m(erridden)g(b)m(y)h(the)g(THEAP)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord,)i(but)f(this)e +(is)h(not)h(recommended.)0 781 y(If)34 b(additional)e(ro)m(ws)i(of)g +(data)h(are)g(added)e(to)i(the)f(table,)i(CFITSIO)c(will)g +(automatically)i(shift)e(the)j(the)f(heap)0 894 y(do)m(wn)g(to)i(mak)m +(e)f(ro)s(om)g(for)f(the)h(new)f(ro)m(ws,)i(but)e(it)h(is)e(ob)m +(viously)h(b)s(e)g(more)h(e\016cien)m(t)g(to)g(initially)c(create)37 +b(the)0 1007 y(table)30 b(with)e(the)i(necessary)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f +(of)h(blank)e(ro)m(ws,)i(so)g(that)g(the)g(heap)g(do)s(es)f(not)h +(needed)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(constan)m(tly)0 1120 y(mo)m(v)m(ed.)0 +1280 y(When)g(writing)f(to)i(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(length)g(\014eld)f +(the)i(en)m(tire)f(arra)m(y)h(of)g(v)-5 b(alues)29 b(for)h(a)g(giv)m +(en)f(ro)m(w)h(of)g(the)g(table)f(m)m(ust)0 1393 y(b)s(e)e(written)f +(with)h(a)h(single)e(call)g(to)j(\014ts)p 1363 1393 28 +4 v 32 w(write)p 1598 1393 V 32 w(col.)40 b(The)27 b(total)h(length)f +(of)h(the)g(arra)m(y)g(is)e(giv)m(en)i(b)m(y)f(nelemen)m(ts)g(+)0 +1506 y(\014rstelem)33 b(-)g(1.)51 b(Additional)31 b(elemen)m(ts)j +(cannot)g(b)s(e)f(app)s(ended)f(to)i(an)f(existing)g(v)m(ector)i(at)f +(a)g(later)f(time)h(since)0 1619 y(an)m(y)c(attempt)g(to)g(do)f(so)g +(will)e(simply)f(o)m(v)m(erwrite)k(all)e(the)i(previously)c(written)j +(data.)41 b(Note)30 b(also)f(that)h(the)f(new)0 1732 +y(data)c(will)d(b)s(e)i(written)g(to)h(a)g(new)f(area)i(of)f(the)f +(heap)h(and)f(the)h(heap)f(space)h(used)f(b)m(y)h(the)f(previous)g +(write)f(cannot)0 1844 y(b)s(e)32 b(reclaimed.)45 b(F)-8 +b(or)34 b(this)d(reason)h(eac)m(h)i(ro)m(w)f(of)f(a)h(v)-5 +b(ariable)31 b(length)h(\014eld)f(should)f(only)i(b)s(e)f(written)h +(once.)47 b(An)0 1957 y(exception)37 b(to)g(this)f(general)g(rule)f(o)s +(ccurs)i(when)e(setting)i(elemen)m(ts)g(of)g(an)f(arra)m(y)h(as)g +(unde\014ned.)57 b(One)36 b(m)m(ust)0 2070 y(\014rst)30 +b(write)g(a)i(dumm)m(y)d(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(in)m(to)g(the)g(arra)m(y)g +(with)f(\014ts)p 1977 2070 V 32 w(write)p 2212 2070 V +32 w(col,)i(and)e(then)h(call)f(\014ts)p 3086 2070 V +32 w(write)p 3321 2070 V 32 w(col)p 3464 2070 V 33 w(n)m(ul)g(to)i +(\015ag)0 2183 y(the)g(desired)e(elemen)m(ts)i(as)g(unde\014ned.)43 +b(\(Do)33 b(not)f(use)g(the)g(\014ts)p 2197 2183 V 32 +w(write)p 2432 2183 V 32 w(coln)m(ull)e(routines)g(with)h(v)-5 +b(ariable)31 b(length)0 2296 y(\014elds\).)45 b(Note)33 +b(that)g(the)f(ro)m(ws)h(of)f(a)g(table,)h(whether)f(\014xed)f(or)h(v) +-5 b(ariable)31 b(length,)i(do)f(not)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(to)g(b)s(e)f +(written)0 2409 y(consecutiv)m(ely)f(and)e(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(written)f +(in)h(an)m(y)g(order.)0 2569 y(When)40 b(writing)f(to)i(a)g(v)-5 +b(ariable)39 b(length)h(ASCI)s(I)f(c)m(haracter)j(\014eld)d(\(e.g.,)45 +b(TF)m(ORM)c(=)f('1P)-8 b(A'\))43 b(only)c(a)i(single)0 +2682 y(c)m(haracter)22 b(string)d(can)i(b)s(e)e(written.)37 +b(The)20 b(`\014rstelem')f(and)h(`nelemen)m(ts')h(parameter)f(v)-5 +b(alues)20 b(in)f(the)h(\014ts)p 3526 2682 V 33 w(write)p +3762 2682 V 32 w(col)0 2795 y(routine)34 b(are)i(ignored)e(and)g(the)i +(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d(of)j(c)m(haracters)g(to)g(write)e(is)h(simply)d +(determined)i(b)m(y)h(the)g(length)g(of)0 2908 y(the)c(input)d(n)m +(ull-terminated)g(c)m(haracter)k(string.)0 3068 y(The)21 +b(\014ts)p 305 3068 V 33 w(write)p 541 3068 V 32 w(descript)f(routine)h +(is)f(useful)g(in)g(situations)h(where)g(m)m(ultiple)e(ro)m(ws)j(of)g +(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)20 b(length)h(column)0 3181 y(ha)m(v)m(e)32 +b(the)e(iden)m(tical)f(arra)m(y)i(of)g(v)-5 b(alues.)40 +b(One)30 b(can)g(simply)e(write)i(the)g(arra)m(y)h(once)g(for)g(the)f +(\014rst)g(ro)m(w,)g(and)g(then)0 3294 y(use)c(\014ts)p +280 3294 V 32 w(write)p 515 3294 V 32 w(descript)f(to)h(write)f(the)h +(same)h(descriptor)d(v)-5 b(alues)26 b(in)m(to)g(the)g(other)g(ro)m +(ws;)h(all)e(the)h(ro)m(ws)g(will)d(then)0 3407 y(p)s(oin)m(t)29 +b(to)i(the)g(same)g(storage)h(lo)s(cation)e(th)m(us)g(sa)m(ving)g(disk) +f(space.)0 3567 y(When)35 b(reading)f(from)g(a)i(v)-5 +b(ariable)33 b(length)i(arra)m(y)g(\014eld)f(one)h(can)g(only)g(read)f +(as)i(man)m(y)f(elemen)m(ts)g(as)g(actually)0 3680 y(exist)h(in)e(that) +j(ro)m(w)e(of)h(the)g(table;)j(reading)c(do)s(es)h(not)g(automatically) +f(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(with)f(the)h(next)g(ro)m(w)g(of)g(the)0 +3793 y(table)28 b(as)g(o)s(ccurs)g(when)f(reading)g(an)h(ordinary)f +(\014xed)g(length)g(table)h(\014eld.)39 b(A)m(ttempts)29 +b(to)g(read)f(more)g(than)g(this)0 3906 y(will)h(cause)k(an)e(error)h +(status)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(returned.)44 b(One)32 b(can)g(determine)f(the)h +(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(elemen)m(ts)g(in)f(eac)m(h)i(ro)m(w)0 +4019 y(of)e(a)f(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(column)h(with)f(the)h(\014ts)p +1329 4019 V 33 w(read)p 1534 4019 V 32 w(descript)g(routine.)0 +4432 y Ff(4.11)136 b(Multiple)45 b(Access)g(to)g(the)g(Same)h(FITS)d +(File)0 4698 y Fj(CFITSIO)35 b(supp)s(orts)g(sim)m(ultaneous)g(read)h +(and)g(write)g(access)h(to)h(m)m(ultiple)c(HDUs)j(in)e(the)i(same)g +(FITS)f(\014le.)0 4811 y(Th)m(us,)43 b(one)e(can)h(op)s(en)e(the)h +(same)h(FITS)e(\014le)g(t)m(wice)i(within)c(a)k(single)d(program)i(and) +g(mo)m(v)m(e)h(to)g(2)f(di\013eren)m(t)0 4924 y(HDUs)30 +b(in)e(the)i(\014le,)f(and)g(then)g(read)h(and)e(write)h(data)h(or)g(k) +m(eyw)m(ords)g(to)g(the)g(2)f(extensions)h(just)e(as)i(if)f(one)g(w)m +(ere)0 5036 y(accessing)e(2)g(completely)f(separate)h(FITS)f(\014les.) +38 b(Since)26 b(in)f(general)h(it)g(is)g(not)h(p)s(ossible)d(to)j(ph)m +(ysically)d(op)s(en)i(the)0 5149 y(same)36 b(\014le)f(t)m(wice)h(and)f +(then)g(exp)s(ect)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(able)g(to)i(sim)m(ultaneously)c(\(or)j +(in)e(alternating)h(succession\))h(write)0 5262 y(to)f(2)f(di\013eren)m +(t)g(lo)s(cations)g(in)e(the)j(\014le,)f(CFITSIO)f(recognizes)i(when)e +(the)h(\014le)f(to)i(b)s(e)f(op)s(ened)f(\(in)g(the)i(call)e(to)0 +5375 y(\014ts)p 127 5375 V 32 w(op)s(en)p 349 5375 V +33 w(\014le\))28 b(has)g(already)g(b)s(een)g(op)s(ened)g(and)g(instead) +g(of)h(actually)f(op)s(ening)f(the)i(\014le)f(again,)h(just)f +(logically)0 5488 y(links)g(the)j(new)f(\014le)g(to)h(the)g(old)e +(\014le.)41 b(\(This)29 b(only)h(applies)e(if)i(the)h(\014le)e(is)h(op) +s(ened)g(more)g(than)g(once)i(within)c(the)0 5601 y(same)g(program,)g +(and)f(do)s(es)h(not)f(prev)m(en)m(t)i(the)f(same)g(\014le)e(from)h(b)s +(eing)g(sim)m(ultaneously)e(op)s(ened)i(b)m(y)g(more)h(than)0 +5714 y(one)h(program\).)40 b(Then)28 b(b)s(efore)g(CFITSIO)f(reads)h +(or)h(writes)f(to)h(either)f(\(logical\))h(\014le,)f(it)g(mak)m(es)i +(sure)d(that)j(an)m(y)p eop +%%Page: 26 34 +26 33 bop 0 299 a Fj(26)1763 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(4.)112 +b(PR)m(OGRAMMING)32 b(GUIDELINES)0 555 y Fj(mo)s(di\014cations)e(made)h +(to)h(the)g(other)g(\014le)e(ha)m(v)m(e)j(b)s(een)e(completely)g +(\015ushed)e(from)i(the)h(in)m(ternal)e(bu\013ers)h(to)h(the)0 +668 y(\014le.)43 b(Th)m(us,)30 b(in)g(principle,)f(one)i(could)f(op)s +(en)h(a)h(\014le)e(t)m(wice,)i(in)e(one)i(case)g(p)s(oin)m(ting)e(to)i +(the)f(\014rst)g(extension)g(and)0 781 y(in)i(the)i(other)g(p)s(oin)m +(ting)d(to)k(the)e(2nd)g(extension)h(and)e(then)i(write)e(data)j(to)f +(b)s(oth)f(extensions,)h(in)e(an)m(y)i(order,)0 894 y(without)24 +b(danger)i(of)f(corrupting)g(the)g(\014le,)h(There)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f +(some)h(e\016ciency)f(p)s(enalties)f(in)g(doing)h(this)f(ho)m(w)m(ev)m +(er,)0 1007 y(since)j(CFITSIO)g(has)h(to)h(\015ush)d(all)h(the)h(in)m +(ternal)f(bu\013ers)g(related)h(to)h(one)f(\014le)f(b)s(efore)h(switc)m +(hing)e(to)j(the)f(other,)0 1120 y(so)i(it)g(w)m(ould)f(still)f(b)s(e)i +(pruden)m(t)f(to)i(minimize)d(the)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(times)e(one) +i(switc)m(hes)f(bac)m(k)h(and)e(forth)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)0 +1233 y(doing)f(I/O)i(to)g(di\013eren)m(t)f(HDUs)h(in)e(the)h(same)h +(\014le.)0 1571 y Ff(4.12)136 b(When)44 b(the)h(Final)h(Size)f(of)g +(the)g(FITS)f(HDU)h(is)g(Unkno)l(wn)0 1822 y Fj(It)27 +b(is)g(not)g(required)e(to)j(kno)m(w)f(the)h(total)g(size)f(of)g(a)h +(FITS)e(data)i(arra)m(y)g(or)f(table)g(b)s(efore)g(b)s(eginning)d(to)k +(write)f(the)0 1935 y(data)32 b(to)f(the)g(FITS)f(\014le.)42 +b(In)30 b(the)h(case)h(of)f(the)g(primary)e(arra)m(y)i(or)g(an)f(image) +i(extension,)e(one)i(should)c(initially)0 2047 y(create)j(the)e(arra)m +(y)h(with)d(the)j(size)f(of)g(the)g(highest)f(dimension)f(\(largest)j +(NAXISn)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord\))i(set)g(to)g(a)f(dumm)m(y)0 +2160 y(v)-5 b(alue,)25 b(suc)m(h)f(as)g(1.)39 b(Then)23 +b(after)i(all)e(the)i(data)f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s(een)d(written)g(and)h +(the)g(true)g(dimensions)e(are)i(kno)m(wn,)h(then)0 2273 +y(the)33 b(NAXISn)f(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(should)f(b)s(e)h(up)s(dated)g +(using)f(the)i(\014ts)p 2069 2273 28 4 v 33 w(up)s(date)p +2378 2273 V 32 w(k)m(ey)g(routine)f(b)s(efore)h(mo)m(ving)f(to)i +(another)0 2386 y(extension)c(or)g(closing)g(the)g(FITS)g(\014le.)0 +2546 y(When)f(writing)e(to)i(FITS)g(tables,)g(CFITSIO)e(automatically)i +(k)m(eeps)h(trac)m(k)g(of)f(the)g(highest)g(ro)m(w)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e +(that)0 2659 y(is)k(written)g(to,)i(and)e(will)e(increase)j(the)g(size) +g(of)g(the)g(table)f(if)g(necessary)-8 b(.)46 b(CFITSIO)30 +b(will)f(also)j(automatically)0 2772 y(insert)j(space)i(in)e(the)h +(FITS)f(\014le)h(if)f(necessary)-8 b(,)39 b(to)e(ensure)e(that)i(the)f +(data)h('heap',)h(if)d(it)h(exists,)h(and/or)g(an)m(y)0 +2885 y(additional)26 b(HDUs)j(that)g(follo)m(w)e(the)i(table)f(do)g +(not)h(get)g(o)m(v)m(erwritten)g(as)f(new)g(ro)m(ws)g(are)h(written)e +(to)i(the)g(table.)0 3045 y(As)37 b(a)h(general)f(rule)f(it)h(is)f(b)s +(est)h(to)h(sp)s(ecify)e(the)i(initial)c(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)i(of)i(ro)m +(ws)f(=)g(0)g(when)g(the)g(table)g(is)g(created,)0 3158 +y(then)h(let)g(CFITSIO)f(k)m(eep)i(trac)m(k)g(of)g(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s +(er)f(of)i(ro)m(ws)f(that)h(are)f(actually)g(written.)64 +b(The)38 b(application)0 3271 y(program)e(should)e(not)j(man)m(ually)e +(up)s(date)g(the)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(ro)m(ws)g(in)f(the)i(table)f +(\(as)h(giv)m(en)f(b)m(y)g(the)h(NAXIS2)0 3384 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord\))j +(since)e(CFITSIO)f(do)s(es)i(this)f(automatically)-8 +b(.)66 b(If)38 b(a)i(table)e(is)g(initially)e(created)k(with)d(more)i +(than)0 3497 y(zero)i(ro)m(ws,)j(then)c(this)g(will)d(usually)i(b)s(e)h +(considered)f(as)i(the)g(minim)m(um)d(size)i(of)h(the)g(table,)i(ev)m +(en)e(if)f(few)m(er)0 3610 y(ro)m(ws)30 b(are)g(actually)f(written)g +(to)i(the)f(table.)40 b(Th)m(us,)30 b(if)e(a)j(table)e(is)g(initially)d +(created)31 b(with)e(NAXIS2)h(=)f(20,)j(and)0 3723 y(CFITSIO)f(only)h +(writes)f(10)j(ro)m(ws)e(of)h(data)g(b)s(efore)f(closing)g(the)h +(table,)g(then)f(NAXIS2)h(will)d(remain)h(equal)h(to)0 +3836 y(20.)50 b(If)33 b(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)i(30)g(ro)m(ws)e(of)g(data)h +(are)g(written)e(to)i(this)e(table,)i(then)f(NAXIS2)h(will)c(b)s(e)j +(increased)f(from)h(20)0 3949 y(to)f(30.)44 b(The)31 +b(one)g(exception)h(to)g(this)e(automatic)i(up)s(dating)d(of)i(the)h +(NAXIS2)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(is)e(if)g(the)i(application)0 +4061 y(program)c(directly)e(mo)s(di\014es)g(the)j(v)-5 +b(alue)27 b(of)h(NAXIS2)g(\(up)f(or)h(do)m(wn\))g(itself)f(just)g(b)s +(efore)h(closing)f(the)h(table.)40 b(In)0 4174 y(this)27 +b(case,)j(CFITSIO)d(do)s(es)h(not)h(up)s(date)e(NAXIS2)i(again,)g +(since)f(it)g(assumes)g(that)h(the)f(application)f(program)0 +4287 y(m)m(ust)32 b(ha)m(v)m(e)h(had)f(a)g(go)s(o)s(d)g(reason)h(for)f +(c)m(hanging)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(directly)-8 b(.)45 +b(This)30 b(is)h(not)i(recommended,)f(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)0 +4400 y(and)j(is)g(only)g(pro)m(vided)g(for)g(bac)m(kw)m(ard)h +(compatibilit)m(y)e(with)h(soft)m(w)m(are)i(that)g(initially)32 +b(creates)37 b(a)f(table)g(with)0 4513 y(a)e(large)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f +(of)h(ro)m(ws,)h(than)f(decreases)g(the)h(NAXIS2)f(v)-5 +b(alue)33 b(to)i(the)f(actual)g(smaller)f(v)-5 b(alue)33 +b(just)g(b)s(efore)0 4626 y(closing)c(the)i(table.)0 +4964 y Ff(4.13)136 b(CFITSIO)44 b(Size)h(Limitations)0 +5215 y Fj(CFITSIO)29 b(places)i(v)m(ery)g(few)g(restrictions)e(on)i +(the)g(size)f(of)h(FITS)f(\014les)g(that)h(it)g(reads)f(or)h(writes.)41 +b(There)30 b(are)i(a)0 5328 y(few)e(limits,)e(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)k(that) +f(ma)m(y)g(a\013ect)h(some)f(extreme)g(cases:)0 5488 +y(1.)43 b(The)31 b(maxim)m(um)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)h(FITS)f(\014les)g +(that)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(sim)m(ultaneously)f(op)s(ened)i(b)m(y)g +(CFITSIO)e(is)h(set)i(b)m(y)0 5601 y(NMAXFILES)i(as)g(de\014ned)f(in)g +(\014tsio2.h.)51 b(It)34 b(is)f(curren)m(tly)g(set)i(=)f(300)h(b)m(y)f +(default.)51 b(CFITSIO)32 b(will)f(allo)s(cate)0 5714 +y(ab)s(out)i(80)g(*)h(NMAXFILES)f(b)m(ytes)g(of)g(memory)g(for)g(in)m +(ternal)e(use.)48 b(Note)34 b(that)g(the)f(underlying)d(C)i(compiler)p +eop +%%Page: 27 35 +27 34 bop 0 299 a Fh(4.13.)73 b(CFITSIO)28 b(SIZE)h(LIMIT)-8 +b(A)g(TIONS)2300 b Fj(27)0 555 y(or)39 b(op)s(erating)g(system,)k(ma)m +(y)d(ha)m(v)m(e)g(a)g(smaller)e(limit)g(on)h(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e +(of)i(op)s(ened)e(\014les.)67 b(The)39 b(C)h(sym)m(b)s(olic)0 +668 y(constan)m(t)31 b(F)m(OPEN)p 690 668 28 4 v 34 w(MAX)f(is)f(in)m +(tended)g(to)i(de\014ne)e(the)i(maxim)m(um)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)j +(\014les)e(that)h(ma)m(y)h(op)s(en)e(at)i(once)0 781 +y(\(including)d(an)m(y)j(other)g(text)h(or)f(binary)e(\014les)h(that)i +(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)g(op)s(en,)f(not)h(just)g(FITS)f(\014les\).)42 +b(On)30 b(some)h(systems)0 894 y(it)f(has)g(b)s(een)g(found)f(that)i +(gcc)g(supp)s(orts)e(a)h(maxim)m(um)g(of)g(255)i(op)s(ened)e(\014les.)0 +1054 y(Note)d(that)e(op)s(ening)f(and)h(op)s(erating)g(on)g(man)m(y)g +(FITS)g(\014les)f(sim)m(ultaneously)f(in)h(parallel)f(ma)m(y)j(b)s(e)f +(less)f(e\016cien)m(t)0 1167 y(than)k(op)s(erating)g(on)g(smaller)f +(groups)h(of)h(\014les)e(in)g(series.)40 b(CFITSIO)27 +b(only)g(has)h(NIOBUF)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)g(in)m(ternal)0 +1280 y(bu\013ers)j(\(set)j(=)e(40)i(b)m(y)e(default\))h(that)g(are)g +(used)f(for)g(temp)s(orary)g(storage)i(of)f(the)g(most)g(recen)m(t)h +(data)f(records)0 1393 y(that)40 b(ha)m(v)m(e)g(b)s(een)e(read)h(or)g +(written)f(in)f(the)i(FITS)f(\014les.)66 b(If)38 b(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s +(er)f(of)h(op)s(ened)f(\014les)g(is)g(greater)i(than)0 +1506 y(NIOBUF,)j(then)f(CFITSIO)e(ma)m(y)j(w)m(aste)h(more)e(time)g +(\015ushing)d(and)j(re-reading)g(or)g(re-writing)e(the)j(same)0 +1619 y(records)30 b(in)f(the)i(FITS)e(\014les.)0 1779 +y(2.)54 b(By)35 b(default,)g(CFITSIO)e(can)i(handle)f(FITS)g(\014les)f +(up)h(to)h(2.1)h(GB)g(in)d(size)i(\(2**31)i(b)m(ytes\).)54 +b(This)33 b(\014le)h(size)0 1892 y(limit)k(is)i(often)g(imp)s(osed)f(b) +m(y)h(32-bit)h(op)s(erating)e(systems.)71 b(More)41 b(recen)m(tly)-8 +b(,)44 b(as)d(64-bit)f(op)s(erating)g(systems)0 2005 +y(b)s(ecome)33 b(more)g(common,)g(an)g(industry-wide)c(standard)j(\(at) +i(least)e(on)h(Unix)e(systems\))i(has)g(b)s(een)f(dev)m(elop)s(ed)0 +2118 y(to)39 b(supp)s(ort)d(larger)h(sized)h(\014les)f(\(see)h(h)m +(ttp://ftp.sas.com/standards/large.\014le/\).)66 b(Starting)38 +b(with)e(v)m(ersion)0 2230 y(2.1)45 b(of)e(CFITSIO,)f(larger)h(FITS)g +(\014les)f(up)h(to)h(6)g(terab)m(ytes)h(in)d(size)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f +(read)g(and)g(written)g(on)g(sup-)0 2343 y(p)s(orted)f(platforms.)75 +b(In)42 b(order)g(to)h(supp)s(ort)e(these)h(larger)g(\014les,)j +(CFITSIO)c(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)g(compiled)f(with)g(the)0 +2456 y('-D)p 129 2456 V 34 w(LAR)m(GEFILE)p 696 2456 +V 33 w(SOUR)m(CE')h(and)g(`-D)p 1491 2456 V 34 w(FILE)p +1736 2456 V 33 w(OFFSET)p 2137 2456 V 32 w(BITS=64')h(compiler)e +(\015ags.)78 b(Some)43 b(platforms)0 2569 y(ma)m(y)c(also)f(require)f +(the)h(`-D)p 1002 2569 V 34 w(LAR)m(GE)p 1358 2569 V +33 w(FILES')g(compiler)f(\015ag.)64 b(This)37 b(causes)h(the)h +(compiler)e(to)i(allo)s(cate)f(8-)0 2682 y(b)m(ytes)27 +b(instead)f(of)h(4-b)m(ytes)h(for)f(the)g(`o\013)p 1371 +2682 V 33 w(t')g(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(that)g(is)f(used)g(to)h(store)h +(\014le)e(o\013set)h(p)s(ositions.)38 b(It)27 b(app)s(ears)0 +2795 y(that)i(in)d(most)j(cases)g(it)e(is)g(not)h(necessary)h(to)g +(also)f(include)d(these)k(compiler)d(\015ags)j(when)e(compiling)e +(programs)0 2908 y(that)31 b(link)d(to)j(the)g(CFITSIO)e(library)-8 +b(.)0 3068 y(If)21 b(CFITSIO)e(is)h(compiled)g(with)g(the)h(-D)p +1386 3068 V 33 w(LAR)m(GEFILE)p 1952 3068 V 34 w(SOUR)m(CE)f(and)g(-D)p +2654 3068 V 34 w(FILE)p 2899 3068 V 33 w(OFFSET)p 3300 +3068 V 32 w(BITS=64)h(\015ags)0 3181 y(on)36 b(a)g(platform)f(that)h +(supp)s(orts)e(large)i(\014les,)h(then)e(it)h(can)g(read)g(and)f(write) +g(FITS)g(\014les)g(that)h(con)m(tain)g(up)f(to)0 3294 +y(2**31)k(2880-b)m(yte)g(FITS)d(records,)j(or)d(appro)m(ximately)g(6)h +(terab)m(ytes)h(in)e(size.)59 b(It)37 b(is)f(still)f(required)f(that)k +(the)0 3407 y(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(of)g(the)g(NAXISn)f(and)h(PCOUNT)f(k)m +(eyw)m(ords)h(in)f(eac)m(h)i(extension)f(b)s(e)f(within)f(the)i(range)h +(of)f(a)g(signed)f(4-)0 3520 y(b)m(yte)d(in)m(teger)g(\(max)g(v)-5 +b(alue)25 b(=)f(2,147,483,648\).)44 b(Th)m(us,)25 b(eac)m(h)h +(dimension)c(of)j(an)f(image)h(\(giv)m(en)g(b)m(y)g(the)g(NAXISn)0 +3633 y(k)m(eyw)m(ords\),)32 b(the)f(total)h(width)d(of)i(a)g(table)g +(\(NAXIS1)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord\),)g(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(ro)m(ws)g +(in)e(a)i(table)g(\(NAXIS2)0 3745 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord\),)d(and)d(the)h +(total)h(size)f(of)g(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable-length)25 b(arra)m(y)h(heap)g +(in)f(binary)f(tables)i(\(PCOUNT)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord\))0 +3858 y(m)m(ust)30 b(b)s(e)g(less)g(than)g(this)f(limit.)0 +4019 y(Curren)m(tly)-8 b(,)30 b(supp)s(ort)f(for)i(large)g(\014les)f +(within)e(CFITSIO)h(has)i(b)s(een)f(tested)i(on)f(the)g(Lin)m(ux,)f +(Solaris,)f(and)h(IBM)0 4131 y(AIX)g(op)s(erating)g(systems.)p +eop +%%Page: 28 36 +28 35 bop 0 299 a Fj(28)1763 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(4.)112 +b(PR)m(OGRAMMING)32 b(GUIDELINES)p eop +%%Page: 29 37 +29 36 bop 0 1225 a Fg(Chapter)65 b(5)0 1687 y Fm(Basic)77 +b(CFITSIO)f(In)-6 b(terface)77 b(Routines)0 2180 y Fj(This)29 +b(c)m(hapter)j(describ)s(es)d(the)j(basic)e(routines)g(in)g(the)h +(CFITSIO)e(user)i(in)m(terface)g(that)h(pro)m(vide)e(all)g(the)i(func-) +0 2293 y(tions)i(normally)f(needed)i(to)g(read)g(and)f(write)g(most)i +(FITS)e(\014les.)53 b(It)35 b(is)f(recommended)g(that)i(these)f +(routines)0 2406 y(b)s(e)d(used)g(for)g(most)h(applications)e(and)h +(that)h(the)f(more)h(adv)-5 b(anced)33 b(routines)e(describ)s(ed)g(in)g +(the)i(next)f(c)m(hapter)0 2518 y(only)d(b)s(e)h(used)g(in)f(sp)s +(ecial)g(circumstances)h(when)f(necessary)-8 b(.)0 2679 +y(The)30 b(follo)m(wing)f(con)m(v)m(en)m(tions)i(are)g(used)e(in)h +(this)f(c)m(hapter)i(in)e(the)h(description)f(of)h(eac)m(h)i(function:) +0 2839 y(1.)39 b(Most)25 b(functions)d(ha)m(v)m(e)j(2)f(names:)37 +b(a)24 b(long)g(descriptiv)m(e)e(name)i(and)f(a)i(short)e(concise)h +(name.)38 b(Both)25 b(names)f(are)0 2952 y(listed)e(on)h(the)g(\014rst) +f(line)g(of)h(the)h(follo)m(wing)d(descriptions,)i(separated)g(b)m(y)h +(a)f(slash)f(\(/\))i(c)m(haracter.)40 b(Programmers)0 +3065 y(ma)m(y)27 b(use)g(either)f(name)h(in)e(their)h(programs)h(but)f +(the)h(long)f(names)h(are)g(recommended)f(to)i(help)d(do)s(cumen)m(t)i +(the)0 3177 y(co)s(de)k(and)e(mak)m(e)j(it)e(easier)g(to)h(read.)0 +3338 y(2.)42 b(A)30 b(righ)m(t)g(arro)m(w)h(sym)m(b)s(ol)e(\()p +Fb(>)p Fj(\))i(is)f(used)g(in)f(the)i(function)e(descriptions)f(to)k +(separate)f(the)g(input)e(parameters)0 3451 y(from)k(the)g(output)f +(parameters)i(in)e(the)h(de\014nition)e(of)i(eac)m(h)h(routine.)48 +b(This)31 b(sym)m(b)s(ol)h(is)g(not)h(actually)g(part)g(of)0 +3563 y(the)e(C)f(calling)e(sequence.)0 3724 y(3.)41 b(The)30 +b(function)f(parameters)i(are)g(de\014ned)e(in)g(more)h(detail)g(in)f +(the)h(alphab)s(etical)f(listing)f(in)h(App)s(endix)f(B.)0 +3884 y(4.)39 b(The)23 b(\014rst)g(argumen)m(t)g(in)g(almost)g(all)g +(the)g(functions)f(is)h(a)h(p)s(oin)m(ter)e(to)i(a)g(structure)f(of)h +(t)m(yp)s(e)g(`\014ts\014le'.)37 b(Memory)0 3997 y(for)26 +b(this)f(structure)g(is)g(allo)s(cated)h(b)m(y)g(CFITSIO)e(when)h(the)h +(FITS)g(\014le)f(is)g(\014rst)g(op)s(ened)g(or)h(created)h(and)e(is)g +(freed)0 4110 y(when)k(the)i(FITS)f(\014le)f(is)g(closed.)0 +4270 y(5.)53 b(The)34 b(last)g(argumen)m(t)g(in)f(almost)i(all)e(the)h +(functions)f(is)g(the)i(error)f(status)g(parameter.)53 +b(It)35 b(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)f(equal)0 4383 y(to)k(0)g(on)f(input,)g +(otherwise)g(the)g(function)f(will)f(immediately)g(exit)i(without)g +(doing)f(an)m(ything.)58 b(A)36 b(non-zero)0 4496 y(output)27 +b(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(indicates)h(that)g(an)g(error)g(o)s(ccurred)g(in)f +(the)h(function.)38 b(In)27 b(most)g(cases)h(the)g(status)f(v)-5 +b(alue)27 b(is)f(also)0 4608 y(returned)j(as)i(the)f(v)-5 +b(alue)30 b(of)h(the)f(function)f(itself.)0 4935 y Ff(5.1)135 +b(CFITSIO)44 b(Error)h(Status)h(Routines)0 5168 y Fi(1)81 +b Fj(Return)27 b(a)j(descriptiv)m(e)d(text)j(string)d(\(30)j(c)m(har)f +(max.\))41 b(corresp)s(onding)27 b(to)i(a)g(CFITSIO)e(error)h(status)h +(co)s(de.)95 5385 y Fe(void)47 b(fits_get_errstatus)c(/)k(ffgerr)f +(\(int)h(status,)f(>)h(char)g(*err_text\))0 5601 y Fi(2)81 +b Fj(Return)35 b(the)h(top)g(\(oldest\))g(80-c)m(haracter)j(error)c +(message)i(from)e(the)h(in)m(ternal)f(CFITSIO)f(stac)m(k)j(of)f(error) +227 5714 y(messages)45 b(and)e(shift)g(an)m(y)h(remaining)e(messages)j +(on)f(the)g(stac)m(k)h(up)e(one)h(lev)m(el.)81 b(Call)42 +b(this)h(routine)1905 5942 y(29)p eop +%%Page: 30 38 +30 37 bop 0 299 a Fj(30)1379 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(5.)71 +b(BASIC)30 b(CFITSIO)f(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)227 +555 y Fj(rep)s(eatedly)25 b(to)i(get)g(eac)m(h)g(message)f(in)f +(sequence.)39 b(The)26 b(function)e(returns)h(a)h(v)-5 +b(alue)25 b(=)g(0)h(and)g(a)g(n)m(ull)d(error)227 668 +y(message)32 b(when)d(the)i(error)f(stac)m(k)i(is)d(empt)m(y)-8 +b(.)95 923 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_read_errmsg)d(/)j(ffgmsg)f(\(char)h +(*err_msg\))0 1178 y Fi(3)81 b Fj(Prin)m(t)29 b(out)i(the)g(error)f +(message)i(corresp)s(onding)d(to)i(the)g(input)e(status)i(v)-5 +b(alue)30 b(and)g(all)g(the)h(error)f(messages)227 1291 +y(on)d(the)h(CFITSIO)e(stac)m(k)j(to)f(the)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(\014le)g +(stream)i(\(normally)e(to)i(stdout)f(or)g(stderr\).)40 +b(If)26 b(the)i(input)227 1404 y(status)j(v)-5 b(alue)30 +b(=)g(0)h(then)f(this)f(routine)g(do)s(es)h(nothing.)95 +1659 y Fe(void)47 b(fits_report_error)c(/)48 b(ffrprt)e(\(FILE)g +(*stream,)g(>)h(status\))0 1914 y Fi(4)81 b Fj(The)44 +b(\014ts)p 461 1914 28 4 v 32 w(write)p 696 1914 V 32 +w(errmark)g(routine)g(puts)g(an)h(in)m(visible)c(mark)m(er)k(on)g(the)g +(CFITSIO)e(error)h(stac)m(k.)85 b(The)227 2027 y(\014ts)p +354 2027 V 33 w(clear)p 574 2027 V 33 w(errmark)31 b(routine)h(can)h +(then)f(b)s(e)f(used)h(to)h(delete)g(an)m(y)g(more)f(recen)m(t)i(error) +e(messages)h(on)g(the)227 2140 y(stac)m(k,)42 b(bac)m(k)c(to)g(the)g(p) +s(osition)e(of)i(the)g(mark)m(er.)63 b(This)36 b(preserv)m(es)h(an)m(y) +h(older)f(error)g(messages)i(on)f(the)227 2253 y(stac)m(k.)77 +b(The)41 b(\014ts)p 855 2253 V 32 w(clear)p 1074 2253 +V 33 w(errmsg)g(routine)g(simply)e(clears)j(all)f(the)h(messages)g +(\(and)g(marks\))f(from)h(the)227 2365 y(stac)m(k.)g(These)31 +b(routines)e(are)i(called)e(without)h(an)m(y)g(argumen)m(ts.)95 +2620 y Fe(void)47 b(fits_write_errmark)c(/)k(ffpmrk)f(\(void\))95 +2733 y(void)h(fits_clear_errmark)c(/)k(ffcmrk)f(\(void\))95 +2846 y(void)h(fits_clear_errmsg)c(/)48 b(ffcmsg)e(\(void\))0 +3179 y Ff(5.2)135 b(FITS)44 b(File)i(Access)e(Routines)0 +3419 y Fi(1)81 b Fj(Op)s(en)29 b(an)h(existing)f(data)i(\014le.)227 +3663 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_open_file)d(/)k(ffopen)418 3776 +y(\(fitsfile)d(**fptr,)h(char)h(*filename,)e(int)i(iomode,)f(>)h(int)g +(*status\))227 4002 y(int)g(fits_open_diskfile)c(/)k(ffdkopen)418 +4115 y(\(fitsfile)e(**fptr,)h(char)h(*filename,)e(int)i(iomode,)f(>)h +(int)g(*status\))227 4340 y(int)g(fits_open_data)d(/)k(ffdopn)418 +4453 y(\(fitsfile)d(**fptr,)h(char)h(*filename,)e(int)i(iomode,)f(>)h +(int)g(*status\))227 4679 y(int)g(fits_open_table)d(/)j(fftopn)418 +4792 y(\(fitsfile)e(**fptr,)h(char)h(*filename,)e(int)i(iomode,)f(>)h +(int)g(*status\))227 5018 y(int)g(fits_open_image)d(/)j(ffiopn)418 +5131 y(\(fitsfile)e(**fptr,)h(char)h(*filename,)e(int)i(iomode,)f(>)h +(int)g(*status\))227 5375 y Fj(The)41 b(iomo)s(de)g(parameter)h +(determines)f(the)g(read/write)g(access)i(allo)m(w)m(ed)f(in)e(the)h +(\014le)g(and)g(can)h(ha)m(v)m(e)227 5488 y(v)-5 b(alues)31 +b(of)h(READONL)-8 b(Y)32 b(\(0\))g(or)g(READ)m(WRITE)g(\(1\).)44 +b(The)31 b(\014lename)g(parameter)h(giv)m(es)g(the)f(name)h(of)227 +5601 y(the)f(\014le)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(op)s(ened,)h(follo)m(w)m(ed)f(b)m(y) +h(an)f(optional)g(argumen)m(t)h(giving)f(the)h(name)f(or)h(index)e(n)m +(um)m(b)s(er)h(of)227 5714 y(the)d(extension)f(within)f(the)h(FITS)g +(\014le)g(that)h(should)e(b)s(e)h(mo)m(v)m(ed)i(to)f(and)f(op)s(ened)g +(\(e.g.,)k Fe(myfile.fits+3)p eop +%%Page: 31 39 +31 38 bop 0 299 a Fh(5.2.)72 b(FITS)30 b(FILE)g(A)m(CCESS)f(R)m +(OUTINES)2244 b Fj(31)227 555 y(or)36 b Fe(myfile.fits[3])d +Fj(mo)m(v)m(es)k(to)g(the)g(3rd)f(extension)f(within)f(the)j(\014le,)g +(and)e Fe(myfile.fits[events])227 668 y Fj(mo)m(v)m(es)d(to)f(the)g +(extension)f(with)f(the)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(EXTNAME)g(=)f('EVENTS'\).)227 +816 y(The)37 b(\014ts)p 548 816 28 4 v 32 w(op)s(en)p +770 816 V 32 w(disk\014le)e(routine)h(is)g(similar)e(to)k(the)f(\014ts) +p 2241 816 V 33 w(op)s(en)p 2464 816 V 32 w(\014le)f(routine)g(except)i +(that)f(it)g(do)s(es)g(not)227 929 y(supp)s(ort)22 b(the)h(extended)h +(\014lename)e(syn)m(tax)i(in)e(the)i(input)d(\014le)i(name.)38 +b(This)22 b(routine)g(simply)f(tries)i(to)h(op)s(en)227 +1042 y(the)36 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)d(input)h(\014le)g(on)h(magnetic)h +(disk.)54 b(This)33 b(routine)h(is)h(mainly)e(for)i(use)g(in)f(cases)i +(where)f(the)227 1155 y(\014lename)e(\(or)i(directory)e(path\))h(con)m +(tains)g(square)g(or)g(curly)e(brac)m(k)m(et)k(c)m(haracters)f(that)f +(w)m(ould)f(confuse)227 1268 y(the)e(extended)f(\014lename)g(parser.) +227 1416 y(The)j(\014ts)p 544 1416 V 32 w(op)s(en)p 766 +1416 V 32 w(data)h(routine)d(is)h(similar)e(to)k(the)f(\014ts)p +2113 1416 V 32 w(op)s(en)p 2335 1416 V 33 w(\014le)e(routine)h(except)i +(that)f(it)g(will)d(mo)m(v)m(e)k(to)227 1529 y(the)23 +b(\014rst)f(HDU)h(con)m(taining)f(signi\014can)m(t)f(data,)k(if)d(a)h +(HDU)g(name)f(or)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(to)i(op)s(en)f(w)m(as)h(not)f +(explicitly)227 1642 y(sp)s(eci\014ed)36 b(as)h(part)h(of)f(the)h +(\014lename.)60 b(In)37 b(this)f(case,)k(it)d(will)e(lo)s(ok)i(for)g +(the)g(\014rst)g(IMA)m(GE)h(HDU)g(with)227 1755 y(NAXIS)e(>)f(0,)j(or)d +(the)h(\014rst)f(table)g(that)i(do)s(es)e(not)h(con)m(tain)g(the)g +(strings)e(`GTI')i(\(Go)s(o)s(d)g(Time)e(In)m(terv)-5 +b(al)227 1868 y(extension\))31 b(or)f(`OBST)-8 b(ABLE')31 +b(in)e(the)h(EXTNAME)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(v)-5 b(alue.)227 +2016 y(The)25 b(\014ts)p 536 2016 V 32 w(op)s(en)p 758 +2016 V 32 w(table)g(and)f(\014ts)p 1305 2016 V 33 w(op)s(en)p +1528 2016 V 32 w(image)h(routines)f(are)h(similar)e(to)i(\014ts)p +2828 2016 V 33 w(op)s(en)p 3051 2016 V 32 w(data)h(except)f(they)h +(will)227 2129 y(mo)m(v)m(e)h(to)g(the)f(\014rst)f(signi\014can)m(t)f +(table)i(HDU)g(or)g(image)g(HDU)g(in)e(the)i(\014le,)g(resp)s(ectiv)m +(ely)-8 b(,)27 b(if)d(a)i(HDU)h(name)227 2242 y(or)k(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e +(is)g(not)i(sp)s(eci\014ed)d(as)j(part)f(of)h(the)f(\014lename.)227 +2390 y(IRAF)c(images)f(\(.imh)g(format)h(\014les\))e(and)h(ra)m(w)h +(binary)d(data)k(arra)m(ys)e(ma)m(y)h(also)g(b)s(e)f(op)s(ened)f(with)g +(READ-)227 2503 y(ONL)-8 b(Y)37 b(access.)60 b(CFITSIO)35 +b(will)f(automatically)i(test)i(if)d(the)i(input)d(\014le)i(is)f(an)i +(IRAF)f(image,)j(and)d(if,)227 2616 y(so)c(will)d(con)m(v)m(ert)k(it)e +(on)g(the)h(\015y)f(in)m(to)h(a)g(virtual)d(FITS)i(image)h(b)s(efore)f +(it)g(is)g(op)s(ened)f(b)m(y)i(the)g(application)227 +2729 y(program.)64 b(If)37 b(the)h(input)f(\014le)g(is)g(a)h(ra)m(w)g +(binary)f(data)h(arra)m(y)h(of)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers,)h(then)e(the)i(data) +f(t)m(yp)s(e)h(and)227 2842 y(dimensions)34 b(of)i(the)g(arra)m(y)h(m)m +(ust)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(in)h(square)h(brac)m(k)m(ets)h(follo)m +(wing)e(the)h(name)g(of)h(the)f(\014le)227 2955 y(\(e.g.)56 +b('ra)m(w\014le.dat[i512,512]')38 b(op)s(ens)c(a)i(512)g(x)f(512)h +(short)e(in)m(teger)i(image\).)55 b(See)35 b(the)g(`Extended)g(File)227 +3068 y(Name)k(Syn)m(tax')g(c)m(hapter)g(for)e(more)i(details)e(on)h(ho) +m(w)g(to)h(sp)s(ecify)e(the)h(ra)m(w)h(\014le)e(name.)64 +b(The)38 b(ra)m(w)g(\014le)227 3181 y(is)j(con)m(v)m(erted)h(on)f(the)h +(\015y)f(in)m(to)g(a)g(virtual)f(FITS)g(image)i(in)e(memory)h(that)h +(is)e(then)h(op)s(ened)g(b)m(y)g(the)227 3294 y(application)29 +b(program)h(with)f(READONL)-8 b(Y)31 b(access.)227 3442 +y(Programs)g(can)g(read)f(the)h(input)d(\014le)i(from)g(the)h('stdin')e +(\014le)h(stream)h(if)e(a)i(dash)f(c)m(haracter)i(\('-'\))g(is)e(giv)m +(en)227 3555 y(as)f(the)f(\014lename.)39 b(Files)28 b(can)g(also)g(b)s +(e)g(op)s(ened)f(o)m(v)m(er)j(the)e(net)m(w)m(ork)h(using)e(FTP)h(or)g +(HTTP)g(proto)s(cols)g(b)m(y)227 3668 y(supplying)f(the)k(appropriate)e +(URL)i(as)f(the)h(\014lename.)227 3816 y(The)43 b(input)e(\014le)h(can) +i(b)s(e)f(mo)s(di\014ed)e(in)g(v)-5 b(arious)43 b(w)m(a)m(ys)h(to)g +(create)g(a)g(virtual)d(\014le)i(\(usually)e(stored)i(in)227 +3929 y(memory\))31 b(that)g(is)f(then)g(op)s(ened)f(b)m(y)i(the)f +(application)f(program)h(b)m(y)h(supplying)c(a)k(\014ltering)e(or)h +(binning)227 4042 y(sp)s(eci\014er)d(in)g(square)h(brac)m(k)m(ets)h +(follo)m(wing)e(the)h(\014lename.)39 b(Some)29 b(of)f(the)g(more)h +(common)f(\014ltering)f(meth-)227 4155 y(o)s(ds)32 b(are)h(illustrated) +e(in)g(the)i(follo)m(wing)f(paragraphs,)h(but)f(users)g(should)e(refer) +j(to)g(the)g('Extended)g(File)227 4268 y(Name)e(Syn)m(tax')g(c)m +(hapter)g(for)f(a)h(complete)g(description)d(of)j(the)f(full)f(\014le)g +(\014ltering)g(syn)m(tax.)227 4416 y(When)e(op)s(ening)e(an)i(image,)g +(a)h(rectangular)e(subset)g(of)h(the)g(ph)m(ysical)e(image)i(ma)m(y)h +(b)s(e)e(op)s(ened)f(b)m(y)i(listing)227 4529 y(the)k(\014rst)e(and)h +(last)g(pixel)f(in)g(eac)m(h)j(dimension)c(\(and)i(optional)f(pixel)g +(skipping)f(factor\):)227 4765 y Fe(myimage.fits[101:200,301:)o(400]) +227 5001 y Fj(will)f(create)k(and)e(op)s(en)f(a)i(100x100)i(pixel)c +(virtual)g(image)h(of)h(that)g(section)f(of)h(the)f(ph)m(ysical)f +(image,)j(and)227 5114 y Fe(myimage.fits[*,-*])d Fj(op)s(ens)k(a)h +(virtual)e(image)i(that)g(is)f(the)h(same)g(size)g(as)f(the)h(ph)m +(ysical)f(image)h(but)227 5227 y(has)d(b)s(een)g(\015ipp)s(ed)e(in)h +(the)h(v)m(ertical)h(direction.)227 5375 y(When)d(op)s(ening)f(a)h +(table,)h(the)f(\014ltering)e(syn)m(tax)j(can)f(b)s(e)f(used)h(to)g +(add)g(or)g(delete)g(columns)f(or)h(k)m(eyw)m(ords)227 +5488 y(in)f(the)h(virtual)f(table:)39 b Fe(myfile.fits[events][col)j +(!time;)k(PI)h(=)h(PHA*1.2])26 b Fj(op)s(ens)h(a)h(virtual)f(ta-)227 +5601 y(ble)k(in)f(whic)m(h)g(the)i(TIME)f(column)f(has)h(b)s(een)g +(deleted)g(and)g(a)g(new)g(PI)g(column)g(has)g(b)s(een)g(added)f(with) +227 5714 y(a)41 b(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(1.2)j(times)d(that)i(of)f(the)h(PHA) +f(column.)69 b(Similarly)-8 b(,)39 b(one)i(can)f(\014lter)g(a)g(table)g +(to)h(k)m(eep)g(only)p eop +%%Page: 32 40 +32 39 bop 0 299 a Fj(32)1379 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(5.)71 +b(BASIC)30 b(CFITSIO)f(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)227 +555 y Fj(those)35 b(ro)m(ws)e(that)i(satisfy)e(a)h(selection)g +(criterion:)46 b Fe(myfile.fits[events][pha)c(>)47 b(50])33 +b Fj(creates)j(and)227 668 y(op)s(ens)31 b(a)g(virtual)f(table)h(con)m +(taining)g(only)f(those)i(ro)m(ws)f(with)f(a)h(PHA)h(v)-5 +b(alue)30 b(greater)j(than)e(50.)44 b(A)31 b(large)227 +781 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d(of)h(b)s(o)s(olean)g(and)f(mathematical)i(op)s +(erators)f(can)g(b)s(e)g(used)f(in)g(the)h(selection)g(expression.)39 +b(One)227 894 y(can)25 b(also)f(\014lter)g(table)g(ro)m(ws)g(using)f +('Go)s(o)s(d)i(Time)e(In)m(terv)-5 b(al')25 b(extensions,)g(and)f +(spatial)f(region)h(\014lters)g(as)g(in)227 1007 y Fe +(myfile.fits[events][gtifi)o(lter)o(\(\)])14 b Fj(and)19 +b Fe(myfile.fits[events][regfil)o(ter)o(\()42 b("stars.rng"\)])p +Fj(.)227 1167 y(Finally)-8 b(,)31 b(table)g(columns)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f +(binned)e(or)i(histogrammed)g(to)h(generate)h(a)e(virtual)f(image.)44 +b(F)-8 b(or)32 b(ex-)227 1280 y(ample,)c Fe(myfile.fits[events][bin)41 +b(\(X,Y\)=4])26 b Fj(will)e(result)j(in)f(a)i(2-dimensional)d(image)j +(calculated)227 1393 y(b)m(y)35 b(binning)c(the)k(X)f(and)g(Y)h +(columns)e(in)g(the)i(ev)m(en)m(t)h(table)e(with)f(a)i(bin)e(size)h(of) +h(4)f(in)g(eac)m(h)h(dimension.)227 1506 y(The)30 b(TLMINn)g(and)f +(TLMAXn)h(k)m(eyw)m(ords)h(will)d(b)s(e)h(used)h(b)m(y)g(default)g(to)h +(determine)e(the)i(range)f(of)h(the)227 1619 y(image.)227 +1779 y(A)j(single)e(program)h(can)g(op)s(en)g(the)h(same)f(FITS)g +(\014le)f(more)i(than)f(once)h(and)f(then)g(treat)h(the)g(resulting)227 +1892 y(\014ts\014le)29 b(p)s(oin)m(ters)g(as)h(though)g(they)g(w)m(ere) +h(completely)f(indep)s(enden)m(t)e(FITS)h(\014les.)39 +b(Using)30 b(this)f(facilit)m(y)-8 b(,)30 b(a)227 2005 +y(program)i(can)f(op)s(en)g(a)h(FITS)f(\014le)f(t)m(wice,)j(mo)m(v)m(e) +g(to)f(2)g(di\013eren)m(t)f(extensions)g(within)e(the)i(\014le,)g(and)g +(then)227 2118 y(read)g(and)e(write)h(data)h(in)e(those)i(extensions)f +(in)f(an)m(y)i(order.)0 2397 y Fi(2)81 b Fj(Create)31 +b(and)f(op)s(en)f(a)i(new)f(empt)m(y)h(output)f(FITS)f(\014le.)227 +2677 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_create_file)d(/)j(ffinit)418 +2790 y(\(fitsfile)e(**fptr,)h(char)h(*filename,)e(>)i(int)g(*status\)) +227 3016 y(int)g(fits_create_diskfile)42 b(/)48 b(ffdkinit)418 +3129 y(\(fitsfile)d(**fptr,)h(char)h(*filename,)e(>)i(int)g(*status\)) +227 3409 y Fj(An)36 b(error)h(will)d(b)s(e)i(returned)f(if)g(the)i(sp)s +(eci\014ed)e(\014le)h(already)g(exists,)i(unless)d(the)i(\014lename)e +(is)h(pre\014xed)227 3522 y(with)29 b(an)h(exclamation)g(p)s(oin)m(t)f +(\(!\).)42 b(In)29 b(that)i(case)g(CFITSIO)d(will)g(o)m(v)m(erwrite)i +(\(delete\))h(an)m(y)g(existing)e(\014le)227 3635 y(with)35 +b(the)h(same)h(name.)57 b(Note)38 b(that)e(the)h(exclamation)f(p)s(oin) +m(t)f(is)g(a)i(sp)s(ecial)d(UNIX)i(c)m(haracter)i(so)e(if)f(it)227 +3748 y(is)d(used)f(on)h(the)h(command)f(line)f(it)h(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g +(preceded)g(b)m(y)g(a)g(bac)m(kslash)g(to)i(force)e(the)h(UNIX)g(shell) +d(to)227 3860 y(accept)i(the)f(c)m(haracter)h(as)e(part)g(of)h(the)g +(\014lename.)227 4021 y(The)26 b(output)h(\014le)f(will)e(b)s(e)i +(written)g(to)h(the)g('stdout')g(\014le)f(stream)h(if)f(a)h(dash)f(c)m +(haracter)i(\('-'\))g(or)f(the)g(string)227 4134 y('stdout')34 +b(is)e(giv)m(en)h(as)h(the)f(\014lename.)48 b(Similarly)-8 +b(,)31 b('-.gz')k(or)e('stdout.gz')i(will)c(cause)i(the)h(\014le)e(to)i +(b)s(e)e(gzip)227 4247 y(compressed)e(b)s(efore)g(it)g(is)g(written)f +(out)i(to)g(the)f(stdout)h(stream.)227 4407 y(Optionally)-8 +b(,)38 b(the)f(name)h(of)f(a)h(template)g(\014le)e(that)i(is)e(used)h +(to)h(de\014ne)f(the)g(structure)g(of)g(the)h(new)f(\014le)227 +4520 y(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(in)h(paren)m(theses)i(follo)m +(wing)d(the)j(output)e(\014le)h(name.)64 b(The)38 b(template)g(\014le)g +(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)227 4633 y(another)32 b(FITS)e(\014le,)h(in)f(whic)m(h) +g(case)j(the)e(new)g(\014le,)g(at)h(the)g(time)f(it)f(is)h(op)s(ened,)g +(will)d(b)s(e)j(an)g(exact)i(cop)m(y)227 4746 y(of)38 +b(the)g(template)h(\014le)e(except)h(that)h(the)f(data)g(structures)g +(\(images)g(and)f(tables\))h(will)d(b)s(e)j(\014lled)d(with)227 +4858 y(zeros.)41 b(Alternativ)m(ely)-8 b(,)29 b(the)g(template)h +(\014le)e(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(an)h(ASCI)s(I)e(format)i(text)h(\014le)e +(con)m(taining)h(directiv)m(es)227 4971 y(that)g(de\014ne)e(the)h(k)m +(eyw)m(ords)g(to)g(b)s(e)g(created)h(in)d(eac)m(h)j(HDU)g(of)f(the)g +(\014le.)39 b(See)28 b(the)g('Extended)f(File)g(Name)227 +5084 y(Syn)m(tax')k(section)g(for)f(a)h(complete)f(description)f(of)h +(the)h(template)g(\014le)e(syn)m(tax.)227 5245 y(The)g(\014ts)p +540 5245 28 4 v 33 w(create)p 809 5245 V 34 w(disk\014le)e(routine)i +(is)g(similar)e(to)j(the)g(\014ts)p 2238 5245 V 32 w(create)p +2506 5245 V 34 w(\014le)f(routine)g(except)h(that)g(it)f(do)s(es)h(not) +227 5357 y(supp)s(ort)36 b(the)i(extended)g(\014lename)f(syn)m(tax)h +(in)f(the)h(input)e(\014le)h(name.)63 b(This)36 b(routine)h(simply)e +(tries)i(to)227 5470 y(create)f(the)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(\014le)h(on)g +(magnetic)i(disk.)49 b(This)32 b(routine)h(is)g(mainly)f(for)i(use)f +(in)g(cases)h(where)g(the)227 5583 y(\014lename)f(\(or)i(directory)e +(path\))h(con)m(tains)g(square)g(or)g(curly)e(brac)m(k)m(et)k(c)m +(haracters)f(that)f(w)m(ould)f(confuse)227 5696 y(the)e(extended)f +(\014lename)g(parser.)p eop +%%Page: 33 41 +33 40 bop 0 299 a Fh(5.3.)72 b(HDU)31 b(A)m(CCESS)e(R)m(OUTINES)2488 +b Fj(33)0 555 y Fi(3)81 b Fj(Close)27 b(a)g(previously)e(op)s(ened)i +(FITS)g(\014le.)39 b(The)27 b(\014rst)f(routine)h(simply)e(closes)i +(the)h(\014le,)f(whereas)g(the)h(second)227 668 y(one)41 +b(also)f(DELETES)f(THE)h(FILE,)g(whic)m(h)f(can)i(b)s(e)e(useful)g(in)g +(cases)i(where)e(a)i(FITS)e(\014le)h(has)g(b)s(een)227 +781 y(partially)29 b(created,)i(but)f(then)g(an)g(error)g(o)s(ccurs)g +(whic)m(h)g(prev)m(en)m(ts)g(it)g(from)g(b)s(eing)f(completed.)95 +1033 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_close_file)d(/)j(ffclos)g(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)h +(>)h(int)g(*status\))95 1258 y(int)g(fits_delete_file)d(/)j(ffdelt)f +(\(fitsfile)g(*fptr,)g(>)h(int)g(*status\))0 1510 y Fi(4)81 +b Fj(Return)21 b(the)i(name,)h(I/O)e(mo)s(de)g(\(READONL)-8 +b(Y)24 b(or)e(READ)m(WRITE\),)i(and/or)e(the)g(\014le)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g +(\(e.g.)40 b('\014le://',)227 1623 y('ftp://'\))32 b(of)f(the)f(op)s +(ened)g(FITS)g(\014le.)95 1875 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_file_name)d(/)k +(ffflnm)e(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)h(>)i(char)e(*filename,)f(int)i +(*status\))95 2100 y(int)g(fits_file_mode)d(/)k(ffflmd)e(\(fitsfile)f +(*fptr,)h(>)i(int)f(*iomode,)e(int)i(*status\))95 2326 +y(int)g(fits_url_type)e(/)i(ffurlt)f(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)h(>)i(char)f +(*urltype,)e(int)i(*status\))0 2659 y Ff(5.3)135 b(HDU)46 +b(Access)e(Routines)0 2909 y Fj(The)30 b(follo)m(wing)f(functions)g(p)s +(erform)g(op)s(erations)g(on)i(Header-Data)h(Units)e(\(HDUs\))i(as)e(a) +h(whole.)0 3161 y Fi(1)81 b Fj(Mo)m(v)m(e)44 b(to)g(a)f(di\013eren)m(t) +f(HDU)h(in)f(the)h(\014le.)76 b(The)43 b(\014rst)f(routine)f(mo)m(v)m +(es)j(to)g(a)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(absolute)h(HDU)227 3273 +y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(\(starting)g(with)g(1)g(for)h(the)g(primary)d(arra) +m(y\))k(in)d(the)i(FITS)f(\014le,)j(and)d(the)g(second)h(routine)227 +3386 y(mo)m(v)m(es)35 b(a)e(relativ)m(e)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(HDUs)i +(forw)m(ard)e(or)h(bac)m(kw)m(ard)h(from)f(the)g(curren)m(t)g(HDU.)h(A) +f(n)m(ull)e(p)s(oin)m(ter)227 3499 y(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(giv)m(en)g(for)g +(the)g(hdut)m(yp)s(e)f(parameter)i(if)e(it's)h(v)-5 b(alue)30 +b(is)f(not)i(needed.)40 b(The)30 b(third)e(routine)i(mo)m(v)m(es)227 +3612 y(to)39 b(the)g(\(\014rst\))f(HDU)i(whic)m(h)d(has)h(the)h(sp)s +(eci\014ed)d(extension)i(t)m(yp)s(e)h(and)f(EXTNAME)g(and)g(EXTVER)227 +3725 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord)26 b(v)-5 b(alues)25 b(\(or)h(HDUNAME)h(and)e +(HDUVER)h(k)m(eyw)m(ords\).)40 b(The)24 b(hdut)m(yp)s(e)h(parameter)h +(ma)m(y)g(ha)m(v)m(e)227 3838 y(a)d(v)-5 b(alue)21 b(of)h(IMA)m(GE)p +935 3838 28 4 v 34 w(HDU,)h(ASCI)s(I)p 1476 3838 V 31 +w(TBL,)f(BINAR)-8 b(Y)p 2101 3838 V 34 w(TBL,)22 b(or)g(ANY)p +2676 3838 V 34 w(HDU)g(where)g(ANY)p 3396 3838 V 33 w(HDU)h(means)227 +3951 y(that)33 b(only)f(the)g(extname)i(and)d(extv)m(er)j(v)-5 +b(alues)32 b(will)d(b)s(e)j(used)g(to)h(lo)s(cate)g(the)g(correct)g +(extension.)47 b(If)32 b(the)227 4064 y(input)h(v)-5 +b(alue)35 b(of)g(extv)m(er)h(is)e(0)i(then)e(the)i(EXTVER)e(k)m(eyw)m +(ord)i(is)e(ignored)g(and)h(the)g(\014rst)f(HDU)i(with)e(a)227 +4177 y(matc)m(hing)27 b(EXTNAME)h(\(or)f(HDUNAME\))i(k)m(eyw)m(ord)e +(will)d(b)s(e)j(found.)38 b(If)27 b(no)f(matc)m(hing)h(HDU)h(is)e +(found)227 4290 y(in)f(the)h(\014le)f(then)h(the)g(curren)m(t)g(HDU)g +(will)e(remain)h(unc)m(hanged)g(and)h(a)g(status)g(=)g(BAD)p +3246 4290 V 33 w(HDU)p 3484 4290 V 34 w(NUM)h(will)227 +4403 y(b)s(e)j(returned.)95 4654 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_movabs_hdu)d(/)j +(ffmahd)286 4767 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int)h(hdunum,)e(>)j(int)f +(*hdutype,)e(int)i(*status\))95 4993 y(int)g(fits_movrel_hdu)d(/)j +(ffmrhd)286 5106 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int)h(nmove,)f(>)h(int)g +(*hdutype,)e(int)i(*status\))95 5332 y(int)g(fits_movnam_hdu)d(/)j +(ffmnhd)286 5445 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int)h(hdutype,)e(char)i +(*extname,)e(int)i(extver,)f(>)h(int)g(*status\))0 5696 +y Fi(2)81 b Fj(Return)29 b(the)i(total)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(HDUs)f +(in)g(the)g(FITS)g(\014le.)40 b(The)29 b(curren)m(t)i(HDU)g(remains)e +(unc)m(hanged.)p eop +%%Page: 34 42 +34 41 bop 0 299 a Fj(34)1379 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(5.)71 +b(BASIC)30 b(CFITSIO)f(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)95 +555 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_get_num_hdus)c(/)48 b(ffthdu)286 +668 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(>)h(int)g(*hdunum,)f(int)h(*status\))0 +922 y Fi(3)81 b Fj(Return)31 b(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(the)h +(curren)m(t)e(HDU)i(\(CHDU\))h(in)c(the)j(FITS)e(\014le)g(\(where)h +(the)g(primary)f(arra)m(y)h(=)227 1034 y(1\).)42 b(This)28 +b(function)h(returns)h(the)g(HDU)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(rather)h(than)h(a) +f(status)h(v)-5 b(alue.)95 1288 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_get_hdu_num)d(/)j +(ffghdn)286 1401 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(>)h(int)g(*hdunum\))0 +1654 y Fi(4)81 b Fj(Return)38 b(the)h(t)m(yp)s(e)h(of)f(the)h(curren)m +(t)f(HDU)h(in)e(the)h(FITS)g(\014le.)66 b(The)39 b(p)s(ossible)e(v)-5 +b(alues)38 b(for)h(hdut)m(yp)s(e)f(are:)227 1767 y(IMA)m(GE)p +546 1767 28 4 v 34 w(HDU,)31 b(ASCI)s(I)p 1095 1767 V +32 w(TBL,)f(or)g(BINAR)-8 b(Y)p 1840 1767 V 34 w(TBL.)95 +2021 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_get_hdu_type)c(/)48 b(ffghdt)286 +2133 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(>)h(int)g(*hdutype,)e(int)i(*status\))0 +2387 y Fi(5)81 b Fj(Cop)m(y)24 b(all)f(or)h(part)g(of)g(the)g(HDUs)h +(in)e(the)h(FITS)g(\014le)f(asso)s(ciated)h(with)f(infptr)f(and)i(app)s +(end)e(them)i(to)h(the)g(end)227 2500 y(of)f(the)f(FITS)f(\014le)h +(asso)s(ciated)g(with)f(outfptr.)38 b(If)23 b('previous')f(is)g(true)h +(\(not)h(0\),)i(then)d(an)m(y)g(HDUs)h(preceding)227 +2613 y(the)35 b(curren)m(t)f(HDU)g(in)f(the)i(input)d(\014le)h(will)f +(b)s(e)h(copied)h(to)h(the)f(output)g(\014le.)51 b(Similarly)-8 +b(,)32 b('curren)m(t')j(and)227 2726 y('follo)m(wing')28 +b(determine)g(whether)g(the)h(curren)m(t)g(HDU,)g(and/or)g(an)m(y)g +(follo)m(wing)e(HDUs)j(in)d(the)i(input)e(\014le)227 +2838 y(will)g(b)s(e)i(copied)h(to)g(the)g(output)f(\014le.)40 +b(Th)m(us,)29 b(if)f(all)h(3)h(parameters)g(are)g(true,)g(then)g(the)f +(en)m(tire)h(input)e(\014le)227 2951 y(will)33 b(b)s(e)h(copied.)55 +b(On)35 b(exit,)h(the)g(curren)m(t)f(HDU)h(in)d(the)j(input)d(\014le)i +(will)d(b)s(e)j(unc)m(hanged,)h(and)f(the)g(last)227 +3064 y(HDU)c(in)e(the)i(output)f(\014le)f(will)f(b)s(e)i(the)g(curren)m +(t)h(HDU.)95 3318 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_copy_file)d(/)k(ffcpfl)286 +3431 y(\(fitsfile)e(*infptr,)f(fitsfile)h(*outfptr,)f(int)i(previous,)e +(int)i(current,)477 3544 y(int)g(following,)e(>)j(int)f(*status\))0 +3797 y Fi(6)81 b Fj(Cop)m(y)34 b(the)h(curren)m(t)f(HDU)h(from)f(the)g +(FITS)g(\014le)g(asso)s(ciated)g(with)g(infptr)e(and)i(app)s(end)e(it)i +(to)h(the)g(end)f(of)227 3910 y(the)39 b(FITS)e(\014le)g(asso)s(ciated) +i(with)e(outfptr.)64 b(Space)38 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(reserv)m(ed)i(for)f +(MOREKEYS)f(additional)227 4023 y(k)m(eyw)m(ords)31 b(in)e(the)i +(output)f(header.)95 4276 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_copy_hdu)e(/)i(ffcopy)286 +4389 y(\(fitsfile)f(*infptr,)f(fitsfile)h(*outfptr,)f(int)i(morekeys,)e +(>)j(int)f(*status\))0 4642 y Fi(7)81 b Fj(Cop)m(y)43 +b(the)h(header)g(\(and)f(not)h(the)g(data\))h(from)e(the)h(CHDU)g(asso) +s(ciated)g(with)f(infptr)e(to)k(the)f(CHDU)227 4755 y(asso)s(ciated)27 +b(with)e(outfptr.)39 b(If)26 b(the)h(curren)m(t)f(output)g(HDU)h(is)f +(not)g(completely)g(empt)m(y)-8 b(,)29 b(then)d(the)h(CHDU)227 +4868 y(will)32 b(b)s(e)i(closed)g(and)g(a)h(new)f(HDU)h(will)d(b)s(e)i +(app)s(ended)e(to)j(the)g(output)f(\014le.)52 b(An)34 +b(empt)m(y)h(output)f(data)227 4981 y(unit)29 b(will)f(b)s(e)i(created) +h(with)e(all)g(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(initially)d(=)j(0\).)95 +5235 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_copy_header)d(/)j(ffcphd)286 +5348 y(\(fitsfile)f(*infptr,)f(fitsfile)h(*outfptr,)f(>)i(int)g +(*status\))0 5601 y Fi(8)81 b Fj(Delete)34 b(the)f(CHDU)h(in)e(the)h +(FITS)f(\014le.)49 b(An)m(y)33 b(follo)m(wing)f(HDUs)h(will)e(b)s(e)h +(shifted)g(forw)m(ard)h(in)f(the)h(\014le,)g(to)227 5714 +y(\014ll)j(in)g(the)h(gap)h(created)g(b)m(y)g(the)f(deleted)g(HDU.)i +(In)d(the)i(case)g(of)g(deleting)e(the)i(primary)d(arra)m(y)j(\(the)p +eop +%%Page: 35 43 +35 42 bop 0 299 a Fh(5.4.)72 b(HEADER)31 b(KEYW)m(ORD)g(READ/WRITE)g(R) +m(OUTINES)1495 b Fj(35)227 555 y(\014rst)30 b(HDU)h(in)e(the)i +(\014le\))f(then)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f(primary)e(arra)m(y)j(will)d(b)s +(e)i(replace)g(b)m(y)h(a)g(n)m(ull)d(primary)g(arra)m(y)227 +668 y(con)m(taining)j(the)h(minim)m(um)c(set)k(of)g(required)d(k)m(eyw) +m(ords)j(and)e(no)i(data.)44 b(If)31 b(there)g(are)h(more)f(extensions) +227 781 y(in)e(the)h(\014le)f(follo)m(wing)g(the)h(one)g(that)h(is)e +(deleted,)h(then)g(the)g(the)g(CHDU)h(will)c(b)s(e)j(rede\014ned)e(to)j +(p)s(oin)m(t)e(to)227 894 y(the)e(follo)m(wing)e(extension.)40 +b(If)26 b(there)h(are)g(no)g(follo)m(wing)e(extensions)h(then)h(the)g +(CHDU)g(will)d(b)s(e)i(rede\014ned)227 1007 y(to)36 b(p)s(oin)m(t)e(to) +h(the)g(previous)e(HDU.)j(The)e(output)h(hdut)m(yp)s(e)e(parameter)i +(returns)f(the)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(of)f(the)h(new)227 1120 +y(CHDU.)c(A)g(n)m(ull)d(p)s(oin)m(ter)h(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(giv)m(en)h +(for)f(hdut)m(yp)s(e)f(if)g(the)i(returned)e(v)-5 b(alue)30 +b(is)f(not)i(needed.)95 1401 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_delete_hdu)d(/)j +(ffdhdu)286 1514 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(>)h(int)g(*hdutype,)e(int)i +(*status\))0 1872 y Ff(5.4)135 b(Header)46 b(Keyw)l(ord)g(Read/W)-11 +b(rite)46 b(Routines)0 2128 y Fj(These)35 b(routines)f(read)g(or)h +(write)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords)g(in)f(the)h(Curren)m(t)f(Header)h(Unit)f +(\(CHU\).)i(Wild)e(card)g(c)m(haracters)0 2240 y(\(*,)28 +b(?,)g(or)e(#\))h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(when)f(sp)s(ecifying)g(the)i +(name)f(of)h(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(read:)39 +b(a)27 b(')10 b(?')39 b(will)24 b(matc)m(h)k(an)m(y)0 +2353 y(single)33 b(c)m(haracter)i(at)g(that)f(p)s(osition)e(in)h(the)h +(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(name)f(and)f(a)h('*')h(will)d(matc)m(h)i(an)m(y)h +(length)e(\(including)0 2466 y(zero\))d(string)e(of)h(c)m(haracters.)42 +b(The)28 b('#')h(c)m(haracter)i(will)26 b(matc)m(h)k(an)m(y)f +(consecutiv)m(e)h(string)e(of)h(decimal)f(digits)f(\(0)0 +2579 y(-)35 b(9\).)55 b(When)35 b(a)g(wild)e(card)i(is)f(used)g(the)h +(routine)f(will)e(only)i(searc)m(h)i(for)f(a)g(matc)m(h)h(from)e(the)h +(curren)m(t)g(header)0 2692 y(p)s(osition)25 b(to)j(the)f(end)f(of)h +(the)g(header)g(and)f(will)e(not)j(resume)g(the)g(searc)m(h)g(from)g +(the)g(top)g(of)g(the)g(header)g(bac)m(k)g(to)0 2805 +y(the)k(original)f(header)h(p)s(osition)e(as)j(is)e(done)h(when)f(no)h +(wildcards)e(are)j(included)c(in)i(the)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(name.)43 +b(The)0 2918 y(\014ts)p 127 2918 28 4 v 32 w(read)p 331 +2918 V 33 w(record)32 b(routine)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)h(set)h +(the)f(starting)g(p)s(osition)e(when)h(doing)g(wild)e(card)j(searc)m +(hs.)46 b(A)0 3031 y(status)29 b(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(of)g(KEY)p +809 3031 V 32 w(NO)p 980 3031 V 33 w(EXIST)f(is)g(returned)f(if)h(the)h +(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord)j(to)f(b)s(e)g(read)f(is)g(not)i(found) +d(in)h(the)0 3144 y(header.)0 3459 y Fd(5.4.1)112 b(Keyw)m(ord)38 +b(Reading)f(Routines)0 3684 y Fi(1)81 b Fj(Return)33 +b(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(existing)f(k)m(eyw)m(ords)i(\(not)f +(coun)m(ting)g(the)g(END)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord\))h(and)e(the)h(amoun)m(t)h +(of)227 3797 y(space)e(curren)m(tly)e(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)31 +b(for)h(more)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords.)46 b(It)32 b(returns)e(morek)m(eys)j(=)f +(-1)g(if)f(the)h(header)g(has)g(not)227 3910 y(y)m(et)27 +b(b)s(een)d(closed.)39 b(Note)26 b(that)g(CFITSIO)d(will)g(dynamically) +g(add)h(space)i(if)e(required)f(when)h(writing)f(new)227 +4023 y(k)m(eyw)m(ords)32 b(to)g(a)f(header)g(so)h(in)e(practice)h +(there)h(is)e(no)h(limit)e(to)j(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(k)m(eyw)m +(ords)f(that)h(can)g(b)s(e)227 4136 y(added)e(to)h(a)f(header.)41 +b(A)30 b(n)m(ull)e(p)s(oin)m(ter)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(en)m(tered)h(for)f +(the)g(morek)m(eys)h(parameter)g(if)e(it's)h(v)-5 b(alue)30 +b(is)227 4249 y(not)h(needed.)95 4530 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_get_hdrspace)c +(/)48 b(ffghsp)286 4642 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(>)h(int)g(*keysexist,)e +(int)i(*morekeys,)e(int)i(*status\))0 4924 y Fi(2)81 +b Fj(Return)28 b(the)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)41 +b(In)29 b(the)g(\014rst)f(routine,)h(the)g(datat)m(yp)s(e)h(parameter)g +(sp)s(eci\014es)d(the)i(desired)227 5036 y(returned)e(data)h(t)m(yp)s +(e)g(of)g(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(and)g(can)h(ha)m(v)m +(e)h(one)f(of)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)e(sym)m(b)s(olic)h(constan)m(t)227 +5149 y(v)-5 b(alues:)46 b(TSTRING,)33 b(TLOGICAL)f(\(==)h(in)m(t\),)i +(TBYTE,)e(TSHOR)-8 b(T,)33 b(TUSHOR)-8 b(T,)32 b(TINT,)h(TUINT,)227 +5262 y(TLONG,)39 b(TULONG,)f(TFLO)m(A)-8 b(T,)39 b(TDOUBLE,)g +(TCOMPLEX,)e(and)h(TDBLCOMPLEX.)h(Within)227 5375 y(the)c(con)m(text)h +(of)e(this)g(routine,)g(TSTRING)g(corresp)s(onds)e(to)j(a)g('c)m(har*') +h(data)f(t)m(yp)s(e,)h(i.e.,)f(a)g(p)s(oin)m(ter)e(to)227 +5488 y(a)e(c)m(haracter)i(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)43 b(Data)32 +b(t)m(yp)s(e)f(con)m(v)m(ersion)g(will)d(b)s(e)i(p)s(erformed)g(for)g +(n)m(umeric)g(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(if)g(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)227 +5601 y(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(do)s(es)g(not)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(the)f(same)h(data) +g(t)m(yp)s(e.)55 b(If)34 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)g(the)g(k)m(eyw)m +(ord)h(is)e(unde\014ned)f(\(i.e.,)k(the)227 5714 y(v)-5 +b(alue)30 b(\014eld)f(is)h(blank\))f(then)h(an)g(error)g(status)h(=)f +(V)-10 b(ALUE)p 2280 5714 V 33 w(UNDEFINED)31 b(will)d(b)s(e)i +(returned.)p eop +%%Page: 36 44 +36 43 bop 0 299 a Fj(36)1379 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(5.)71 +b(BASIC)30 b(CFITSIO)f(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)227 +555 y Fj(The)36 b(second)g(routine)f(returns)g(the)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(v) +-5 b(alue)35 b(as)h(a)h(c)m(haracter)h(string)d(\(a)h(literal)f(cop)m +(y)i(of)f(what)227 668 y(is)d(in)f(the)i(v)-5 b(alue)33 +b(\014eld\))f(regardless)h(of)g(the)h(in)m(trinsic)d(data)j(t)m(yp)s(e) +g(of)f(the)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)50 b(The)33 b(third)f(routine)227 +781 y(returns)d(the)i(en)m(tire)f(80-c)m(haracter)j(header)e(record)f +(of)g(the)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)227 927 y(If)f(a)h(NULL)f(commen)m(t)i(p)s +(oin)m(ter)d(is)g(supplied)f(then)i(the)g(commen)m(t)i(string)d(will)f +(not)i(b)s(e)g(returned.)95 1160 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_read_key)e(/)i +(ffgky)286 1273 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int)h(datatype,)e(char)i +(*keyname,)e(>)i(DTYPE)g(*value,)334 1386 y(char)g(*comment,)e(int)i +(*status\))95 1612 y(int)g(fits_read_keyword)c(/)48 b(ffgkey)286 +1725 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g(>)h(char)g(*value,)f +(char)g(*comment,)334 1838 y(int)h(*status\))95 2063 +y(int)g(fits_read_card)d(/)k(ffgcrd)286 2176 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g +(char)g(*keyname,)g(>)h(char)g(*card,)f(int)h(*status\))0 +2410 y Fi(3)81 b Fj(Return)27 b(the)h(n)m(th)h(header)f(record)g(in)f +(the)h(CHU.)h(The)e(\014rst)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(in)d(the)j(header)f(is)f +(at)i(k)m(eyn)m(um)f(=)g(1;)i(if)227 2523 y(k)m(eyn)m(um)g(=)f(0)i +(then)e(these)h(routines)f(simply)e(reset)k(the)f(in)m(ternal)e +(CFITSIO)g(p)s(oin)m(ter)h(to)i(the)f(b)s(eginning)227 +2635 y(of)f(the)g(header)g(so)g(that)g(subsequen)m(t)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h +(op)s(erations)g(will)d(start)j(at)h(the)f(top)g(of)f(the)h(header)g +(\(e.g.,)227 2748 y(prior)38 b(to)i(searc)m(hing)f(for)g(k)m(eyw)m +(ords)h(using)e(wild)e(cards)j(in)f(the)i(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(name\).)68 +b(The)38 b(\014rst)h(routine)227 2861 y(returns)j(the)h(en)m(tire)g +(80-c)m(haracter)i(header)e(record,)j(while)41 b(the)i(second)g +(routine)f(parses)g(the)h(record)227 2974 y(and)35 b(returns)f(the)i +(name,)h(v)-5 b(alue,)36 b(and)f(commen)m(t)h(\014elds)e(as)i(separate) +g(c)m(haracter)h(strings.)54 b(If)35 b(a)h(NULL)227 3087 +y(commen)m(t)c(p)s(oin)m(ter)d(is)g(giv)m(en)i(on)f(input,)f(then)h +(the)g(commen)m(t)i(string)d(will)f(not)j(b)s(e)e(returned.)95 +3320 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_read_record)d(/)j(ffgrec)286 +3433 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int)h(keynum,)e(>)j(char)f(*card,)f(int)h +(*status\))95 3659 y(int)g(fits_read_keyn)d(/)k(ffgkyn)286 +3772 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)h(keynum,)e(>)j(char)f(*keyname,)e +(char)h(*value,)334 3885 y(char)h(*comment,)e(int)i(*status\))0 +4118 y Fi(4)81 b Fj(Return)44 b(the)i(next)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(whose)f +(name)h(matc)m(hes)g(one)g(of)g(the)f(strings)g(in)f('inclist')g(but)h +(do)s(es)g(not)227 4231 y(matc)m(h)31 b(an)m(y)g(of)g(the)f(strings)f +(in)g('exclist'.)41 b(The)30 b(strings)f(in)g(inclist)f(and)i(exclist)g +(ma)m(y)g(con)m(tain)h(wild)d(card)227 4344 y(c)m(haracters)34 +b(\(*,)f(?,)f(and)f(#\))h(as)g(describ)s(ed)e(at)j(the)f(b)s(eginning)d +(of)j(this)f(section.)45 b(This)30 b(routine)h(searc)m(hes)227 +4457 y(from)k(the)g(curren)m(t)g(header)g(p)s(osition)e(to)j(the)f(end) +f(of)h(the)h(header,)g(only)-8 b(,)36 b(and)e(do)s(es)h(not)g(con)m +(tin)m(ue)h(the)227 4570 y(searc)m(h)c(from)e(the)h(top)g(of)g(the)g +(header)g(bac)m(k)g(to)h(the)f(original)e(p)s(osition.)40 +b(The)31 b(curren)m(t)f(header)h(p)s(osition)227 4683 +y(ma)m(y)e(b)s(e)e(reset)h(with)f(the)h(\013grec)g(routine.)39 +b(Note)29 b(that)g(nexc)f(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(set)h(=)g(0)g(if)f(there)h +(are)g(no)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords)227 4796 y(to)h(b)s(e)f(excluded.)38 +b(This)27 b(routine)g(returns)g(status)h(=)g(KEY)p 2268 +4796 28 4 v 32 w(NO)p 2439 4796 V 33 w(EXIST)f(if)g(a)i(matc)m(hing)f +(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(is)e(not)227 4909 y(found.)95 5142 y +Fe(int)47 b(fits_find_nextkey)c(/)48 b(ffgnxk)286 5255 +y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(char)g(**inclist,)f(int)i(ninc,)g(char)f +(**exclist,)334 5368 y(int)h(nexc,)f(>)i(char)e(*card,)h(int)94 +b(*status\))0 5601 y Fi(5)81 b Fj(Return)25 b(the)h(ph)m(ysical)e +(units)h(string)g(from)g(an)h(existing)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)39 +b(This)25 b(routine)g(uses)g(a)h(lo)s(cal)g(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion,)227 +5714 y(sho)m(wn)f(in)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)f(example,)i(in)e(whic)m(h)g +(the)i(k)m(eyw)m(ord)f(units)f(are)i(enclosed)f(in)f(square)h(brac)m(k) +m(ets)h(in)p eop +%%Page: 37 45 +37 44 bop 0 299 a Fh(5.4.)72 b(HEADER)31 b(KEYW)m(ORD)g(READ/WRITE)g(R) +m(OUTINES)1495 b Fj(37)227 555 y(the)30 b(b)s(eginning)d(of)j(the)g(k)m +(eyw)m(ord)g(commen)m(t)g(\014eld.)39 b(A)30 b(n)m(ull)e(string)g(is)h +(returned)f(if)h(no)g(units)f(are)i(de\014ned)227 668 +y(for)g(the)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)239 913 y Fe(VELOCITY=)809 +b(12.3)46 b(/)i([km/s])e(orbital)g(speed)95 1139 y(int)h +(fits_read_key_unit)c(/)48 b(ffgunt)286 1252 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g +(char)g(*keyname,)g(>)h(char)g(*unit,)f(int)h(*status\))0 +1497 y Fi(6)81 b Fj(Concatenate)39 b(the)f(header)f(k)m(eyw)m(ords)h +(in)f(the)g(CHDU)h(in)m(to)g(a)g(single)e(long)h(string)g(of)h(c)m +(haracters.)64 b(This)227 1610 y(pro)m(vides)27 b(a)i(con)m(v)m(enien)m +(t)g(w)m(a)m(y)g(of)g(passing)e(all)g(or)h(part)g(of)g(the)h(header)f +(information)e(in)h(a)i(FITS)e(HDU)i(to)227 1723 y(other)i +(subroutines.)38 b(Eac)m(h)31 b(80-c)m(haracter)h(\014xed-length)e(k)m +(eyw)m(ord)g(record)g(is)f(app)s(ended)f(to)j(the)f(output)227 +1836 y(c)m(haracter)j(string,)e(in)f(order,)h(with)f(no)h(in)m(terv)m +(ening)g(separator)h(or)f(terminating)f(c)m(haracters.)45 +b(The)31 b(last)227 1949 y(header)i(record)g(is)f(terminated)h(with)f +(a)h(NULL)g(c)m(haracter.)50 b(This)32 b(routine)g(allo)s(cates)h +(memory)g(for)g(the)227 2062 y(returned)c(c)m(haracter)j(arra)m(y)-8 +b(,)32 b(so)f(the)f(calling)f(program)h(m)m(ust)g(free)h(the)g(memory)f +(when)f(\014nished.)227 2210 y(Selected)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s +(e)e(excluded)g(from)h(the)g(returned)f(c)m(haracter)j(string.)39 +b(If)27 b(the)i(second)f(param-)227 2323 y(eter)h(\(no)s(commen)m(ts\)) +g(is)e(TR)m(UE)h(\(nonzero\))h(then)e(an)m(y)i(COMMENT,)f(HISTOR)-8 +b(Y,)27 b(or)h(blank)f(k)m(eyw)m(ords)227 2435 y(in)i(the)i(header)f +(will)e(not)i(b)s(e)g(copied)g(to)h(the)g(output)f(string.)227 +2583 y(The)25 b('exclist')h(parameter)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h +(supply)d(a)j(list)f(of)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords)h(that)h(are)f(to)g(b)s(e)f +(excluded)f(from)227 2696 y(the)29 b(output)g(c)m(haracter)h(string.)40 +b(Wild)27 b(card)i(c)m(haracters)h(\(*,)g(?,)f(and)g(#\))g(ma)m(y)g(b)s +(e)f(used)g(in)g(the)h(excluded)227 2809 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(names.)41 +b(If)29 b(no)g(additional)f(k)m(eyw)m(ords)i(are)g(to)g(b)s(e)f +(excluded,)g(then)g(set)h(nexc)g(=)f(0)h(and)f(sp)s(ecify)227 +2922 y(NULL)i(for)f(the)g(the)h(**header)g(parameter.)95 +3167 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_hdr2str)286 3280 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int)h +(nocomments,)d(char)j(**exclist,)e(int)i(nexc,)286 3393 +y(>)h(char)e(**header,)g(int)h(*nkeys,)e(int)i(*status\))0 +3681 y Fd(5.4.2)112 b(Keyw)m(ord)38 b(W)-9 b(riting)35 +b(Routines)0 3888 y Fi(1)81 b Fj(W)-8 b(rite)31 b(a)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g +(of)f(the)h(appropriate)e(data)i(t)m(yp)s(e)g(in)m(to)f(the)h(CHU.)f +(The)g(\014rst)g(routine)f(simply)f(app)s(ends)227 4001 +y(a)34 b(new)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(whereas)f(the)g(second)h(routine)e(will) +f(up)s(date)h(the)i(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(and)h(commen)m(t)h(\014elds)e(of)i +(the)227 4114 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(if)f(it)g(already)g(exists,)h +(otherwise)f(it)g(app)s(ends)f(a)i(new)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)51 +b(Note)35 b(that)f(the)g(address)e(to)227 4227 y(the)37 +b(v)-5 b(alue,)37 b(and)e(not)i(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)35 +b(itself,)i(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)f(en)m(tered.)59 b(The)35 +b(datat)m(yp)s(e)i(parameter)g(sp)s(eci\014es)e(the)227 +4340 y(data)40 b(t)m(yp)s(e)f(of)g(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(v)-5 +b(alue)39 b(with)e(one)i(of)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)f(v)-5 +b(alues:)57 b(TSTRING,)38 b(TLOGICAL)227 4452 y(\(==)e(in)m(t\),)i +(TBYTE,)f(TSHOR)-8 b(T,)35 b(TUSHOR)-8 b(T,)36 b(TINT,)g(TUINT,)g +(TLONG,)g(TULONG,)g(TFLO)m(A)-8 b(T,)227 4565 y(TDOUBLE.)24 +b(Within)e(the)h(con)m(text)i(of)f(this)e(routine,)i(TSTRING)f(corresp) +s(onds)f(to)i(a)g('c)m(har*')g(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e,)227 +4678 y(i.e.,)j(a)e(p)s(oin)m(ter)g(to)h(a)f(c)m(haracter)i(arra)m(y)-8 +b(.)40 b(A)27 b(n)m(ull)d(p)s(oin)m(ter)h(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(en)m(tered)h +(for)f(the)g(commen)m(t)h(parameter)227 4791 y(in)i(whic)m(h)g(case)j +(the)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(commen)m(t)h(\014eld)d(will)e(b)s(e)j(unmo)s +(di\014ed)d(or)k(left)f(blank.)95 5036 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_write_key)d +(/)k(ffpky)286 5149 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)h(datatype,)e(char)i +(*keyname,)e(DTYPE)h(*value,)477 5262 y(char)h(*comment,)e(>)j(int)f +(*status\))95 5488 y(int)g(fits_update_key)d(/)j(ffuky)286 +5601 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int)h(datatype,)e(char)i(*keyname,)e +(DTYPE)h(*value,)477 5714 y(char)h(*comment,)e(>)j(int)f(*status\))p +eop +%%Page: 38 46 +38 45 bop 0 299 a Fj(38)1379 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(5.)71 +b(BASIC)30 b(CFITSIO)f(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)0 +555 y Fi(2)81 b Fj(W)-8 b(rite)43 b(a)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)f(with)f(a)i(n)m +(ull)d(or)i(unde\014ned)e(v)-5 b(alue)42 b(\(i.e.,)47 +b(the)d(v)-5 b(alue)42 b(\014eld)g(in)g(the)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(is)e +(left)227 668 y(blank\).)69 b(The)40 b(\014rst)f(routine)g(simply)f +(app)s(ends)g(a)j(new)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(whereas)f(the)g(second)g +(routine)g(will)227 781 y(up)s(date)27 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)28 +b(and)f(commen)m(t)i(\014elds)d(of)i(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(if)f(it)g +(already)h(exists,)g(otherwise)f(it)h(app)s(ends)227 +894 y(a)h(new)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)40 b(A)29 b(n)m(ull)e(p)s(oin)m(ter)h +(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)g(en)m(tered)g(for)g(the)g(commen)m(t)g(parameter)h(in) +d(whic)m(h)h(case)i(the)227 1007 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(commen)m(t)h +(\014eld)c(will)g(b)s(e)i(unmo)s(di\014ed)d(or)k(left)f(blank.)95 +1261 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_write_key_null)c(/)k(ffpkyu)286 +1374 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g(char)g(*comment,)g(>)h +(int)g(*status\))95 1599 y(int)g(fits_update_key_null)c(/)k(ffukyu)286 +1712 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g(char)g(*comment,)g(>)h +(int)g(*status\))0 1966 y Fi(3)81 b Fj(W)-8 b(rite)39 +b(\(app)s(end\))f(a)h(COMMENT)g(or)g(HISTOR)-8 b(Y)38 +b(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(to)f(the)g(CHU.)h(The)e(commen)m(t)i(or)f(history)227 +2079 y(string)30 b(will)d(b)s(e)j(con)m(tin)m(ued)g(o)m(v)m(er)i(m)m +(ultiple)c(k)m(eyw)m(ords)j(if)e(it)h(is)f(longer)h(than)g(70)i(c)m +(haracters.)95 2333 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_write_comment)c(/)48 +b(ffpcom)286 2446 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(char)g(*comment,)g(>)h(int)g +(*status\))95 2672 y(int)g(fits_write_history)c(/)48 +b(ffphis)286 2785 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(char)g(*history,)g(>)h(int)g +(*status\))0 3039 y Fi(4)81 b Fj(W)-8 b(rite)28 b(the)h(D)m(A)-8 +b(TE)29 b(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(to)g(the)g(CHU.)f(The)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(v)-5 +b(alue)28 b(will)d(con)m(tain)k(the)g(curren)m(t)f(system)g(date)227 +3152 y(as)k(a)g(c)m(haracter)h(string)d(in)g('yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss')f +(format.)44 b(If)31 b(a)h(D)m(A)-8 b(TE)32 b(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(already)f +(exists)227 3264 y(in)c(the)g(header,)i(then)e(this)f(routine)h(will)e +(simply)g(up)s(date)i(the)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(v)-5 b(alue)27 +b(with)f(the)i(curren)m(t)g(date.)95 3518 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_write_date)d(/)j(ffpdat)286 3631 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(>)h +(int)g(*status\))0 3885 y Fi(5)81 b Fj(W)-8 b(rite)33 +b(a)h(user)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(record)f(in)m(to)g(the)h +(CHU.)g(This)d(is)i(a)h(lo)m(w{lev)m(el)f(routine)g(whic)m(h)f(can)i(b) +s(e)227 3998 y(used)f(to)h(write)e(an)m(y)i(arbitrary)e(record)h(in)m +(to)h(the)f(header.)50 b(The)32 b(record)i(m)m(ust)f(conform)g(to)h +(the)g(all)e(the)227 4111 y(FITS)e(format)h(requiremen)m(ts.)95 +4365 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_write_record)c(/)48 b(ffprec)286 +4478 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(char)g(*card,)g(>)i(int)f(*status\))0 +4732 y Fi(6)81 b Fj(Up)s(date)34 b(an)g(80-c)m(haracter)j(record)e(in)e +(the)h(CHU.)h(If)f(a)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)f(with)g(the)g(input)f(name)h +(already)g(exists,)227 4845 y(then)f(it)g(is)f(o)m(v)m(erwritten)h(b)m +(y)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)g(card.)49 b(This)31 b(could)h(mo)s +(dify)f(the)j(k)m(eyw)m(ord)f(name)g(as)h(w)m(ell)e(as)227 +4958 y(the)e(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(and)f(commen)m(t)j(\014elds.)39 +b(If)29 b(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(do)s(esn't)f(already)g(exist)g(then)h +(a)f(new)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(card)227 5070 y(is)g(app)s(ended)e(to)j(the) +g(header.)95 5324 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_update_card)d(/)j(ffucrd)286 +5437 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g(char)g(*card,)g(>)i +(int)f(*status\))0 5691 y Fi(7)81 b Fj(Mo)s(dify)29 b(\(o)m(v)m +(erwrite\))i(the)g(commen)m(t)g(\014eld)e(of)i(an)f(existing)f(k)m(eyw) +m(ord.)p eop +%%Page: 39 47 +39 46 bop 0 299 a Fh(5.5.)72 b(PRIMAR)-8 b(Y)31 b(ARRA)-8 +b(Y)31 b(OR)f(IMA)m(GE)h(EXTENSION)f(I/O)g(R)m(OUTINES)1011 +b Fj(39)95 555 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_modify_comment)c(/)k(ffmcom)286 +668 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g(char)g(*comment,)g(>)h +(int)g(*status\))0 907 y Fi(8)81 b Fj(W)-8 b(rite)32 +b(the)g(ph)m(ysical)f(units)g(string)g(in)m(to)h(an)g(existing)f(k)m +(eyw)m(ord.)46 b(This)31 b(routine)g(uses)h(a)g(lo)s(cal)g(con)m(v)m +(en)m(tion,)227 1020 y(sho)m(wn)g(in)f(the)i(follo)m(wing)e(example,)i +(in)e(whic)m(h)g(the)i(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(units)e(are)i(enclosed)f(in)f +(square)h(brac)m(k)m(ets)227 1133 y(in)d(the)i(b)s(eginning)d(of)i(the) +h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(commen)m(t)g(\014eld.)239 1372 y Fe(VELOCITY=)809 +b(12.3)46 b(/)i([km/s])e(orbital)g(speed)95 1598 y(int)h +(fits_write_key_unit)c(/)k(ffpunt)286 1711 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g +(char)g(*keyname,)g(char)g(*unit,)g(>)i(int)f(*status\))0 +1950 y Fi(9)81 b Fj(Rename)30 b(an)h(existing)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord,)i +(preserving)e(the)h(curren)m(t)h(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(and)h(commen)m(t)i +(\014elds.)95 2189 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_modify_name)d(/)j(ffmnam)286 +2302 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g(*oldname,)g(char)g(*newname,)g(>)h +(int)g(*status\))0 2541 y Fi(10)f Fj(Delete)36 b(a)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g +(record.)54 b(The)34 b(space)i(o)s(ccupied)d(b)m(y)i(the)g(k)m(eyw)m +(ord)g(is)f(reclaimed)g(b)m(y)g(mo)m(ving)h(all)f(the)227 +2654 y(follo)m(wing)d(header)i(records)f(up)g(one)h(ro)m(w)f(in)g(the)g +(header.)48 b(The)32 b(\014rst)g(routine)f(deletes)i(a)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord) +g(at)h(a)227 2767 y(sp)s(eci\014ed)22 b(p)s(osition)g(in)h(the)h +(header)f(\(the)i(\014rst)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(is)f(at)h(p)s(osition)e +(1\),)k(whereas)e(the)g(second)g(routine)227 2880 y(deletes)29 +b(a)g(sp)s(eci\014cally)d(named)i(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)41 b(Wild)27 +b(card)h(c)m(haracters)i(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(used)g(when)f(sp)s(ecifying)g +(the)227 2993 y(name)k(of)f(the)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(to)g(b)s(e)e +(deleted.)95 3232 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_delete_record)c(/)48 +b(ffdrec)286 3345 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)142 b(keynum,)94 +b(>)47 b(int)g(*status\))95 3571 y(int)g(fits_delete_key)d(/)j(ffdkey) +286 3684 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g(>)h(int)g +(*status\))0 4014 y Ff(5.5)135 b(Primary)46 b(Arra)l(y)f(or)g(IMA)l(GE) +f(Extension)i(I/O)f(Routines)0 4264 y Fj(These)22 b(routines)f(read)i +(or)f(write)g(data)h(v)-5 b(alues)22 b(in)f(the)h(primary)f(data)i +(arra)m(y)g(\(i.e.,)i(the)d(\014rst)g(HDU)h(in)e(a)i(FITS)e(\014le\))0 +4377 y(or)32 b(an)g(IMA)m(GE)h(extension.)46 b(There)31 +b(are)i(also)f(routines)f(to)i(get)g(information)d(ab)s(out)i(the)g +(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(and)e(size)0 4490 y(of)c(the)g(image.)40 +b(Users)27 b(should)e(also)i(read)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)e(c)m(hapter)j +(on)f(the)g(CFITSIO)e(iterator)j(function)d(whic)m(h)0 +4603 y(pro)m(vides)32 b(a)i(more)f(`ob)5 b(ject)35 b(orien)m(ted')e +(metho)s(d)g(of)g(reading)f(and)h(writing)e(images.)50 +b(The)32 b(iterator)i(function)e(is)0 4716 y(a)f(little)f(more)h +(complicated)f(to)i(use,)f(but)f(the)h(adv)-5 b(an)m(tages)32 +b(are)f(that)h(it)e(usually)f(tak)m(es)j(less)e(co)s(de)h(to)g(p)s +(erform)0 4829 y(the)j(same)h(op)s(eration,)f(and)f(the)i(resulting)d +(program)h(oftens)i(runs)d(faster)i(b)s(ecause)g(the)h(FITS)e(\014les)g +(are)h(read)0 4942 y(and)c(written)f(using)g(the)i(most)f(e\016cien)m +(t)h(blo)s(c)m(k)f(size.)0 5102 y(C)25 b(programmers)h(should)e(note)i +(that)g(the)h(ordering)d(of)i(arra)m(ys)g(in)f(FITS)g(\014les,)h(and)f +(hence)h(in)f(all)f(the)i(CFITSIO)0 5215 y(calls,)38 +b(is)e(more)h(similar)e(to)i(the)h(dimensionalit)m(y)c(of)j(arra)m(ys)g +(in)f(F)-8 b(ortran)38 b(rather)f(than)f(C.)h(F)-8 b(or)38 +b(instance)f(if)f(a)0 5328 y(FITS)28 b(image)h(has)f(NAXIS1)h(=)f(100)i +(and)e(NAXIS2)h(=)f(50,)i(then)e(a)h(2-D)h(arra)m(y)f(just)f(large)h +(enough)f(to)i(hold)d(the)0 5441 y(image)k(should)d(b)s(e)i(declared)g +(as)g(arra)m(y[50][100])k(and)c(not)h(as)f(arra)m(y[100][50].)0 +5601 y(The)h(`datat)m(yp)s(e')h(parameter)g(sp)s(eci\014es)d(the)j +(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e)f(of)g(the)g(`n)m(ulv)-5 b(al')30 +b(and)h(`arra)m(y')h(p)s(oin)m(ters)e(and)g(can)i(ha)m(v)m(e)0 +5714 y(one)h(of)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)e(v)-5 b(alues:)45 +b(TBYTE,)33 b(TSBYTE,)f(TSHOR)-8 b(T,)32 b(TUSHOR)-8 +b(T,)32 b(TINT,)h(TUINT,)f(TLONG,)p eop +%%Page: 40 48 +40 47 bop 0 299 a Fj(40)1379 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(5.)71 +b(BASIC)30 b(CFITSIO)f(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)0 +555 y Fj(TLONGLONG,)c(TULONG,)g(TFLO)m(A)-8 b(T,)27 b(TDOUBLE.)f +(Automatic)h(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(con)m(v)m(ersion)f(is)f(p)s(erformed)g +(if)0 668 y(the)j(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(of)f(the)i(FITS)e(arra)m(y)h +(\(as)g(de\014ned)f(b)m(y)h(the)g(BITPIX)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord\))i(di\013ers) +d(from)i(that)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)0 781 y('datat)m(yp)s(e'.)54 +b(The)34 b(data)h(v)-5 b(alues)34 b(are)g(also)h(automatically)f +(scaled)g(b)m(y)g(the)h(BSCALE)f(and)f(BZER)m(O)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)0 +894 y(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(as)g(they)h(are)g(b)s(eing)e(read)h(or)g +(written)g(in)f(the)h(FITS)g(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)0 1147 y +Fi(1)81 b Fj(Get)39 b(the)f(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(or)g(equiv)-5 +b(alen)m(t)37 b(data)i(t)m(yp)s(e)f(of)g(the)h(image.)64 +b(The)37 b(\014rst)g(routine)g(returns)g(the)h(ph)m(ys-)227 +1260 y(ical)j(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e)h(of)f(the)g(FITS)f(image,)k(as)e(giv)m +(en)f(b)m(y)g(the)g(BITPIX)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord,)j(with)c(allo)m(w)m(ed)h(v) +-5 b(alues)227 1373 y(of)44 b(BYTE)p 609 1373 28 4 v +33 w(IMG)g(\(8\),)k(SHOR)-8 b(T)p 1376 1373 V 32 w(IMG)44 +b(\(16\),)49 b(LONG)p 2140 1373 V 33 w(IMG)44 b(\(32\),)49 +b(FLO)m(A)-8 b(T)p 2948 1373 V 33 w(IMG)44 b(\(-32\),)49 +b(and)43 b(DOU-)227 1486 y(BLE)p 415 1486 V 33 w(IMG)f(\(-64\).)75 +b(The)40 b(second)i(routine)e(is)g(similar,)i(except)g(that)g(if)e(the) +h(image)h(pixel)d(v)-5 b(alues)41 b(are)227 1599 y(scaled,)28 +b(with)f(non-default)f(v)-5 b(alues)27 b(for)g(the)h(BZER)m(O)f(and)g +(BSCALE)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords,)h(then)f(the)h(routine)f(will)227 +1712 y(return)35 b(the)h('equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t')35 b(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g +(that)g(is)f(needed)g(to)i(store)f(the)g(scaled)f(v)-5 +b(alues.)56 b(F)-8 b(or)36 b(example,)h(if)227 1824 y(BITPIX)27 +b(=)f(16)i(and)e(BSCALE)h(=)f(0.1)i(then)f(the)g(equiv)-5 +b(alen)m(t)26 b(data)i(t)m(yp)s(e)f(is)f(FLO)m(A)-8 b(T)p +3196 1824 V 33 w(IMG.)28 b(Similarly)23 b(if)227 1937 +y(BITPIX)28 b(=)g(16,)i(BSCALE)d(=)h(1,)h(and)f(BZER)m(O)g(=)g(32768,)j +(then)d(the)g(the)h(pixel)d(v)-5 b(alues)28 b(span)f(the)i(range)227 +2050 y(of)i(an)f(unsigned)e(short)i(in)m(teger)h(and)f(the)h(returned)e +(data)i(t)m(yp)s(e)f(will)e(b)s(e)i(USHOR)-8 b(T)p 3168 +2050 V 32 w(IMG.)95 2303 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_get_img_type)c(/)48 +b(ffgidt)286 2416 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(>)h(int)g(*bitpix,)f(int)h +(*status\))95 2642 y(int)g(fits_get_img_equivtype)42 +b(/)48 b(ffgiet)286 2755 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(>)h(int)g(*bitpix,)f +(int)h(*status\))0 3008 y Fi(2)81 b Fj(Get)34 b(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e +(of)i(dimensions,)e(and/or)i(the)g(size)f(of)h(eac)m(h)h(dimension)c +(in)h(the)i(image)g(.)50 b(The)33 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)227 +3121 y(of)h(axes)f(in)f(the)h(image)h(is)e(giv)m(en)h(b)m(y)g(naxis,)g +(and)g(the)g(size)g(of)g(eac)m(h)i(dimension)30 b(is)i(giv)m(en)h(b)m +(y)g(the)h(naxes)227 3234 y(arra)m(y)d(\(a)g(maxim)m(um)f(of)g(maxdim)f +(dimensions)f(will)f(b)s(e)j(returned\).)95 3487 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_get_img_dim)d(/)j(ffgidm)286 3600 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(>)h +(int)g(*naxis,)f(int)h(*status\))95 3826 y(int)g(fits_get_img_size)c(/) +48 b(ffgisz)286 3939 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)h(maxdim,)e(>)j(long)f +(*naxes,)e(int)i(*status\))95 4164 y(int)g(fits_get_img_param)c(/)48 +b(ffgipr)286 4277 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)h(maxdim,)e(>)j(int)f +(*bitpix,)e(int)i(*naxis,)f(long)h(*naxes,)334 4390 y(int)g(*status\))0 +4643 y Fi(3)81 b Fj(Create)23 b(a)f(new)g(primary)e(arra)m(y)j(or)f +(IMA)m(GE)i(extension)d(with)g(a)i(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(data)i(t)m(yp)s(e)f +(and)g(size.)37 b(If)22 b(the)h(FITS)227 4756 y(\014le)29 +b(is)g(curren)m(tly)f(empt)m(y)i(then)g(a)g(primary)e(arra)m(y)i(is)f +(created,)i(otherwise)e(a)h(new)f(IMA)m(GE)i(extension)e(is)227 +4869 y(app)s(ended)g(to)i(the)g(\014le.)95 5122 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_create_img)d(/)j(ffcrim)286 5235 y(\()h(fitsfile)d(*fptr,)h(int) +h(bitpix,)f(int)h(naxis,)f(long)h(*naxes,)f(>)h(int)g(*status\))0 +5488 y Fi(4)81 b Fj(W)-8 b(rite)39 b(a)g(rectangular)f(subimage)g(\(or) +h(the)g(whole)f(image\))h(to)g(the)g(FITS)f(data)h(arra)m(y)-8 +b(.)67 b(The)38 b(fpixel)f(and)227 5601 y(lpixel)27 b(arra)m(ys)j(giv)m +(e)g(the)g(co)s(ordinates)f(of)g(the)h(\014rst)f(\(lo)m(w)m(er)h(left)f +(corner\))h(and)f(last)g(\(upp)s(er)f(righ)m(t)h(corner\))227 +5714 y(pixels)g(in)g(FITS)h(image)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(written)f(to.)p +eop +%%Page: 41 49 +41 48 bop 0 299 a Fh(5.5.)72 b(PRIMAR)-8 b(Y)31 b(ARRA)-8 +b(Y)31 b(OR)f(IMA)m(GE)h(EXTENSION)f(I/O)g(R)m(OUTINES)1011 +b Fj(41)95 555 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_write_subset)c(/)48 +b(ffpss)286 668 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)h(datatype,)e(long)i +(*fpixel,)e(long)i(*lpixel,)334 781 y(DTYPE)f(*array,)g(>)i(int)f +(*status\))0 1018 y Fi(5)81 b Fj(W)-8 b(rite)38 b(pixels)f(in)m(to)h +(the)h(FITS)f(data)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)66 b('fpixel')37 +b(is)g(an)h(arra)m(y)h(of)g(length)f(NAXIS)g(whic)m(h)f(giv)m(es)i(the) +227 1131 y(co)s(ordinate)k(of)g(the)g(starting)f(pixel)f(to)j(b)s(e)e +(written)g(to,)k(suc)m(h)d(that)g(fpixel[0])f(is)g(in)f(the)i(range)g +(1)g(to)227 1244 y(NAXIS1,)30 b(fpixel[1])d(is)g(in)g(the)i(range)g(1)f +(to)h(NAXIS2,)h(etc.)41 b(The)28 b(\014rst)f(routine)h(simply)d(writes) +j(the)g(arra)m(y)227 1357 y(of)e(pixels)d(to)j(the)g(FITS)f(\014le)f +(\(doing)h(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(con)m(v)m(ersion)f(if)g(necessary\))h +(whereas)f(the)g(second)h(routine)227 1470 y(will)f(substitute)i(the)h +(appropriate)f(FITS)g(n)m(ull)f(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(for)h(an)m(y)g(elemen) +m(ts)g(whic)m(h)f(are)h(equal)f(to)i(the)f(input)227 +1582 y(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(of)h(n)m(ulv)-5 b(al)23 b(\(note)j(that)g(this) +f(parameter)g(giv)m(es)h(the)g(address)e(of)h(the)h(n)m(ull)d(v)-5 +b(alue,)26 b(not)g(the)f(n)m(ull)e(v)-5 b(alue)227 1695 +y(itself)7 b(\).)45 b(F)-8 b(or)33 b(in)m(teger)f(FITS)f(arra)m(ys,)i +(the)g(FITS)e(n)m(ull)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)g(de\014ned)g(b)m(y)h(the)g +(BLANK)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(\(an)227 1808 y(error)h(is)f(returned)h(if)f +(the)h(BLANK)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)f(do)s(esn't)h(exist\).)52 +b(F)-8 b(or)35 b(\015oating)f(p)s(oin)m(t)g(FITS)f(arra)m(ys)i(the)227 +1921 y(sp)s(ecial)29 b(IEEE)h(NaN)h(\(Not-a-Num)m(b)s(er\))h(v)-5 +b(alue)30 b(will)e(b)s(e)h(written)h(in)m(to)g(the)h(FITS)e(\014le.)40 +b(If)30 b(a)h(n)m(ull)d(p)s(oin)m(ter)227 2034 y(is)40 +b(en)m(tered)h(for)f(n)m(ulv)-5 b(al,)42 b(then)e(the)g(n)m(ull)f(v)-5 +b(alue)40 b(is)f(ignored)h(and)f(this)h(routine)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)i +(the)g(same)g(as)227 2147 y(\014ts)p 354 2147 28 4 v +33 w(write)p 590 2147 V 32 w(pix.)95 2384 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_write_pix)d(/)k(ffppx)286 2497 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)h +(datatype,)e(long)i(*fpixel,)e(long)i(nelements,)334 +2610 y(DTYPE)f(*array,)g(int)h(*status\);)95 2836 y(int)g +(fits_write_pixnull)c(/)48 b(ffppxn)286 2949 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g +(int)h(datatype,)e(long)i(*fpixel,)e(long)i(nelements,)334 +3061 y(DTYPE)f(*array,)g(DTYPE)h(*nulval,)e(>)j(int)f(*status\);)0 +3298 y Fi(6)81 b Fj(Set)24 b(FITS)g(data)i(arra)m(y)f(elemen)m(ts)g +(equal)f(to)h(the)g(appropriate)e(n)m(ull)g(pixel)g(v)-5 +b(alue.)38 b(F)-8 b(or)25 b(in)m(teger)g(FITS)f(arra)m(ys,)227 +3411 y(the)34 b(FITS)e(n)m(ull)f(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(is)f(de\014ned)g(b)m +(y)h(the)h(BLANK)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(\(an)f(error)g(is)f(returned)g(if)g +(the)i(BLANK)227 3524 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord)23 b(do)s(esn't)g(exist\).)38 +b(F)-8 b(or)23 b(\015oating)f(p)s(oin)m(t)g(FITS)g(arra)m(ys)g(the)h +(sp)s(ecial)e(IEEE)h(NaN)h(\(Not-a-Num)m(b)s(er\))227 +3637 y(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(will)d(b)s(e)j(written)f(in)m(to)h(the)h(FITS)e +(\014le.)48 b(Note)34 b(that)g('\014rstelem')f(is)f(a)i(scalar)f +(giving)f(the)h(o\013set)h(to)227 3750 y(the)d(\014rst)e(pixel)g(to)i +(b)s(e)f(written)f(in)h(the)g(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)30 +b(1-dimensional)e(arra)m(y)j(of)g(image)f(pixels.)95 +3987 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_write_null_img)c(/)k(ffpprn)286 +4100 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(long)g(firstelem,)f(long)i(nelements,)e(>) +i(int)g(*status\))0 4337 y Fi(7)81 b Fj(Read)33 b(a)h(rectangular)g +(subimage)f(\(or)h(the)g(whole)f(image\))h(from)f(the)h(FITS)f(data)h +(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)52 b(The)33 b(fpixel)f(and)227 4450 +y(lpixel)27 b(arra)m(ys)j(giv)m(e)g(the)g(co)s(ordinates)f(of)g(the)h +(\014rst)f(\(lo)m(w)m(er)h(left)f(corner\))h(and)f(last)g(\(upp)s(er)f +(righ)m(t)h(corner\))227 4563 y(pixels)c(to)j(b)s(e)e(read)h(from)g +(the)g(FITS)f(image.)40 b(Unde\014ned)25 b(FITS)h(arra)m(y)i(elemen)m +(ts)f(will)d(b)s(e)i(returned)g(with)227 4675 y(a)k(v)-5 +b(alue)29 b(=)f(*n)m(ullv)-5 b(al,)28 b(\(note)i(that)g(this)e +(parameter)i(giv)m(es)f(the)h(address)e(of)h(the)h(n)m(ull)d(v)-5 +b(alue,)29 b(not)h(the)f(n)m(ull)227 4788 y(v)-5 b(alue)35 +b(itself)7 b(\))35 b(unless)f(n)m(ulv)-5 b(al)34 b(=)i(0)g(or)f(*n)m +(ulv)-5 b(al)35 b(=)g(0,)j(in)c(whic)m(h)g(case)j(no)f(c)m(hec)m(ks)h +(for)e(unde\014ned)f(pixels)227 4901 y(will)28 b(b)s(e)i(p)s(erformed.) +95 5138 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_read_subset)d(/)j(ffgsv)286 +5251 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int)94 b(datatype,)46 b(long)g(*fpixel,)g +(long)g(*lpixel,)g(long)h(*inc,)334 5364 y(DTYPE)f(*nulval,)g(>)h +(DTYPE)g(*array,)f(int)h(*anynul,)e(int)i(*status\))0 +5601 y Fi(8)81 b Fj(Read)32 b(pixels)f(from)h(the)g(FITS)g(data)h(arra) +m(y)-8 b(.)48 b('fpixel')31 b(is)h(the)g(starting)g(pixel)f(lo)s +(cation)h(and)g(is)g(an)g(arra)m(y)h(of)227 5714 y(length)g(NAXIS)g +(suc)m(h)g(that)h(fpixel[0])e(is)g(in)g(the)i(range)f(1)h(to)g(NAXIS1,) +g(fpixel[1])e(is)h(in)f(the)h(range)h(1)f(to)p eop +%%Page: 42 50 +42 49 bop 0 299 a Fj(42)1379 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(5.)71 +b(BASIC)30 b(CFITSIO)f(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)227 +555 y Fj(NAXIS2,)f(etc.)41 b(The)28 b(nelemen)m(ts)g(parameter)g(sp)s +(eci\014es)f(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(pixels)f(to)i(read.)39 +b(If)28 b(fpixel)e(is)h(set)227 668 y(to)36 b(the)f(\014rst)f(pixel,)h +(and)g(nelemen)m(ts)f(is)g(set)i(equal)f(to)g(the)g(NAXIS1)h(v)-5 +b(alue,)36 b(then)e(this)g(routine)g(w)m(ould)227 781 +y(read)28 b(the)g(\014rst)f(ro)m(w)h(of)g(the)h(image.)40 +b(Alternativ)m(ely)-8 b(,)28 b(if)f(nelemen)m(ts)h(is)f(set)h(equal)g +(to)g(NAXIS1)g(*)h(NAXIS2)227 894 y(then)h(it)g(w)m(ould)f(read)i(an)f +(en)m(tire)g(2D)h(image,)g(or)g(the)f(\014rst)g(plane)f(of)i(a)g(3-D)g +(datacub)s(e.)227 1063 y(The)39 b(\014rst)f(routine)g(will)f(return)g +(an)m(y)j(unde\014ned)d(pixels)g(in)h(the)h(FITS)f(arra)m(y)i(equal)e +(to)i(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(of)227 1176 y(*n)m(ullv)-5 +b(al)41 b(\(note)i(that)g(this)e(parameter)i(giv)m(es)g(the)f(address)g +(of)g(the)h(n)m(ull)d(v)-5 b(alue,)45 b(not)e(the)f(n)m(ull)e(v)-5 +b(alue)227 1289 y(itself)7 b(\))39 b(unless)f(n)m(ulv)-5 +b(al)37 b(=)i(0)h(or)f(*n)m(ulv)-5 b(al)38 b(=)h(0,)j(in)c(whic)m(h)g +(case)j(no)e(c)m(hec)m(ks)i(for)e(unde\014ned)e(pixels)h(will)227 +1402 y(b)s(e)c(p)s(erformed.)51 b(The)34 b(second)g(routine)g(is)f +(similar)f(except)j(that)g(an)m(y)g(unde\014ned)d(pixels)g(will)g(ha)m +(v)m(e)k(the)227 1515 y(corresp)s(onding)29 b(n)m(ullarra)m(y)f(elemen) +m(t)j(set)g(equal)f(to)h(TR)m(UE)g(\(=)f(1\).)95 1813 +y Fe(int)47 b(fits_read_pix)e(/)i(ffgpxv)286 1926 y(\(fitsfile)f +(*fptr,)g(int)94 b(datatype,)46 b(long)g(*fpixel,)g(long)g(nelements,) +334 2039 y(DTYPE)g(*nulval,)g(>)h(DTYPE)g(*array,)f(int)h(*anynul,)e +(int)i(*status\))95 2265 y(int)g(fits_read_pixnull)c(/)48 +b(ffgpxf)286 2378 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)94 b(datatype,)46 +b(long)g(*fpixel,)g(long)g(nelements,)334 2491 y(>)i(DTYPE)e(*array,)g +(char)g(*nullarray,)f(int)i(*anynul,)f(int)g(*status\))0 +2869 y Ff(5.6)135 b(Image)46 b(Compression)0 3129 y Fj(CFITSIO)29 +b(no)m(w)h(transparen)m(tly)g(supp)s(orts)e(2)j(t)m(yp)s(es)f(of)h +(image)g(compression:)0 3289 y(1\))j(The)f(en)m(tire)h(FITS)e(\014le)h +(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(externally)g(compressed)g(with)f(the)i(gzip)f(or)g +(Unix)f(compress)i(algorithm,)0 3402 y(pro)s(ducing)22 +b(a)j(*.gz)h(or)f(*.Z)g(\014le,)g(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 +b(.)38 b(When)25 b(reading)e(compressed)i(\014les)e(of)i(this)e(t)m(yp) +s(e,)k(CFITSIO)c(\014rst)0 3515 y(uncompresses)j(the)i(en)m(tire)f +(\014le)f(in)m(to)h(memory)g(b)s(efore)g(p)s(erforming)e(the)i +(requested)g(read)g(op)s(erations.)39 b(Output)0 3628 +y(\014les)30 b(can)h(b)s(e)f(directly)f(written)h(in)f(the)i(gzip)f +(compressed)g(format)h(if)f(the)h(user-sp)s(eci\014ed)d(\014lename)i +(ends)g(with)0 3741 y(`.gz'.)42 b(In)29 b(this)f(case,)j(CFITSIO)d +(initially)e(writes)j(the)h(uncompressed)e(\014le)h(in)f(memory)i(and)f +(then)g(compresses)0 3853 y(it)k(and)f(writes)g(it)h(to)g(disk)f(when)g +(the)h(FITS)f(\014le)h(is)f(closed,)h(th)m(us)g(sa)m(ving)g(user)f +(disk)g(space.)49 b(Read)33 b(and)g(write)0 3966 y(access)c(to)g(these) +f(compressed)f(FITS)g(\014les)g(is)g(generally)g(quite)g(fast;)i(the)f +(main)e(limitation)g(is)h(that)h(there)g(m)m(ust)0 4079 +y(b)s(e)i(enough)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)30 b(memory)g(\(or)h(sw)m(ap)f +(space\))h(to)g(hold)e(the)i(en)m(tire)f(uncompressed)f(FITS)h(\014le.) +0 4239 y(2\))36 b(CFITSIO)d(also)i(supp)s(orts)e(a)i(new)m(er)g(image)h +(compression)e(format)h(in)f(whic)m(h)f(the)i(image)h(is)e(divided)e +(in)m(to)0 4352 y(a)43 b(grid)e(of)h(rectangular)g(tiles,)j(and)c(eac)m +(h)j(tile)d(of)i(pixels)d(is)i(individually)36 b(compressed.)76 +b(The)42 b(compressed)0 4465 y(tiles)36 b(are)h(stored)g(in)e(ro)m(ws)i +(of)f(a)i(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(length)h(arra)m(y)h(column)f(in)f(a)i +(FITS)f(binary)f(table,)j(but)e(CFITSIO)0 4578 y(recognizes)31 +b(that)f(the)g(binary)f(table)g(extension)h(con)m(tains)g(an)g(image)g +(and)g(treats)h(it)e(as)h(if)f(it)h(w)m(ere)g(an)g(IMA)m(GE)0 +4691 y(extension.)46 b(This)31 b(tile-compressed)g(format)i(is)e(esp)s +(ecially)g(w)m(ell)g(suited)g(for)h(compressing)g(v)m(ery)g(large)h +(images)0 4804 y(b)s(ecause)e(a\))h(the)g(FITS)e(header)h(k)m(eyw)m +(ords)h(remain)e(uncompressed)g(for)h(rapid)e(read)i(access,)i(and)e(b) +s(ecause)g(b\))0 4917 y(it)j(is)g(p)s(ossible)e(to)j(extract)i(and)d +(uncompress)f(sections)i(of)f(the)h(image)g(without)f(ha)m(ving)g(to)h +(uncompress)f(the)0 5030 y(en)m(tire)e(image.)45 b(This)30 +b(format)j(is)e(also)g(m)m(uc)m(h)h(more)g(e\013ectiv)m(e)i(in)d +(compressing)f(\015oating)i(p)s(oin)m(t)f(images)h(\(using)0 +5143 y(a)f(lossy)e(compression)h(algorithm\))g(than)g(simply)e +(compressing)h(the)i(image)f(using)f(gzip)h(or)g(compress.)0 +5303 y(A)g(detailed)g(description)e(of)j(this)e(format)i(is)e(a)m(v)-5 +b(ailable)30 b(at:)0 5601 y Fe(http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa)o(.gov)o(/doc)o +(s/s)o(oftw)o(are/)o(fit)o(sio/)334 5714 y(compression/compress_imag)o +(e.h)o(tml)p eop +%%Page: 43 51 +43 50 bop 0 299 a Fh(5.6.)72 b(IMA)m(GE)31 b(COMPRESSION)2567 +b Fj(43)0 555 y(The)36 b(N-dimensional)f(FITS)h(image)h(can)g(b)s(e)g +(divided)d(in)m(to)j(an)m(y)g(desired)e(rectangular)i(grid)f(of)h +(compression)0 668 y(tiles.)75 b(By)43 b(default)e(the)i(tiles)e(are)h +(c)m(hosen)h(to)g(corresp)s(ond)e(to)i(the)f(ro)m(ws)h(of)f(the)g +(image,)k(eac)m(h)d(con)m(taining)0 781 y(NAXIS1)36 b(pixels.)56 +b(F)-8 b(or)36 b(example,)h(a)g(800)g(x)f(800)h(x)f(4)g(pixel)e(data)j +(cub)s(e)e(w)m(ould)g(b)s(e)g(divided)e(in)i(to)h(3200)i(tiles)0 +894 y(con)m(taining)30 b(800)h(pixels)d(eac)m(h)k(b)m(y)e(default.)40 +b(Alternativ)m(ely)-8 b(,)30 b(this)f(data)i(cub)s(e)e(could)g(b)s(e)h +(divided)d(in)m(to)j(256)i(tiles)0 1007 y(that)c(are)g(eac)m(h)g(100)h +(X)e(100)i(X)e(1)h(pixels)d(in)h(size,)i(or)f(4)h(tiles)e(con)m +(taining)h(800)i(x)e(800)h(X)g(1)g(pixels,)e(or)h(a)h(single)e(tile)0 +1120 y(con)m(taining)j(the)h(en)m(tire)f(data)h(cub)s(e.)40 +b(Note)31 b(that)f(the)f(image)h(dimensions)d(are)j(not)f(required)f +(to)i(b)s(e)f(an)h(in)m(teger)0 1233 y(m)m(ultiple)j(of)j(the)g(tile)e +(dimensions,)h(so,)i(for)e(example,)i(this)e(data)h(cub)s(e)f(could)f +(also)i(b)s(e)f(divided)d(in)m(to)k(250)h(X)0 1346 y(200)32 +b(pixel)c(tiles,)i(in)f(whic)m(h)g(case)j(the)e(last)g(tile)g(in)f(eac) +m(h)j(ro)m(w)e(w)m(ould)f(only)h(con)m(tain)g(50)i(X)e(200)i(pixels.)0 +1506 y(Curren)m(tly)-8 b(,)29 b(3)i(image)f(compression)g(algorithms)f +(are)h(supp)s(orted:)39 b(Rice,)31 b(GZIP)-8 b(,)30 b(and)g(PLIO.)g +(Rice)g(and)f(GZIP)0 1619 y(are)34 b(general)f(purp)s(ose)f(algorithms) +g(that)i(can)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h(compress)f(almost)h(an)m(y)f(image.) +51 b(The)32 b(PLIO)h(algo-)0 1732 y(rithm,)38 b(on)f(the)g(other)h +(hand,)g(is)e(more)i(sp)s(ecialized)d(and)i(w)m(as)h(dev)m(elop)s(ed)e +(for)h(use)g(in)f(IRAF)i(to)g(store)g(pixel)0 1844 y(data)31 +b(qualit)m(y)f(masks.)41 b(It)30 b(is)g(designed)f(to)i(only)f(w)m(ork) +g(on)h(images)f(con)m(taining)g(p)s(ositiv)m(e)g(in)m(tegers)g(with)g +(v)-5 b(alues)0 1957 y(up)29 b(to)i(ab)s(out)g(2**24.)42 +b(Other)30 b(image)h(compression)e(algorithms)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(supp)s +(orted)g(in)g(the)h(future.)0 2118 y(The)41 b(3)g(supp)s(orted)f(image) +h(compression)f(algorithms)g(are)i(all)e('loss-less')h(when)f(applied)f +(to)j(in)m(teger)g(FITS)0 2230 y(images;)34 b(the)f(pixel)e(v)-5 +b(alues)31 b(are)i(preserv)m(ed)g(exactly)g(with)e(no)i(loss)e(of)i +(information)e(during)f(the)j(compression)0 2343 y(and)i(uncompression) +f(pro)s(cess.)57 b(Floating)36 b(p)s(oin)m(t)f(FITS)g(images)h(\(whic)m +(h)f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(BITPIX)f(=)f(-32)i(or)f(-64\))i(are)0 +2456 y(\014rst)33 b(quan)m(tized)h(in)m(to)g(scaled)g(in)m(teger)h +(pixel)d(v)-5 b(alues)33 b(b)s(efore)h(b)s(eing)f(compressed.)51 +b(This)32 b(tec)m(hnique)i(pro)s(duces)0 2569 y(m)m(uc)m(h)27 +b(higher)e(compression)h(factors)h(than)g(simply)d(using)h(GZIP)h(to)i +(compress)e(the)h(image,)h(but)e(it)g(also)h(means)0 +2682 y(that)46 b(the)f(original)f(\015oating)h(v)-5 b(alue)45 +b(pixel)e(v)-5 b(alues)45 b(ma)m(y)h(not)f(b)s(e)g(precisely)f +(returned)g(when)g(the)h(image)h(is)0 2795 y(uncompressed.)55 +b(When)35 b(done)h(prop)s(erly)-8 b(,)35 b(this)g(only)f(discards)g +(the)i('noise')g(from)f(the)h(\015oating)f(p)s(oin)m(t)g(v)-5 +b(alues)0 2908 y(without)25 b(losing)h(an)m(y)g(signi\014can)m(t)g +(information.)37 b(The)26 b(amoun)m(t)h(of)g(noise)f(that)h(is)e +(discarded)g(can)i(b)s(e)e(con)m(trolled)0 3021 y(b)m(y)30 +b(the)h('noise)p 511 3021 28 4 v 32 w(bits')f(compression)f(parameter.) +0 3181 y(No)42 b(sp)s(ecial)e(action)i(is)e(required)g(to)i(read)g +(tile-compressed)e(images)i(b)s(ecause)f(all)g(the)g(CFITSIO)f +(routines)0 3294 y(that)33 b(read)g(normal)f(uncompressed)g(FITS)g +(images)h(can)g(also)g(read)g(images)g(in)e(the)i(tile-compressed)f +(format;)0 3407 y(CFITSIO)39 b(essen)m(tially)h(treats)h(the)g(binary)e +(table)h(that)i(con)m(tains)f(the)f(compressed)h(tiles)e(as)i(if)f(it)g +(w)m(ere)h(an)0 3520 y(IMA)m(GE)31 b(extension.)0 3680 +y(When)d(creating)h(\(writing\))f(a)h(new)f(image)h(with)e(CFITSIO,)h +(a)h(normal)e(uncompressed)h(FITS)g(primary)e(arra)m(y)0 +3793 y(or)k(IMA)m(GE)h(extension)f(will)d(b)s(e)i(written)h(unless)e +(the)i(tile-compressed)f(format)i(has)f(b)s(een)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(in)h +(1)h(of)h(2)0 3906 y(p)s(ossible)d(w)m(a)m(ys:)0 4066 +y(1\))d(A)m(t)g(run)d(time,)j(when)e(sp)s(ecifying)f(the)i(name)g(of)g +(the)g(output)g(FITS)f(\014le)g(to)i(b)s(e)e(created)i(at)g(run)d +(time,)j(the)g(user)0 4179 y(can)j(indicate)g(that)g(images)h(should)d +(b)s(e)h(written)h(in)e(tile-compressed)i(format)g(b)m(y)g(enclosing)g +(the)g(compression)0 4292 y(parameters)23 b(in)e(square)h(brac)m(k)m +(ets)i(follo)m(wing)d(the)h(ro)s(ot)h(disk)e(\014le)g(name.)39 +b(The)21 b(`imcop)m(y')i(example)f(program)g(that)0 4405 +y(included)30 b(with)i(the)i(CFITSIO)d(distribution)f(can)j(b)s(e)g +(used)f(for)h(this)g(purp)s(ose)e(to)j(compress)f(or)g(uncompress)0 +4517 y(images.)58 b(Here)36 b(are)h(some)f(examples)g(of)g(the)g +(extended)g(\014le)f(name)h(syn)m(tax)h(for)f(sp)s(ecifying)e +(tile-compressed)0 4630 y(output)c(images:)191 4924 y +Fe(myfile.fit[compress])185 b(-)48 b(use)f(the)g(default)e(compression) +g(algorithm)g(\(Rice\))1432 5036 y(and)i(the)g(default)e(tile)i(size)g +(\(row)f(by)i(row\))191 5262 y(myfile.fit[compress)42 +b(GZIP])47 b(-)g(use)g(the)g(specified)e(compression)g(algorithm;)191 +5375 y(myfile.fit[compress)d(Rice])238 b(only)46 b(the)h(first)g +(letter)f(of)h(the)g(algorithm)191 5488 y(myfile.fit[compress)42 +b(PLIO])238 b(name)46 b(is)i(required.)191 5714 y(myfile.fit[compress) +42 b(R)48 b(100,100])141 b(-)47 b(use)g(Rice)g(compression)e(and)p +eop +%%Page: 44 52 +44 51 bop 0 299 a Fj(44)1379 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(5.)71 +b(BASIC)30 b(CFITSIO)f(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)1861 +555 y Fe(100)47 b(x)h(100)f(pixel)f(tile)h(size)191 781 +y(myfile.fit[compress)42 b(R)48 b(100,100;2])d(-)i(as)h(above,)e(and)h +(also)f(use)h(noisebits)e(=)j(2)0 1031 y Fj(2\))29 b(Before)g(calling)d +(the)i(CFITSIO)e(routine)h(to)i(write)e(the)h(image)g(header)g(k)m(eyw) +m(ords)g(\(e.g.,)j(\014ts)p 3335 1031 28 4 v 32 w(create)p +3603 1031 V 34 w(image\))0 1144 y(the)37 b(programmer)g(can)g(call)g +(the)g(routines)f(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m(w)h(to)i(sp)s(ecify)e(the)h +(compression)f(algorithm)h(and)0 1257 y(the)d(tiling)e(pattern)i(that)h +(is)e(to)i(b)s(e)e(used.)51 b(There)34 b(are)h(3)f(routines)f(for)h(sp) +s(ecifying)e(the)i(v)-5 b(arious)33 b(compression)0 1370 +y(parameters)e(and)e(3)i(corresp)s(onding)e(routines)g(to)i(return)e +(the)i(curren)m(t)f(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(of)g(the)h(parameters:)95 +1619 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_set_compression_type\()o(fit)o(sfil)o(e)42 +b(*fptr,)k(int)h(comptype,)e(int)i(*status\))95 1732 +y(int)g(fits_set_tile_dim\(fitsfile)41 b(*fptr,)46 b(int)h(ndim,)f +(long)h(*tilesize,)e(int)i(*status\))95 1845 y(int)g +(fits_set_noise_bits\(fitsfi)o(le)41 b(*fptr,)47 b(int)f(noisebits,)f +(int)i(*status\))95 2071 y(int)g(fits_get_compression_type\()o(fit)o +(sfil)o(e)42 b(*fptr,)k(int)h(*comptype,)e(int)i(*status\))95 +2184 y(int)g(fits_get_tile_dim\(fitsfile)41 b(*fptr,)46 +b(int)h(ndim,)f(long)h(*tilesize,)e(int)i(*status\))95 +2297 y(int)g(fits_get_noise_bits\(fitsfi)o(le)41 b(*fptr,)47 +b(int)f(*noisebits,)f(int)i(*status\))0 2547 y Fj(3)24 +b(sym)m(b)s(olic)d(constan)m(ts)k(are)e(de\014ned)f(for)h(use)g(as)g +(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)22 b(of)i(the)f(`compt)m(yp)s(e')h(parameter:)38 +b(GZIP)p 3447 2547 V 32 w(1,)25 b(RICE)p 3802 2547 V +32 w(1,)0 2660 y(or)i(PLIO)p 336 2660 V 32 w(1.)39 b(En)m(tering)26 +b(NULL)h(for)f(compt)m(yp)s(e)h(will)d(turn)i(o\013)h(the)g +(tile-compression)e(and)h(cause)h(normal)f(FITS)0 2773 +y(images)k(to)i(b)s(e)d(written.)0 2933 y(The)h('noisebits')g +(parameter)i(is)e(only)g(used)g(when)g(compressing)g(\015oating)h(p)s +(oin)m(t)f(images.)43 b(The)30 b(default)g(v)-5 b(alue)0 +3046 y(is)24 b(4.)40 b(Decreasing)25 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)24 +b(of)h(noisebits)f(will)e(impro)m(v)m(e)j(the)h(o)m(v)m(erall)f +(compression)f(e\016ciency)h(at)h(the)f(exp)s(ense)0 +3159 y(of)31 b(losing)e(more)h(information.)0 3319 y(A)g(small)e +(example)h(program)g(called)g('imcop)m(y')g(is)g(included)e(with)h +(CFITSIO)g(that)i(can)f(b)s(e)g(used)g(to)h(compress)0 +3432 y(\(or)44 b(uncompress\))g(an)m(y)g(FITS)g(image.)82 +b(This)42 b(program)i(can)h(b)s(e)e(used)h(to)g(exp)s(erimen)m(t)g +(with)f(the)h(v)-5 b(arious)0 3545 y(compression)29 b(options)h(on)g +(existing)g(FITS)f(images)i(as)f(sho)m(wn)g(in)f(these)i(examples:)0 +3794 y Fe(1\))95 b(imcopy)46 b(infile.fit)f('outfile.fit[compress]')334 +4020 y(This)i(will)f(use)h(the)g(default)f(compression)f(algorithm)g +(\(Rice\))h(and)h(the)334 4133 y(default)f(tile)h(size)f(\(row)h(by)g +(row\))0 4359 y(2\))95 b(imcopy)46 b(infile.fit)f +('outfile.fit[compress)d(GZIP]')334 4585 y(This)47 b(will)f(use)h(the)g +(GZIP)g(compression)e(algorithm)g(and)i(the)g(default)334 +4698 y(tile)g(size)f(\(row)h(by)g(row\).)94 b(The)47 +b(allowed)f(compression)f(algorithms)g(are)334 4811 y(Rice,)h(GZIP,)h +(and)g(PLIO.)94 b(Only)46 b(the)h(first)g(letter)f(of)h(the)g +(algorithm)334 4924 y(name)g(needs)f(to)h(be)g(specified.)0 +5149 y(3\))95 b(imcopy)46 b(infile.fit)f('outfile.fit[compress)d(G)47 +b(100,100]')334 5375 y(This)g(will)f(use)h(the)g(GZIP)g(compression)e +(algorithm)g(and)i(100)g(X)g(100)g(pixel)334 5488 y(tiles.)0 +5714 y(4\))95 b(imcopy)46 b(infile.fit)f('outfile.fit[compress)d(R)47 +b(100,100;)f(4]')p eop +%%Page: 45 53 +45 52 bop 0 299 a Fh(5.7.)72 b(ASCI)s(I)29 b(AND)i(BINAR)-8 +b(Y)31 b(T)-8 b(ABLE)31 b(R)m(OUTINES)1864 b Fj(45)334 +668 y Fe(This)47 b(will)f(use)h(the)g(Rice)g(compression)e(algorithm,)g +(100)h(X)i(100)f(pixel)334 781 y(tiles,)f(and)h(noise_bits)e(=)j(4)f +(\(assuming)e(the)i(input)g(image)f(has)h(a)334 894 y(floating)f(point) +g(data)h(type\).)93 b(Decreasing)45 b(the)i(value)g(of)g(noisebits)334 +1007 y(will)g(improve)f(the)g(overall)g(compression)f(efficiency)g(at)i +(the)g(expense)334 1120 y(of)g(losing)f(more)h(information.)0 +1346 y(5\))95 b(imcopy)46 b(infile.fit)f(outfile.fit)334 +1571 y(If)i(the)g(input)g(file)f(is)h(in)h(tile-compressed)43 +b(format,)j(then)h(it)g(will)f(be)334 1684 y(uncompressed)f(to)i(the)g +(output)f(file.)94 b(Otherwise,)45 b(it)i(simply)f(copies)334 +1797 y(the)h(input)f(image)h(to)g(the)g(output)f(image.)0 +2023 y(6\))95 b(imcopy)46 b('infile.fit[1001:1500,20)o(01:2)o(500])o(') +89 b(outfile.fit)334 2249 y(This)47 b(extracts)e(a)j(500)f(X)g(500)g +(pixel)f(section)g(of)h(the)g(much)g(larger)334 2362 +y(input)f(image)h(\(which)f(may)h(be)g(in)g(tile-compressed)d +(format\).)93 b(The)334 2475 y(output)46 b(is)h(a)h(normal)e +(uncompressed)e(FITS)j(image.)0 2700 y(7\))95 b(imcopy)46 +b('infile.fit[1001:1500,20)o(01:2)o(500])o(')89 b(outfile.fit.gz)334 +2926 y(Same)47 b(as)g(above,)f(except)g(the)h(output)f(file)h(is)g +(externally)e(compressed)334 3039 y(using)h(the)h(gzip)g(algorithm.)0 +3513 y Ff(5.7)135 b(ASCI)t(I)45 b(and)f(Binary)h(T)-11 +b(able)45 b(Routines)0 3768 y Fj(These)36 b(routines)f(p)s(erform)g +(read)i(and)e(write)h(op)s(erations)g(on)g(columns)f(of)i(data)g(in)e +(FITS)h(ASCI)s(I)e(or)j(Binary)0 3881 y(tables.)46 b(Note)33 +b(that)g(in)d(the)j(follo)m(wing)d(discussions,)g(the)i(\014rst)g(ro)m +(w)g(and)f(column)g(in)g(a)h(table)g(is)g(at)g(p)s(osition)f(1)0 +3994 y(not)g(0.)0 4154 y(Users)k(should)f(also)i(read)f(the)h(follo)m +(wing)e(c)m(hapter)j(on)e(the)h(CFITSIO)e(iterator)i(function)f(whic)m +(h)f(pro)m(vides)h(a)0 4267 y(more)j(`ob)5 b(ject)39 +b(orien)m(ted')f(metho)s(d)g(of)g(reading)f(and)h(writing)e(table)i +(columns.)62 b(The)37 b(iterator)i(function)d(is)i(a)0 +4380 y(little)c(more)i(complicated)f(to)h(use,)h(but)e(the)g(adv)-5 +b(an)m(tages)38 b(are)d(that)i(it)e(usually)e(tak)m(es)k(less)d(co)s +(de)i(to)g(p)s(erform)0 4493 y(the)e(same)h(op)s(eration,)f(and)f(the)i +(resulting)d(program)h(oftens)i(runs)d(faster)i(b)s(ecause)g(the)h +(FITS)e(\014les)g(are)h(read)0 4606 y(and)c(written)f(using)g(the)i +(most)f(e\016cien)m(t)h(blo)s(c)m(k)f(size.)0 4924 y +Fd(5.7.1)112 b(Create)38 b(New)f(T)-9 b(able)0 5149 y +Fi(1)81 b Fj(Create)40 b(a)f(new)g(ASCI)s(I)e(or)i(bin)m(table)f(table) +h(extension.)67 b(If)39 b(the)g(FITS)g(\014le)f(is)g(curren)m(tly)g +(empt)m(y)i(then)f(a)227 5262 y(dumm)m(y)25 b(primary)e(arra)m(y)j +(will)d(b)s(e)i(created)i(b)s(efore)e(app)s(ending)e(the)j(table)f +(extension)h(to)g(it.)39 b(The)25 b(tblt)m(yp)s(e)227 +5375 y(parameter)39 b(de\014nes)e(the)h(t)m(yp)s(e)h(of)f(table)g(and)f +(can)i(ha)m(v)m(e)g(v)-5 b(alues)38 b(of)g(ASCI)s(I)p +2924 5375 28 4 v 31 w(TBL)g(or)g(BINAR)-8 b(Y)p 3659 +5375 V 34 w(TBL.)227 5488 y(The)29 b(naxis2)f(parameter)i(giv)m(es)f +(the)h(initial)c(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)i(of)h(ro)m(ws)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(created) +h(in)e(the)h(table,)g(and)g(should)227 5601 y(normally)f(b)s(e)h(set)h +(=)g(0.)40 b(CFITSIO)29 b(will)e(automatically)i(increase)h(the)f(size) +h(of)g(the)g(table)f(as)h(additional)227 5714 y(ro)m(ws)d(are)g +(written.)39 b(A)27 b(non-zero)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(ro)m(ws)g(ma)m +(y)g(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(to)j(reserv)m(e)f(space)h(for)e(that)i +(man)m(y)p eop +%%Page: 46 54 +46 53 bop 0 299 a Fj(46)1379 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(5.)71 +b(BASIC)30 b(CFITSIO)f(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)227 +555 y Fj(ro)m(ws,)41 b(ev)m(en)e(if)f(a)h(few)m(er)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e +(of)i(ro)m(ws)f(will)e(b)s(e)i(written.)65 b(The)38 b(tunit)f(and)h +(extname)i(parameters)227 668 y(are)e(optional)e(and)h(a)h(n)m(ull)d(p) +s(oin)m(ter)h(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(giv)m(en)g(if)g(they)g(are)h(not)f +(de\014ned.)61 b(The)37 b(FITS)f(Standard)227 781 y(recommends)29 +b(that)h(only)f(letters,)h(digits,)f(and)g(the)g(underscore)g(c)m +(haracter)i(b)s(e)e(used)g(in)f(column)g(names)227 894 +y(\(the)d(tt)m(yp)s(e)g(parameter\))g(with)d(no)i(em)m(b)s(edded)f +(spaces.)40 b(T)-8 b(railing)21 b(blank)i(c)m(haracters)j(are)e(not)h +(signi\014can)m(t.)227 1007 y(It)36 b(is)f(recommended)g(that)i(all)e +(the)h(column)e(names)i(in)e(a)j(giv)m(en)e(table)h(b)s(e)f(unique)f +(within)f(the)j(\014rst)g(8)227 1120 y(c)m(haracters,)25 +b(and)c(strongly)f(recommended)h(that)h(the)f(names)h(b)s(e)e(unique)g +(within)e(the)k(\014rst)e(16)i(c)m(haracters.)95 1478 +y Fe(int)47 b(fits_create_tbl)d(/)j(ffcrtb)286 1591 y(\(fitsfile)f +(*fptr,)g(int)h(tbltype,)e(long)i(naxis2,)f(int)h(tfields,)e(char)i +(*ttype[],)334 1704 y(char)g(*tform[],)e(char)i(*tunit[],)e(char)i +(*extname,)e(int)i(*status\))0 1992 y Fd(5.7.2)112 b(Column)37 +b(Information)f(Routines)0 2199 y Fi(1)81 b Fj(Get)30 +b(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(ro)m(ws)g(or)f(columns)f(in)h(the)h +(curren)m(t)f(FITS)g(table.)40 b(The)29 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(ro)m +(ws)g(is)e(giv)m(en)i(b)m(y)227 2312 y(the)k(NAXIS2)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h +(and)e(the)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(columns)f(is)g(giv)m(en)h(b)m(y)g +(the)h(TFIELDS)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(in)e(the)227 2424 y(header)e(of)h(the) +g(table.)95 2670 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_get_num_rows)c(/)48 +b(ffgnrw)286 2783 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(>)h(long)g(*nrows,)f(int)h +(*status\);)95 3008 y(int)g(fits_get_num_cols)c(/)48 +b(ffgncl)286 3121 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(>)h(int)g(*ncols,)f(int)h +(*status\);)0 3366 y Fi(2)81 b Fj(Get)25 b(the)f(table)h(column)e(n)m +(um)m(b)s(er)g(\(and)h(name\))h(of)f(the)h(column)e(whose)h(name)g +(matc)m(hes)i(an)e(input)f(template)227 3479 y(name.)48 +b(If)32 b(casesen)i(=)e(CASESEN)g(then)g(the)h(column)e(name)i(matc)m +(h)h(will)c(b)s(e)i(case-sensitiv)m(e,)i(whereas)227 +3592 y(if)26 b(casesen)i(=)e(CASEINSEN)g(then)h(the)g(case)h(will)c(b)s +(e)i(ignored.)39 b(As)27 b(a)g(general)g(rule,)f(the)h(column)f(names) +227 3705 y(should)j(b)s(e)g(treated)j(as)e(case)i(INsensitiv)m(e.)227 +3853 y(The)26 b(input)f(column)g(name)h(template)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f +(either)g(the)h(exact)h(name)e(of)h(the)f(column)f(to)j(b)s(e)d(searc)m +(hed)227 3966 y(for,)k(or)f(it)g(ma)m(y)h(con)m(tain)g(wild)d(card)i(c) +m(haracters)i(\(*,)g(?,)f(or)f(#\),)h(or)f(it)g(ma)m(y)h(con)m(tain)g +(the)f(in)m(teger)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)227 4079 y(of)k(the)f(desired)e +(column)h(\(with)g(the)i(\014rst)e(column)g(=)h(1\).)46 +b(The)32 b(`*')h(wild)d(card)i(c)m(haracter)h(matc)m(hes)h(an)m(y)227 +4192 y(sequence)h(of)g(c)m(haracters)h(\(including)c(zero)j(c)m +(haracters\))i(and)d(the)h(`?')53 b(c)m(haracter)36 b(matc)m(hes)g(an)m +(y)f(single)227 4305 y(c)m(haracter.)42 b(The)29 b(#)h(wildcard)d(will) +g(matc)m(h)k(an)m(y)e(consecutiv)m(e)i(string)e(of)g(decimal)g(digits)f +(\(0-9\).)43 b(If)29 b(more)227 4418 y(than)43 b(one)f(column)g(name)g +(in)f(the)i(table)g(matc)m(hes)g(the)g(template)g(string,)i(then)d(the) +h(\014rst)e(matc)m(h)j(is)227 4530 y(returned)28 b(and)h(the)g(status)h +(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(will)d(b)s(e)j(set)h(to)g(COL)p 2171 +4530 28 4 v 32 w(NOT)p 2408 4530 V 32 w(UNIQUE)f(as)h(a)f(w)m(arning)f +(that)i(a)g(unique)227 4643 y(matc)m(h)e(w)m(as)g(not)f(found.)39 +b(T)-8 b(o)27 b(\014nd)f(the)h(other)g(cases)h(that)g(matc)m(h)g(the)g +(template,)g(call)e(the)i(routine)e(again)227 4756 y(lea)m(ving)f(the)g +(input)e(status)i(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(equal)f(to)i(COL)p +1950 4756 V 32 w(NOT)p 2187 4756 V 32 w(UNIQUE)f(and)f(the)h(next)h +(matc)m(hing)f(name)g(will)227 4869 y(then)30 b(b)s(e)g(returned.)40 +b(Rep)s(eat)30 b(this)g(pro)s(cess)g(un)m(til)e(a)j(status)g(=)f(COL)p +2628 4869 V 32 w(NOT)p 2865 4869 V 32 w(F)m(OUND)i(is)d(returned.)227 +5017 y(The)36 b(FITS)g(Standard)g(recommends)g(that)i(only)d(letters,)k +(digits,)e(and)f(the)h(underscore)f(c)m(haracter)j(b)s(e)227 +5130 y(used)32 b(in)g(column)g(names)g(\(with)g(no)h(em)m(b)s(edded)f +(spaces\).)49 b(T)-8 b(railing)30 b(blank)i(c)m(haracters)i(are)f(not)h +(signif-)227 5243 y(ican)m(t.)57 b(It)36 b(is)f(recommended)g(that)h +(all)f(the)h(column)e(names)i(in)e(a)i(giv)m(en)g(table)g(b)s(e)f +(unique)f(within)f(the)227 5356 y(\014rst)i(8)i(c)m(haracters,)h(and)e +(strongly)f(recommended)g(that)i(the)f(names)g(b)s(e)f(unique)f(within) +f(the)j(\014rst)f(16)227 5469 y(c)m(haracters.)95 5714 +y Fe(int)47 b(fits_get_colnum)d(/)j(ffgcno)p eop +%%Page: 47 55 +47 54 bop 0 299 a Fh(5.7.)72 b(ASCI)s(I)29 b(AND)i(BINAR)-8 +b(Y)31 b(T)-8 b(ABLE)31 b(R)m(OUTINES)1864 b Fj(47)286 +555 y Fe(\(fitsfile)46 b(*fptr,)g(int)h(casesen,)e(char)i(*templt,)e(>) +j(int)f(*colnum,)334 668 y(int)g(*status\))95 894 y(int)g +(fits_get_colname)d(/)j(ffgcnn)286 1007 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int)h +(casesen,)e(char)i(*templt,)e(>)j(char)e(*colname,)334 +1120 y(int)h(*colnum,)f(int)g(*status\))0 1350 y Fi(3)81 +b Fj(Return)30 b(the)i(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e,)h(v)m(ector)g(rep)s(eat)f(v) +-5 b(alue,)31 b(and)g(the)h(width)e(in)g(b)m(ytes)i(of)g(a)g(column)e +(in)g(an)i(ASCI)s(I)e(or)227 1463 y(binary)k(table.)55 +b(Allo)m(w)m(ed)35 b(v)-5 b(alues)35 b(for)g(the)h(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e)f +(in)f(ASCI)s(I)g(tables)h(are:)51 b(TSTRING,)35 b(TSHOR)-8 +b(T,)227 1576 y(TLONG,)36 b(TFLO)m(A)-8 b(T,)36 b(and)f(TDOUBLE.)i +(Binary)d(tables)i(also)g(supp)s(ort)e(these)i(t)m(yp)s(es:)52 +b(TLOGICAL,)227 1689 y(TBIT,)38 b(TBYTE,)h(TCOMPLEX)e(and)h +(TDBLCOMPLEX.)h(The)f(negativ)m(e)h(of)g(the)g(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(co)s +(de)227 1802 y(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)f(returned)g(if)g(it)g(is)h(a)g(v)-5 +b(ariable)30 b(length)g(arra)m(y)i(column.)42 b(Note)32 +b(that)g(in)d(the)j(case)g(of)f(a)g('J')h(32-bit)227 +1914 y(in)m(teger)f(binary)d(table)i(column,)f(this)g(routine)g(will)e +(return)i(data)i(t)m(yp)s(e)f(=)g(TINT32BIT)g(\(whic)m(h)f(in)g(fact) +227 2027 y(is)35 b(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)35 b(to)i(TLONG\).)f(With)f +(most)h(curren)m(t)g(C)f(compilers,)h(a)h(v)-5 b(alue)35 +b(in)f(a)j('J')f(column)e(has)i(the)227 2140 y(same)29 +b(size)f(as)h(an)f('in)m(t')h(v)-5 b(ariable,)28 b(and)f(ma)m(y)j(not)e +(b)s(e)g(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)28 b(to)h(a)g('long')f(v)-5 +b(ariable,)28 b(whic)m(h)f(is)h(64-bits)227 2253 y(long)i(on)h(an)f +(increasing)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)h(compilers.)227 2398 +y(The)22 b('rep)s(eat')h(parameter)g(returns)f(the)g(v)m(ector)i(rep)s +(eat)f(coun)m(t)g(on)f(the)h(binary)e(table)h(TF)m(ORMn)g(k)m(eyw)m +(ord)227 2511 y(v)-5 b(alue.)59 b(\(ASCI)s(I)35 b(table)i(columns)e +(alw)m(a)m(ys)i(ha)m(v)m(e)h(rep)s(eat)e(=)g(1\).)60 +b(The)36 b('width')f(parameter)i(returns)f(the)227 2624 +y(width)29 b(in)g(b)m(ytes)i(of)g(a)f(single)f(column)h(elemen)m(t)h +(\(e.g.,)h(a)f('10D')h(binary)d(table)h(column)f(will)f(ha)m(v)m(e)k +(width)227 2737 y(=)d(8,)i(an)e(ASCI)s(I)f(table)h('F12.2')j(column)d +(will)e(ha)m(v)m(e)j(width)e(=)h(12,)i(and)e(a)h(binary)d(table'60A')k +(c)m(haracter)227 2850 y(string)36 b(column)g(will)f(ha)m(v)m(e)j +(width)e(=)h(60\);)42 b(Note)c(that)g(this)e(routine)h(supp)s(orts)e +(the)i(lo)s(cal)g(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)227 2963 y(for)42 +b(sp)s(ecifying)d(arra)m(ys)k(of)f(\014xed)f(length)g(strings)f(within) +g(a)i(binary)e(table)h(c)m(haracter)j(column)c(using)227 +3076 y(the)h(syn)m(tax)g(TF)m(ORM)g(=)g('rAw')f(where)g('r')h(is)f(the) +h(total)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(c)m(haracters)h(\(=)f(the)g(width)e +(of)227 3189 y(the)g(column\))f(and)f('w')i(is)e(the)i(width)e(of)h(a)h +(unit)e(string)g(within)f(the)j(column.)64 b(Th)m(us)37 +b(if)g(the)i(column)227 3302 y(has)34 b(TF)m(ORM)h(=)f('60A12')j(then)d +(this)f(means)h(that)h(eac)m(h)g(ro)m(w)g(of)f(the)h(table)f(con)m +(tains)g(5)h(12-c)m(haracter)227 3415 y(substrings)22 +b(within)g(the)i(60-c)m(haracter)j(\014eld,)e(and)e(th)m(us)h(in)f +(this)g(case)i(this)f(routine)f(will)e(return)i(t)m(yp)s(eco)s(de)227 +3528 y(=)36 b(TSTRING,)f(rep)s(eat)h(=)f(60,)j(and)d(width)f(=)i(12.)57 +b(The)35 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)h(substings)e(in)g(an)m(y)i(binary)e +(table)227 3640 y(c)m(haracter)i(string)d(\014eld)f(can)i(b)s(e)g +(calculated)g(b)m(y)f(\(rep)s(eat/width\).)52 b(A)34 +b(n)m(ull)d(p)s(oin)m(ter)i(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(giv)m(en)h(for)227 +3753 y(an)m(y)d(of)g(the)f(output)g(parameters)h(that)g(are)g(not)f +(needed.)227 3899 y(The)46 b(second)g(routine,)j(\014t)p +1188 3899 28 4 v 33 w(get)p 1341 3899 V 34 w(eqcolt)m(yp)s(e)d(is)f +(similar)f(except)j(that)f(in)f(the)h(case)i(of)e(scaled)g(in)m(teger) +227 4012 y(columns)34 b(it)g(returns)g(the)h('equiv)-5 +b(alen)m(t')35 b(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(that)h(is)e(needed)g(to)i(store)g +(the)f(scaled)g(v)-5 b(alues,)36 b(and)227 4125 y(not)28 +b(necessarily)f(the)h(ph)m(ysical)e(data)i(t)m(yp)s(e)g(of)g(the)g +(unscaled)e(v)-5 b(alues)28 b(as)f(stored)h(in)f(the)g(FITS)g(table.)40 +b(F)-8 b(or)227 4237 y(example)37 b(if)g(a)h('1I')g(column)e(in)g(a)i +(binary)e(table)h(has)h(TSCALn)d(=)j(1)f(and)g(TZER)m(On)f(=)i(32768,)j +(then)227 4350 y(this)28 b(column)f(e\013ectiv)m(ely)j(con)m(tains)e +(unsigned)f(short)h(in)m(teger)h(v)-5 b(alues,)28 b(and)g(th)m(us)h +(the)f(returned)g(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(of)227 4463 y(t)m(yp)s(eco)s(de)34 +b(will)c(b)s(e)j(TUSHOR)-8 b(T,)32 b(not)h(TSHOR)-8 b(T.)33 +b(Similarly)-8 b(,)30 b(if)i(a)i(column)e(has)g(TTYPEn)g(=)h('1I')h +(and)227 4576 y(TSCALn)29 b(=)h(0.12,)i(then)e(the)h(returned)e(t)m(yp) +s(eco)s(de)i(will)c(b)s(e)j(TFLO)m(A)-8 b(T.)95 4806 +y Fe(int)47 b(fits_get_coltype)d(/)j(ffgtcl)286 4919 +y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int)h(colnum,)e(>)j(int)f(*typecode,)e(long)h +(*repeat,)334 5032 y(long)h(*width,)f(int)g(*status\))95 +5258 y(int)h(fits_get_eqcoltype)c(/)48 b(ffeqty)286 5371 +y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)h(colnum,)e(>)j(int)f(*typecode,)e(long)h +(*repeat,)334 5484 y(long)h(*width,)f(int)g(*status\))0 +5714 y Fi(4)81 b Fj(Return)29 b(the)h(displa)m(y)e(width)g(of)i(a)h +(column.)39 b(This)28 b(is)h(the)h(length)g(of)g(the)g(string)f(that)i +(will)c(b)s(e)i(returned)g(b)m(y)p eop +%%Page: 48 56 +48 55 bop 0 299 a Fj(48)1379 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(5.)71 +b(BASIC)30 b(CFITSIO)f(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)227 +555 y Fj(the)k(\014ts)p 514 555 28 4 v 32 w(read)p 718 +555 V 33 w(col)f(routine)f(when)g(reading)g(the)i(column)d(as)j(a)f +(formatted)h(string.)48 b(The)32 b(displa)m(y)g(width)227 +668 y(is)c(determined)g(b)m(y)h(the)g(TDISPn)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord,)i(if)e +(presen)m(t,)i(otherwise)e(b)m(y)h(the)g(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(of)h(the)f +(column.)95 1039 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_get_col_display_width)41 +b(/)47 b(ffgcdw)286 1152 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int)h(colnum,)e(>)j +(int)f(*dispwidth,)e(int)h(*status\))0 1410 y Fi(5)81 +b Fj(Return)27 b(the)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(and)e(size)i(of)f(the)h +(dimensions)d(of)i(a)h(table)f(column)g(in)f(a)h(binary)f(table.)40 +b(Normally)227 1523 y(this)27 b(information)g(is)g(giv)m(en)h(b)m(y)g +(the)h(TDIMn)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord,)h(but)e(if)h(this)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(is)f +(not)i(presen)m(t)f(then)g(this)227 1635 y(routine)i(returns)f(naxis)g +(=)h(1)h(and)f(naxes[0])h(equal)f(to)h(the)g(rep)s(eat)f(coun)m(t)h(in) +e(the)i(TF)m(ORM)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)95 1893 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_read_tdim)d(/)k(ffgtdm)286 2006 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)h +(colnum,)e(int)i(maxdim,)f(>)i(int)f(*naxis,)334 2119 +y(long)g(*naxes,)f(int)g(*status\))0 2377 y Fi(6)81 b +Fj(Deco)s(de)33 b(the)g(input)e(TDIMn)i(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(string)e +(\(e.g.)50 b('\(100,200\)'\))37 b(and)32 b(return)g(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s +(er)e(of)i(and)f(size)227 2490 y(of)c(the)g(dimensions)d(of)j(a)g +(binary)e(table)h(column.)39 b(If)27 b(the)h(input)e(tdimstr)g(c)m +(haracter)j(string)e(is)g(n)m(ull,)f(then)227 2603 y(this)e(routine)f +(returns)g(naxis)g(=)i(1)f(and)g(naxes[0])i(equal)d(to)j(the)e(rep)s +(eat)h(coun)m(t)g(in)e(the)h(TF)m(ORM)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)227 +2716 y(This)k(routine)g(is)h(called)f(b)m(y)h(\014ts)p +1350 2716 V 33 w(read)p 1555 2716 V 33 w(tdim.)95 2973 +y Fe(int)47 b(fits_decode_tdim)d(/)j(ffdtdm)286 3086 +y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g(*tdimstr,)g(int)h(colnum,)e(int)i +(maxdim,)f(>)i(int)e(*naxis,)334 3199 y(long)h(*naxes,)f(int)g +(*status\))0 3457 y Fi(7)81 b Fj(W)-8 b(rite)22 b(a)h(TDIMn)f(k)m(eyw)m +(ord)h(whose)f(v)-5 b(alue)22 b(has)h(the)f(form)g('\(l,m,n...\)')39 +b(where)22 b(l,)h(m,)h(n...)38 b(are)23 b(the)g(dimensions)227 +3570 y(of)31 b(a)g(m)m(ultidimension)26 b(arra)m(y)31 +b(column)e(in)g(a)i(binary)d(table.)95 3828 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_write_tdim)d(/)j(ffptdm)286 3941 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int)h +(colnum,)e(int)i(naxis,)f(long)h(*naxes,)f(>)h(int)g(*status\))0 +4231 y Fd(5.7.3)112 b(Routines)37 b(to)g(Edit)f(Ro)m(ws)h(or)g(Columns) +0 4440 y Fi(1)81 b Fj(Insert)22 b(or)h(delete)g(ro)m(ws)f(in)g(an)h +(ASCI)s(I)e(or)i(binary)e(table.)38 b(When)22 b(inserting)f(ro)m(ws)i +(all)f(the)h(ro)m(ws)g(follo)m(wing)e(ro)m(w)227 4553 +y(FR)m(O)m(W)29 b(are)f(shifted)f(do)m(wn)g(b)m(y)h(NR)m(O)m(WS)g(ro)m +(ws;)h(if)e(FR)m(O)m(W)i(=)e(0)h(then)f(the)h(blank)f(ro)m(ws)h(are)g +(inserted)e(at)227 4666 y(the)h(b)s(eginning)d(of)j(the)f(table.)40 +b(The)26 b(\014rst)g(delete)h(routine)e(deletes)i(NR)m(O)m(WS)g +(consecutiv)m(e)h(ro)m(ws)e(starting)227 4779 y(with)i(ro)m(w)i(FIRSTR) +m(O)m(W.)g(The)f(second)g(delete)h(routine)e(tak)m(es)j(an)e(input)f +(string)g(that)i(lists)e(the)i(ro)m(ws)f(or)227 4891 +y(ro)m(w)24 b(ranges)f(\(e.g.,)k('5-10,12,20-30'\),)k(whereas)23 +b(the)h(third)d(delete)j(routine)e(tak)m(es)j(an)e(input)f(in)m(teger)h +(arra)m(y)227 5004 y(that)35 b(sp)s(eci\014es)e(eac)m(h)i(individual)30 +b(ro)m(w)k(to)h(b)s(e)f(deleted.)52 b(In)34 b(b)s(oth)f(latter)i +(cases,)h(the)e(input)f(list)g(of)h(ro)m(ws)227 5117 +y(to)e(delete)f(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(sorted)h(in)e(ascending)h(order.)41 +b(These)31 b(routines)e(up)s(date)h(the)h(NAXIS2)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(to) +227 5230 y(re\015ect)g(the)g(new)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(ro)m(ws)h(in) +e(the)h(table.)95 5488 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_insert_rows)d(/)j(ffirow)286 +5601 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(long)g(firstrow,)g(long)g(nrows,)g(>)i +(int)f(*status\))p eop +%%Page: 49 57 +49 56 bop 0 299 a Fh(5.7.)72 b(ASCI)s(I)29 b(AND)i(BINAR)-8 +b(Y)31 b(T)-8 b(ABLE)31 b(R)m(OUTINES)1864 b Fj(49)95 +555 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_delete_rows)d(/)j(ffdrow)286 668 +y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(long)g(firstrow,)g(long)g(nrows,)g(>)i(int)f +(*status\))95 894 y(int)g(fits_delete_rowrange)c(/)k(ffdrrg)286 +1007 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g(*rangelist,)f(>)j(int)e(*status\)) +95 1233 y(int)h(fits_delete_rowlist)c(/)k(ffdrws)286 +1346 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(long)g(*rowlist,)g(long)g(nrows,)g(>)i +(int)f(*status\))0 1600 y Fi(2)81 b Fj(Insert)36 b(or)h(delete)h +(column\(s\))e(in)g(an)h(ASCI)s(I)f(or)h(binary)e(table.)61 +b(When)37 b(inserting,)g(COLNUM)g(sp)s(eci\014es)227 +1713 y(the)28 b(column)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(that)h(the)g(\(\014rst\))g +(new)f(column)g(should)f(o)s(ccup)m(y)i(in)f(the)h(table.)40 +b(NCOLS)26 b(sp)s(eci\014es)227 1826 y(ho)m(w)35 b(man)m(y)g(columns)e +(are)i(to)g(b)s(e)f(inserted.)52 b(An)m(y)35 b(existing)f(columns)f +(from)h(this)g(p)s(osition)e(and)i(higher)227 1939 y(are)c(shifted)e(o) +m(v)m(er)i(to)g(allo)m(w)e(ro)s(om)h(for)g(the)h(new)e(column\(s\).)40 +b(The)29 b(index)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)h(on)h(all)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)227 +2051 y(k)m(eyw)m(ords)34 b(will)c(b)s(e)j(incremen)m(ted)g(or)g +(decremen)m(ted)h(if)e(necessary)i(to)g(re\015ect)g(the)f(new)g(p)s +(osition)e(of)j(the)227 2164 y(column\(s\))25 b(in)f(the)i(table:)38 +b(TBCOLn,)26 b(TF)m(ORMn,)h(TTYPEn,)e(TUNITn,)h(TNULLn,)g(TSCALn,)f +(TZE-)227 2277 y(R)m(On,)43 b(TDISPn,)g(TDIMn,)g(TLMINn,)g(TLMAXn,)g +(TDMINn,)g(TDMAXn,)h(TCTYPn,)e(TCRPXn,)227 2390 y(TCR)-10 +b(VLn,)29 b(TCDL)-8 b(Tn,)30 b(TCR)m(OTn,)f(and)h(TCUNIn.)95 +2644 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_insert_col)d(/)j(fficol)286 2757 +y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int)h(colnum,)e(char)i(*ttype,)f(char)h +(*tform,)334 2870 y(>)h(int)e(*status\))95 3096 y(int)h +(fits_insert_cols)d(/)j(fficls)286 3209 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int)h +(colnum,)e(int)i(ncols,)f(char)h(**ttype,)334 3322 y(char)g(**tform,)e +(>)j(int)f(*status\))95 3548 y(int)g(fits_delete_col)d(/)j +(ffdcol\(fitsfile)d(*fptr,)i(int)h(colnum,)f(>)h(int)g(*status\))0 +3802 y Fi(3)81 b Fj(Cop)m(y)32 b(a)h(column)f(from)g(one)h(HDU)g(to)h +(another)e(\(or)h(to)h(the)f(same)g(HDU\).)h(If)e(create)p +3129 3802 28 4 v 34 w(col)h(=)f(TR)m(UE,)h(then)227 3915 +y(a)40 b(new)e(column)g(will)e(b)s(e)j(inserted)f(in)f(the)i(output)g +(table,)i(at)f(p)s(osition)d(`outcolumn',)k(otherwise)e(the)227 +4028 y(existing)e(output)h(column)e(will)g(b)s(e)h(o)m(v)m(erwritten)h +(\(in)f(whic)m(h)g(case)i(it)e(m)m(ust)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(a)f(compatible)f +(data)227 4141 y(t)m(yp)s(e\).)k(If)29 b(outcoln)m(um)g(is)f(greater)j +(than)e(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(column)f(in)g(the)i(table,)g(then) +f(the)g(new)g(column)227 4254 y(will)g(b)s(e)i(app)s(ended)f(to)j(the)f +(end)f(of)g(the)h(table.)45 b(Note)33 b(that)f(the)g(\014rst)f(column)f +(in)h(a)h(table)f(is)g(at)i(coln)m(um)227 4366 y(=)j(1.)58 +b(The)36 b(standard)f(indexed)f(k)m(eyw)m(ords)j(that)f(related)g(to)h +(the)f(column)f(\(e.g.,)k(TDISPn,)e(TUNITn,)227 4479 +y(TCRPXn,)30 b(TCDL)-8 b(Tn,)29 b(etc.\))43 b(will)27 +b(also)k(b)s(e)e(copied.)95 4734 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_copy_col)e(/)i +(ffcpcl)286 4846 y(\(fitsfile)f(*infptr,)f(fitsfile)h(*outfptr,)f(int)i +(incolnum,)e(int)i(outcolnum,)334 4959 y(int)g(create_col,)e(>)i(int)g +(*status\);)0 5214 y Fi(4)81 b Fj(Mo)s(dify)36 b(the)h(v)m(ector)i +(length)e(of)g(a)h(binary)d(table)i(column)f(\(e.g.,)41 +b(c)m(hange)e(a)e(column)f(from)h(TF)m(ORMn)g(=)227 5327 +y('1E')31 b(to)h('20E'\).)g(The)e(v)m(ector)i(length)d(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f +(increased)g(or)g(decreased)h(from)f(the)g(curren)m(t)h(v)-5 +b(alue.)95 5581 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_modify_vector_len)42 +b(/)48 b(ffmvec)286 5694 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)h(colnum,)e(long)i +(newveclen,)e(>)j(int)e(*status\))p eop +%%Page: 50 58 +50 57 bop 0 299 a Fj(50)1379 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(5.)71 +b(BASIC)30 b(CFITSIO)f(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)0 +555 y Fd(5.7.4)112 b(Read)38 b(and)h(W)-9 b(rite)35 b(Column)i(Data)g +(Routines)0 775 y Fj(The)e(follo)m(wing)e(routines)i(write)f(or)h(read) +g(data)h(v)-5 b(alues)35 b(in)f(the)h(curren)m(t)g(ASCI)s(I)f(or)h +(binary)f(table)h(extension.)0 888 y(If)e(a)g(write)f(op)s(eration)h +(extends)g(b)s(ey)m(ond)f(the)h(curren)m(t)g(size)g(of)g(the)g(table,)h +(then)f(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(ro)m(ws)g(in)f(the)0 +1001 y(table)i(will)e(automatically)i(b)s(e)f(increased)h(and)f(the)i +(NAXIS2)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(will)d(b)s(e)j(up)s(dated.) +51 b(A)m(ttempts)0 1114 y(to)31 b(read)f(b)s(ey)m(ond)g(the)h(end)e(of) +i(the)f(table)h(will)c(result)j(in)f(an)h(error.)0 1274 +y(Automatic)c(data)f(t)m(yp)s(e)g(con)m(v)m(ersion)g(is)f(p)s(erformed) +g(for)g(n)m(umerical)g(data)h(t)m(yp)s(es)g(\(only\))g(if)f(the)h(data) +h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(of)g(the)0 1387 y(column)f(\(de\014ned)h(b)m(y)g(the)h +(TF)m(ORMn)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord\))h(di\013ers)e(from)h(the)h(data)g(t)m(yp)s +(e)f(of)h(the)f(calling)f(routine.)38 b(ASCI)s(I)0 1500 +y(and)20 b(binary)e(tables)i(supp)s(ort)f(the)i(follo)m(wing)d(data)j +(t)m(yp)s(e)g(v)-5 b(alues:)35 b(TSTRING,)20 b(TBYTE,)g(TSBYTE,)g +(TSHOR)-8 b(T,)0 1613 y(TUSHOR)g(T,)22 b(TINT,)g(TUINT,)f(TLONG,)i +(TLONGLONG,)f(TULONG,)g(TFLO)m(A)-8 b(T,)23 b(or)f(TDOUBLE.)h(Binary)0 +1726 y(tables)37 b(also)g(supp)s(ort)e(TLOGICAL)h(\(in)m(ternally)g +(mapp)s(ed)g(to)h(the)h(`c)m(har')g(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e\),)h(TCOMPLEX,)e +(and)0 1839 y(TDBLCOMPLEX.)0 1999 y(Note)25 b(that)g(within)c(the)j +(con)m(text)i(of)e(these)g(routines,)h(the)f(TSTRING)f(data)h(t)m(yp)s +(e)g(corresp)s(onds)f(to)h(a)h(C)e('c)m(har**')0 2112 +y(data)35 b(t)m(yp)s(e,)h(i.e.,)g(a)f(p)s(oin)m(ter)e(to)j(an)e(arra)m +(y)h(of)g(p)s(oin)m(ters)e(to)i(an)g(arra)m(y)g(of)g(c)m(haracters.)54 +b(This)33 b(is)g(di\013eren)m(t)h(from)0 2225 y(the)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h +(reading)e(and)g(writing)f(routines)h(where)h(TSTRING)f(corresp)s(onds) +g(to)h(a)h(C)e('c)m(har*')j(data)f(t)m(yp)s(e,)0 2338 +y(i.e.,)f(a)f(single)f(p)s(oin)m(ter)g(to)i(an)f(arra)m(y)g(of)g(c)m +(haracters.)45 b(When)30 b(reading)h(strings)e(from)i(a)g(table,)h(the) +f(c)m(har)h(arra)m(ys)0 2451 y(ob)m(viously)d(m)m(ust)h(ha)m(v)m(e)i(b) +s(een)e(allo)s(cated)g(long)g(enough)g(to)h(hold)e(the)i(whole)e(FITS)h +(table)g(string.)0 2611 y(Numerical)h(data)i(v)-5 b(alues)32 +b(are)h(automatically)g(scaled)f(b)m(y)g(the)h(TSCALn)e(and)h(TZER)m +(On)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(v)-5 b(alues)32 b(\(if)0 2724 y(they)f(exist\).)0 +2884 y(In)25 b(the)g(case)i(of)e(binary)f(tables)h(with)f(v)m(ector)j +(elemen)m(ts,)g(the)f('felem')f(parameter)h(de\014nes)f(the)g(starting) +g(elemen)m(t)0 2997 y(\(b)s(eginning)g(with)h(1,)i(not)g(0\))g(within)d +(the)i(cell)g(\(a)h(cell)e(is)g(de\014ned)g(as)i(the)f(in)m(tersection) +g(of)h(a)f(ro)m(w)h(and)e(a)i(column)0 3110 y(and)e(ma)m(y)h(con)m +(tain)g(a)h(single)d(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(or)h(a)g(v)m(ector)h(of)f(v)-5 +b(alues\).)39 b(The)26 b(felem)h(parameter)g(is)f(ignored)f(when)h +(dealing)0 3223 y(with)33 b(ASCI)s(I)f(tables.)51 b(Similarly)-8 +b(,)32 b(in)g(the)j(case)f(of)h(binary)d(tables)h(the)i('nelemen)m(ts') +f(parameter)g(sp)s(eci\014es)f(the)0 3336 y(total)27 +b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(v)m(ector)i(v)-5 b(alues)26 +b(to)h(b)s(e)e(read)h(or)h(written)e(\(con)m(tin)m(uing)h(on)g +(subsequen)m(t)f(ro)m(ws)i(if)e(required\))g(and)0 3448 +y(not)31 b(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(table)f(cells.)0 +3714 y Fi(1)81 b Fj(W)-8 b(rite)30 b(elemen)m(ts)h(in)m(to)f(an)h(ASCI) +s(I)e(or)h(binary)e(table)j(column.)0 3980 y(The)38 b(\014rst)f +(routine)g(simply)f(writes)h(the)h(arra)m(y)h(of)f(v)-5 +b(alues)38 b(to)h(the)f(FITS)g(\014le)f(\(doing)g(data)i(t)m(yp)s(e)g +(con)m(v)m(ersion)0 4093 y(if)g(necessary\))i(whereas)f(the)h(second)f +(routine)g(will)d(substitute)j(the)g(appropriate)f(FITS)h(n)m(ull)e(v) +-5 b(alue)40 b(for)g(all)0 4206 y(elemen)m(ts)33 b(whic)m(h)f(are)h +(equal)g(to)g(the)g(input)e(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)g(n)m(ulv)-5 +b(al)31 b(\(note)j(that)f(this)f(parameter)h(giv)m(es)h(the)f(address)0 +4319 y(of)40 b(n)m(ulv)-5 b(al,)42 b(not)e(the)g(n)m(ull)e(v)-5 +b(alue)40 b(itself)7 b(\).)70 b(F)-8 b(or)40 b(in)m(teger)h(columns)e +(the)h(FITS)g(n)m(ull)e(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(is)h(de\014ned)f(b)m(y)h(the)0 +4432 y(TNULLn)32 b(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(\(an)g(error)e(is)h(returned)f(if)g +(the)i(k)m(eyw)m(ord)f(do)s(esn't)g(exist\).)50 b(F)-8 +b(or)34 b(\015oating)f(p)s(oin)m(t)f(columns)0 4545 y(the)i(sp)s(ecial) +f(IEEE)h(NaN)h(\(Not-a-Num)m(b)s(er\))h(v)-5 b(alue)34 +b(will)d(b)s(e)j(written)f(in)m(to)i(the)f(FITS)g(\014le.)51 +b(If)34 b(a)h(n)m(ull)d(p)s(oin)m(ter)0 4658 y(is)g(en)m(tered)h(for)g +(n)m(ulv)-5 b(al,)32 b(then)h(the)g(n)m(ull)e(v)-5 b(alue)32 +b(is)g(ignored)g(and)h(this)f(routine)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)j(the)f(same)g +(as)h(the)f(\014rst)0 4771 y(routine.)39 b(The)26 b(second)i(routine)e +(m)m(ust)h(not)h(b)s(e)e(used)h(to)h(write)e(to)i(v)-5 +b(ariable)26 b(length)h(arra)m(y)h(columns.)38 b(The)27 +b(third)0 4883 y(routine)i(simply)f(writes)i(unde\014ned)e(pixel)h(v)-5 +b(alues)29 b(to)i(the)g(column.)95 5149 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_write_col)d +(/)k(ffpcl)286 5262 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)h(datatype,)e(int)i +(colnum,)f(long)g(firstrow,)334 5375 y(long)h(firstelem,)e(long)h +(nelements,)f(DTYPE)i(*array,)f(>)h(int)g(*status\))95 +5601 y(int)g(fits_write_colnull)c(/)48 b(ffpcn)286 5714 +y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)h(datatype,)e(int)i(colnum,)f(long)g +(firstrow,)p eop +%%Page: 51 59 +51 58 bop 0 299 a Fh(5.7.)72 b(ASCI)s(I)29 b(AND)i(BINAR)-8 +b(Y)31 b(T)-8 b(ABLE)31 b(R)m(OUTINES)1864 b Fj(51)286 +555 y Fe(long)47 b(firstelem,)e(long)i(nelements,)e(DTYPE)h(*array,)g +(DTYPE)g(*nulval,)286 668 y(>)i(int)f(*status\))143 894 +y(int)g(fits_write_col_null)c(/)k(ffpclu)334 1007 y(\(fitsfile)e +(*fptr,)h(int)h(colnum,)f(long)h(firstrow,)e(long)i(firstelem,)382 +1120 y(long)f(nelements,)f(>)j(int)f(*status\))0 1375 +y Fi(2)81 b Fj(Read)33 b(elemen)m(ts)h(from)f(an)g(ASCI)s(I)f(or)i +(binary)d(table)i(column.)49 b(The)33 b(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(parameter)g +(sp)s(eci\014es)e(the)227 1488 y(data)c(t)m(yp)s(e)g(of)g(the)f(`n)m +(ulv)-5 b(al')27 b(and)g(`arra)m(y')h(p)s(oin)m(ters;)g(Unde\014ned)d +(arra)m(y)j(elemen)m(ts)g(will)d(b)s(e)i(returned)f(with)227 +1601 y(a)k(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(=)f(*n)m(ullv)-5 b(al,)28 +b(\(note)i(that)g(this)e(parameter)i(giv)m(es)f(the)h(address)e(of)h +(the)h(n)m(ull)d(v)-5 b(alue,)29 b(not)h(the)f(n)m(ull)227 +1714 y(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(itself)7 b(\))30 b(unless)f(n)m(ulv)-5 +b(al)30 b(=)g(0)h(or)g(*n)m(ulv)-5 b(al)29 b(=)i(0,)g(in)e(whic)m(h)h +(case)i(no)e(c)m(hec)m(king)i(for)e(unde\014ned)f(pixels)227 +1827 y(will)i(b)s(e)i(p)s(erformed.)48 b(The)33 b(second)g(routine)g +(is)f(similar)f(except)j(that)g(an)m(y)g(unde\014ned)d(pixels)h(will)f +(ha)m(v)m(e)227 1940 y(the)g(corresp)s(onding)d(n)m(ullarra)m(y)h +(elemen)m(t)i(set)g(equal)f(to)h(TR)m(UE)f(\(=)h(1\).)227 +2089 y(An)m(y)c(column,)f(regardless)f(of)h(it's)g(in)m(trinsic)e(data) +j(t)m(yp)s(e,)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(read)i(as)f(a)g(string.)39 +b(It)26 b(should)e(b)s(e)i(noted)227 2202 y(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er)32 +b(that)f(reading)e(a)i(n)m(umeric)e(column)g(as)i(a)g(string)e(is)g(10) +j(-)e(100)i(times)e(slo)m(w)m(er)g(than)g(reading)g(the)227 +2315 y(same)22 b(column)f(as)g(a)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(due)h(to)i(the)e +(large)h(o)m(v)m(erhead)h(in)d(constructing)h(the)h(formatted)g +(strings.)36 b(The)227 2428 y(displa)m(y)24 b(format)i(of)f(the)h +(returned)e(strings)g(will)f(b)s(e)i(determined)f(b)m(y)h(the)h(TDISPn) +e(k)m(eyw)m(ord,)j(if)d(it)h(exists,)227 2541 y(otherwise)31 +b(b)m(y)g(the)g(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(of)g(the)g(column.)42 +b(The)30 b(length)h(of)g(the)g(returned)f(strings)g(\(not)h(including) +227 2654 y(the)26 b(n)m(ull)d(terminating)i(c)m(haracter\))i(can)f(b)s +(e)f(determined)f(with)g(the)i(\014ts)p 2703 2654 28 +4 v 32 w(get)p 2855 2654 V 34 w(col)p 3000 2654 V 33 +w(displa)m(y)p 3313 2654 V 31 w(width)e(routine.)227 +2767 y(The)30 b(follo)m(wing)f(TDISPn)g(displa)m(y)g(formats)h(are)h +(curren)m(tly)e(supp)s(orted:)418 3011 y Fe(Iw.m)142 +b(Integer)418 3124 y(Ow.m)g(Octal)47 b(integer)418 3237 +y(Zw.m)142 b(Hexadecimal)45 b(integer)418 3350 y(Fw.d)142 +b(Fixed)47 b(floating)e(point)418 3463 y(Ew.d)142 b(Exponential)45 +b(floating)h(point)418 3576 y(Dw.d)142 b(Exponential)45 +b(floating)h(point)418 3689 y(Gw.d)142 b(General;)46 +b(uses)g(Fw.d)h(if)g(significance)e(not)i(lost,)f(else)h(Ew.d)227 +3934 y Fj(where)24 b(w)h(is)e(the)i(width)e(in)g(c)m(haracters)j(of)f +(the)g(displa)m(y)m(ed)e(v)-5 b(alues,)26 b(m)e(is)g(the)g(minim)m(um)e +(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)i(of)g(digits)227 4046 y(displa)m(y)m(ed,)j(and)g(d)g +(is)g(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)g(digits)g(to)h(the)g(righ)m(t)f(of)g +(the)h(decimal.)39 b(The)27 b(.m)g(\014eld)f(is)h(optional.)95 +4302 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_read_col)e(/)i(ffgcv)286 4415 +y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int)h(datatype,)e(int)i(colnum,)f(long)g +(firstrow,)g(long)g(firstelem,)334 4528 y(long)h(nelements,)e(DTYPE)h +(*nulval,)g(DTYPE)g(*array,)g(int)h(*anynul,)e(int)i(*status\))95 +4753 y(int)g(fits_read_colnull)c(/)48 b(ffgcf)286 4866 +y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)h(datatype,)e(int)i(colnum,)f(long)g +(firstrow,)g(long)g(firstelem,)286 4979 y(long)h(nelements,)e(DTYPE)h +(*array,)g(char)h(*nullarray,)e(int)h(*anynul,)g(int)h(*status\))0 +5269 y Fd(5.7.5)112 b(Ro)m(w)37 b(Selection)f(and)j(Calculator)d +(Routines)0 5488 y Fj(These)21 b(routines)e(all)h(parse)h(and)f(ev)-5 +b(aluate)22 b(an)e(input)f(string)h(con)m(taining)h(a)g(user)f +(de\014ned)g(arithmetic)g(expression.)0 5601 y(The)29 +b(\014rst)f(3)i(routines)e(select)i(ro)m(ws)f(in)f(a)i(FITS)e(table,)i +(based)f(on)g(whether)g(the)g(expression)f(ev)-5 b(aluates)30 +b(to)g(true)0 5714 y(\(not)e(equal)e(to)i(zero\))g(or)f(false)g +(\(zero\).)41 b(The)27 b(other)g(routines)f(ev)-5 b(aluate)28 +b(the)f(expression)f(and)g(calculate)i(a)f(v)-5 b(alue)p +eop +%%Page: 52 60 +52 59 bop 0 299 a Fj(52)1379 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(5.)71 +b(BASIC)30 b(CFITSIO)f(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)0 +555 y Fj(for)c(eac)m(h)i(ro)m(w)f(of)g(the)g(table.)39 +b(The)26 b(allo)m(w)m(ed)h(expression)e(syn)m(tax)j(is)d(describ)s(ed)g +(in)g(the)i(ro)m(w)g(\014lter)f(section)g(in)g(the)0 +668 y(`Extended)32 b(File)f(Name)i(Syn)m(tax')g(c)m(hapter)g(of)f(this) +f(do)s(cumen)m(t.)46 b(The)32 b(expression)f(ma)m(y)i(also)f(b)s(e)f +(written)h(to)h(a)0 781 y(text)h(\014le,)g(and)f(the)h(name)f(of)h(the) +f(\014le,)h(prep)s(ended)d(with)h(a)i('@')g(c)m(haracter)h(ma)m(y)f(b)s +(e)f(supplied)d(for)j(the)h('expr')0 894 y(parameter)d(\(e.g.)42 +b('@\014lename.txt'\).)f(The)30 b(expression)f(in)g(the)h(\014le)g(can) +g(b)s(e)g(arbitrarily)d(complex)j(and)g(extend)0 1007 +y(o)m(v)m(er)35 b(m)m(ultiple)d(lines)h(of)h(the)g(\014le.)52 +b(Lines)32 b(that)j(b)s(egin)e(with)g(2)h(slash)f(c)m(haracters)j +(\('//'\))g(will)c(b)s(e)h(ignored)h(and)0 1120 y(ma)m(y)d(b)s(e)f +(used)f(to)i(add)f(commen)m(ts)h(to)h(the)e(\014le.)0 +1342 y Fi(1)81 b Fj(Ev)-5 b(aluate)37 b(a)g(b)s(o)s(olean)f(expression) +g(o)m(v)m(er)i(the)g(indicated)d(ro)m(ws,)k(returning)c(an)i(arra)m(y)h +(of)f(\015ags)g(indicating)227 1455 y(whic)m(h)29 b(ro)m(ws)i(ev)-5 +b(aluated)30 b(to)h(TR)m(UE/F)-10 b(ALSE)95 1676 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_find_rows)d(/)k(fffrow)286 1789 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)93 +b(char)47 b(*expr,)f(long)h(firstrow,)e(long)i(nrows,)286 +1902 y(>)h(long)e(*n_good_rows,)f(char)h(*row_status,)92 +b(int)47 b(*status\))0 2124 y Fi(2)81 b Fj(Find)28 b(the)j(\014rst)f +(ro)m(w)g(whic)m(h)f(satis\014es)h(the)h(input)d(b)s(o)s(olean)h +(expression)95 2346 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_find_first_row)c(/)k(ffffrw)286 +2459 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)93 b(char)47 b(*expr,)f(>)i(long)e(*rownum,) +g(int)h(*status\))0 2681 y Fi(3)81 b Fj(Ev)-5 b(aluate)34 +b(an)g(expression)g(on)g(all)f(ro)m(ws)i(of)f(a)h(table.)53 +b(If)34 b(the)g(input)f(and)h(output)g(\014les)f(are)i(not)g(the)f +(same,)227 2794 y(cop)m(y)39 b(the)f(TR)m(UE)g(ro)m(ws)h(to)f(the)h +(output)e(\014le.)63 b(If)38 b(the)g(\014les)f(are)i(the)f(same,)j +(delete)d(the)g(F)-10 b(ALSE)38 b(ro)m(ws)227 2907 y(\(preserv)m(e)31 +b(the)g(TR)m(UE)f(ro)m(ws\).)95 3129 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_select_rows)d +(/)j(ffsrow)286 3242 y(\(fitsfile)f(*infptr,)f(fitsfile)h(*outfptr,)93 +b(char)46 b(*expr,)94 b(>)48 b(int)f(*status)e(\))0 3463 +y Fi(4)81 b Fj(Calculate)26 b(an)h(expression)e(for)i(the)f(indicated)g +(ro)m(ws)g(of)h(a)g(table,)h(returning)d(the)i(results,)f(cast)i(as)f +(datat)m(yp)s(e)227 3576 y(\(TSHOR)-8 b(T,)32 b(TDOUBLE,)h(etc\),)h(in) +d(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)48 b(If)31 b(n)m(ulv)-5 b(al==NULL,)31 +b(UNDEFs)i(will)c(b)s(e)j(zero)s(ed)g(out.)47 b(F)-8 +b(or)227 3689 y(v)m(ector)37 b(results,)e(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i +(elemen)m(ts)h(returned)d(ma)m(y)j(b)s(e)e(less)g(than)h(nelemen)m(ts)f +(if)g(nelemen)m(ts)h(is)227 3802 y(not)d(an)g(ev)m(en)h(m)m(ultiple)c +(of)j(the)g(result)f(dimension.)42 b(Call)31 b(\014ts)p +2392 3802 28 4 v 32 w(test)p 2570 3802 V 34 w(expr)g(to)h(obtain)g(the) +g(dimensions)d(of)227 3915 y(the)i(results.)95 4137 y +Fe(int)47 b(fits_calc_rows)d(/)k(ffcrow)286 4250 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,) +93 b(int)47 b(datatype,)f(char)g(*expr,)g(long)h(firstrow,)334 +4363 y(long)g(nelements,)e(void)h(*nulval,)g(>)h(void)g(*array,)94 +b(int)46 b(*anynul,)g(int)h(*status\))0 4585 y Fi(5)81 +b Fj(Ev)-5 b(aluate)32 b(an)h(expression)e(and)i(write)e(the)i(result)f +(either)g(to)i(a)f(column)e(\(if)h(the)h(expression)e(is)h(a)h +(function)227 4698 y(of)d(other)g(columns)f(in)f(the)i(table\))g(or)g +(to)g(a)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)f(\(if)f(the)h(expression)e(ev)-5 +b(aluates)31 b(to)f(a)g(constan)m(t)i(and)227 4811 y(is)e(not)g(a)h +(function)e(of)i(other)f(columns)g(in)f(the)h(table\).)41 +b(In)30 b(the)h(former)e(case,)j(the)f(parName)f(parameter)227 +4924 y(is)39 b(the)h(name)f(of)h(the)g(column)e(\(whic)m(h)h(ma)m(y)h +(or)f(ma)m(y)h(not)g(already)f(exist\))h(in)m(to)f(whic)m(h)g(to)h +(write)f(the)227 5036 y(results,)e(and)g(parInfo)e(con)m(tains)i(an)g +(optional)e(TF)m(ORM)i(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(v)-5 b(alue)37 +b(if)e(a)i(new)f(column)g(is)f(b)s(eing)227 5149 y(created.)42 +b(If)28 b(a)h(TF)m(ORM)h(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(is)g(not)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)f +(then)g(a)i(default)e(format)h(will)e(b)s(e)h(used,)h(dep)s(ending)d +(on)227 5262 y(the)35 b(expression.)53 b(If)34 b(the)h(expression)e(ev) +-5 b(aluates)36 b(to)f(a)g(constan)m(t,)i(then)e(the)g(result)e(will)f +(b)s(e)i(written)g(to)227 5375 y(the)28 b(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(name)f(giv)m +(en)g(b)m(y)h(the)f(parName)h(parameter,)h(and)d(the)i(parInfo)e +(parameter)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)227 5488 y(to)k(supply)d(an)i +(optional)g(commen)m(t)h(for)f(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)42 +b(If)29 b(the)i(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(do)s(es)f(not)g(already)g(exist,)g +(then)227 5601 y(the)g(name)f(of)h(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(m)m(ust)f(b)s +(e)g(preceded)g(with)f(a)i('#')f(c)m(haracter,)j(otherwise)d(the)g +(result)g(will)e(b)s(e)227 5714 y(written)j(to)h(a)g(column)e(with)g +(that)i(name.)p eop +%%Page: 53 61 +53 60 bop 0 299 a Fh(5.8.)72 b(UTILITY)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)2693 +b Fj(53)95 555 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_calculator)d(/)j(ffcalc)286 +668 y(\(fitsfile)f(*infptr,)f(char)i(*expr,)f(fitsfile)f(*outfptr,)h +(char)g(*parName,)334 781 y(char)h(*parInfo,)e(>)95 b(int)47 +b(*status\))0 1032 y Fi(6)81 b Fj(This)37 b(calculator)j(routine)f(is)f +(similar)f(to)j(the)g(previous)e(routine,)j(except)g(that)f(the)g +(expression)e(is)h(only)227 1145 y(ev)-5 b(aluated)41 +b(o)m(v)m(er)g(the)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(ro)m(w)h(ranges.)70 +b(nranges)39 b(sp)s(eci\014es)g(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(ro)m(w)h +(ranges,)i(and)227 1258 y(\014rstro)m(w)30 b(and)g(lastro)m(w)g(giv)m +(e)h(the)g(starting)f(and)g(ending)f(ro)m(w)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i +(eac)m(h)g(range.)95 1509 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_calculator_rng)c(/)k +(ffcalc_rng)286 1622 y(\(fitsfile)f(*infptr,)f(char)i(*expr,)f +(fitsfile)f(*outfptr,)h(char)g(*parName,)334 1735 y(char)h(*parInfo,)e +(int)i(nranges,)e(long)i(*firstrow,)e(long)i(*lastrow)334 +1848 y(>)95 b(int)47 b(*status\))0 2099 y Fi(7)81 b Fj(Ev)-5 +b(aluate)30 b(the)h(giv)m(en)f(expression)f(and)h(return)f(information) +g(on)h(the)h(result.)95 2350 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_test_expr)d(/)k(fftexp) +286 2463 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(char)g(*expr,)g(>)i(int)f(*datatype,)e +(long)h(*nelem,)g(int)h(*naxis,)334 2575 y(long)g(*naxes,)f(int)g +(*status\))0 2908 y Ff(5.8)135 b(Utilit)l(y)47 b(Routines)0 +3161 y Fd(5.8.1)112 b(File)37 b(Chec)m(ksum)g(Routines)0 +3380 y Fj(The)c(follo)m(wing)e(routines)h(either)h(compute)g(or)h(v)-5 +b(alidate)32 b(the)i(c)m(hec)m(ksums)f(for)g(the)h(CHDU.)g(The)e(D)m(A) +-8 b(T)g(ASUM)0 3493 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord)33 b(is)e(used)g(to)i(store)f(the) +h(n)m(umerical)d(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)g(the)g(32-bit,)h(1's)g(complemen) +m(t)f(c)m(hec)m(ksum)h(for)f(the)g(data)0 3606 y(unit)25 +b(alone.)39 b(If)25 b(there)h(is)g(no)f(data)i(unit)e(then)g(the)h(v)-5 +b(alue)26 b(is)f(set)h(to)h(zero.)40 b(The)26 b(n)m(umerical)e(v)-5 +b(alue)26 b(is)f(stored)h(as)g(an)0 3719 y(ASCI)s(I)20 +b(string)h(of)i(digits,)f(enclosed)g(in)e(quotes,)25 +b(b)s(ecause)d(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)22 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(to)s(o)i(large)f +(to)h(represen)m(t)f(as)g(a)h(32-bit)0 3832 y(signed)k(in)m(teger.)40 +b(The)27 b(CHECKSUM)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(is)e(used)g(to)h(store)h(the)f +(ASCI)s(I)e(enco)s(ded)i(COMPLEMENT)f(of)0 3945 y(the)f(c)m(hec)m(ksum) +h(for)f(the)h(en)m(tire)f(HDU.)h(Storing)e(the)i(complemen)m(t,)g +(rather)f(than)g(the)h(actual)f(c)m(hec)m(ksum,)i(forces)0 +4058 y(the)k(c)m(hec)m(ksum)h(for)f(the)h(whole)e(HDU)i(to)g(equal)f +(zero.)47 b(If)31 b(the)i(\014le)e(has)h(b)s(een)f(mo)s(di\014ed)f +(since)i(the)g(c)m(hec)m(ksums)0 4170 y(w)m(ere)39 b(computed,)i(then)e +(the)g(HDU)g(c)m(hec)m(ksum)h(will)c(usually)g(not)j(equal)g(zero.)66 +b(These)39 b(c)m(hec)m(ksum)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)0 4283 y(con)m(v)m(en)m +(tions)33 b(are)g(based)f(on)g(a)g(pap)s(er)f(b)m(y)h(Rob)g(Seaman)g +(published)d(in)i(the)h(pro)s(ceedings)f(of)h(the)h(AD)m(ASS)f(IV)0 +4396 y(conference)h(in)d(Baltimore)i(in)e(No)m(v)m(em)m(b)s(er)j(1994)h +(and)d(a)h(later)g(revision)e(in)g(June)h(1995.)47 b(See)32 +b(App)s(endix)d(B)j(for)0 4509 y(the)f(de\014nition)d(of)i(the)h +(parameters)f(used)g(in)f(these)i(routines.)0 4760 y +Fi(1)81 b Fj(Compute)33 b(and)g(write)g(the)h(D)m(A)-8 +b(T)g(ASUM)35 b(and)e(CHECKSUM)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(v)-5 +b(alues)33 b(for)g(the)h(CHDU)g(in)m(to)g(the)227 4873 +y(curren)m(t)e(header.)46 b(If)32 b(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords)h(already)f +(exist,)g(their)g(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(will)f(b)s(e)h(up)s(dated)g(only)g +(if)h(necessary)227 4986 y(\(i.e.,)f(if)f(the)g(\014le)g(has)g(b)s(een) +f(mo)s(di\014ed)g(since)g(the)i(original)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(v)-5 +b(alues)30 b(w)m(ere)h(computed\).)95 5237 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_write_chksum)c(/)48 b(ffpcks)286 5350 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(>) +h(int)g(*status\))0 5601 y Fi(2)81 b Fj(Up)s(date)28 +b(the)h(CHECKSUM)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(in)f(the)i(CHDU,)g +(assuming)e(that)i(the)f(D)m(A)-8 b(T)g(ASUM)30 b(k)m(eyw)m(ord)227 +5714 y(exists)35 b(and)g(already)g(has)g(the)h(correct)g(v)-5 +b(alue.)55 b(This)34 b(routine)g(calculates)i(the)g(new)f(c)m(hec)m +(ksum)h(for)f(the)p eop +%%Page: 54 62 +54 61 bop 0 299 a Fj(54)1379 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(5.)71 +b(BASIC)30 b(CFITSIO)f(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)227 +555 y Fj(curren)m(t)40 b(header)g(unit,)i(adds)d(it)h(to)h(the)f(data)h +(unit)e(c)m(hec)m(ksum,)44 b(enco)s(des)c(the)g(v)-5 +b(alue)40 b(in)m(to)g(an)g(ASCI)s(I)227 668 y(string,)30 +b(and)g(writes)f(the)i(string)e(to)i(the)g(CHECKSUM)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)95 +897 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_update_chksum)c(/)48 b(ffupck)286 +1010 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(>)h(int)g(*status\))0 1238 +y Fi(3)81 b Fj(V)-8 b(erify)34 b(the)g(CHDU)h(b)m(y)g(computing)e(the)i +(c)m(hec)m(ksums)g(and)f(comparing)g(them)g(with)f(the)i(k)m(eyw)m +(ords.)53 b(The)227 1351 y(data)34 b(unit)e(is)g(v)m(eri\014ed)g +(correctly)h(if)f(the)i(computed)f(c)m(hec)m(ksum)g(equals)g(the)g(v)-5 +b(alue)33 b(of)g(the)g(D)m(A)-8 b(T)g(ASUM)227 1464 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)64 +b(The)37 b(c)m(hec)m(ksum)i(for)f(the)g(en)m(tire)f(HDU)i(\(header)f +(plus)e(data)j(unit\))d(is)h(correct)i(if)e(it)h(equals)227 +1577 y(zero.)47 b(The)32 b(output)f(D)m(A)-8 b(T)g(A)m(OK)34 +b(and)d(HDUOK)i(parameters)f(in)f(this)g(routine)g(are)h(in)m(tegers)h +(whic)m(h)e(will)227 1690 y(ha)m(v)m(e)36 b(a)f(v)-5 +b(alue)34 b(=)g(1)h(if)e(the)i(data)g(or)f(HDU)h(is)f(v)m(eri\014ed)f +(correctly)-8 b(,)37 b(a)e(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(=)g(0)h(if)e(the)i(D)m(A)-8 +b(T)g(ASUM)36 b(or)227 1803 y(CHECKSUM)29 b(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(is)g(not)g +(presen)m(t,)h(or)f(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(=)g(-1)h(if)e(the)i(computed)f(c)m +(hec)m(ksum)h(is)e(not)i(correct.)95 2144 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_verify_chksum)c(/)48 b(ffvcks)286 2257 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g +(>)h(int)g(*dataok,)f(int)h(*hduok,)e(int)i(*status\))0 +2486 y Fi(4)81 b Fj(Compute)40 b(and)g(return)g(the)h(c)m(hec)m(ksum)g +(v)-5 b(alues)40 b(for)h(the)g(CHDU)g(without)f(creating)h(or)g(mo)s +(difying)d(the)227 2599 y(CHECKSUM)33 b(and)h(D)m(A)-8 +b(T)g(ASUM)35 b(k)m(eyw)m(ords.)52 b(This)32 b(routine)h(is)g(used)g +(in)m(ternally)f(b)m(y)i(\013v)m(c)m(ks,)i(but)d(ma)m(y)227 +2711 y(b)s(e)d(useful)f(in)g(other)h(situations)f(as)i(w)m(ell.)95 +2940 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_get_chksum/)d(/ffgcks)286 3053 +y(\(fitsfile)i(*fptr,)g(>)h(unsigned)f(long)g(*datasum,)g(unsigned)f +(long)i(*hdusum,)334 3166 y(int)g(*status\))0 3394 y +Fi(5)81 b Fj(Enco)s(de)23 b(a)h(c)m(hec)m(ksum)g(v)-5 +b(alue)23 b(in)m(to)g(a)h(16-c)m(haracter)j(string.)37 +b(If)23 b(complm)g(is)f(non-zero)j(\(true\))f(then)f(the)h(32-bit)227 +3507 y(sum)30 b(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(will)d(b)s(e)j(complemen)m(ted)g(b)s +(efore)g(enco)s(ding.)95 3736 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_encode_chksum)c(/)48 +b(ffesum)286 3849 y(\(unsigned)e(long)g(sum,)h(int)g(complm,)f(>)h +(char)g(*ascii\);)0 4077 y Fi(6)81 b Fj(Deco)s(de)24 +b(a)f(16-c)m(haracter)j(c)m(hec)m(ksum)e(string)e(in)m(to)g(a)i +(unsigned)d(long)h(v)-5 b(alue.)38 b(If)23 b(is)f(non-zero)h(\(true\).) +39 b(then)23 b(the)227 4190 y(32-bit)32 b(sum)e(v)-5 +b(alue)31 b(will)e(b)s(e)i(complemen)m(ted)g(after)h(deco)s(ding.)43 +b(The)31 b(c)m(hec)m(ksum)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)g(also)g(returned)227 +4303 y(as)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)h(the)f(function.)95 +4532 y Fe(unsigned)46 b(long)h(fits_decode_chksum)42 +b(/)48 b(ffdsum)525 4645 y(\(char)e(*ascii,)g(int)h(complm,)f(>)h +(unsigned)f(long)h(*sum\);)0 4930 y Fd(5.8.2)112 b(Date)38 +b(and)g(Time)e(Utilit)m(y)e(Routines)0 5149 y Fj(The)29 +b(follo)m(wing)f(routines)h(help)f(to)j(construct)f(or)f(parse)h(the)g +(FITS)f(date/time)h(strings.)40 b(Starting)29 b(in)f(the)i(y)m(ear)0 +5262 y(2000,)k(the)d(FITS)g(D)m(A)-8 b(TE)32 b(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(v)-5 +b(alues)30 b(\(and)i(the)f(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(of)g(other)h(`D)m(A)-8 +b(TE-')33 b(k)m(eyw)m(ords\))f(m)m(ust)f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)0 +5375 y(form)j('YYYY-MM-DD')k(\(date)e(only\))e(or)h +('YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.ddd...')61 b(\(date)38 b(and)e(time\))g(where)0 +5488 y(the)30 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(decimal)e(places)h(in)f(the)h +(seconds)g(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(is)f(optional.)40 b(These)30 +b(times)g(are)g(in)f(UTC.)h(The)g(older)0 5601 y('dd/mm/yy')d(date)g +(format)g(ma)m(y)h(not)f(b)s(e)f(used)g(for)h(dates)h(after)f(01)h(Jan) +m(uary)e(2000.)42 b(See)27 b(App)s(endix)d(B)j(for)g(the)0 +5714 y(de\014nition)h(of)j(the)f(parameters)h(used)e(in)g(these)i +(routines.)p eop +%%Page: 55 63 +55 62 bop 0 299 a Fh(5.8.)72 b(UTILITY)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)2693 +b Fj(55)0 555 y Fi(1)81 b Fj(Get)23 b(the)f(curren)m(t)f(system)i +(date.)38 b(C)22 b(already)f(pro)m(vides)g(standard)g(library)f +(routines)h(for)g(getting)i(the)f(curren)m(t)227 668 +y(date)k(and)e(time,)i(but)e(this)g(routine)g(is)g(pro)m(vided)g(for)g +(compatibilit)m(y)g(with)f(the)i(F)-8 b(ortran)26 b(FITSIO)e(library)-8 +b(.)227 781 y(The)30 b(returned)f(y)m(ear)j(has)e(4)g(digits)f(\(1999,) +k(2000,)g(etc.\))95 1026 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_get_system_date/ffgsd)o(t) +286 1139 y(\()h(>)f(int)g(*day,)g(int)f(*month,)g(int)h(*year,)f(int)h +(*status)f(\))0 1384 y Fi(2)81 b Fj(Get)34 b(the)g(curren)m(t)g(system) +f(date)i(and)e(time)g(string)g(\('YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss'\).)53 +b(The)33 b(time)h(will)d(b)s(e)227 1497 y(in)25 b(UTC/GMT)h(if)f(a)m(v) +-5 b(ailable,)26 b(as)h(indicated)d(b)m(y)i(a)g(returned)f(timeref)g(v) +-5 b(alue)26 b(=)f(0.)40 b(If)26 b(the)g(returned)e(v)-5 +b(alue)227 1610 y(of)31 b(timeref)f(=)h(1)g(then)f(this)g(indicates)f +(that)j(it)e(w)m(as)h(not)g(p)s(ossible)d(to)j(con)m(v)m(ert)i(the)d +(lo)s(cal)g(time)h(to)g(UTC,)227 1722 y(and)f(th)m(us)g(the)h(lo)s(cal) +e(time)h(w)m(as)h(returned.)95 1967 y Fe(int)47 b +(fits_get_system_time/ffgst)o(m)286 2080 y(\(>)h(char)e(*datestr,)f +(int)95 b(*timeref,)45 b(int)i(*status\))0 2325 y Fi(3)81 +b Fj(Construct)26 b(a)i(date)g(string)e(from)h(the)g(input)e(date)j(v) +-5 b(alues.)39 b(If)27 b(the)g(y)m(ear)h(is)f(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(1900)i +(and)e(1998,)j(inclu-)227 2438 y(siv)m(e,)37 b(then)d(the)i(returned)d +(date)j(string)e(will)e(ha)m(v)m(e)37 b(the)e(old)f(FITS)g(format)i +(\('dd/mm/yy'\),)h(otherwise)227 2551 y(the)32 b(date)f(string)f(will)f +(ha)m(v)m(e)j(the)g(new)e(FITS)h(format)g(\('YYYY-MM-DD'\).)36 +b(Use)31 b(\014ts)p 3229 2551 28 4 v 33 w(time2str)g(instead)227 +2664 y(to)g(alw)m(a)m(ys)g(return)f(a)g(date)h(string)f(using)f(the)h +(new)g(FITS)g(format.)95 2909 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_date2str/ffdt2s)286 +3022 y(\(int)g(year,)f(int)h(month,)f(int)h(day,)g(>)g(char)g +(*datestr,)e(int)i(*status\))0 3267 y Fi(4)81 b Fj(Construct)34 +b(a)i(new-format)f(date)h(+)f(time)g(string)f +(\('YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.ddd...'\).)57 b(If)34 b(the)i(y)m(ear,)227 +3379 y(mon)m(th,)d(and)e(da)m(y)h(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(all)g(=)g(0)h(then) +g(only)f(the)h(time)f(is)g(enco)s(ded)g(with)g(format)h +('hh:mm:ss.ddd...'.)227 3492 y(The)j(decimals)f(parameter)i(sp)s +(eci\014es)d(ho)m(w)j(man)m(y)f(decimal)f(places)h(of)g(fractional)g +(seconds)g(to)h(include)227 3605 y(in)29 b(the)i(string.)40 +b(If)29 b(`decimals')h(is)g(negativ)m(e,)h(then)g(only)e(the)i(date)g +(will)c(b)s(e)j(return)f(\('YYYY-MM-DD'\).)95 3850 y +Fe(int)47 b(fits_time2str/fftm2s)286 3963 y(\(int)g(year,)f(int)h +(month,)f(int)h(day,)g(int)g(hour,)f(int)h(minute,)f(double)g(second,) +286 4076 y(int)h(decimals,)f(>)h(char)g(*datestr,)e(int)i(*status\))0 +4321 y Fi(5)81 b Fj(Return)44 b(the)g(date)i(as)f(read)f(from)h(the)g +(input)d(string,)48 b(where)c(the)h(string)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(in)g +(either)g(the)h(old)227 4434 y(\('dd/mm/yy'\))29 b(or)f(new)f +(\('YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss')k(or)d('YYYY-MM-DD'\))j(FITS)d(format.)40 +b(Null)227 4547 y(p)s(oin)m(ters)30 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(supplied)d(for)j +(an)m(y)h(un)m(w)m(an)m(ted)g(output)f(date)h(parameters.)95 +4792 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_str2date/ffs2dt)286 4904 y(\(char)g(*datestr,)e +(>)i(int)g(*year,)f(int)h(*month,)f(int)h(*day,)f(int)h(*status\))0 +5149 y Fi(6)81 b Fj(Return)30 b(the)h(date)h(and)f(time)g(as)g(read)g +(from)g(the)h(input)d(string,)h(where)h(the)h(string)e(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e +(in)g(either)h(the)227 5262 y(old)d(or)g(new)g(FITS)g(format.)40 +b(The)28 b(returned)f(hours,)h(min)m(utes,)g(and)g(seconds)g(v)-5 +b(alues)28 b(will)d(b)s(e)j(set)h(to)g(zero)227 5375 +y(if)j(the)i(input)d(string)h(do)s(es)h(not)h(include)d(the)i(time)g +(\('dd/mm/yy')g(or)h('YYYY-MM-DD'\))j(.)c(Similarly)-8 +b(,)227 5488 y(the)36 b(returned)e(y)m(ear,)j(mon)m(th,)g(and)d(date)i +(v)-5 b(alues)35 b(will)d(b)s(e)j(set)h(to)g(zero)g(if)e(the)h(date)h +(is)e(not)i(included)c(in)227 5601 y(the)d(input)e(string)h +(\('hh:mm:ss.ddd...'\).)40 b(Null)27 b(p)s(oin)m(ters)g(ma)m(y)j(b)s(e) +e(supplied)d(for)k(an)m(y)g(un)m(w)m(an)m(ted)g(output)227 +5714 y(date)i(and)f(time)g(parameters.)p eop +%%Page: 56 64 +56 63 bop 0 299 a Fj(56)1379 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(5.)71 +b(BASIC)30 b(CFITSIO)f(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)95 +555 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_str2time/ffs2tm)286 668 y(\(char)g(*datestr,)e +(>)i(int)g(*year,)f(int)h(*month,)f(int)h(*day,)f(int)h(*hour,)286 +781 y(int)g(*minute,)f(double)g(*second,)f(int)i(*status\))0 +1068 y Fd(5.8.3)112 b(General)38 b(Utilit)m(y)c(Routines)0 +1286 y Fj(The)c(follo)m(wing)f(utilit)m(y)f(routines)i(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e +(useful)g(for)h(certain)g(applications.)0 1520 y Fi(1)81 +b Fj(Return)30 b(the)h(revision)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)h(of)h(the)g(CFITSIO) +f(library)-8 b(.)40 b(The)31 b(revision)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)h(will)e(b)s +(e)i(incremen)m(ted)227 1633 y(with)f(eac)m(h)j(new)e(release)g(of)h +(CFITSIO.)95 1867 y Fe(float)47 b(fits_get_version)c(/)48 +b(ffvers)e(\()h(>)h(float)e(*version\))0 2100 y Fi(2)81 +b Fj(W)-8 b(rite)33 b(an)h(80-c)m(haracter)i(message)e(to)g(the)g +(CFITSIO)e(error)h(stac)m(k.)51 b(Application)31 b(programs)i(should)f +(not)227 2213 y(normally)d(write)g(to)j(the)e(stac)m(k,)i(but)e(there)g +(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(some)h(situations)e(where)h(this)f(is)h(desirable.)95 +2447 y Fe(void)47 b(fits_write_errmsg)c(/)48 b(ffpmsg)e(\(char)g +(*err_msg\))0 2681 y Fi(3)81 b Fj(Con)m(v)m(ert)31 b(a)g(c)m(haracter)h +(string)d(to)i(upp)s(ercase)e(\(op)s(erates)j(in)d(place\).)95 +2914 y Fe(void)47 b(fits_uppercase)d(/)j(ffupch)g(\(char)f(*string\))0 +3148 y Fi(4)81 b Fj(Compare)43 b(the)i(input)d(template)i(string)f +(against)h(the)h(reference)f(string)f(to)i(see)g(if)e(they)h(matc)m(h.) +82 b(The)227 3261 y(template)35 b(string)f(ma)m(y)h(con)m(tain)f +(wildcard)e(c)m(haracters:)51 b('*')35 b(will)d(matc)m(h)j(an)m(y)g +(sequence)g(of)f(c)m(haracters)227 3374 y(\(including)26 +b(zero)k(c)m(haracters\))h(and)d('\045')i(will)c(matc)m(h)k(an)m(y)f +(single)f(c)m(haracter)j(in)c(the)j(reference)f(string.)39 +b(If)227 3487 y(casesen)25 b(=)f(CASESEN)f(=)h(TR)m(UE)h(then)e(the)i +(matc)m(h)g(will)d(b)s(e)h(case)j(sensitiv)m(e,)f(otherwise)e(the)i +(case)g(of)g(the)227 3600 y(letters)h(will)d(b)s(e)i(ignored)f(if)h +(casesen)h(=)f(CASEINSEN)f(=)h(F)-10 b(ALSE.)25 b(The)g(returned)g(MA) +-8 b(TCH)25 b(parameter)227 3713 y(will)30 b(b)s(e)h(TR)m(UE)i(if)e +(the)h(2)h(strings)e(matc)m(h,)j(and)d(EXA)m(CT)h(will)e(b)s(e)h(TR)m +(UE)i(if)e(the)h(matc)m(h)h(is)f(exact)h(\(i.e.,)227 +3826 y(if)27 b(no)h(wildcard)e(c)m(haracters)j(w)m(ere)g(used)e(in)f +(the)j(matc)m(h\).)41 b(Both)28 b(strings)f(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)f(68)i(c)m +(haracters)h(or)e(less)227 3938 y(in)h(length.)95 4172 +y Fe(void)47 b(fits_compare_str)c(/)48 b(ffcmps)334 4285 +y(\(char)e(*templt,)g(char)h(*string,)e(int)i(casesen,)f(>)h(int)g +(*match,)f(int)h(*exact\))0 4519 y Fi(5)81 b Fj(Split)28 +b(a)k(string)e(con)m(taining)g(a)i(list)d(of)i(names)g(\(t)m(ypically)g +(\014le)f(names)h(or)g(column)e(names\))j(in)m(to)f(individual)227 +4632 y(name)23 b(tok)m(ens)g(b)m(y)g(a)g(sequence)g(of)g(calls)e(to)j +(\014ts)p 1814 4632 28 4 v 32 w(split)p 2020 4632 V 31 +w(names.)38 b(The)22 b(names)h(in)e(the)i(list)e(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)g +(delimited)227 4745 y(b)m(y)45 b(a)f(comma)i(and/or)e(spaces.)83 +b(This)43 b(routine)g(ignores)h(spaces)h(and)f(commas)h(that)g(o)s +(ccur)f(within)227 4857 y(paren)m(theses,)36 b(brac)m(k)m(ets,)h(or)e +(curly)e(brac)m(k)m(ets.)54 b(It)35 b(also)f(strips)f(an)m(y)i(leading) +e(and)h(trailing)e(blanks)h(from)227 4970 y(the)e(returned)e(name.)227 +5116 y(This)g(routine)g(is)h(similar)d(to)k(the)g(ANSI)f(C)g('strtok')h +(function:)227 5262 y(The)37 b(\014rst)f(call)g(to)i(\014ts)p +1033 5262 V 32 w(split)p 1239 5262 V 31 w(names)f(has)g(a)g(non-n)m +(ull)d(input)h(string.)60 b(It)37 b(\014nds)e(the)i(\014rst)f(name)h +(in)f(the)227 5375 y(string)25 b(and)g(terminates)g(it)h(b)m(y)f(o)m(v) +m(erwriting)g(the)h(next)g(c)m(haracter)h(of)f(the)g(string)e(with)h(a) +h(n)m(ull)d(terminator)227 5488 y(and)31 b(returns)g(a)h(p)s(oin)m(ter) +e(to)j(the)e(name.)45 b(Eac)m(h)32 b(subsequen)m(t)f(call,)h(indicated) +e(b)m(y)h(a)h(NULL)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)h(the)227 5601 +y(input)e(string,)i(returns)f(the)h(next)h(name,)f(searc)m(hing)g(from) +g(just)g(past)g(the)g(end)f(of)i(the)f(previous)f(name.)227 +5714 y(It)g(returns)e(NULL)h(when)g(no)g(further)f(names)h(are)h +(found.)p eop +%%Page: 57 65 +57 64 bop 0 299 a Fh(5.8.)72 b(UTILITY)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)2693 +b Fj(57)143 555 y Fe(char)47 b(*fits_split_names\(char)42 +b(*namelist\))0 797 y Fj(The)30 b(follo)m(wing)f(example)h(sho)m(ws)g +(ho)m(w)g(a)h(string)e(w)m(ould)h(b)s(e)f(split)g(in)m(to)h(3)h(names:) +191 1039 y Fe(myfile[1][bin)44 b(\(x,y\)=4],)h(file2.fits)93 +b(file3.fits)191 1152 y(^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^)c(^^^^^^^^^^)k +(^^^^^^^^^^)382 1264 y(1st)47 b(name)619 b(2nd)47 b(name)190 +b(3rd)47 b(name)0 1506 y Fi(6)81 b Fj(T)-8 b(est)34 b(that)g(the)g(k)m +(eyw)m(ord)g(name)f(con)m(tains)h(only)e(legal)i(c)m(haracters)h +(\(A-Z,0-9,)h(h)m(yphen,)d(and)g(underscore\))227 1619 +y(or)e(that)g(the)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(record)f(con)m(tains)h(only)e +(legal)h(prin)m(table)f(ASCI)s(I)g(c)m(haracters)95 1861 +y Fe(int)47 b(fits_test_keyword)c(/)48 b(fftkey)e(\(char)g(*keyname,)g +(>)h(int)g(*status\))95 2087 y(int)g(fits_test_record)d(/)j(fftrec)f +(\(char)h(*card,)f(>)h(int)g(*status\))0 2328 y Fi(7)81 +b Fj(T)-8 b(est)25 b(whether)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(header)h(con)m(tains) +f(an)m(y)h(NULL)g(\(ASCI)s(I)e(0\))j(c)m(haracters.)40 +b(These)24 b(c)m(haracters)j(are)227 2441 y(illegal)33 +b(in)g(the)i(header,)g(but)f(they)g(will)e(go)j(undetected)g(b)m(y)f +(most)h(of)g(the)f(CFITSIO)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(header)227 +2554 y(routines,)28 b(b)s(ecause)g(the)h(n)m(ull)d(is)h(in)m(terpreted) +g(as)i(the)f(normal)f(end-of-string)h(terminator.)40 +b(This)26 b(routine)227 2667 y(returns)i(the)g(p)s(osition)f(of)i(the)g +(\014rst)f(n)m(ull)e(c)m(haracter)k(in)e(the)g(header,)h(or)g(zero)g +(if)f(there)h(are)g(no)f(n)m(ulls.)38 b(F)-8 b(or)227 +2780 y(example)36 b(a)g(returned)f(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(of)g(110)h(w)m +(ould)e(indicate)g(that)i(the)f(\014rst)f(NULL)h(is)f(lo)s(cated)h(in)f +(the)h(30th)227 2893 y(c)m(haracter)28 b(of)f(the)g(second)f(k)m(eyw)m +(ord)h(in)e(the)i(header)f(\(recall)g(that)h(eac)m(h)h(header)e(record) +h(is)e(80)i(c)m(haracters)227 3006 y(long\).)44 b(Note)33 +b(that)f(this)f(is)f(one)i(of)g(the)g(few)f(CFITSIO)f(routines)g(in)h +(whic)m(h)f(the)i(returned)e(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)g(not)227 +3119 y(necessarily)f(equal)f(to)j(the)e(status)h(v)-5 +b(alue\).)95 3360 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_null_check)d(/)j(ffnchk)g(\(char)f +(*card,)g(>)h(int)g(*status\))0 3602 y Fi(8)81 b Fj(P)m(arse)25 +b(a)g(header)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(record)g(and)f(return)g(the)h(name)g(of) +g(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord,)i(and)d(the)h(length)g(of)g(the)g(name.)227 +3715 y(The)34 b(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(name)f(normally)f(o)s(ccupies)g(the)i +(\014rst)e(8)i(c)m(haracters)g(of)g(the)f(record,)i(except)f(under)e +(the)227 3828 y(HIERAR)m(CH)e(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)g(where)f(the)h(name) +f(can)h(b)s(e)f(up)f(to)i(70)g(c)m(haracters)h(in)d(length.)95 +4070 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_get_keyname)d(/)j(ffgknm)286 +4182 y(\(char)g(*card,)f(>)h(char)g(*keyname,)e(int)i(*keylength,)e +(int)i(*status\))0 4424 y Fi(9)81 b Fj(P)m(arse)29 b(a)h(header)f(k)m +(eyw)m(ord)h(record,)f(returning)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)29 +b(\(as)h(a)f(literal)f(c)m(haracter)j(string\))d(and)h(commen)m(t)227 +4537 y(strings.)39 b(If)27 b(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(has)f(no)g(v)-5 +b(alue)27 b(\(columns)f(9-10)j(not)f(equal)e(to)i('=)g('\),)g(then)f(a) +h(n)m(ull)d(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(string)227 4650 y(is)j(returned)f(and)h +(the)g(commen)m(t)i(string)d(is)g(set)i(equal)f(to)h(column)e(9)i(-)g +(80)g(of)g(the)f(input)f(string.)95 4892 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_parse_value)d(/)j(ffpsvc)286 5005 y(\(char)g(*card,)f(>)h(char)g +(*value,)f(char)g(*comment,)g(int)h(*status\))0 5246 +y Fi(10)f Fj(Construct)26 b(an)h(arra)m(y)g(indexed)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i +(name)f(\(R)m(OOT)g(+)h(nnn\).)38 b(This)25 b(routine)g(app)s(ends)g +(the)i(sequence)227 5359 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)i(to)i(the)g(ro)s(ot)g +(string)e(to)i(create)h(a)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(name)f(\(e.g.,)i('NAXIS')f +(+)f(2)h(=)f('NAXIS2'\))95 5601 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_make_keyn)d(/)k +(ffkeyn)286 5714 y(\(char)f(*keyroot,)e(int)i(value,)f(>)h(char)g +(*keyname,)e(int)i(*status\))p eop +%%Page: 58 66 +58 65 bop 0 299 a Fj(58)1379 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(5.)71 +b(BASIC)30 b(CFITSIO)f(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)0 +555 y Fi(11)46 b Fj(Construct)41 b(a)h(sequence)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(name) +g(\(n)f(+)g(R)m(OOT\).)g(This)f(routine)g(concatenates)k(the)e +(sequence)227 668 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)20 b(to)j(the)e(fron)m(t)h(of)g +(the)f(ro)s(ot)h(string)f(to)h(create)h(a)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(name)g +(\(e.g.,)j(1)d(+)f('CTYP')g(=)g('1CTYP'\))95 1045 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_make_nkey)d(/)k(ffnkey)286 1158 y(\(int)f(value,)f(char)h +(*keyroot,)e(>)i(char)g(*keyname,)e(int)i(*status\))0 +1422 y Fi(12)f Fj(Determine)40 b(the)h(data)f(t)m(yp)s(e)h(of)f(a)h(k)m +(eyw)m(ord)f(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(string.)69 b(This)38 b(routine)i(parses)f +(the)i(k)m(eyw)m(ord)f(v)-5 b(alue)227 1535 y(string)27 +b(to)i(determine)e(its)g(data)i(t)m(yp)s(e.)40 b(Returns)27 +b('C',)h('L',)h('I',)f('F')h(or)f('X',)g(for)g(c)m(haracter)i(string,)d +(logical,)227 1648 y(in)m(teger,)k(\015oating)g(p)s(oin)m(t,)e(or)i +(complex,)f(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)95 1912 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_get_keytype)d(/)j(ffdtyp)286 2025 y(\(char)g(*value,)f(>)h(char) +g(*dtype,)e(int)i(*status\))0 2288 y Fi(13)f Fj(Return)35 +b(the)g(class)g(of)h(an)f(input)f(header)h(record.)56 +b(The)35 b(record)g(is)f(classi\014ed)g(in)m(to)i(one)f(of)h(the)f +(follo)m(wing)227 2401 y(categories)c(\(the)f(class)f(v)-5 +b(alues)29 b(are)g(de\014ned)f(in)g(\014tsio.h\).)40 +b(Note)31 b(that)f(this)e(is)g(one)i(of)f(the)g(few)g(CFITSIO)227 +2514 y(routines)h(that)g(do)s(es)h(not)f(return)f(a)i(status)g(v)-5 +b(alue.)334 2778 y Fe(Class)94 b(Value)619 b(Keywords)95 +2891 y(TYP_STRUC_KEY)92 b(10)j(SIMPLE,)46 b(BITPIX,)g(NAXIS,)g(NAXISn,) +g(EXTEND,)g(BLOCKED,)1002 3004 y(GROUPS,)g(PCOUNT,)g(GCOUNT,)g(END)1002 +3117 y(XTENSION,)g(TFIELDS,)f(TTYPEn,)h(TBCOLn,)g(TFORMn,)g(THEAP,)1002 +3230 y(and)h(the)g(first)f(4)i(COMMENT)e(keywords)f(in)i(the)g(primary) +f(array)1002 3343 y(that)h(define)f(the)h(FITS)g(format.)95 +3456 y(TYP_CMPRS_KEY)92 b(20)j(The)47 b(experimental)e(keywords)g(used) +i(in)g(the)g(compressed)1002 3569 y(image)g(format)f(ZIMAGE,)g +(ZCMPTYPE,)f(ZNAMEn,)h(ZVALn,)1002 3681 y(ZTILEn,)g(ZBITPIX,)g +(ZNAXISn,)f(ZSCALE,)h(ZZERO,)g(ZBLANK)95 3794 y(TYP_SCAL_KEY)140 +b(30)95 b(BSCALE,)46 b(BZERO,)g(TSCALn,)g(TZEROn)95 3907 +y(TYP_NULL_KEY)140 b(40)95 b(BLANK,)46 b(TNULLn)95 4020 +y(TYP_DIM_KEY)188 b(50)95 b(TDIMn)95 4133 y(TYP_RANG_KEY)140 +b(60)95 b(TLMINn,)46 b(TLMAXn,)g(TDMINn,)g(TDMAXn,)g(DATAMIN,)f +(DATAMAX)95 4246 y(TYP_UNIT_KEY)140 b(70)95 b(BUNIT,)46 +b(TUNITn)95 4359 y(TYP_DISP_KEY)140 b(80)95 b(TDISPn)95 +4472 y(TYP_HDUID_KEY)d(90)j(EXTNAME,)46 b(EXTVER,)g(EXTLEVEL,)f +(HDUNAME,)g(HDUVER,)h(HDULEVEL)95 4585 y(TYP_CKSUM_KEY)f(100)94 +b(CHECKSUM,)46 b(DATASUM)95 4698 y(TYP_WCS_KEY)141 b(110)94 +b(CTYPEn,)46 b(CUNITn,)g(CRVALn,)g(CRPIXn,)g(CROTAn,)f(CDELTn)1002 +4811 y(CDj_is,)h(PVj_ms,)g(LONPOLEs,)f(LATPOLEs)1002 +4924 y(TCTYPn,)h(TCTYns,)g(TCUNIn,)g(TCUNns,)g(TCRVLn,)f(TCRVns,)h +(TCRPXn,)1002 5036 y(TCRPks,)g(TCDn_k,)g(TCn_ks,)g(TPVn_m,)g(TPn_ms,)f +(TCDLTn,)h(TCROTn)1002 5149 y(jCTYPn,)g(jCTYns,)g(jCUNIn,)g(jCUNns,)g +(jCRVLn,)f(jCRVns,)h(iCRPXn,)1002 5262 y(iCRPns,)g(jiCDn,)94 +b(jiCDns,)46 b(jPVn_m,)g(jPn_ms,)f(jCDLTn,)h(jCROTn)1002 +5375 y(\(i,j,m,n)g(are)h(integers,)e(s)i(is)h(any)f(letter\))95 +5488 y(TYP_REFSYS_KEY)d(120)j(EQUINOXs,)f(EPOCH,)g(MJD-OBSs,)f +(RADECSYS,)g(RADESYSs)95 5601 y(TYP_COMM_KEY)140 b(130)47 +b(COMMENT,)f(HISTORY,)f(\(blank)h(keyword\))95 5714 y(TYP_CONT_KEY)140 +b(140)47 b(CONTINUE)p eop +%%Page: 59 67 +59 66 bop 0 299 a Fh(5.8.)72 b(UTILITY)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)2693 +b Fj(59)95 555 y Fe(TYP_USER_KEY)140 b(150)47 b(all)g(other)g(keywords) +95 781 y(int)g(fits_get_keyclass)c(/)48 b(ffgkcl)e(\(char)g(*card\))0 +1034 y Fi(14)g Fj(P)m(arse)28 b(the)g('TF)m(ORM')g(binary)e(table)h +(column)g(format)g(string.)39 b(This)26 b(routine)g(parses)h(the)h +(input)e(TF)m(ORM)227 1147 y(c)m(haracter)38 b(string)c(and)h(returns)g +(the)g(in)m(teger)h(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(co)s(de,)h(the)f(rep)s(eat)g +(coun)m(t)g(of)g(the)f(\014eld,)h(and,)227 1260 y(in)e(the)g(case)i(of) +f(c)m(haracter)h(string)e(\014elds,)g(the)h(length)f(of)h(the)g(unit)e +(string.)53 b(See)34 b(App)s(endix)e(B)j(for)g(the)227 +1373 y(allo)m(w)m(ed)k(v)-5 b(alues)37 b(for)i(the)f(returned)g(t)m(yp) +s(eco)s(de)h(parameter.)65 b(A)39 b(n)m(ull)d(p)s(oin)m(ter)i(ma)m(y)h +(b)s(e)f(giv)m(en)g(for)h(an)m(y)227 1486 y(output)30 +b(parameters)h(that)g(are)g(not)f(needed.)143 1739 y +Fe(int)47 b(fits_binary_tform)c(/)48 b(ffbnfm)334 1852 +y(\(char)e(*tform,)g(>)i(int)f(*typecode,)e(long)h(*repeat,)g(long)g +(*width,)382 1965 y(int)h(*status\))0 2218 y Fi(15)f +Fj(P)m(arse)38 b(the)f('TF)m(ORM')h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(v)-5 +b(alue)36 b(that)i(de\014nes)e(the)h(column)f(format)i(in)d(an)i(ASCI)s +(I)f(table.)61 b(This)227 2331 y(routine)28 b(parses)h(the)g(input)e +(TF)m(ORM)i(c)m(haracter)h(string)e(and)h(returns)e(the)i(data)h(t)m +(yp)s(e)f(co)s(de,)h(the)f(width)227 2443 y(of)f(the)f(column,)g(and)g +(\(if)g(it)g(is)f(a)i(\015oating)f(p)s(oin)m(t)g(column\))f(the)i(n)m +(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(decimal)g(places)g(to)h(the)f(righ)m(t)227 +2556 y(of)39 b(the)f(decimal)f(p)s(oin)m(t.)64 b(The)38 +b(returned)f(data)i(t)m(yp)s(e)f(co)s(des)g(are)h(the)g(same)f(as)h +(for)f(the)g(binary)f(table,)227 2669 y(with)25 b(the)i(follo)m(wing)e +(additional)f(rules:)37 b(in)m(teger)27 b(columns)e(that)i(are)f(b)s +(et)m(w)m(een)h(1)g(and)f(4)g(c)m(haracters)i(wide)227 +2782 y(are)i(de\014ned)e(to)j(b)s(e)d(short)i(in)m(tegers)f(\(co)s(de)h +(=)g(TSHOR)-8 b(T\).)29 b(Wider)f(in)m(teger)i(columns)e(are)i +(de\014ned)e(to)j(b)s(e)227 2895 y(regular)38 b(in)m(tegers)g(\(co)s +(de)h(=)f(TLONG\).)h(Similarly)-8 b(,)37 b(Fixed)h(decimal)f(p)s(oin)m +(t)g(columns)g(\(with)h(TF)m(ORM)227 3008 y(=)d('Fw.d'\))g(are)h +(de\014ned)d(to)j(b)s(e)e(single)g(precision)f(reals)i(\(co)s(de)g(=)g +(TFLO)m(A)-8 b(T\))35 b(if)f(w)h(is)f(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(1)h(and)227 +3121 y(7)42 b(c)m(haracters)h(wide,)g(inclusiv)m(e.)72 +b(Wider)40 b('F')i(columns)e(will)f(return)h(a)i(double)e(precision)g +(data)i(co)s(de)227 3234 y(\(=)32 b(TDOUBLE\).)h('Ew.d')f(format)g +(columns)f(will)e(ha)m(v)m(e)34 b(dataco)s(de)f(=)e(TFLO)m(A)-8 +b(T,)33 b(and)e('Dw.d')i(format)227 3347 y(columns)44 +b(will)f(ha)m(v)m(e)k(dataco)s(de)f(=)f(TDOUBLE.)g(A)h(n)m(ull)d(p)s +(oin)m(ter)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(giv)m(en)h(for)f(an)m(y)g(output)227 +3460 y(parameters)31 b(that)g(are)g(not)f(needed.)95 +3713 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_ascii_tform)d(/)j(ffasfm)286 +3826 y(\(char)g(*tform,)f(>)h(int)g(*typecode,)e(long)i(*width,)e(int)i +(*decimals,)334 3939 y(int)g(*status\))0 4192 y Fi(16)f +Fj(Calculate)30 b(the)h(starting)f(column)g(p)s(ositions)e(and)i(total) +h(ASCI)s(I)e(table)i(width)d(based)j(on)f(the)h(input)d(arra)m(y)227 +4304 y(of)f(ASCI)s(I)e(table)h(TF)m(ORM)h(v)-5 b(alues.)39 +b(The)26 b(SP)-8 b(A)m(CE)27 b(input)d(parameter)j(de\014nes)f(ho)m(w)h +(man)m(y)f(blank)g(spaces)227 4417 y(to)40 b(lea)m(v)m(e)h(b)s(et)m(w)m +(een)f(eac)m(h)g(column)f(\(it)g(is)f(recommended)h(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h +(one)e(space)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(columns)e(for)227 4530 +y(b)s(etter)31 b(h)m(uman)e(readabilit)m(y\).)95 4783 +y Fe(int)47 b(fits_get_tbcol)d(/)k(ffgabc)286 4896 y(\(int)f(tfields,)f +(char)g(**tform,)g(int)h(space,)f(>)h(long)g(*rowlen,)334 +5009 y(long)g(*tbcol,)f(int)g(*status\))0 5262 y Fi(17)g +Fj(P)m(arse)27 b(a)g(template)g(header)f(record)g(and)g(return)g(a)g +(formatted)h(80-c)m(haracter)j(string)25 b(suitable)g(for)h(app)s(end-) +227 5375 y(ing)39 b(to)g(\(or)h(deleting)e(from\))h(a)g(FITS)g(header)g +(\014le.)66 b(This)37 b(routine)h(is)g(useful)g(for)g(parsing)g(lines)f +(from)227 5488 y(an)c(ASCI)s(I)f(template)h(\014le)f(and)h +(reformatting)g(them)g(in)m(to)g(legal)g(FITS)f(header)h(records.)49 +b(The)32 b(format-)227 5601 y(ted)i(string)f(ma)m(y)h(then)f(b)s(e)g +(passed)h(to)g(the)g(\014ts)p 1880 5601 28 4 v 32 w(write)p +2115 5601 V 32 w(record,)h(\013mcrd,)f(or)g(\014ts)p +3007 5601 V 32 w(delete)p 3271 5601 V 33 w(k)m(ey)h(routines)d(to)227 +5714 y(app)s(end)d(or)h(mo)s(dify)f(a)i(FITS)e(header)h(record.)p +eop +%%Page: 60 68 +60 67 bop 0 299 a Fj(60)1379 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(5.)71 +b(BASIC)30 b(CFITSIO)f(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)95 +555 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_parse_template)c(/)k(ffgthd)286 +668 y(\(char)g(*templt,)e(>)j(char)e(*card,)g(int)h(*keytype,)f(int)h +(*status\))0 932 y Fj(The)31 b(input)f(templt)h(c)m(haracter)i(string)e +(generally)g(should)e(con)m(tain)j(3)g(tok)m(ens:)44 +b(\(1\))33 b(the)f(KEYNAME,)g(\(2\))h(the)0 1045 y(V)-10 +b(ALUE,)37 b(and)f(\(3\))i(the)f(COMMENT)g(string.)58 +b(The)37 b(TEMPLA)-8 b(TE)36 b(string)g(m)m(ust)g(adhere)h(to)h(the)e +(follo)m(wing)0 1158 y(format:)0 1421 y Fi(-)80 b Fj(The)32 +b(KEYNAME)h(tok)m(en)h(m)m(ust)f(b)s(egin)e(in)h(columns)f(1-8)j(and)e +(b)s(e)g(a)h(maxim)m(um)f(of)h(8)g(c)m(haracters)h(long.)48 +b(A)227 1534 y(legal)28 b(FITS)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(name)f(ma)m(y)h(only)e +(con)m(tain)i(the)g(c)m(haracters)g(A-Z,)g(0-9,)h(and)e('-')h(\(min)m +(us)e(sign\))h(and)227 1647 y(underscore.)40 b(This)26 +b(routine)i(will)e(automatically)i(con)m(v)m(ert)i(an)m(y)f(lo)m(w)m +(ercase)h(c)m(haracters)g(to)g(upp)s(ercase)d(in)227 +1760 y(the)k(output)f(string.)41 b(If)30 b(the)h(\014rst)f(8)h(c)m +(haracters)h(of)f(the)g(template)g(line)e(are)i(blank)e(then)i(the)g +(remainder)227 1873 y(of)g(the)f(line)f(is)h(considered)f(to)i(b)s(e)f +(a)g(FITS)g(commen)m(t)h(\(with)f(a)h(blank)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(name\).)0 +2137 y Fi(-)80 b Fj(The)26 b(V)-10 b(ALUE)26 b(tok)m(en)h(m)m(ust)e(b)s +(e)h(separated)g(from)f(the)i(KEYNAME)f(tok)m(en)h(b)m(y)f(one)g(or)g +(more)g(spaces)g(and/or)227 2250 y(an)g('=')g(c)m(haracter.)41 +b(The)25 b(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(of)g(the)g(V)-10 b(ALUE)26 +b(tok)m(en)g(\(n)m(umeric,)g(logical,)h(or)f(c)m(haracter)h(string\))e +(is)227 2363 y(automatically)32 b(determined)e(and)i(the)g(output)f +(CARD)h(string)f(is)g(formatted)h(accordingly)-8 b(.)45 +b(The)31 b(v)-5 b(alue)227 2476 y(tok)m(en)34 b(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f +(forced)g(to)i(b)s(e)e(in)m(terpreted)f(as)i(a)g(string)f(\(e.g.)48 +b(if)32 b(it)g(is)f(a)i(string)f(of)g(n)m(umeric)g(digits\))f(b)m(y)227 +2588 y(enclosing)f(it)g(in)f(single)g(quotes.)0 2852 +y Fi(-)80 b Fj(The)28 b(COMMENT)g(tok)m(en)h(is)e(optional,)h(but)g(if) +f(presen)m(t)h(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(separated)g(from)g(the)g(V)-10 +b(ALUE)29 b(tok)m(en)g(b)m(y)227 2965 y(at)i(least)g(one)g(blank)e +(space)i(and)e(a)i('/')g(c)m(haracter.)0 3229 y Fi(-)80 +b Fj(One)29 b(exception)g(to)g(the)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(rules)c(is)h +(that)h(if)f(the)h(\014rst)g(non-blank)e(c)m(haracter)j(in)e(the)h +(\014rst)f(8)h(c)m(haracters)227 3342 y(of)24 b(the)h(template)f +(string)f(is)g(a)h(min)m(us)f(sign)g(\('-'\))i(follo)m(w)m(ed)f(b)m(y)g +(a)g(single)f(tok)m(en,)j(or)e(a)h(single)d(tok)m(en)j(follo)m(w)m(ed) +227 3455 y(b)m(y)k(an)g(equal)g(sign,)g(then)g(it)f(is)h(in)m +(terpreted)f(as)i(the)f(name)g(of)h(a)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(whic)m(h)e(is)g +(to)i(b)s(e)e(deleted)h(from)227 3568 y(the)i(FITS)e(header.)0 +3831 y Fi(-)80 b Fj(The)32 b(second)g(exception)g(is)f(that)i(if)e(the) +h(template)g(string)f(starts)i(with)d(a)j(min)m(us)d(sign)h(and)g(is)g +(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)227 3944 y(2)h(tok)m(ens)g(\(without)f(an)g +(equals)g(sign)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(them\))f(then)g(the)h(second)f(tok) +m(en)i(is)d(in)m(terpreted)h(as)h(the)227 4057 y(new)f(name)h(for)f +(the)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)i(\014rst)f(tok)m(en.)48 +b(In)32 b(this)f(case)j(the)f(old)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(name)f(\(\014rst) +227 4170 y(tok)m(en\))c(is)d(returned)f(in)h(c)m(haracters)i(1-8)g(of)g +(the)f(returned)e(CARD)j(string,)f(and)f(the)h(new)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i +(name)227 4283 y(\(the)35 b(second)e(tok)m(en\))j(is)d(returned)f(in)h +(c)m(haracters)i(41-48)h(of)e(the)g(returned)e(CARD)i(string.)50 +b(These)34 b(old)227 4396 y(and)i(new)f(names)h(ma)m(y)h(then)f(b)s(e)f +(passed)g(to)i(the)f(\013mnam)g(routine)f(whic)m(h)g(will)e(c)m(hange)k +(the)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)227 4509 y(name.)0 4773 y(The)30 +b(k)m(eyt)m(yp)s(e)h(output)f(parameter)h(indicates)e(ho)m(w)i(the)f +(returned)g(CARD)g(string)f(should)g(b)s(e)g(in)m(terpreted:)382 +5036 y Fe(keytype)857 b(interpretation)382 5149 y(-------)475 +b(-------------------------)o(----)o(---)o(----)o(----)o(---)o(----)o +(--)525 5262 y(-2)572 b(Rename)46 b(the)h(keyword)f(with)h(name)f(=)i +(the)f(first)f(8)h(characters)e(of)j(CARD)1193 5375 y(to)f(the)g(new)g +(name)g(given)f(in)h(characters)e(41)j(-)f(48)g(of)g(CARD.)525 +5601 y(-1)572 b(delete)46 b(the)h(keyword)f(with)h(this)f(name)h(from)g +(the)f(FITS)h(header.)p eop +%%Page: 61 69 +61 68 bop 0 299 a Fh(5.8.)72 b(UTILITY)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)2693 +b Fj(61)573 555 y Fe(0)572 b(append)46 b(the)h(CARD)g(string)f(to)h +(the)g(FITS)g(header)f(if)h(the)1193 668 y(keyword)f(does)h(not)g +(already)e(exist,)h(otherwise)g(update)1193 781 y(the)h(keyword)f +(value)g(and/or)g(comment)g(field)h(if)g(is)g(already)f(exists.)573 +1007 y(1)572 b(This)47 b(is)g(a)g(HISTORY)f(or)h(COMMENT)f(keyword;)g +(append)g(it)h(to)g(the)g(header)573 1233 y(2)572 b(END)47 +b(record;)f(do)h(not)g(explicitly)e(write)h(it)i(to)f(the)g(FITS)f +(file.)0 1458 y Fj(EXAMPLES:)30 b(The)g(follo)m(wing)f(lines)f +(illustrate)h(v)-5 b(alid)29 b(input)f(template)j(strings:)286 +1682 y Fe(INTVAL)46 b(7)i(/)f(This)g(is)g(an)g(integer)f(keyword)286 +1795 y(RVAL)524 b(34.6)142 b(/)239 b(This)46 b(is)i(a)f(floating)f +(point)g(keyword)286 1908 y(EVAL=-12.45E-03)92 b(/)47 +b(This)g(is)g(a)g(floating)f(point)g(keyword)g(in)h(exponential)e +(notation)286 2021 y(lval)i(F)g(/)h(This)f(is)g(a)g(boolean)f(keyword) +859 2134 y(This)h(is)g(a)g(comment)f(keyword)g(with)h(a)g(blank)f +(keyword)g(name)286 2247 y(SVAL1)h(=)g('Hello)f(world')142 +b(/)95 b(this)47 b(is)g(a)g(string)f(keyword)286 2360 +y(SVAL2)94 b('123.5')g(this)47 b(is)g(also)f(a)i(string)e(keyword)286 +2473 y(sval3)94 b(123+)h(/)g(this)47 b(is)g(also)f(a)i(string)e +(keyword)g(with)g(the)h(value)g('123+)189 b(')286 2586 +y(#)48 b(the)f(following)e(template)h(line)g(deletes)g(the)h(DATE)g +(keyword)286 2699 y(-)h(DATE)286 2812 y(#)g(the)f(following)e(template) +h(line)g(modifies)g(the)h(NAME)f(keyword)g(to)h(OBJECT)286 +2924 y(-)h(NAME)e(OBJECT)0 3149 y Fi(18)g Fj(P)m(arse)35 +b(the)g(input)e(string)h(con)m(taining)g(a)h(list)f(of)h(ro)m(ws)f(or)h +(ro)m(w)g(ranges,)h(and)e(return)g(in)m(teger)h(arra)m(ys)g(con-)227 +3262 y(taining)25 b(the)h(\014rst)f(and)g(last)h(ro)m(w)g(in)e(eac)m(h) +j(range.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)26 b(example,)h(if)d(ro)m(wlist)h(=)g("3-5,)k +(6,)e(8-9")h(then)d(it)h(will)227 3375 y(return)34 b(n)m(umranges)h(=)g +(3,)h(rangemin)e(=)h(3,)i(6,)g(8)e(and)g(rangemax)g(=)g(5,)i(6,)g(9.)55 +b(A)m(t)36 b(most,)h('maxranges')227 3488 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)31 +b(of)h(ranges)f(will)e(b)s(e)j(returned.)43 b('maxro)m(ws')32 +b(is)f(the)h(maxim)m(um)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(ro)m(ws)g(in)e(the)i +(table;)227 3601 y(an)m(y)e(ro)m(ws)f(or)g(ranges)g(larger)g(than)g +(this)f(will)e(b)s(e)j(ignored.)39 b(The)29 b(ro)m(ws)g(m)m(ust)g(b)s +(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(in)f(increasing)227 3714 y(order,)33 +b(and)f(the)g(ranges)h(m)m(ust)f(not)g(o)m(v)m(erlap.)47 +b(A)33 b(min)m(us)d(sign)i(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(use)h(to)h(sp)s(ecify)e +(all)g(the)i(ro)m(ws)f(to)227 3827 y(the)h(upp)s(er)d(or)j(lo)m(w)m(er) +g(b)s(ound,)e(so)i("50-")h(means)e(all)g(the)h(ro)m(ws)f(from)g(50)h +(to)h(the)e(end)g(of)h(the)f(table,)i(and)227 3940 y("-")e(means)e(all) +f(the)i(ro)m(ws)f(in)f(the)i(table,)f(from)g(1)h(-)g(maxro)m(ws.)191 +4165 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_parse_range)c(/)48 b(ffrwrg\(char)c(*rowlist,)i +(long)g(maxrows,)g(int)h(maxranges,)e(>)334 4278 y(int)i(*numranges,)e +(long)h(*rangemin,)f(long)i(*rangemax,)e(int)i(*status\))0 +4503 y Fi(19)f Fj(Chec)m(k)37 b(that)g(the)g(Header)g(\014ll)e(b)m +(ytes)i(\(if)f(an)m(y\))h(are)g(all)f(blank.)58 b(These)36 +b(are)h(the)g(b)m(ytes)g(that)g(ma)m(y)h(follo)m(w)227 +4615 y(END)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(and)f(b)s(efore)g(the)h(b)s(eginning)d(of) +j(data)g(unit,)f(or)h(the)g(end)f(of)g(the)h(HDU)g(if)f(there)g(is)g +(no)227 4728 y(data)c(unit.)191 4953 y Fe(int)47 b(ffchfl\(fitsfile)c +(*fptr,)k(>)g(int)g(*status\))0 5178 y Fi(20)f Fj(Chec)m(k)30 +b(that)g(the)f(Data)i(\014ll)c(b)m(ytes)j(\(if)f(an)m(y\))h(are)g(all)e +(zero)i(\(for)f(IMA)m(GE)i(or)e(BINAR)-8 b(Y)30 b(T)-8 +b(able)29 b(HDU\))i(or)e(all)227 5291 y(blanks)f(\(for)h(ASCI)s(I)f +(table)h(HDU\).)h(These)f(\014le)f(b)m(ytes)i(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)g(lo)s +(cated)g(after)h(the)f(last)g(v)-5 b(alid)27 b(data)j(b)m(yte)227 +5404 y(in)f(the)i(HDU)g(and)f(b)s(efore)g(the)g(ph)m(ysical)f(end)h(of) +h(the)f(HDU.)191 5629 y Fe(int)47 b(ffcdfl\(fitsfile)c(*fptr,)k(>)g +(int)g(*status\))p eop +%%Page: 62 70 +62 69 bop 0 299 a Fj(62)1379 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(5.)71 +b(BASIC)30 b(CFITSIO)f(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)p +eop +%%Page: 63 71 +63 70 bop 0 1225 a Fg(Chapter)65 b(6)0 1687 y Fm(The)77 +b(CFITSIO)f(Iterator)i(F)-19 b(unction)0 2180 y Fj(The)41 +b(\014ts)p 325 2180 28 4 v 33 w(iterate)p 615 2180 V +33 w(data)i(function)d(in)h(CFITSIO)f(pro)m(vides)h(a)h(unique)d(metho) +s(d)j(of)g(executing)g(an)f(arbitrary)0 2293 y(user-supplied)33 +b(`w)m(ork')k(function)e(that)i(op)s(erates)g(on)g(ro)m(ws)f(of)h(data) +g(in)e(FITS)h(tables)g(or)g(on)h(pixels)d(in)i(FITS)0 +2406 y(images.)i(Rather)24 b(than)e(explicitly)f(reading)h(and)h +(writing)e(the)i(FITS)g(images)g(or)g(columns)f(of)h(data,)i(one)f +(instead)0 2518 y(calls)34 b(the)i(CFITSIO)d(iterator)j(routine,)g +(passing)e(to)i(it)f(the)g(name)g(of)h(the)f(user's)g(w)m(ork)g +(function)f(that)i(is)e(to)0 2631 y(b)s(e)c(executed)h(along)f(with)f +(a)i(list)e(of)h(all)f(the)i(table)f(columns)f(or)h(image)g(arra)m(ys)h +(that)g(are)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(passed)g(to)h(the)0 2744 y(w)m(ork)37 +b(function.)60 b(The)37 b(CFITSIO)e(iterator)j(function)e(then)h(do)s +(es)g(all)f(the)h(w)m(ork)g(of)h(allo)s(cating)e(memory)h(for)0 +2857 y(the)28 b(arra)m(ys,)h(reading)e(the)h(input)d(data)k(from)e(the) +h(FITS)f(\014le,)g(passing)g(them)h(to)g(the)g(w)m(ork)g(function,)f +(and)g(then)0 2970 y(writing)34 b(an)m(y)j(output)f(data)h(bac)m(k)h +(to)f(the)f(FITS)g(\014le)f(after)i(the)g(w)m(ork)g(function)e(exits.) +58 b(Because)38 b(it)e(is)g(often)0 3083 y(more)h(e\016cien)m(t)h(to)g +(pro)s(cess)f(only)f(a)i(subset)f(of)g(the)g(total)h(table)g(ro)m(ws)f +(at)h(one)f(time,)i(the)f(iterator)f(function)0 3196 +y(can)f(determine)f(the)i(optim)m(um)e(amoun)m(t)h(of)g(data)h(to)g +(pass)e(in)g(eac)m(h)i(iteration)f(and)f(rep)s(eatly)g(call)h(the)g(w)m +(ork)0 3309 y(function)29 b(un)m(til)g(the)h(en)m(tire)h(table)f(b)s +(een)f(pro)s(cessed.)0 3469 y(F)-8 b(or)37 b(man)m(y)f(applications)e +(this)g(single)h(CFITSIO)f(iterator)j(function)d(can)i(e\013ectiv)m +(ely)h(replace)f(all)f(the)h(other)0 3582 y(CFITSIO)g(routines)h(for)g +(reading)g(or)g(writing)f(data)i(in)e(FITS)h(images)h(or)f(tables.)63 +b(Using)36 b(the)i(iterator)g(has)0 3695 y(sev)m(eral)31 +b(imp)s(ortan)m(t)e(adv)-5 b(an)m(tages)32 b(o)m(v)m(er)g(the)f +(traditional)d(metho)s(d)i(of)h(reading)e(and)h(writing)e(FITS)i(data)h +(\014les:)136 3961 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(It)33 b(cleanly)f(separates)i(the) +f(data)h(I/O)f(from)f(the)h(routine)f(that)i(op)s(erates)f(on)g(the)g +(data.)49 b(This)31 b(leads)h(to)227 4074 y(a)f(more)g(mo)s(dular)d +(and)i(`ob)5 b(ject)31 b(orien)m(ted')g(programming)e(st)m(yle.)136 +4268 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(It)27 b(simpli\014es)c(the)k(application)e +(program)i(b)m(y)f(eliminating)e(the)j(need)g(to)g(allo)s(cate)g +(memory)g(for)f(the)h(data)227 4381 y(arra)m(ys)e(and)f(eliminates)f +(most)h(of)h(the)f(calls)g(to)h(the)g(CFITSIO)d(routines)i(that)h +(explicitly)d(read)i(and)g(write)227 4494 y(the)31 b(data.)136 +4689 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(It)32 b(ensures)e(that)i(the)g(data)g(are)g(pro) +s(cessed)f(as)h(e\016cien)m(tly)f(as)g(p)s(ossible.)42 +b(This)30 b(is)g(esp)s(ecially)g(imp)s(ortan)m(t)227 +4801 y(when)44 b(pro)s(cessing)f(tabular)h(data)i(since)e(the)h +(iterator)g(function)e(will)f(calculate)j(the)g(most)g(e\016cien)m(t) +227 4914 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)36 b(of)i(ro)m(ws)g(in)e(the)i(table)f(to)h +(b)s(e)f(passed)g(at)i(one)e(time)h(to)g(the)g(user's)e(w)m(ork)i +(function)e(on)i(eac)m(h)227 5027 y(iteration.)136 5222 +y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(Mak)m(es)39 b(it)d(p)s(ossible)f(for)i(larger)g(pro)5 +b(jects)37 b(to)h(dev)m(elop)f(a)h(library)c(of)k(w)m(ork)f(functions)f +(that)h(all)f(ha)m(v)m(e)j(a)227 5335 y(uniform)28 b(calling)h +(sequence)i(and)f(are)h(all)e(indep)s(enden)m(t)f(of)j(the)f(details)g +(of)g(the)h(FITS)e(\014le)h(format.)0 5601 y(There)g(are)h(basically)e +(2)j(steps)e(in)g(using)f(the)i(CFITSIO)e(iterator)i(function.)41 +b(The)30 b(\014rst)g(step)h(is)f(to)h(design)f(the)0 +5714 y(w)m(ork)c(function)e(itself)g(whic)m(h)g(m)m(ust)i(ha)m(v)m(e)g +(a)g(prescrib)s(ed)d(set)j(of)g(input)e(parameters.)39 +b(One)25 b(of)h(these)g(parameters)1905 5942 y(63)p eop +%%Page: 64 72 +64 71 bop 0 299 a Fj(64)1455 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(6.)112 +b(THE)30 b(CFITSIO)e(ITERA)-8 b(TOR)30 b(FUNCTION)0 555 +y Fj(is)e(a)h(structure)g(con)m(taining)g(p)s(oin)m(ters)e(to)j(the)f +(arra)m(ys)h(of)f(data;)h(the)f(w)m(ork)h(function)d(can)j(p)s(erform)d +(an)m(y)i(desired)0 668 y(op)s(erations)j(on)i(these)f(arra)m(ys)h(and) +e(do)s(es)h(not)g(need)g(to)h(w)m(orry)f(ab)s(out)g(ho)m(w)g(the)h +(input)d(data)j(w)m(ere)f(read)g(from)0 781 y(the)e(\014le)e(or)h(ho)m +(w)h(the)f(output)g(data)h(get)h(written)d(bac)m(k)i(to)h(the)e +(\014le.)0 941 y(The)24 b(second)h(step)g(is)e(to)j(design)d(the)i +(driv)m(er)f(routine)f(that)j(op)s(ens)e(all)f(the)i(necessary)g(FITS)f +(\014les)g(and)g(initializes)0 1054 y(the)41 b(input)f(parameters)h(to) +h(the)g(iterator)f(function.)72 b(The)41 b(driv)m(er)f(program)h(calls) +f(the)i(CFITSIO)e(iterator)0 1167 y(function)29 b(whic)m(h)g(then)h +(reads)g(the)h(data)g(and)f(passes)g(it)g(to)h(the)g(user's)e(w)m(ork)i +(function.)0 1327 y(The)20 b(follo)m(wing)f(2)i(sections)f(describ)s(e) +f(these)i(steps)g(in)e(more)h(detail.)37 b(There)20 b(are)h(also)f(sev) +m(eral)h(example)f(programs)0 1440 y(included)28 b(with)h(the)h +(CFITSIO)f(distribution)e(whic)m(h)i(illustrate)g(ho)m(w)h(to)h(use)f +(the)h(iterator)f(function.)0 1789 y Ff(6.1)135 b(The)45 +b(Iterator)h(W)-11 b(ork)45 b(F)-11 b(unction)0 2043 +y Fj(The)42 b(user-supplied)d(iterator)k(w)m(ork)g(function)e(m)m(ust)h +(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)f(follo)m(wing)e(set)i(of)g(input)d(parameters)j +(\(the)0 2156 y(function)29 b(can)i(b)s(e)e(giv)m(en)i(an)m(y)g +(desired)d(name\):)95 2429 y Fe(int)47 b(user_fn\()f(long)h(totaln,)e +(long)i(offset,)f(long)g(firstn,)g(long)h(nvalues,)716 +2542 y(int)g(narrays,)e(iteratorCol)g(*data,)94 b(void)47 +b(*userPointer)d(\))136 2815 y Fc(\017)i Fj(totaln)23 +b({)g(the)f(total)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d(of)h(table)h(ro)m(ws)f(or)g +(image)h(pixels)e(that)i(will)c(b)s(e)j(passed)g(to)h(the)g(w)m(ork)f +(function)227 2928 y(during)28 b(1)j(or)g(more)f(iterations.)136 +3129 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(o\013set)d({)f(the)h(o\013set)f(applied)e(to)j +(the)f(\014rst)f(table)h(ro)m(w)g(or)g(image)g(pixel)e(to)j(b)s(e)e +(passed)g(to)i(the)f(w)m(ork)227 3241 y(function.)54 +b(In)34 b(other)i(w)m(ords,)g(this)e(is)g(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h +(ro)m(ws)h(or)f(pixels)e(that)j(are)f(skipp)s(ed)e(o)m(v)m(er)j(b)s +(efore)227 3354 y(starting)29 b(the)h(iterations.)40 +b(If)28 b(o\013set)j(=)e(0,)h(then)f(all)f(the)h(table)h(ro)m(ws)f(or)g +(image)h(pixels)d(will)g(b)s(e)h(passed)h(to)227 3467 +y(the)i(w)m(ork)f(function.)136 3668 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(\014rstn)26 +b({)i(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(the)f(\014rst)g(table)g(ro)m(w)g(or) +g(image)h(pixel)d(\(starting)j(with)e(1\))i(that)f(is)g(b)s(eing)e +(passed)227 3781 y(in)k(this)h(particular)e(call)i(to)h(the)g(w)m(ork)f +(function.)136 3982 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(n)m(v)-5 b(alues)34 +b({)h(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)g(table)g(ro)m(ws)h(or)f(image)h +(pixels)d(that)j(are)g(b)s(eing)e(passed)h(in)f(this)h(particular)227 +4095 y(call)g(to)i(the)f(w)m(ork)f(function.)53 b(n)m(v)-5 +b(alues)34 b(will)e(alw)m(a)m(ys)j(b)s(e)f(less)g(than)g(or)h(equal)f +(to)i(totaln)f(and)f(will)e(ha)m(v)m(e)227 4208 y(the)i(same)f(v)-5 +b(alue)33 b(on)g(eac)m(h)h(iteration,)g(except)g(p)s(ossibly)d(on)i +(the)g(last)g(call)g(whic)m(h)f(ma)m(y)h(ha)m(v)m(e)i(a)e(smaller)227 +4321 y(v)-5 b(alue.)136 4522 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(narra)m(ys)31 +b({)g(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(arra)m(ys)g(of)g(data)h(that)f(are)g +(b)s(eing)f(passed)g(to)i(the)f(w)m(ork)g(function.)41 +b(There)30 b(is)227 4635 y(one)h(arra)m(y)g(for)f(eac)m(h)i(image)e(or) +g(table)h(column.)136 4835 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(*data)31 +b({)e(arra)m(y)h(of)f(structures,)g(one)h(for)f(eac)m(h)h(column)e(or)h +(image.)41 b(Eac)m(h)29 b(structure)g(con)m(tains)g(a)h(p)s(oin)m(ter) +227 4948 y(to)h(the)g(arra)m(y)g(of)f(data)h(as)g(w)m(ell)e(as)i(other) +g(descriptiv)m(e)e(parameters)i(ab)s(out)f(that)h(arra)m(y)-8 +b(.)136 5149 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(*userP)m(oin)m(ter)25 +b({)h(a)f(user)f(supplied)e(p)s(oin)m(ter)i(that)i(can)f(b)s(e)f(used)h +(to)g(pass)g(ancillary)e(information)g(from)i(the)227 +5262 y(driv)m(er)g(function)g(to)h(the)g(w)m(ork)g(function.)38 +b(This)24 b(p)s(oin)m(ter)h(is)g(passed)h(to)g(the)h(CFITSIO)d +(iterator)i(function)227 5375 y(whic)m(h)36 b(then)g(passes)g(it)g(on)h +(to)g(the)f(w)m(ork)h(function)e(without)h(an)m(y)h(mo)s(di\014cation.) +57 b(It)37 b(ma)m(y)g(p)s(oin)m(t)e(to)j(a)227 5488 y(single)27 +b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)h(to)h(an)f(arra)m(y)h(of)g(v)-5 b(alues,)28 +b(to)h(a)g(structure)f(con)m(taining)g(an)g(arbitrary)f(set)i(of)g +(parameters)227 5601 y(of)e(di\013eren)m(t)g(t)m(yp)s(es,)h(or)f(it)g +(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(a)g(n)m(ull)e(p)s(oin)m(ter)h(if)g(it)h(is)f(not)h +(needed.)40 b(The)26 b(w)m(ork)h(function)f(m)m(ust)h(cast)227 +5714 y(this)j(p)s(oin)m(ter)f(to)i(the)g(appropriate)e(data)i(t)m(yp)s +(e)g(b)s(efore)f(using)e(it)i(it.)p eop +%%Page: 65 73 +65 72 bop 0 299 a Fh(6.1.)72 b(THE)30 b(ITERA)-8 b(TOR)30 +b(W)m(ORK)g(FUNCTION)2021 b Fj(65)0 555 y(The)23 b(totaln,)j(o\013set,) +h(narra)m(ys,)e(data,)h(and)d(userP)m(oin)m(ter)h(parameters)g(are)g +(guaran)m(teed)h(to)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(the)f(same)g(v)-5 +b(alue)0 668 y(on)35 b(eac)m(h)i(iteration.)55 b(Only)33 +b(\014rstn,)j(n)m(v)-5 b(alues,)36 b(and)e(the)i(arra)m(ys)f(of)h(data) +g(p)s(oin)m(ted)e(to)i(b)m(y)f(the)h(data)g(structures)0 +781 y(ma)m(y)31 b(c)m(hange)g(on)g(eac)m(h)g(iterativ)m(e)g(call)f(to)h +(the)f(w)m(ork)h(function.)0 941 y(Note)43 b(that)g(the)f(iterator)g +(treats)h(an)f(image)g(as)g(a)g(long)g(1-D)h(arra)m(y)f(of)h(pixels)d +(regardless)h(of)h(it's)g(in)m(trinsic)0 1054 y(dimensionalit)m(y)-8 +b(.)48 b(The)33 b(total)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d(of)i(pixels)e(is)h(just)g +(the)h(pro)s(duct)e(of)i(the)g(size)g(of)f(eac)m(h)i(dimension,)e(and)0 +1167 y(the)g(order)g(of)g(the)g(pixels)e(is)h(the)h(same)g(as)g(the)h +(order)e(that)h(they)h(are)f(stored)g(in)f(the)h(FITS)f(\014le.)47 +b(If)33 b(the)g(w)m(ork)0 1280 y(function)26 b(needs)h(to)h(kno)m(w)f +(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(and)h(size)g(of)h(the)f(image)h(dimensions)c +(then)j(these)h(parameters)g(can)g(b)s(e)0 1393 y(passed)i(via)g(the)g +(userP)m(oin)m(ter)h(structure.)0 1553 y(The)f(iteratorCol)g(structure) +g(is)f(curren)m(tly)h(de\014ned)f(as)h(follo)m(ws:)0 +1780 y Fe(typedef)46 b(struct)94 b(/*)47 b(structure)e(for)i(the)g +(iterator)e(function)h(column)g(information)f(*/)0 1893 +y({)143 2005 y(/*)i(structure)f(elements)f(required)h(as)h(input)f(to)h +(fits_iterate_data:)c(*/)95 2231 y(fitsfile)j(*fptr;)332 +b(/*)48 b(pointer)d(to)j(the)f(HDU)f(containing)f(the)i(column)f(or)i +(image)e(*/)95 2344 y(int)286 b(colnum;)e(/*)48 b(column)e(number)g(in) +h(the)g(table;)f(ignored)g(for)h(images)189 b(*/)95 2457 +y(char)238 b(colname[70];)44 b(/*)k(name)e(\(TTYPEn\))g(of)h(the)g +(column;)f(null)g(for)h(images)285 b(*/)95 2570 y(int)h(datatype;)188 +b(/*)48 b(output)e(data)g(type)h(\(converted)e(if)i(necessary\))e(*/)95 +2683 y(int)286 b(iotype;)e(/*)48 b(type:)e(InputCol,)f(InputOutputCol,) +f(or)j(OutputCol)e(*/)95 2909 y(/*)j(output)e(structure)f(elements)h +(that)g(may)h(be)g(useful)f(for)h(the)g(work)g(function:)e(*/)95 +3135 y(void)238 b(*array;)189 b(/*)47 b(pointer)f(to)h(the)g(array)f +(\(and)h(the)g(null)g(value\))f(*/)95 3247 y(long)238 +b(repeat;)189 b(/*)47 b(binary)f(table)h(vector)f(repeat)g(value;)g +(set)238 b(*/)1050 3360 y(/*)g(equal)46 b(to)i(1)f(for)g(images)810 +b(*/)95 3473 y(long)238 b(tlmin;)f(/*)47 b(legal)g(minimum)e(data)i +(value,)f(if)h(any)477 b(*/)95 3586 y(long)238 b(tlmax;)f(/*)47 +b(legal)g(maximum)e(data)i(value,)f(if)h(any)477 b(*/)95 +3699 y(char)238 b(unit[70];)93 b(/*)47 b(physical)f(unit)g(string)g +(\(BUNIT)h(or)g(TUNITn\))189 b(*/)95 3812 y(char)238 +b(tdisp[70];)45 b(/*)i(suggested)e(display)h(format;)g(null)h(if)g +(none)190 b(*/)0 4038 y(})47 b(iteratorCol;)0 4264 y +Fj(Instead)34 b(of)g(directly)e(reading)h(or)h(writing)e(the)h(elemen)m +(ts)i(in)d(this)h(structure,)h(it)g(is)e(recommended)i(that)g(pro-)0 +4377 y(grammers)c(use)g(the)h(access)h(functions)c(that)j(are)g(pro)m +(vided)e(for)h(this)g(purp)s(ose.)0 4538 y(The)25 b(\014rst)g(\014v)m +(e)h(elemen)m(ts)g(in)f(this)f(structure)i(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(initially) +e(de\014ned)h(b)m(y)i(the)g(driv)m(er)e(routine)h(b)s(efore)g(calling)0 +4650 y(the)f(iterator)g(routine.)37 b(The)23 b(CFITSIO)f(iterator)i +(routine)f(uses)g(this)f(information)g(to)i(determine)f(what)g(column)0 +4763 y(or)32 b(arra)m(y)h(to)h(pass)e(to)h(the)g(w)m(ork)f(function,)g +(and)g(whether)g(the)g(arra)m(y)h(is)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(input)f(to)i(the)f +(w)m(ork)h(function,)0 4876 y(output)g(from)g(the)h(w)m(ork)f +(function,)g(or)h(b)s(oth.)49 b(The)33 b(CFITSIO)f(iterator)h(function) +f(\014lls)g(in)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alues)33 b(of)h(the)0 4989 +y(remaining)28 b(structure)i(elemen)m(ts)h(b)s(efore)f(passing)f(it)h +(to)h(the)g(w)m(ork)f(function.)0 5149 y(The)d(arra)m(y)g(structure)g +(elemen)m(t)h(is)e(a)h(p)s(oin)m(ter)f(to)i(the)g(actual)f(data)h(arra) +m(y)g(and)e(it)h(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)f(cast)j(to)e(the)h(correct)0 +5262 y(data)k(t)m(yp)s(e)f(b)s(efore)f(it)h(is)f(used.)41 +b(The)31 b(`rep)s(eat')g(structure)g(elemen)m(t)g(giv)m(e)g(the)h(n)m +(um)m(b)s(er)d(of)i(data)h(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(in)g(eac)m(h)0 +5375 y(ro)m(w)g(of)g(the)g(table,)h(so)f(that)h(the)f(total)h(n)m(um)m +(b)s(er)d(of)i(data)h(v)-5 b(alues)29 b(in)g(the)h(arra)m(y)h(is)e(giv) +m(en)h(b)m(y)g(rep)s(eat)g(*)g(n)m(v)-5 b(alues.)0 5488 +y(In)36 b(the)g(case)i(of)e(image)h(arra)m(ys)g(and)e(ASCI)s(I)g +(tables,)j(rep)s(eat)f(will)d(alw)m(a)m(ys)i(b)s(e)g(equal)g(to)h(1.)59 +b(When)37 b(the)f(data)0 5601 y(t)m(yp)s(e)k(is)e(a)i(c)m(haracter)h +(string,)g(the)f(arra)m(y)g(p)s(oin)m(ter)e(is)h(actually)g(a)h(p)s +(oin)m(ter)e(to)j(an)e(arra)m(y)h(of)g(string)e(p)s(oin)m(ters)0 +5714 y(\(i.e.,)30 b(c)m(har)f(**arra)m(y\).)42 b(The)29 +b(other)g(output)g(structure)f(elemen)m(ts)i(are)f(pro)m(vided)f(for)g +(con)m(v)m(enience)j(in)c(case)j(that)p eop +%%Page: 66 74 +66 73 bop 0 299 a Fj(66)1455 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(6.)112 +b(THE)30 b(CFITSIO)e(ITERA)-8 b(TOR)30 b(FUNCTION)0 555 +y Fj(information)k(is)h(needed)g(within)e(the)j(w)m(ork)g(function.)55 +b(An)m(y)35 b(other)h(information)e(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(passed)h(from)f +(the)0 668 y(driv)m(er)29 b(routine)h(to)h(the)f(w)m(ork)h(function)e +(via)h(the)g(userP)m(oin)m(ter)g(parameter.)0 828 y(Up)s(on)h +(completion,)h(the)g(w)m(ork)h(routine)e(m)m(ust)h(return)f(an)h(in)m +(teger)g(status)g(v)-5 b(alue,)33 b(with)d(0)j(indicating)d(success)0 +941 y(and)h(an)m(y)g(other)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(indicating)e(an)i(error)g +(whic)m(h)f(will)e(cause)k(the)f(iterator)h(function)e(to)i +(immediately)d(exit)0 1054 y(at)e(that)f(p)s(oin)m(t.)38 +b(Return)25 b(status)i(v)-5 b(alues)25 b(in)f(the)i(range)h(1)f({)g +(1000)i(should)23 b(b)s(e)j(a)m(v)m(oided)g(since)f(these)i(are)f +(reserv)m(ed)0 1167 y(for)d(use)g(b)m(y)h(CFITSIO.)e(A)i(return)e +(status)i(v)-5 b(alue)23 b(of)h(-1)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)j +(force)f(the)f(CFITSIO)f(iterator)i(function)0 1280 y(to)j(stop)g(at)g +(that)h(p)s(oin)m(t)d(and)h(return)g(con)m(trol)h(to)g(the)g(driv)m(er) +e(routine)h(after)h(writing)d(an)m(y)j(output)f(arra)m(ys)h(to)h(the)0 +1393 y(FITS)e(\014le.)39 b(CFITSIO)26 b(do)s(es)g(not)i(considered)e +(this)g(to)i(b)s(e)e(an)h(error)g(condition,)g(so)g(an)m(y)g(further)f +(pro)s(cessing)g(b)m(y)0 1506 y(the)31 b(application)d(program)i(will)e +(con)m(tin)m(ue)j(normally)-8 b(.)0 1837 y Ff(6.2)135 +b(The)45 b(Iterator)h(Driv)l(er)g(F)-11 b(unction)0 2087 +y Fj(The)33 b(iterator)g(driv)m(er)f(function)g(m)m(ust)i(op)s(en)e +(the)i(necessary)f(FITS)g(\014les)f(and)h(p)s(osition)e(them)i(to)h +(the)g(correct)0 2200 y(HDU.)23 b(It)f(m)m(ust)g(also)h(initialize)c +(the)j(follo)m(wing)f(parameters)h(in)f(the)i(iteratorCol)f(structure)f +(\(de\014ned)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e\))j(for)0 2313 y(eac)m(h)31 +b(column)e(or)h(image)g(b)s(efore)f(calling)g(the)h(CFITSIO)e(iterator) +i(function.)39 b(Sev)m(eral)30 b(`constructor')h(routines)0 +2426 y(are)g(pro)m(vided)e(in)g(CFITSIO)g(for)h(this)f(purp)s(ose.)136 +2670 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(*fptr)30 b({)h(The)f(\014ts\014le)f(p)s(oin)m +(ter)g(to)j(the)e(table)g(or)h(image.)136 2853 y Fc(\017)46 +b Fj(coln)m(um)29 b({)g(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(the)h(column)e(in) +g(the)h(table.)41 b(This)27 b(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(is)f(ignored)g(in)g(the) +i(case)g(of)g(images.)227 2966 y(If)j(coln)m(um)g(equals)g(0,)h(then)g +(the)f(column)f(name)i(will)c(b)s(e)j(used)g(to)h(iden)m(tify)e(the)h +(column)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(passed)227 3079 y(to)f(the)g(w)m(ork)f +(function.)136 3261 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(colname)31 b({)f(the)g(name)h +(\(TTYPEn)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord\))i(of)f(the)h(column.)39 b(This)28 +b(is)i(only)f(required)f(if)h(coln)m(um)h(=)g(0)227 3374 +y(and)g(is)f(ignored)h(for)g(images.)136 3556 y Fc(\017)46 +b Fj(datat)m(yp)s(e)29 b({)g(The)e(desired)g(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(of)h +(the)f(arra)m(y)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(passed)h(to)h(the)f(w)m(ork)g(function.) +39 b(F)-8 b(or)28 b(n)m(umer-)227 3669 y(ical)f(data)h(the)f(data)h(t)m +(yp)s(e)g(do)s(es)f(not)g(need)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(the)g(same)h(as)f(the)h +(actual)f(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(in)e(the)h(FITS)g(\014le,)227 +3782 y(in)g(whic)m(h)h(case)h(CFITSIO)e(will)f(do)j(the)f(con)m(v)m +(ersion.)41 b(Allo)m(w)m(ed)28 b(v)-5 b(alues)28 b(are:)40 +b(TSTRING,)28 b(TLOGICAL,)227 3895 y(TBYTE,)37 b(TSBYTE,)f(TSHOR)-8 +b(T,)36 b(TUSHOR)-8 b(T,)37 b(TINT,)f(TLONG,)h(TULONG,)f(TFLO)m(A)-8 +b(T,)38 b(TDOU-)227 4008 y(BLE.)33 b(If)g(the)g(input)e(v)-5 +b(alue)32 b(of)h(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(equals)f(0,)j(then)d(the)h +(existing)f(data)i(t)m(yp)s(e)f(of)g(the)g(column)f(or)227 +4121 y(image)f(will)d(b)s(e)h(used)h(without)f(an)m(y)i(con)m(v)m +(ersion.)136 4303 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(iot)m(yp)s(e)36 b({)g(de\014nes)e +(whether)h(the)h(data)g(arra)m(y)g(is)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(input)f(to)i(the)g +(w)m(ork)f(function)g(\(i.e,)i(read)e(from)227 4416 y(the)42 +b(FITS)e(\014le\),)j(or)e(output)g(from)g(the)g(w)m(ork)g(function)f +(\(i.e.,)k(written)c(to)i(the)f(FITS)g(\014le\))f(or)h(b)s(oth.)227 +4529 y(Allo)m(w)m(ed)28 b(v)-5 b(alues)28 b(are)g(InputCol,)f +(OutputCol,)h(or)g(InputOutputCol.)37 b(V)-8 b(ariable-length)27 +b(arra)m(y)i(columns)227 4642 y(are)h(supp)s(orted)e(as)i(InputCol)d +(or)j(InputOutputCol)c(t)m(yp)s(es,)k(but)f(ma)m(y)h(not)g(b)s(e)e +(used)h(for)g(an)h(OutputCol)227 4755 y(t)m(yp)s(e.)0 +4999 y(After)h(the)f(driv)m(er)f(routine)g(has)h(initialized)e(all)h +(these)h(parameters,)h(it)f(can)h(then)f(call)f(the)i(CFITSIO)e +(iterator)0 5112 y(function:)95 5357 y Fe(int)47 b +(fits_iterate_data\(int)42 b(narrays,)k(iteratorCol)f(*data,)h(long)g +(offset,)286 5470 y(long)h(nPerLoop,)e(int)i(\(*workFn\)\()e(\),)i +(void)g(*userPointer,)d(int)j(*status\);)136 5714 y Fc(\017)f +Fj(narra)m(ys)31 b({)f(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(columns)f(or)i +(images)f(that)h(are)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(passed)g(to)h(the)f(w)m(ork)h +(function.)p eop +%%Page: 67 75 +67 74 bop 0 299 a Fh(6.3.)72 b(GUIDELINES)30 b(F)m(OR)h(USING)f(THE)g +(ITERA)-8 b(TOR)30 b(FUNCTION)1200 b Fj(67)136 555 y +Fc(\017)46 b Fj(*data)32 b({)f(p)s(oin)m(ter)e(to)i(arra)m(y)g(of)f +(structures)g(con)m(taining)g(information)f(ab)s(out)h(eac)m(h)h +(column)f(or)g(image.)136 736 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(o\013set)31 +b({)f(if)e(p)s(ositiv)m(e,)h(this)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(ro)m(ws)f +(at)h(the)g(b)s(eginning)d(of)j(the)f(table)h(\(or)g(pixels)d(in)i(the) +g(image\))227 849 y(will)f(b)s(e)i(skipp)s(ed)e(and)h(will)f(not)j(b)s +(e)e(passed)h(to)h(the)g(w)m(ork)f(function.)136 1030 +y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(nP)m(erLo)s(op)38 b(-)h(sp)s(eci\014es)d(the)j(n)m +(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(table)g(ro)m(ws)h(\(or)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i +(image)f(pixels\))f(that)i(are)g(to)g(b)s(e)227 1143 +y(passed)29 b(to)h(the)f(w)m(ork)h(function)d(on)i(eac)m(h)i +(iteration.)40 b(If)28 b(nP)m(erLo)s(op)h(=)g(0)g(then)g(CFITSIO)f +(will)f(calculate)227 1256 y(the)22 b(optim)m(um)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f +(for)h(greatest)j(e\016ciency)-8 b(.)38 b(If)21 b(nP)m(erLo)s(op)g(is)g +(negativ)m(e,)k(then)c(all)g(the)h(ro)m(ws)f(or)h(pixels)227 +1368 y(will)33 b(b)s(e)i(passed)g(at)h(one)g(time,)h(and)d(the)i(w)m +(ork)g(function)e(will)f(only)h(b)s(e)h(called)g(once.)56 +b(If)35 b(an)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)227 1481 y(length)32 +b(arra)m(ys)h(are)g(b)s(eing)e(pro)s(cessed,)i(then)g(the)f(nP)m(erLo)s +(op)h(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(is)f(ignored,)i(and)f(the)h(iterator)g(will)227 +1594 y(alw)m(a)m(ys)e(pro)s(cess)f(one)h(ro)m(w)f(of)h(the)f(table)h +(at)g(a)g(time.)136 1775 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(*w)m(orkFn)f(-)f(the)h(name) +f(\(actually)g(the)h(address\))f(of)g(the)g(w)m(ork)h(function)e(that)i +(is)e(to)i(b)s(e)f(called)f(b)m(y)227 1888 y(\014ts)p +354 1888 28 4 v 33 w(iterate)p 644 1888 V 33 w(data.)136 +2069 y Fc(\017)j Fj(*userP)m(oin)m(ter)33 b(-)g(this)f(is)g(a)h(user)f +(supplied)e(p)s(oin)m(ter)i(that)h(can)g(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)h(pass)g +(ancillary)e(information)227 2182 y(from)i(the)g(driv)m(er)f(routine)g +(to)i(the)f(w)m(ork)g(function.)47 b(It)33 b(ma)m(y)h(p)s(oin)m(t)e(to) +i(a)f(single)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)g(an)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)35 +b(or)227 2295 y(to)c(a)g(structure)f(con)m(taining)g(an)g(arbitrary)f +(set)i(of)g(parameters.)136 2476 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(*status)30 +b(-)f(The)f(CFITSIO)f(error)h(status.)41 b(Should)26 +b(=)i(0)h(on)g(input;)e(a)i(non-zero)h(output)e(v)-5 +b(alue)28 b(indicates)227 2588 y(an)j(error.)0 2828 y(When)f(\014ts)p +392 2828 V 32 w(iterate)p 681 2828 V 34 w(data)h(is)e(called)g(it)g +(\014rst)h(allo)s(cates)g(memory)g(to)h(hold)d(all)h(the)h(requested)g +(columns)f(of)h(data)0 2941 y(or)f(image)h(pixel)d(arra)m(ys.)41 +b(It)29 b(then)g(reads)g(the)h(input)d(data)j(from)f(the)g(FITS)f +(tables)h(or)h(images)f(in)m(to)g(the)h(arra)m(ys)0 3054 +y(then)h(passes)h(the)g(structure)f(with)f(p)s(oin)m(ters)h(to)h(these) +g(data)h(arra)m(ys)f(to)g(the)g(w)m(ork)g(function.)43 +b(After)32 b(the)g(w)m(ork)0 3167 y(function)k(returns,)h(the)h +(iterator)f(function)f(writes)g(an)m(y)h(output)g(columns)e(of)i(data)h +(or)f(images)g(bac)m(k)h(to)g(the)0 3279 y(FITS)31 b(\014les.)45 +b(It)32 b(then)g(rep)s(eats)g(this)f(pro)s(cess)h(for)f(an)m(y)i +(remaining)d(sets)i(of)h(ro)m(ws)f(or)g(image)g(pixels)e(un)m(til)h(it) +g(has)0 3392 y(pro)s(cessed)c(the)i(en)m(tire)f(table)f(or)h(image)h +(or)f(un)m(til)e(the)i(w)m(ork)g(function)f(returns)g(a)h(non-zero)h +(status)f(v)-5 b(alue.)39 b(The)0 3505 y(iterator)32 +b(then)g(frees)g(the)h(memory)e(that)i(it)f(initially)c(allo)s(cated)k +(and)g(returns)f(con)m(trol)h(to)h(the)f(driv)m(er)f(routine)0 +3618 y(that)g(called)f(it.)0 3949 y Ff(6.3)135 b(Guidelines)46 +b(for)f(Using)h(the)f(Iterator)h(F)-11 b(unction)0 4199 +y Fj(The)34 b(totaln,)h(o\013set,)i(\014rstn,)d(and)f(n)m(v)-5 +b(alues)34 b(parameters)g(that)h(are)f(passed)g(to)h(the)f(w)m(ork)g +(function)f(are)i(useful)0 4312 y(for)f(determining)e(ho)m(w)i(m)m(uc)m +(h)g(of)h(the)f(data)h(has)f(b)s(een)f(pro)s(cessed)h(and)f(ho)m(w)h(m) +m(uc)m(h)g(remains)f(left)h(to)h(do.)52 b(On)0 4425 y(the)36 +b(v)m(ery)h(\014rst)f(call)f(to)i(the)f(w)m(ork)h(function)e(\014rstn)g +(will)e(b)s(e)j(equal)g(to)h(o\013set)g(+)f(1;)k(the)c(w)m(ork)g +(function)f(ma)m(y)0 4538 y(need)c(to)g(p)s(erform)f(v)-5 +b(arious)30 b(initialization)d(tasks)32 b(b)s(efore)e(starting)h(to)g +(pro)s(cess)g(the)g(data.)43 b(Similarly)-8 b(,)28 b(\014rstn)h(+)0 +4650 y(n)m(v)-5 b(alues)28 b(-)g(1)h(will)c(b)s(e)j(equal)f(to)i +(totaln)g(on)f(the)g(last)g(iteration,)h(at)g(whic)m(h)e(p)s(oin)m(t)g +(the)h(w)m(ork)h(function)d(ma)m(y)j(need)0 4763 y(to)k(p)s(erform)f +(some)h(clean)g(up)e(op)s(erations)h(b)s(efore)h(exiting)f(for)g(the)h +(last)g(time.)47 b(The)33 b(w)m(ork)f(function)g(can)h(also)0 +4876 y(force)e(an)f(early)g(termination)f(of)i(the)g(iterations)e(b)m +(y)i(returning)d(a)j(status)g(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(=)h(-1.)0 +5036 y(The)f(narra)m(ys)g(and)g(iteratorCol.datat)m(yp)s(e)h(argumen)m +(ts)g(allo)m(w)e(the)i(w)m(ork)f(function)f(to)i(double)e(c)m(hec)m(k)j +(that)f(the)0 5149 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)k(of)i(input)e(arra)m(ys)i(and)f +(their)f(data)j(t)m(yp)s(es)e(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)f(exp)s(ected)g(v)-5 +b(alues.)56 b(The)35 b(iteratorCol.fptr)g(and)0 5262 +y(iteratorCol.coln)m(um)c(structure)g(elemen)m(ts)g(can)h(b)s(e)f(used) +f(if)h(the)g(w)m(ork)h(function)e(needs)h(to)h(read)f(or)g(write)g(the) +0 5375 y(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(of)h(other)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords)g(in)f(the)h +(FITS)f(\014le)g(asso)s(ciated)h(with)f(the)h(arra)m(y)-8 +b(.)43 b(This)29 b(should)g(generally)h(only)g(b)s(e)0 +5488 y(done)k(during)d(the)j(initialization)d(step)i(or)h(during)e(the) +i(clean)f(up)g(step)h(after)g(the)g(last)g(set)g(of)g(data)g(has)g(b)s +(een)0 5601 y(pro)s(cessed.)40 b(Extra)29 b(FITS)f(\014le)g(I/O)h +(during)d(the)j(main)f(pro)s(cessing)g(lo)s(op)g(of)h(the)g(w)m(ork)g +(function)f(can)h(seriously)0 5714 y(degrade)i(the)f(sp)s(eed)g(of)g +(the)h(program.)p eop +%%Page: 68 76 +68 75 bop 0 299 a Fj(68)1455 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(6.)112 +b(THE)30 b(CFITSIO)e(ITERA)-8 b(TOR)30 b(FUNCTION)0 555 +y Fj(If)i(v)-5 b(ariable-length)32 b(arra)m(y)h(columns)f(are)h(b)s +(eing)e(pro)s(cessed,)i(then)g(the)g(iterator)g(will)d(op)s(erate)k(on) +f(one)g(ro)m(w)g(of)0 668 y(the)j(table)f(at)h(a)g(time.)56 +b(In)34 b(this)h(case)h(the)g(the)f(rep)s(eat)h(elemen)m(t)g(in)e(the)i +(in)m(teratorCol)f(structure)g(will)e(b)s(e)h(set)0 781 +y(equal)c(to)h(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(elemen)m(ts)h(in)e(the)i +(curren)m(t)f(ro)m(w)g(that)h(is)f(b)s(eing)f(pro)s(cessed.)0 +941 y(One)k(imp)s(ortan)m(t)f(feature)i(of)f(the)h(iterator)g(is)e +(that)i(the)f(\014rst)g(elemen)m(t)h(in)e(eac)m(h)i(arra)m(y)g(that)g +(is)e(passed)h(to)h(the)0 1054 y(w)m(ork)f(function)f(giv)m(es)h(the)g +(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(that)i(is)e(used)g(to)h(represen)m(t)g(n)m(ull)e(or)i +(unde\014ned)d(v)-5 b(alues)33 b(in)e(the)i(arra)m(y)-8 +b(.)49 b(The)0 1167 y(real)40 b(data)h(then)g(b)s(egins)e(with)g(the)h +(second)h(elemen)m(t)g(of)g(the)f(arra)m(y)h(\(i.e.,)j(arra)m(y[1],)h +(not)c(arra)m(y[0]\).)73 b(If)40 b(the)0 1280 y(\014rst)e(arra)m(y)h +(elemen)m(t)g(is)f(equal)g(to)h(zero,)j(then)c(this)f(indicates)h(that) +h(all)f(the)g(arra)m(y)h(elemen)m(ts)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(de\014ned)0 +1393 y(v)-5 b(alues)32 b(and)g(there)h(are)g(no)g(unde\014ned)d(v)-5 +b(alues.)47 b(If)33 b(arra)m(y[0])h(is)e(not)h(equal)f(to)h(zero,)i +(then)d(this)g(indicates)f(that)0 1506 y(some)j(of)g(the)g(data)h(v)-5 +b(alues)33 b(are)h(unde\014ned)d(and)j(this)e(v)-5 b(alue)34 +b(\(arra)m(y[0]\))i(is)c(used)h(to)i(represen)m(t)f(them.)51 +b(In)33 b(the)0 1619 y(case)i(of)e(output)g(arra)m(ys)h(\(i.e.,)h +(those)f(arra)m(ys)g(that)g(will)d(b)s(e)i(written)f(bac)m(k)i(to)h +(the)e(FITS)g(\014le)f(b)m(y)i(the)g(iterator)0 1732 +y(function)g(after)j(the)f(w)m(ork)f(function)g(exits\))h(the)g(w)m +(ork)g(function)e(m)m(ust)i(set)g(the)g(\014rst)f(arra)m(y)h(elemen)m +(t)g(to)h(the)0 1844 y(desired)f(n)m(ull)f(v)-5 b(alue)36 +b(if)g(necessary)-8 b(,)40 b(otherwise)d(the)g(\014rst)g(elemen)m(t)g +(should)e(b)s(e)i(set)g(to)h(zero)g(to)g(indicate)e(that)0 +1957 y(there)30 b(are)h(no)e(n)m(ull)f(v)-5 b(alues)30 +b(in)e(the)i(output)g(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)42 b(CFITSIO)28 +b(de\014nes)h(2)h(v)-5 b(alues,)30 b(FLO)m(A)-8 b(TNULL)e(V)g(ALUE)31 +b(and)0 2070 y(DOUBLENULL)-10 b(V)g(ALUE,)37 b(that)f(can)h(b)s(e)e +(used)g(as)i(default)e(n)m(ull)f(v)-5 b(alues)35 b(for)h(\015oat)h(and) +e(double)g(data)i(t)m(yp)s(es,)0 2183 y(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 +b(.)58 b(In)35 b(the)i(case)g(of)f(c)m(haracter)i(string)d(data)i(t)m +(yp)s(es,)h(a)e(n)m(ull)f(string)g(is)g(alw)m(a)m(ys)i(used)e(to)i +(represen)m(t)0 2296 y(unde\014ned)28 b(strings.)0 2456 +y(In)33 b(some)h(applications)d(it)i(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(necessary)h(to)g +(recursiv)m(ely)e(call)h(the)h(iterator)g(function.)49 +b(An)33 b(example)g(of)0 2569 y(this)26 b(is)g(giv)m(en)h(b)m(y)g(one)h +(of)f(the)h(example)e(programs)h(that)h(is)e(distributed)e(with)i +(CFITSIO:)g(it)h(\014rst)f(calls)g(a)i(w)m(ork)0 2682 +y(function)37 b(that)h(writes)g(out)g(a)g(2D)h(histogram)f(image.)64 +b(That)38 b(w)m(ork)g(function)f(in)f(turn)h(calls)h(another)g(w)m(ork) +0 2795 y(function)28 b(that)i(reads)g(the)f(`X')i(and)e(`Y')h(columns)e +(in)g(a)i(table)g(to)g(calculate)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 +b(of)f(eac)m(h)i(2D)f(histogram)0 2908 y(image)h(pixel.)39 +b(Graphically)-8 b(,)29 b(the)h(program)g(structure)g(can)h(b)s(e)f +(describ)s(ed)e(as:)48 3153 y Fe(driver)46 b(-->)h(iterator)e(-->)i +(work1_fn)f(-->)h(iterator)e(-->)i(work2_fn)0 3399 y +Fj(Finally)-8 b(,)39 b(it)f(should)e(b)s(e)i(noted)g(that)h(the)g +(table)f(columns)f(or)h(image)h(arra)m(ys)g(that)g(are)f(passed)g(to)h +(the)g(w)m(ork)0 3512 y(function)34 b(do)i(not)g(all)e(ha)m(v)m(e)j(to) +f(come)h(from)e(the)h(same)g(FITS)f(\014le)f(and)h(instead)g(ma)m(y)h +(come)h(from)e(an)m(y)h(com-)0 3625 y(bination)31 b(of)i(sources)g(as)h +(long)e(as)i(they)f(ha)m(v)m(e)h(the)f(same)h(length.)48 +b(The)32 b(length)h(of)g(the)g(\014rst)f(table)h(column)f(or)0 +3738 y(image)f(arra)m(y)g(is)e(used)g(b)m(y)i(the)f(iterator)h(if)e +(they)i(do)f(not)h(all)e(ha)m(v)m(e)j(the)e(same)h(length.)0 +4069 y Ff(6.4)135 b(Complete)47 b(List)e(of)g(Iterator)i(Routines)0 +4319 y Fj(All)34 b(of)h(the)g(iterator)g(routines)f(are)h(listed)f(b)s +(elo)m(w.)53 b(Most)36 b(of)f(these)h(routines)d(do)i(not)g(ha)m(v)m(e) +i(a)e(corresp)s(onding)0 4432 y(short)30 b(function)f(name.)0 +4678 y Fi(1)81 b Fj(Iterator)32 b(`constructor')h(functions)d(that)j +(set)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)h(elemen)m(ts)g(in)f(the)h +(iteratorCol)f(structure)g(that)227 4791 y(de\014ne)k(the)h(columns)e +(or)i(arra)m(ys.)56 b(These)36 b(set)g(the)g(\014ts\014le)e(p)s(oin)m +(ter,)i(column)e(name,)k(column)c(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)227 +4904 y(datat)m(yp)s(e,)28 b(and)e(iot)m(yp)s(e,)h(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 +b(.)39 b(The)25 b(last)h(2)h(routines)e(allo)m(w)g(all)g(the)h +(parameters)h(to)f(b)s(e)g(set)g(with)227 5017 y(one)31 +b(function)e(call)h(\(one)h(supplies)c(the)k(column)e(name,)i(the)f +(other)h(the)f(column)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er\).)95 5262 y +Fe(int)47 b(fits_iter_set_file\(iterato)o(rCo)o(l)42 +b(*col,)k(fitsfile)g(*fptr\);)95 5488 y(int)h +(fits_iter_set_colname\(iter)o(ato)o(rCol)41 b(*col,)46 +b(char)h(*colname\);)95 5714 y(int)g(fits_iter_set_colnum\(itera)o(tor) +o(Col)41 b(*col,)47 b(int)g(colnum\);)p eop +%%Page: 69 77 +69 76 bop 0 299 a Fh(6.4.)72 b(COMPLETE)29 b(LIST)g(OF)i(ITERA)-8 +b(TOR)29 b(R)m(OUTINES)1638 b Fj(69)95 668 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_iter_set_datatype\(ite)o(rat)o(orCo)o(l)42 b(*col,)k(int)h +(datatype\);)95 894 y(int)g(fits_iter_set_iotype\(itera)o(tor)o(Col)41 +b(*col,)47 b(int)g(iotype\);)95 1120 y(int)g +(fits_iter_set_by_name\(iter)o(ato)o(rCol)41 b(*col,)46 +b(fitsfile)g(*fptr,)477 1233 y(char)h(*colname,)e(int)i(datatype,)93 +b(int)47 b(iotype\);)95 1458 y(int)g(fits_iter_set_by_num\(itera)o(tor) +o(Col)41 b(*col,)47 b(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)477 1571 y(int)i(colnum,)f(int) +h(datatype,)93 b(int)47 b(iotype\);)0 1820 y Fi(2)81 +b Fj(Iterator)38 b(`accessor')h(functions)d(that)h(return)g(the)g(v)-5 +b(alue)37 b(of)g(the)g(elemen)m(t)h(in)e(the)h(iteratorCol)g(structure) +227 1933 y(that)31 b(describ)s(es)e(a)i(particular)d(data)j(column)f +(or)g(arra)m(y)95 2181 y Fe(fitsfile)46 b(*)h +(fits_iter_get_file\(iterato)o(rCol)41 b(*col\);)95 2407 +y(char)47 b(*)h(fits_iter_get_colname\(i)o(ter)o(ator)o(Col)41 +b(*col\);)95 2633 y(int)47 b(fits_iter_get_colnum\(itera)o(tor)o(Col)41 +b(*col\);)95 2858 y(int)47 b(fits_iter_get_datatype\(ite)o(rat)o(orCo)o +(l)42 b(*col\);)95 3084 y(int)47 b(fits_iter_get_iotype\(itera)o(tor)o +(Col)41 b(*col\);)95 3310 y(void)47 b(*)h(fits_iter_get_array\(ite)o +(rat)o(orCo)o(l)42 b(*col\);)95 3536 y(long)47 b +(fits_iter_get_tlmin\(itera)o(tor)o(Col)41 b(*col\);)95 +3762 y(long)47 b(fits_iter_get_tlmax\(itera)o(tor)o(Col)41 +b(*col\);)95 3987 y(long)47 b(fits_iter_get_repeat\(iter)o(ato)o(rCol) +41 b(*col\);)95 4213 y(char)47 b(*)h(fits_iter_get_tunit\(ite)o(rat)o +(orCo)o(l)42 b(*col\);)95 4439 y(char)47 b(*)h +(fits_iter_get_tdisp\(ite)o(rat)o(orCo)o(l)42 b(*col\);)0 +4687 y Fi(3)81 b Fj(The)29 b(CFITSIO)g(iterator)i(function)95 +4936 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_iterate_data\(int)42 b(narrays,)94 +b(iteratorCol)44 b(*data,)i(long)h(offset,)573 5049 y(long)f(nPerLoop,) +573 5161 y(int)h(\(*workFn\)\()e(long)h(totaln,)g(long)h(offset,)f +(long)g(firstn,)1289 5274 y(long)g(nvalues,)g(int)h(narrays,)e +(iteratorCol)g(*data,)1289 5387 y(void)h(*userPointer\),)573 +5500 y(void)g(*userPointer,)573 5613 y(int)h(*status\);)p +eop +%%Page: 70 78 +70 77 bop 0 299 a Fj(70)1455 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(6.)112 +b(THE)30 b(CFITSIO)e(ITERA)-8 b(TOR)30 b(FUNCTION)p eop +%%Page: 71 79 +71 78 bop 0 1225 a Fg(Chapter)65 b(7)0 1687 y Fm(Celestial)76 +b(Co)6 b(ordinate)78 b(System)f(Routines)0 2180 y Fj(The)36 +b(FITS)g(comm)m(unit)m(y)g(has)g(adopted)h(a)g(set)g(of)g(k)m(eyw)m +(ord)g(con)m(v)m(en)m(tions)g(that)g(de\014ne)f(the)h(transformations)0 +2293 y(needed)30 b(to)i(con)m(v)m(ert)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(pixel)e(lo)s +(cations)h(in)f(an)i(image)g(and)f(the)g(corresp)s(onding)f(celestial)h +(co)s(ordinates)0 2406 y(on)25 b(the)h(sky)-8 b(,)27 +b(or)e(more)g(generally)-8 b(,)27 b(that)f(de\014ne)e(w)m(orld)g(co)s +(ordinates)i(that)f(are)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(asso)s(ciated)h(with)e(an)m(y)i +(pixel)0 2518 y(lo)s(cation)34 b(in)f(an)i(n-dimensional)c(FITS)j(arra) +m(y)-8 b(.)54 b(CFITSIO)33 b(is)g(distributed)f(with)h(a)i(couple)e(of) +i(self-con)m(tained)0 2631 y(W)-8 b(orld)27 b(Co)s(ordinate)f(System)g +(\(W)m(CS\))i(routines,)f(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)i(these)f(routines)e(DO)h +(NOT)f(supp)s(ort)f(all)h(the)h(latest)0 2744 y(W)m(CS)38 +b(con)m(v)m(en)m(tions,)j(so)e(it)f(is)f(STR)m(ONGL)-8 +b(Y)38 b(RECOMMENDED)h(that)f(soft)m(w)m(are)i(dev)m(elop)s(ers)d(use)h +(a)h(more)0 2857 y(robust)30 b(external)g(W)m(CS)g(library)-8 +b(.)39 b(Sev)m(eral)30 b(recommended)g(libraries)e(are:)95 +3094 y Fe(WCSLIB)47 b(-)95 b(supported)45 b(by)i(Mark)g(Calabretta)95 +3207 y(WCSTools)f(-)h(supported)f(by)h(Doug)g(Mink)95 +3320 y(AST)g(library)f(-)i(developed)d(by)i(the)g(U.K.)g(Starlink)e +(project)0 3556 y Fj(More)30 b(information)d(ab)s(out)i(the)g(W)m(CS)g +(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(con)m(v)m(en)m(tions)g(and)e(links)f(to)j(all)e(of)h +(these)g(W)m(CS)g(libraries)e(can)0 3669 y(b)s(e)j(found)f(on)h(the)h +(FITS)e(Supp)s(ort)g(O\016ce)h(w)m(eb)g(site)h(at)g(h)m +(ttp://\014ts.gsfc.nasa.go)m(v)j(under)29 b(the)h(W)m(CS)h(link.)0 +3829 y(The)i(functions)g(pro)m(vided)g(in)f(these)j(external)e(W)m(CS)h +(libraries)e(will)f(need)j(access)h(to)g(the)f(W)m(CS)g(information)0 +3942 y(con)m(tained)g(in)e(the)i(FITS)f(\014le)g(headers.)51 +b(One)33 b(con)m(v)m(enien)m(t)i(w)m(a)m(y)g(to)f(pass)g(this)e +(information)g(to)j(the)f(extermal)0 4055 y(library)29 +b(is)g(to)j(use)f(the)g(\014ts)p 942 4055 28 4 v 32 w(hdr2str)f +(routine)g(in)g(CFITSIO)f(\(de\014ned)h(b)s(elo)m(w\))g(to)i(cop)m(y)g +(the)f(header)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords)0 4168 y(in)m(to)j(one)f(long)h(string,) +f(and)g(then)g(pass)g(this)g(string)f(to)j(an)e(in)m(terface)h(routine) +f(in)f(the)i(external)f(library)e(that)0 4281 y(will)i(extract)j(the)g +(necessary)f(W)m(CS)g(information)f(\(e.g.,)k(see)e(the)f(astFitsChan)g +(and)f(astPutCards)h(routines)0 4394 y(in)29 b(the)i(Starlink)d(AST)h +(library\).)0 4631 y Fi(1)81 b Fj(Concatenate)38 b(the)f(header)f(k)m +(eyw)m(ords)h(in)e(the)h(CHDU)h(in)m(to)g(a)g(single)e(long)h(string)f +(of)i(c)m(haracters.)60 b(Eac)m(h)227 4744 y(80-c)m(haracter)28 +b(\014xed-length)23 b(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(record)g(is)f(app)s(ended)e(to)k +(the)f(output)f(c)m(haracter)i(string,)f(in)e(order,)227 +4856 y(with)h(no)g(in)m(terv)m(ening)g(separator)h(or)g(terminating)f +(c)m(haracters.)40 b(The)24 b(last)h(header)f(record)h(is)e(terminated) +227 4969 y(with)32 b(a)h(NULL)f(c)m(haracter.)49 b(This)31 +b(routine)h(allo)s(cates)h(memory)f(for)h(the)g(returned)e(c)m +(haracter)j(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)35 b(so)227 5082 y(the)c(calling)e(program) +h(m)m(ust)g(free)h(the)f(memory)g(when)g(\014nished.)227 +5229 y(Selected)f(k)m(eyw)m(ords)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(excluded)g(from)h +(the)g(returned)f(c)m(haracter)j(string.)39 b(If)27 b(the)i(second)f +(param-)227 5342 y(eter)h(\(no)s(commen)m(ts\))g(is)e(TR)m(UE)h +(\(nonzero\))h(then)e(an)m(y)i(COMMENT,)f(HISTOR)-8 b(Y,)27 +b(or)h(blank)f(k)m(eyw)m(ords)227 5455 y(in)i(the)i(header)f(will)e +(not)i(b)s(e)g(copied)g(to)h(the)g(output)f(string.)227 +5601 y(The)25 b('exclist')h(parameter)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h +(supply)d(a)j(list)f(of)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords)h(that)h(are)f(to)g(b)s(e)f +(excluded)f(from)227 5714 y(the)29 b(output)g(c)m(haracter)h(string.)40 +b(Wild)27 b(card)i(c)m(haracters)h(\(*,)g(?,)f(and)g(#\))g(ma)m(y)g(b)s +(e)f(used)g(in)g(the)h(excluded)1905 5942 y(71)p eop +%%Page: 72 80 +72 79 bop 0 299 a Fj(72)1003 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(7.)112 +b(CELESTIAL)28 b(COORDINA)-8 b(TE)30 b(SYSTEM)f(R)m(OUTINES)227 +555 y Fj(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(names.)41 b(If)29 b(no)g(additional)f(k)m(eyw) +m(ords)i(are)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(excluded,)g(then)g(set)h(nexc)g(=)f(0)h +(and)f(sp)s(ecify)227 668 y(NULL)i(for)f(the)g(the)h(**header)g +(parameter.)95 890 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_hdr2str)286 1003 +y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int)h(nocomments,)d(char)j(**exclist,)e(int)i +(nexc,)286 1116 y(>)h(char)e(**header,)g(int)h(*nkeys,)e(int)i +(*status\))0 1444 y Ff(7.1)180 b(Self-con)l(tained)46 +b(W)l(CS)f(Routines)0 1694 y Fj(The)21 b(follo)m(wing)f(routines)g(DO)h +(NOT)g(supp)s(ort)f(the)h(more)h(recen)m(t)g(W)m(CS)f(con)m(v)m(en)m +(tions)i(that)e(ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s(een)e(appro)m(v)m(ed)0 +1807 y(as)34 b(part)g(of)g(the)g(FITS)f(standard.)50 +b(Consequen)m(tly)-8 b(,)34 b(the)g(follo)m(wing)f(routines)f(ARE)i(NO) +m(W)h(DEPRECA)-8 b(TED.)0 1920 y(It)30 b(is)f(STR)m(ONGL)-8 +b(Y)30 b(RECOMMENDED)h(that)g(soft)m(w)m(are)g(dev)m(elop)s(ers)e(not)i +(use)f(these)g(routines,)f(and)h(instead)0 2033 y(use)g(an)g(external)h +(W)m(CS)f(library)-8 b(,)29 b(as)h(describ)s(ed)e(in)i(the)g(previous)f +(section.)0 2193 y(These)21 b(routines)f(are)h(included)d(mainly)h(for) +i(bac)m(kw)m(ard)g(compatibilit)m(y)f(with)f(existing)h(soft)m(w)m +(are.)39 b(They)21 b(supp)s(ort)0 2306 y(the)30 b(follo)m(wing)f +(standard)g(map)g(pro)5 b(jections:)40 b(-SIN,)30 b(-T)-8 +b(AN,)31 b(-AR)m(C,)g(-NCP)-8 b(,)30 b(-GLS,)g(-MER,)h(and)e(-AIT)h +(\(these)0 2419 y(are)f(the)g(legal)f(v)-5 b(alues)28 +b(for)g(the)h(co)s(ordt)m(yp)s(e)f(parameter\).)41 b(These)28 +b(routines)g(are)h(based)f(on)g(similar)e(functions)h(in)0 +2532 y(Classic)i(AIPS.)h(All)f(the)i(angular)e(quan)m(tities)h(are)h +(giv)m(en)f(in)f(units)g(of)h(degrees.)0 2754 y Fi(1)81 +b Fj(Get)41 b(the)f(v)-5 b(alues)40 b(of)h(the)f(basic)g(set)h(of)f +(standard)g(FITS)f(celestial)h(co)s(ordinate)g(system)h(k)m(eyw)m(ords) +f(from)227 2867 y(the)33 b(header)f(of)h(a)f(FITS)g(image)h(\(i.e.,)g +(the)g(primary)e(arra)m(y)h(or)h(an)f(IMA)m(GE)i(extension\).)46 +b(These)33 b(v)-5 b(alues)227 2980 y(ma)m(y)35 b(then)f(b)s(e)g(passed) +f(to)i(the)g(\014ts)p 1462 2980 28 4 v 32 w(pix)p 1619 +2980 V 31 w(to)p 1730 2980 V 34 w(w)m(orld)e(and)h(\014ts)p +2321 2980 V 32 w(w)m(orld)p 2574 2980 V 32 w(to)p 2686 +2980 V 33 w(pix)f(routines)g(that)i(p)s(erform)e(the)227 +3093 y(co)s(ordinate)e(transformations.)41 b(If)30 b(an)m(y)h(or)f(all) +g(of)h(the)g(W)m(CS)f(k)m(eyw)m(ords)h(are)g(not)g(presen)m(t,)g(then)g +(default)227 3206 y(v)-5 b(alues)25 b(will)d(b)s(e)i(returned.)38 +b(If)24 b(the)i(\014rst)e(co)s(ordinate)h(axis)f(is)g(the)h +(declination-lik)m(e)e(co)s(ordinate,)j(then)f(this)227 +3319 y(routine)30 b(will)d(sw)m(ap)k(them)f(so)h(that)g(the)f +(longitudinal-lik)m(e)d(co)s(ordinate)j(is)f(returned)h(as)g(the)h +(\014rst)e(axis.)227 3463 y(If)35 b(the)h(\014le)e(uses)h(the)g(new)m +(er)h('CDj)p 1454 3463 V 32 w(i')f(W)m(CS)g(transformation)g(matrix)g +(k)m(eyw)m(ords)g(instead)g(of)g(old)g(st)m(yle)227 3576 +y('CDEL)-8 b(Tn')37 b(and)f('CR)m(OT)-8 b(A2')38 b(k)m(eyw)m(ords,)h +(then)e(this)e(routine)h(will)e(calculate)k(and)e(return)g(the)h(v)-5 +b(alues)227 3689 y(of)33 b(the)g(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)33 +b(old-st)m(yle)f(k)m(eyw)m(ords.)49 b(Note)34 b(that)g(the)f(con)m(v)m +(ersion)g(from)f(the)i(new-st)m(yle)f(k)m(eyw)m(ords)227 +3801 y(to)f(the)f(old-st)m(yle)f(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(is)g(sometimes)g +(only)g(an)h(appro)m(ximation,)f(so)g(if)g(the)h(appro)m(ximation)f(is) +f(larger)227 3914 y(than)37 b(an)h(in)m(ternally)d(de\014ned)h +(threshold)g(lev)m(el,)j(then)e(CFITSIO)f(will)f(still)g(return)h(the)i +(appro)m(ximate)227 4027 y(W)m(CS)32 b(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(v)-5 +b(alues,)32 b(but)f(will)e(also)j(return)f(with)g(status)h(=)f(APPR)m +(O)m(X)p 2908 4027 V 34 w(W)m(CS)p 3149 4027 V 33 w(KEY,)g(to)i(w)m +(arn)f(the)227 4140 y(calling)h(program)h(that)h(appro)m(ximations)e +(ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s(een)f(made.)52 b(It)35 b(is)e(then)h(up)f(to)i(the)f +(calling)f(program)227 4253 y(to)d(decide)f(whether)f(the)h(appro)m +(ximations)f(are)i(su\016cien)m(tly)d(accurate)k(for)e(the)g +(particular)e(application,)227 4366 y(or)46 b(whether)e(more)i(precise) +f(W)m(CS)g(transformations)g(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(p)s(erformed)f(using)f +(new-st)m(yle)j(W)m(CS)227 4479 y(k)m(eyw)m(ords)31 b(directly)-8 +b(.)95 4701 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_read_img_coord)c(/)k(ffgics)286 +4814 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(>)h(double)f(*xrefval,)g(double)g +(*yrefval,)334 4927 y(double)g(*xrefpix,)f(double)i(*yrefpix,)e(double) +h(*xinc,)g(double)g(*yinc,)334 5040 y(double)g(*rot,)h(char)f +(*coordtype,)f(int)i(*status\))0 5262 y Fi(2)81 b Fj(Get)30 +b(the)f(v)-5 b(alues)29 b(of)g(the)h(standard)e(FITS)h(celestial)g(co)s +(ordinate)g(system)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords)h(from)f(the)g(header)g(of)h(a)227 +5375 y(FITS)23 b(table)h(where)f(the)h(X)g(and)g(Y)g(\(or)g(RA)g(and)f +(DEC\))h(co)s(ordinates)g(are)g(stored)g(in)e(2)i(separate)h(columns) +227 5488 y(of)30 b(the)f(table)g(\(as)h(in)e(the)i(Ev)m(en)m(t)g(List)f +(table)g(format)g(that)h(is)f(often)g(used)g(b)m(y)g(high)f(energy)h +(astroph)m(ysics)227 5601 y(missions\).)69 b(These)40 +b(v)-5 b(alues)39 b(ma)m(y)i(then)f(b)s(e)f(passed)h(to)h(the)f(\014ts) +p 2511 5601 V 33 w(pix)p 2669 5601 V 31 w(to)p 2780 5601 +V 34 w(w)m(orld)f(and)h(\014ts)p 3383 5601 V 32 w(w)m(orld)p +3636 5601 V 32 w(to)p 3748 5601 V 33 w(pix)227 5714 y(routines)30 +b(that)g(p)s(erform)f(the)i(co)s(ordinate)f(transformations.)p +eop +%%Page: 73 81 +73 80 bop 0 299 a Fh(7.1.)113 b(SELF-CONT)-8 b(AINED)30 +b(W)m(CS)g(R)m(OUTINES)1984 b Fj(73)95 555 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_read_tbl_coord)c(/)k(ffgtcs)286 668 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int) +h(xcol,)f(int)h(ycol,)f(>)i(double)e(*xrefval,)334 781 +y(double)g(*yrefval,)f(double)i(*xrefpix,)e(double)h(*yrefpix,)f +(double)h(*xinc,)334 894 y(double)g(*yinc,)g(double)g(*rot,)h(char)f +(*coordtype,)f(int)i(*status\))0 1154 y Fi(3)81 b Fj(Calculate)40 +b(the)i(celestial)e(co)s(ordinate)h(corresp)s(onding)e(to)j(the)f +(input)e(X)i(and)g(Y)g(pixel)e(lo)s(cation)i(in)f(the)227 +1267 y(image.)95 1526 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_pix_to_world)c(/)48 +b(ffwldp)286 1639 y(\(double)e(xpix,)h(double)f(ypix,)g(double)g +(xrefval,)g(double)g(yrefval,)334 1752 y(double)g(xrefpix,)g(double)g +(yrefpix,)f(double)h(xinc,)h(double)f(yinc,)334 1865 +y(double)g(rot,)h(char)f(*coordtype,)f(>)j(double)e(*xpos,)g(double)g +(*ypos,)334 1978 y(int)h(*status\))0 2238 y Fi(4)81 b +Fj(Calculate)40 b(the)i(X)f(and)f(Y)h(pixel)f(lo)s(cation)g(corresp)s +(onding)f(to)j(the)f(input)e(celestial)i(co)s(ordinate)g(in)f(the)227 +2351 y(image.)95 2611 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_world_to_pix)c(/)48 +b(ffxypx)286 2723 y(\(double)e(xpos,)h(double)f(ypos,)g(double)g +(xrefval,)g(double)g(yrefval,)334 2836 y(double)g(xrefpix,)g(double)g +(yrefpix,)f(double)h(xinc,)h(double)f(yinc,)334 2949 +y(double)g(rot,)h(char)f(*coordtype,)f(>)j(double)e(*xpix,)g(double)g +(*ypix,)334 3062 y(int)h(*status\))p eop +%%Page: 74 82 +74 81 bop 0 299 a Fj(74)1003 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(7.)112 +b(CELESTIAL)28 b(COORDINA)-8 b(TE)30 b(SYSTEM)f(R)m(OUTINES)p +eop +%%Page: 75 83 +75 82 bop 0 1225 a Fg(Chapter)65 b(8)0 1687 y Fm(Hierarc)-6 +b(hical)76 b(Grouping)h(Routines)0 2180 y Fj(These)34 +b(functions)g(allo)m(w)g(for)g(the)h(creation)g(and)f(manipulation)e +(of)j(FITS)f(HDU)h(Groups,)h(as)f(de\014ned)e(in)g("A)0 +2293 y(Hierarc)m(hical)22 b(Grouping)g(Con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)h(for)g +(FITS")f(b)m(y)h(Jennings,)g(P)m(ence,)i(F)-8 b(olk)24 +b(and)e(Sc)m(hlesinger)g(\()h(h)m(ttp:)37 b(//ad-)0 2406 +y(fwww.gsfc.nasa.go)m(v/other/con)m(v)m(ert/group.h)m(tml)27 +b(\).)38 b(A)23 b(group)g(is)e(a)j(collection)e(of)h(HDUs)h(whose)e +(asso)s(ciation)0 2518 y(is)33 b(de\014ned)f(b)m(y)h(a)h +Fa(gr)-5 b(ouping)37 b(table)p Fj(.)50 b(HDUs)35 b(whic)m(h)d(are)i +(part)f(of)h(a)g(group)f(are)h(referred)f(to)h(as)g Fa(memb)-5 +b(er)36 b(HDUs)0 2631 y Fj(or)i(simply)d(as)i Fa(memb)-5 +b(ers)p Fj(.)63 b(Grouping)37 b(table)g(mem)m(b)s(er)g(HDUs)h(ma)m(y)g +(themselv)m(es)g(b)s(e)f(grouping)f(tables,)j(th)m(us)0 +2744 y(allo)m(wing)29 b(for)h(the)h(construction)f(of)g(op)s(en-ended)g +(hierarc)m(hies)f(of)h(HDUs.)0 2904 y(Grouping)25 b(tables)i(con)m +(tain)g(one)g(ro)m(w)g(for)f(eac)m(h)i(mem)m(b)s(er)e(HDU.)i(The)e +(grouping)f(table)i(columns)e(pro)m(vide)h(iden-)0 3017 +y(ti\014cation)h(information)f(that)i(allo)m(ws)f(applications)e(to)j +(reference)g(or)g("p)s(oin)m(t)f(to")h(the)g(mem)m(b)s(er)f(HDUs.)40 +b(Mem-)0 3130 y(b)s(er)27 b(HDUs)h(are)g(exp)s(ected,)h(but)e(not)h +(required,)e(to)j(con)m(tain)f(a)g(set)g(of)g(GRPIDn/GRPLCn)f(k)m(eyw)m +(ords)h(in)e(their)0 3243 y(headers)k(for)h(eac)m(h)g(grouping)f(table) +g(that)h(they)g(are)g(referenced)g(b)m(y)-8 b(.)41 b(In)30 +b(this)g(sense,)h(the)g(GRPIDn/GRPLCn)0 3356 y(k)m(eyw)m(ords)d("link") +e(the)i(mem)m(b)s(er)f(HDU)h(bac)m(k)g(to)g(its)f(Grouping)f(table.)40 +b(Note)29 b(that)f(a)f(mem)m(b)s(er)g(HDU)h(need)g(not)0 +3469 y(reside)h(in)g(the)h(same)g(FITS)f(\014le)h(as)g(its)f(grouping)g +(table,)h(and)f(that)i(a)f(giv)m(en)g(HDU)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e +(referenced)h(b)m(y)g(up)0 3582 y(to)h(999)h(grouping)d(tables)h(sim)m +(ultaneously)-8 b(.)0 3742 y(Grouping)21 b(tables)i(are)g(implemen)m +(ted)e(as)i(FITS)f(binary)f(tables)h(with)g(up)f(to)j(six)d +(pre-de\014ned)h(column)f(TTYPEn)0 3855 y(v)-5 b(alues:)35 +b('MEMBER)p 752 3855 28 4 v 34 w(XTENSION',)20 b('MEMBER)p +1789 3855 V 33 w(NAME',)h('MEMBER)p 2620 3855 V 34 w(VERSION',)f +('MEMBER)p 3590 3855 V 34 w(POSITION',)0 3968 y('MEMBER)p +451 3968 V 34 w(URI)p 653 3968 V 32 w(TYPE')g(and)g('MEMBER)p +1601 3968 V 34 w(LOCA)-8 b(TION'.)20 b(The)f(\014rst)h(three)g(columns) +f(allo)m(w)h(mem)m(b)s(er)g(HDUs)0 4081 y(to)28 b(b)s(e)f(iden)m +(ti\014ed)e(b)m(y)i(reference)h(to)g(their)e(XTENSION,)h(EXTNAME)g(and) +g(EXTVER)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(v)-5 b(alues.)39 b(The)0 4194 +y(fourth)29 b(column)g(allo)m(ws)h(mem)m(b)s(er)f(HDUs)i(to)g(b)s(e)f +(iden)m(ti\014ed)e(b)m(y)i(HDU)h(p)s(osition)d(within)g(their)h(FITS)h +(\014le.)39 b(The)0 4307 y(last)f(t)m(w)m(o)h(columns)d(iden)m(tify)g +(the)i(FITS)f(\014le)g(in)f(whic)m(h)h(the)h(mem)m(b)s(er)f(HDU)h +(resides,)h(if)d(di\013eren)m(t)i(from)f(the)0 4419 y(grouping)29 +b(table)h(FITS)g(\014le.)0 4580 y(Additional)22 b(user)i(de\014ned)f +("auxiliary")g(columns)g(ma)m(y)i(also)f(b)s(e)g(included)e(with)h(an)m +(y)i(grouping)e(table.)38 b(When)25 b(a)0 4693 y(grouping)h(table)i(is) +f(copied)g(or)g(mo)s(di\014ed)f(the)i(presence)g(of)f(auxiliary)f +(columns)g(is)h(alw)m(a)m(ys)h(tak)m(en)h(in)m(to)e(accoun)m(t)0 +4805 y(b)m(y)k(the)g(grouping)f(supp)s(ort)g(functions;)g(ho)m(w)m(ev)m +(er,)j(the)e(grouping)f(supp)s(ort)g(functions)f(cannot)j(directly)e +(mak)m(e)0 4918 y(use)g(of)h(this)e(data.)0 5079 y(If)44 +b(a)h(grouping)e(table)h(column)f(is)h(de\014ned)f(but)h(the)g(corresp) +s(onding)f(mem)m(b)s(er)g(HDU)j(information)c(is)i(un-)0 +5191 y(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)38 b(then)f(a)i(n)m(ull)d(v)-5 +b(alue)38 b(of)g(the)g(appropriate)g(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e)h(is)e(inserted) +g(in)g(the)h(column)f(\014eld.)63 b(In)m(teger)0 5304 +y(columns)25 b(\(MEMBER)p 811 5304 V 34 w(POSITION,)g(MEMBER)p +1771 5304 V 34 w(VERSION\))h(are)h(de\014ned)f(with)f(a)i(TNULLn)f(v)-5 +b(alue)26 b(of)h(zero)0 5417 y(\(0\).)41 b(Character)27 +b(\014eld)e(columns)h(\(MEMBER)p 1607 5417 V 34 w(XTENSION,)g(MEMBER)p +2600 5417 V 33 w(NAME,)i(MEMBER)p 3388 5417 V 34 w(URI)p +3590 5417 V 32 w(TYPE,)0 5530 y(MEMBER)p 426 5530 V 33 +w(LOCA)-8 b(TION\))30 b(utilize)f(an)h(ASCI)s(I)f(n)m(ull)f(c)m +(haracter)k(to)f(denote)g(a)g(n)m(ull)d(\014eld)h(v)-5 +b(alue.)0 5690 y(The)23 b(grouping)f(supp)s(ort)g(functions)g(b)s +(elong)h(to)h(t)m(w)m(o)h(basic)e(categories:)39 b(those)24 +b(that)h(w)m(ork)e(with)g(grouping)f(table)1905 5942 +y(75)p eop +%%Page: 76 84 +76 83 bop 0 299 a Fj(76)1338 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(8.)112 +b(HIERAR)m(CHICAL)30 b(GR)m(OUPING)h(R)m(OUTINES)0 555 +y Fj(HDUs)26 b(\(\013gt**\))j(and)c(those)h(that)h(w)m(ork)f(with)e +(mem)m(b)s(er)i(HDUs)g(\(\013gm**\).)41 b(Tw)m(o)26 b(functions,)g +(\014ts)p 3360 555 28 4 v 32 w(cop)m(y)p 3573 555 V 34 +w(group\(\))0 668 y(and)40 b(\014ts)p 314 668 V 33 w(remo)m(v)m(e)p +626 668 V 34 w(group\(\),)k(ha)m(v)m(e)e(the)f(option)f(to)i(recursiv)m +(ely)d(cop)m(y/delete)k(en)m(tire)e(groups.)71 b(Care)41 +b(should)0 781 y(b)s(e)33 b(tak)m(en)h(when)f(emplo)m(ying)f(these)i +(functions)e(in)g(recursiv)m(e)h(mo)s(de)g(as)g(p)s(o)s(orly)f +(de\014ned)g(groups)h(could)f(cause)0 894 y(unpredictable)23 +b(results.)38 b(The)25 b(problem)f(of)i(a)g(grouping)e(table)i +(directly)e(or)i(indirectly)d(referencing)i(itself)f(\(th)m(us)0 +1007 y(creating)40 b(an)g(in\014nite)d(lo)s(op\))j(is)e(protected)j +(against;)k(in)38 b(fact,)44 b(neither)38 b(function)h(will)e(attempt)k +(to)f(cop)m(y)h(or)0 1120 y(delete)31 b(an)f(HDU)h(t)m(wice.)0 +1453 y Ff(8.1)135 b(Grouping)45 b(T)-11 b(able)45 b(Routines)0 +1693 y Fi(1)81 b Fj(Create)34 b(\(app)s(end\))f(a)h(grouping)e(table)i +(at)g(the)g(end)f(of)h(the)g(curren)m(t)f(FITS)g(\014le)g(p)s(oin)m +(ted)g(to)h(b)m(y)g(fptr.)49 b(The)227 1806 y(grpname)28 +b(parameter)h(pro)m(vides)f(the)h(grouping)e(table)h(name)h(\(GRPNAME)g +(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(v)-5 b(alue\))28 b(and)g(ma)m(y)227 +1919 y(b)s(e)42 b(set)h(to)g(NULL)f(if)f(no)h(group)g(name)g(is)g(to)h +(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci\014ed.)75 b(The)42 b(groupt)m(yp)s(e)g(parameter)g +(sp)s(eci\014es)227 2032 y(the)c(desired)f(structure)g(of)h(the)g +(grouping)e(table)i(and)f(ma)m(y)i(tak)m(e)g(on)f(the)g(v)-5 +b(alues:)55 b(GT)p 3355 2032 V 33 w(ID)p 3490 2032 V +33 w(ALL)p 3705 2032 V 32 w(URI)227 2145 y(\(all)33 b(columns)f +(created\),)k(GT)p 1274 2145 V 33 w(ID)p 1409 2145 V +33 w(REF)d(\(ID)h(b)m(y)g(reference)g(columns\),)f(GT)p +2904 2145 V 33 w(ID)p 3039 2145 V 33 w(POS)f(\(ID)i(b)m(y)g(p)s +(osition)227 2258 y(columns\),)47 b(GT)p 801 2258 V 32 +w(ID)p 935 2258 V 33 w(ALL)d(\(ID)g(b)m(y)f(reference)i(and)e(p)s +(osition)e(columns\),)47 b(GT)p 3028 2258 V 32 w(ID)p +3162 2258 V 33 w(REF)p 3383 2258 V 33 w(URI)d(\(ID)g(b)m(y)227 +2371 y(reference)35 b(and)e(FITS)g(\014le)h(URI)f(columns\),)i(and)e +(GT)p 2129 2371 V 33 w(ID)p 2264 2371 V 33 w(POS)p 2481 +2371 V 32 w(URI)h(\(ID)g(b)m(y)g(p)s(osition)e(and)i(FITS)f(\014le)227 +2484 y(URI)e(columns\).)95 2742 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_create_group)c(/)48 +b(ffgtcr)286 2855 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(char)g(*grpname,)g(int)h +(grouptype,)e(>)i(int)g(*status\))0 3113 y Fi(2)81 b +Fj(Create)26 b(\(insert\))f(a)g(grouping)f(table)h(just)g(after)h(the)f +(CHDU)h(of)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g(FITS)g(\014le)f(p)s(oin)m(ted)g(to)i(b) +m(y)g(fptr.)227 3226 y(All)i(HDUs)h(b)s(elo)m(w)f(the)h(the)g +(insertion)e(p)s(oin)m(t)g(will)g(b)s(e)h(shifted)f(do)m(wn)m(w)m(ards) +h(to)i(mak)m(e)g(ro)s(om)e(for)g(the)h(new)227 3339 y(HDU.)23 +b(The)e(grpname)h(parameter)g(pro)m(vides)e(the)i(grouping)f(table)g +(name)h(\(GRPNAME)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)f(v)-5 b(alue\))227 +3451 y(and)25 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(set)h(to)h(NULL)e(if)g(no)h(group)f +(name)h(is)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed.)38 b(The)25 +b(groupt)m(yp)s(e)h(parameter)g(sp)s(eci-)227 3564 y(\014es)g(the)h +(desired)e(structure)h(of)h(the)f(grouping)f(table)i(and)f(ma)m(y)h +(tak)m(e)h(on)e(the)h(v)-5 b(alues:)38 b(GT)p 3355 3564 +V 33 w(ID)p 3490 3564 V 33 w(ALL)p 3705 3564 V 32 w(URI)227 +3677 y(\(all)33 b(columns)f(created\),)k(GT)p 1274 3677 +V 33 w(ID)p 1409 3677 V 33 w(REF)d(\(ID)h(b)m(y)g(reference)g +(columns\),)f(GT)p 2904 3677 V 33 w(ID)p 3039 3677 V +33 w(POS)f(\(ID)i(b)m(y)g(p)s(osition)227 3790 y(columns\),)28 +b(GT)p 782 3790 V 33 w(ID)p 917 3790 V 33 w(ALL)g(\(ID)g(b)m(y)g +(reference)h(and)e(p)s(osition)f(columns\),)i(GT)p 2897 +3790 V 33 w(ID)p 3032 3790 V 33 w(REF)p 3253 3790 V 32 +w(URI)g(\(ID)h(b)m(y)f(ref-)227 3903 y(erence)g(and)e(FITS)h(\014le)f +(URI)h(columns\),)g(and)f(GT)p 1976 3903 V 33 w(ID)p +2111 3903 V 33 w(POS)p 2328 3903 V 32 w(URI)h(\(ID)g(b)m(y)g(p)s +(osition)e(and)i(FITS)f(\014le)g(URI)227 4016 y(columns\))k(.)95 +4274 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_insert_group)c(/)48 b(ffgtis)286 +4387 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(char)g(*grpname,)g(int)h(grouptype,)e(>)i +(int)g(*status\))0 4645 y Fi(3)81 b Fj(Change)20 b(the)h(structure)f +(of)h(an)g(existing)e(grouping)h(table)g(p)s(oin)m(ted)g(to)h(b)m(y)g +(gfptr.)37 b(The)20 b(groupt)m(yp)s(e)g(parameter)227 +4758 y(\(see)27 b(\014ts)p 532 4758 V 32 w(create)p 800 +4758 V 35 w(group\(\))e(for)h(v)-5 b(alid)24 b(parameter)i(v)-5 +b(alues\))25 b(sp)s(eci\014es)g(the)g(new)g(structure)h(of)f(the)h +(grouping)227 4871 y(table.)43 b(This)29 b(function)h(only)g(adds)h(or) +g(remo)m(v)m(es)h(grouping)e(table)h(columns,)f(it)h(do)s(es)g(not)g +(add)g(or)g(delete)227 4984 y(group)26 b(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(\(i.e.,)j +(table)e(ro)m(ws\).)40 b(If)26 b(the)g(grouping)f(table)h(already)g +(has)g(the)h(desired)d(structure)i(then)227 5097 y(no)35 +b(op)s(erations)e(are)i(p)s(erformed)e(and)h(function)f(simply)g +(returns)g(with)g(a)i(\(0\))g(success)g(status)g(co)s(de.)53 +b(If)227 5210 y(the)32 b(requested)g(structure)g(c)m(hange)h(creates)g +(new)f(grouping)f(table)h(columns,)f(then)h(the)g(column)f(v)-5 +b(alues)227 5323 y(for)30 b(all)g(existing)f(mem)m(b)s(ers)h(will)d(b)s +(e)j(\014lled)e(with)h(the)i(n)m(ull)d(v)-5 b(alues)30 +b(appropriate)f(to)i(the)g(column)e(t)m(yp)s(e.)95 5581 +y Fe(int)47 b(fits_change_group)c(/)48 b(ffgtch)286 5694 +y(\(fitsfile)e(*gfptr,)f(int)i(grouptype,)e(>)j(int)f(*status\))p +eop +%%Page: 77 85 +77 84 bop 0 299 a Fh(8.1.)72 b(GR)m(OUPING)31 b(T)-8 +b(ABLE)31 b(R)m(OUTINES)2235 b Fj(77)0 555 y Fi(4)81 +b Fj(Remo)m(v)m(e)41 b(the)e(group)g(de\014ned)f(b)m(y)h(the)h +(grouping)e(table)h(p)s(oin)m(ted)f(to)i(b)m(y)g(gfptr,)h(and)e +(optionally)f(all)g(the)227 668 y(group)29 b(mem)m(b)s(er)f(HDUs.)41 +b(The)28 b(rmopt)h(parameter)g(sp)s(eci\014es)f(the)h(action)g(to)h(b)s +(e)e(tak)m(en)i(for)f(all)f(mem)m(b)s(ers)227 781 y(of)f(the)g(group)g +(de\014ned)e(b)m(y)i(the)g(grouping)f(table.)39 b(V)-8 +b(alid)26 b(v)-5 b(alues)26 b(are:)40 b(OPT)p 2848 781 +28 4 v 32 w(RM)p 3030 781 V 33 w(GPT)26 b(\(delete)i(only)e(the)227 +894 y(grouping)32 b(table\))i(and)f(OPT)p 1259 894 V +32 w(RM)p 1441 894 V 33 w(ALL)g(\(recursiv)m(ely)f(delete)i(all)e(HDUs) +i(that)g(b)s(elong)e(to)i(the)g(group\).)227 1007 y(An)m(y)d(groups)g +(con)m(taining)g(the)g(grouping)f(table)h(gfptr)f(as)i(a)f(mem)m(b)s +(er)g(are)g(up)s(dated,)f(and)h(if)f(rmopt)h(==)227 1120 +y(OPT)p 431 1120 V 32 w(RM)p 613 1120 V 33 w(GPT)21 b(all)f(mem)m(b)s +(ers)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(their)e(GRPIDn)h(and)g(GRPLCn)f(k)m(eyw)m(ords)h +(up)s(dated)f(accordingly)-8 b(.)227 1233 y(If)36 b(rmopt)g(==)g(OPT)p +985 1233 V 32 w(RM)p 1167 1233 V 33 w(ALL,)g(then)g(other)h(groups)e +(that)i(con)m(tain)g(the)f(deleted)g(mem)m(b)s(ers)g(of)g(gfptr)227 +1346 y(are)31 b(up)s(dated)e(to)i(re\015ect)g(the)g(deletion)e +(accordingly)-8 b(.)95 1582 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_remove_group)c(/)48 +b(ffgtrm)286 1695 y(\(fitsfile)e(*gfptr,)f(int)i(rmopt,)f(>)i(int)f +(*status\))0 1932 y Fi(5)81 b Fj(Cop)m(y)28 b(\(app)s(end\))g(the)h +(group)f(de\014ned)g(b)m(y)h(the)f(grouping)g(table)h(p)s(oin)m(ted)e +(to)j(b)m(y)e(infptr,)g(and)g(optionally)f(all)227 2045 +y(group)j(mem)m(b)s(er)h(HDUs,)g(to)h(the)f(FITS)f(\014le)f(p)s(oin)m +(ted)h(to)i(b)m(y)e(outfptr.)41 b(The)31 b(cp)s(opt)f(parameter)h(sp)s +(eci\014es)227 2158 y(the)c(action)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(tak)m(en)h(for)g(all) +e(mem)m(b)s(ers)h(of)g(the)h(group)f(infptr.)37 b(V)-8 +b(alid)26 b(v)-5 b(alues)25 b(are:)40 b(OPT)p 3443 2158 +V 32 w(GCP)p 3674 2158 V 32 w(GPT)227 2271 y(\(cop)m(y)d(only)f(the)g +(grouping)f(table\))h(and)f(OPT)p 1887 2271 V 32 w(GCP)p +2118 2271 V 33 w(ALL)h(\(recursiv)m(ely)f(cop)m(y)i(ALL)e(the)i(HDUs)f +(that)227 2384 y(b)s(elong)23 b(to)h(the)g(group)f(de\014ned)g(b)m(y)g +(infptr\).)37 b(If)23 b(the)h(cp)s(opt)g(==)f(OPT)p 2618 +2384 V 32 w(GCP)p 2849 2384 V 32 w(GPT)h(then)f(the)h(mem)m(b)s(ers)f +(of)227 2497 y(infptr)h(ha)m(v)m(e)i(their)f(GRPIDn)g(and)g(GRPLCn)g(k) +m(eyw)m(ords)h(up)s(dated)e(to)i(re\015ect)g(the)g(existence)g(of)g +(the)f(new)227 2610 y(grouping)e(table)g(outfptr,)i(since)e(they)h(no)m +(w)g(b)s(elong)f(to)h(the)g(new)g(group.)38 b(If)23 b(cp)s(opt)h(==)f +(OPT)p 3460 2610 V 32 w(GCP)p 3691 2610 V 32 w(ALL)227 +2723 y(then)29 b(the)g(new)g(grouping)f(table)h(outfptr)f(only)g(con)m +(tains)i(p)s(oin)m(ters)e(to)i(the)f(copied)f(mem)m(b)s(er)h(HDUs)h +(and)227 2836 y(not)38 b(the)g(original)d(mem)m(b)s(er)i(HDUs)h(of)g +(infptr.)60 b(Note)39 b(that,)h(when)d(cp)s(opt)g(==)g(OPT)p +3301 2836 V 32 w(GCP)p 3532 2836 V 33 w(ALL,)g(all)227 +2949 y(mem)m(b)s(ers)h(of)h(the)f(group)g(de\014ned)f(b)m(y)i(infptr)d +(will)g(b)s(e)h(copied)h(to)h(a)g(single)e(FITS)h(\014le)g(p)s(oin)m +(ted)f(to)i(b)m(y)227 3061 y(outfptr)30 b(regardless)g(of)g(their)g +(\014le)f(distribution)e(in)i(the)i(original)d(group.)95 +3298 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_copy_group)d(/)j(ffgtcp)286 3411 +y(\(fitsfile)f(*infptr,)f(fitsfile)h(*outfptr,)f(int)i(cpopt,)f(>)h +(int)g(*status\))0 3648 y Fi(6)81 b Fj(Merge)40 b(the)f(t)m(w)m(o)h +(groups)e(de\014ned)g(b)m(y)h(the)g(grouping)f(table)g(HDUs)i(infptr)d +(and)h(outfptr)h(b)m(y)f(com)m(bining)227 3761 y(their)29 +b(mem)m(b)s(ers)g(in)m(to)h(a)g(single)e(grouping)g(table.)41 +b(All)28 b(mem)m(b)s(er)h(HDUs)h(\(ro)m(ws\))h(are)f(copied)f(from)g +(infptr)227 3874 y(to)f(outfptr.)39 b(If)26 b(mgopt)i(==)e(OPT)p +1419 3874 V 32 w(MR)m(G)p 1669 3874 V 34 w(COPY)g(then)g(infptr)f(con)m +(tin)m(ues)i(to)h(exist)f(unaltered)e(after)j(the)227 +3987 y(merge.)57 b(If)36 b(the)f(mgopt)i(==)e(OPT)p 1474 +3987 V 31 w(MR)m(G)p 1723 3987 V 34 w(MO)m(V)i(then)e(infptr)e(is)i +(deleted)h(after)g(the)g(merge.)57 b(In)35 b(b)s(oth)227 +4100 y(cases,)d(the)e(GRPIDn)h(and)e(GRPLCn)h(k)m(eyw)m(ords)g(of)h +(the)g(mem)m(b)s(er)e(HDUs)i(are)g(up)s(dated)e(accordingly)-8 +b(.)95 4337 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_merge_groups)c(/)48 b(ffgtmg)286 +4450 y(\(fitsfile)e(*infptr,)f(fitsfile)h(*outfptr,)f(int)i(mgopt,)f(>) +h(int)g(*status\))0 4687 y Fi(7)81 b Fj("Compact")24 +b(the)f(group)g(de\014ned)f(b)m(y)h(grouping)e(table)i(p)s(oin)m(ted)f +(to)i(b)m(y)f(gfptr.)38 b(The)23 b(compaction)g(is)f(ac)m(hiev)m(ed)227 +4799 y(b)m(y)37 b(merging)g(\(via)g(\014ts)p 1034 4799 +V 32 w(merge)p 1303 4799 V 34 w(groups\(\)\))g(all)f(direct)h(mem)m(b)s +(er)g(HDUs)g(of)h(gfptr)e(that)i(are)g(themselv)m(es)227 +4912 y(grouping)h(tables.)69 b(The)40 b(cmopt)g(parameter)h(de\014nes)e +(whether)g(the)i(merged)f(grouping)e(table)i(HDUs)227 +5025 y(remain)j(after)i(merging)e(\(cmopt)i(==)f(OPT)p +1852 5025 V 32 w(CMT)p 2099 5025 V 32 w(MBR\))h(or)f(if)f(they)i(are)f +(deleted)g(after)h(merging)227 5138 y(\(cmopt)31 b(==)f(OPT)p +916 5138 V 32 w(CMT)p 1163 5138 V 32 w(MBR)p 1409 5138 +V 34 w(DEL\).)g(If)g(the)h(grouping)d(table)j(con)m(tains)f(no)g +(direct)g(mem)m(b)s(er)f(HDUs)227 5251 y(that)i(are)f(themselv)m(es)g +(grouping)e(tables)i(then)f(this)g(function)f(do)s(es)i(nothing.)39 +b(Note)31 b(that)g(this)d(function)227 5364 y(is)i(not)g(recursiv)m(e,) +g(i.e.,)h(only)f(the)g(direct)g(mem)m(b)s(er)g(HDUs)h(of)f(gfptr)g(are) +h(considered)e(for)h(merging.)95 5601 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_compact_group) +c(/)48 b(ffgtcm)286 5714 y(\(fitsfile)e(*gfptr,)f(int)i(cmopt,)f(>)i +(int)f(*status\))p eop +%%Page: 78 86 +78 85 bop 0 299 a Fj(78)1338 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(8.)112 +b(HIERAR)m(CHICAL)30 b(GR)m(OUPING)h(R)m(OUTINES)0 555 +y Fi(8)81 b Fj(V)-8 b(erify)20 b(the)i(in)m(tegrit)m(y)f(of)g(the)g +(grouping)f(table)h(p)s(oin)m(ted)f(to)i(b)m(y)f(gfptr)g(to)h(mak)m(e)g +(sure)e(that)i(all)e(group)h(mem)m(b)s(ers)227 668 y(are)31 +b(accessible)g(and)f(that)h(all)e(links)g(to)i(other)g(grouping)e +(tables)i(are)g(v)-5 b(alid.)40 b(The)30 b(\014rstfailed)e(parameter) +227 781 y(returns)e(the)i(mem)m(b)s(er)e(ID)h(\(ro)m(w)h(n)m(um)m(b)s +(er\))e(of)i(the)f(\014rst)f(mem)m(b)s(er)h(HDU)h(to)g(fail)e(v)m +(eri\014cation)g(\(if)h(p)s(ositiv)m(e)227 894 y(v)-5 +b(alue\))35 b(or)f(the)h(\014rst)e(group)h(link)e(to)k(fail)d(\(if)g +(negativ)m(e)j(v)-5 b(alue\).)53 b(If)34 b(gfptr)g(is)f(successfully)g +(v)m(eri\014ed)g(then)227 1007 y(\014rstfailed)c(con)m(tains)h(a)h +(return)e(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)h(0.)95 1284 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_verify_group)c(/)48 b(ffgtvf)286 1397 y(\(fitsfile)e(*gfptr,)f +(>)j(long)f(*firstfailed,)d(int)j(*status\))0 1674 y +Fi(9)81 b Fj(Op)s(en)23 b(a)j(grouping)e(table)h(that)h(con)m(tains)f +(the)h(mem)m(b)s(er)e(HDU)i(p)s(oin)m(ted)e(to)i(b)m(y)f(mfptr.)38 +b(The)25 b(grouping)f(table)227 1787 y(to)39 b(op)s(en)e(is)g +(de\014ned)g(b)m(y)h(the)g(grpid)e(parameter,)k(whic)m(h)d(con)m(tains) +h(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(index)d(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(of)g(the)227 +1900 y(GRPIDn/GRPLCn)d(k)m(eyw)m(ord\(s\))g(that)h(link)d(the)i(mem)m +(b)s(er)f(HDU)h(mfptr)f(to)i(the)f(grouping)e(table.)54 +b(If)227 2013 y(the)30 b(grouping)e(table)h(resides)f(in)h(a)g(\014le)g +(other)g(than)h(the)f(mem)m(b)s(er)g(HDUs)h(\014le)e(then)h(an)h +(attempt)g(is)f(\014rst)227 2126 y(made)g(to)h(op)s(en)e(the)h(\014le)f +(readwrite,)h(and)f(failing)f(that)j(readonly)-8 b(.)39 +b(A)29 b(p)s(oin)m(ter)f(to)i(the)f(op)s(ened)f(grouping)227 +2238 y(table)j(HDU)g(is)e(returned)g(in)g(gfptr.)227 +2397 y(Note)35 b(that)g(it)e(is)g(p)s(ossible,)f(although)i(unlik)m +(ely)d(and)i(undesirable,)f(for)i(the)g(GRPIDn/GRPLCn)f(k)m(ey-)227 +2510 y(w)m(ords)k(in)f(a)h(mem)m(b)s(er)g(HDU)h(header)f(to)h(b)s(e)e +(non-con)m(tin)m(uous,)j(e.g.,)h(GRPID1,)g(GRPID2,)g(GRPID5,)227 +2623 y(GRPID6.)i(In)29 b(suc)m(h)g(cases,)i(the)f(grpid)e(index)g(v)-5 +b(alue)30 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(in)g(the)i(function)e(call)i(shall)e(iden) +m(tify)g(the)227 2736 y(\(grpid\)th)35 b(GRPID)g(v)-5 +b(alue.)56 b(In)34 b(the)i(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)h(example,)f(if)f(grpid)e(==) +i(3,)j(then)d(the)g(group)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)227 +2849 y(GRPID5)d(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)f(op)s(ened.)95 3126 +y Fe(int)47 b(fits_open_group)d(/)j(ffgtop)286 3239 y(\(fitsfile)f +(*mfptr,)f(int)i(group,)f(>)i(fitsfile)d(**gfptr,)h(int)h(*status\))0 +3516 y Fi(10)f Fj(Add)38 b(a)h(mem)m(b)s(er)f(HDU)i(to)f(an)g(existing) +e(grouping)h(table)h(p)s(oin)m(ted)e(to)j(b)m(y)e(gfptr.)66 +b(The)38 b(mem)m(b)s(er)g(HDU)227 3629 y(ma)m(y)30 b(either)f(b)s(e)g +(p)s(oin)m(ted)f(to)i(mfptr)f(\(whic)m(h)f(m)m(ust)i(b)s(e)e(p)s +(ositioned)g(to)i(the)f(mem)m(b)s(er)g(HDU\))i(or,)f(if)e(mfptr)227 +3742 y(==)36 b(NULL,)g(iden)m(ti\014ed)e(b)m(y)i(the)g(hdup)s(os)e +(parameter)i(\(the)h(HDU)g(p)s(osition)d(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)i(Primary)e +(arra)m(y)227 3855 y(==)g(1\))i(if)e(b)s(oth)g(the)h(grouping)f(table)g +(and)h(the)g(mem)m(b)s(er)f(HDU)h(reside)f(in)g(the)h(same)g(FITS)f +(\014le.)53 b(The)227 3968 y(new)27 b(mem)m(b)s(er)f(HDU)h(shall)e(ha)m +(v)m(e)j(the)f(appropriate)f(GRPIDn)g(and)g(GRPLCn)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords)h +(created)h(in)e(its)227 4081 y(header.)44 b(Note)33 b(that)f(if)f(the)h +(mem)m(b)s(er)e(HDU)j(is)d(already)h(a)h(mem)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(the)g +(group)f(then)g(it)g(will)e(not)j(b)s(e)227 4194 y(added)e(a)h(second)f +(time.)95 4471 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_add_group_member)42 +b(/)48 b(ffgtam)286 4584 y(\(fitsfile)e(*gfptr,)f(fitsfile)h(*mfptr,)g +(int)h(hdupos,)f(>)h(int)g(*status\))0 4938 y Ff(8.2)135 +b(Group)45 b(Mem)l(b)t(er)f(Routines)0 5191 y Fi(1)81 +b Fj(Return)29 b(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(mem)m(b)s(er)e(HDUs)i(in) +e(a)i(grouping)d(table)j(gfptr.)40 b(The)30 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(mem)m +(b)s(er)i(HDUs)h(is)227 5304 y(just)f(the)h(NAXIS2)f(v)-5 +b(alue)30 b(\(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)g(ro)m(ws\))h(of)f(the)h(grouping)e +(table.)95 5581 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_get_num_members)c(/)k(ffgtnm)286 +5694 y(\(fitsfile)f(*gfptr,)f(>)j(long)f(*nmembers,)e(int)h(*status\))p +eop +%%Page: 79 87 +79 86 bop 0 299 a Fh(8.2.)72 b(GR)m(OUP)31 b(MEMBER)g(R)m(OUTINES)2295 +b Fj(79)0 555 y Fi(2)81 b Fj(Return)34 b(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i +(groups)e(to)i(whic)m(h)e(the)h(HDU)h(p)s(oin)m(ted)e(to)i(b)m(y)f +(mfptr)f(is)h(link)m(ed,)g(as)g(de\014ned)f(b)m(y)227 +668 y(the)27 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(GRPIDn/GRPLCn)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i +(records)e(that)i(app)s(ear)e(in)f(its)i(header.)39 b(Note)28 +b(that)g(eac)m(h)227 781 y(time)36 b(this)g(function)f(is)g(called,)j +(the)e(indices)f(of)i(the)f(GRPIDn/GRPLCn)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords)h(are)g(c)m +(hec)m(k)m(ed)h(to)227 894 y(mak)m(e)29 b(sure)e(they)g(are)h(con)m +(tin)m(uous)f(\(ie)h(no)f(gaps\))h(and)f(are)h(re-en)m(umerated)g(to)h +(eliminate)d(gaps)i(if)e(found.)95 1228 y Fe(int)47 b +(fits_get_num_groups)c(/)k(ffgmng)286 1341 y(\(fitsfile)f(*mfptr,)f(>)j +(long)f(*nmembers,)e(int)h(*status\))0 1563 y Fi(3)81 +b Fj(Op)s(en)26 b(a)i(mem)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(the)f(grouping)g(table)g(p)s +(oin)m(ted)g(to)h(b)m(y)g(gfptr.)39 b(The)27 b(mem)m(b)s(er)g(to)i(op)s +(en)e(is)f(iden)m(ti\014ed)g(b)m(y)227 1676 y(its)j(ro)m(w)h(n)m(um)m +(b)s(er)e(within)f(the)i(grouping)g(table)g(as)h(giv)m(en)f(b)m(y)h +(the)f(parameter)h('mem)m(b)s(er')f(\(\014rst)h(mem)m(b)s(er)227 +1788 y(==)g(1\))g(.)41 b(A)30 b(\014ts\014le)e(p)s(oin)m(ter)h(to)i +(the)f(op)s(ened)f(mem)m(b)s(er)g(HDU)i(is)e(returned)g(as)h(mfptr.)39 +b(Note)31 b(that)g(if)e(the)227 1901 y(mem)m(b)s(er)f(HDU)h(resides)f +(in)f(a)i(FITS)f(\014le)f(di\013eren)m(t)h(from)g(the)h(grouping)e +(table)h(HDU)i(then)e(the)h(mem)m(b)s(er)227 2014 y(\014le)h(is)f +(\014rst)h(op)s(ened)f(readwrite)h(and,)g(failing)e(this,)i(op)s(ened)f +(readonly)-8 b(.)95 2236 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_open_member)d(/)j(ffgmop) +286 2349 y(\(fitsfile)f(*gfptr,)f(long)i(member,)f(>)h(fitsfile)f +(**mfptr,)f(int)i(*status\))0 2570 y Fi(4)81 b Fj(Cop)m(y)27 +b(\(app)s(end\))f(a)i(mem)m(b)s(er)f(HDU)h(of)f(the)h(grouping)d(table) +j(p)s(oin)m(ted)e(to)i(b)m(y)f(gfptr.)39 b(The)27 b(mem)m(b)s(er)g(HDU) +h(is)227 2683 y(iden)m(ti\014ed)j(b)m(y)i(its)g(ro)m(w)g(n)m(um)m(b)s +(er)e(within)g(the)i(grouping)f(table)g(as)i(giv)m(en)f(b)m(y)f(the)i +(parameter)f('mem)m(b)s(er')227 2796 y(\(\014rst)j(mem)m(b)s(er)f(==)g +(1\).)58 b(The)35 b(cop)m(y)i(of)f(the)g(group)f(mem)m(b)s(er)g(HDU)i +(will)c(b)s(e)i(app)s(ended)f(to)j(the)f(FITS)227 2909 +y(\014le)28 b(p)s(oin)m(ted)g(to)h(b)m(y)f(mfptr,)h(and)f(up)s(on)f +(return)g(mfptr)h(shall)f(p)s(oin)m(t)g(to)j(the)f(copied)f(mem)m(b)s +(er)g(HDU.)h(The)227 3022 y(cp)s(opt)e(parameter)h(ma)m(y)g(tak)m(e)h +(on)e(the)g(follo)m(wing)f(v)-5 b(alues:)39 b(OPT)p 2465 +3022 28 4 v 32 w(MCP)p 2708 3022 V 32 w(ADD)29 b(whic)m(h)d(adds)g(a)i +(new)f(en)m(try)227 3135 y(in)c(gfptr)h(for)f(the)i(copied)e(mem)m(b)s +(er)h(HDU,)h(OPT)p 1907 3135 V 31 w(MCP)p 2149 3135 V +33 w(NADD)g(whic)m(h)e(do)s(es)h(not)g(add)f(an)h(en)m(try)h(in)d +(gfptr)227 3247 y(for)j(the)h(copied)e(mem)m(b)s(er,)i(and)f(OPT)p +1536 3247 V 32 w(MCP)p 1779 3247 V 32 w(REPL)g(whic)m(h)f(replaces)h +(the)g(original)e(mem)m(b)s(er)i(en)m(try)g(with)227 +3360 y(the)31 b(copied)f(mem)m(b)s(er)f(en)m(try)-8 b(.)95 +3582 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_copy_member)d(/)j(ffgmcp)286 +3695 y(\(fitsfile)f(*gfptr,)f(fitsfile)h(*mfptr,)g(long)g(member,)g +(int)h(cpopt,)f(>)i(int)f(*status\))0 3916 y Fi(5)81 +b Fj(T)-8 b(ransfer)34 b(a)i(group)f(mem)m(b)s(er)f(HDU)i(from)f(the)h +(grouping)e(table)h(p)s(oin)m(ted)f(to)i(b)m(y)f(infptr)f(to)i(the)f +(grouping)227 4029 y(table)h(p)s(oin)m(ted)f(to)i(b)m(y)f(outfptr.)58 +b(The)35 b(mem)m(b)s(er)h(HDU)h(to)f(transfer)g(is)f(iden)m(ti\014ed)f +(b)m(y)i(its)g(ro)m(w)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)227 4142 y(within)k(infptr)g +(as)j(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)h(the)h(parameter)g('mem)m(b)s(er')f +(\(\014rst)g(mem)m(b)s(er)g(==)f(1\).)78 b(If)42 b(tfopt)h(==)227 +4255 y(OPT)p 431 4255 V 32 w(MCP)p 674 4255 V 33 w(ADD)26 +b(then)f(the)h(mem)m(b)s(er)e(HDU)i(is)f(made)g(a)h(mem)m(b)s(er)f(of)g +(outfptr)g(and)g(remains)f(a)i(mem)m(b)s(er)227 4368 +y(of)34 b(infptr.)50 b(If)34 b(tfopt)g(==)g(OPT)p 1339 +4368 V 32 w(MCP)p 1582 4368 V 32 w(MO)m(V)h(then)f(the)g(mem)m(b)s(er)f +(HDU)i(is)e(deleted)h(from)f(infptr)f(after)227 4481 +y(the)f(transfer)f(to)h(outfptr.)95 4702 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_transfer_member)c(/)k(ffgmtf)286 4815 y(\(fitsfile)f(*infptr,)f +(fitsfile)h(*outfptr,)f(long)i(member,)e(int)i(tfopt,)334 +4928 y(>)h(int)e(*status\))0 5149 y Fi(6)81 b Fj(Remo)m(v)m(e)31 +b(a)e(mem)m(b)s(er)g(HDU)h(from)f(the)h(grouping)e(table)h(p)s(oin)m +(ted)f(to)i(b)m(y)g(gfptr.)40 b(The)29 b(mem)m(b)s(er)f(HDU)i(to)h(b)s +(e)227 5262 y(deleted)36 b(is)e(iden)m(ti\014ed)g(b)m(y)h(its)g(ro)m(w) +h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(in)f(the)i(grouping)e(table)h(as)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)e +(b)m(y)i(the)f(parameter)227 5375 y('mem)m(b)s(er')41 +b(\(\014rst)g(mem)m(b)s(er)g(==)f(1\).)74 b(The)41 b(rmopt)g(parameter) +h(ma)m(y)f(tak)m(e)i(on)e(the)h(follo)m(wing)d(v)-5 b(alues:)227 +5488 y(OPT)p 431 5488 V 32 w(RM)p 613 5488 V 33 w(ENTR)d(Y)34 +b(whic)m(h)d(remo)m(v)m(es)k(the)e(mem)m(b)s(er)g(HDU)h(en)m(try)f +(from)g(the)g(grouping)f(table)h(and)g(up-)227 5601 y(dates)40 +b(the)f(mem)m(b)s(er's)f(GRPIDn/GRPLCn)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords,)k(and)c(OPT)p +2687 5601 V 32 w(RM)p 2869 5601 V 33 w(MBR)h(whic)m(h)f(remo)m(v)m(es)i +(the)227 5714 y(mem)m(b)s(er)30 b(HDU)h(en)m(try)g(from)f(the)g +(grouping)f(table)i(and)e(deletes)i(the)f(mem)m(b)s(er)g(HDU)h(itself.) +p eop +%%Page: 80 88 +80 87 bop 0 299 a Fj(80)1338 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(8.)112 +b(HIERAR)m(CHICAL)30 b(GR)m(OUPING)h(R)m(OUTINES)95 555 +y Fe(int)47 b(fits_remove_member)c(/)48 b(ffgmrm)286 +668 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(long)g(member,)g(int)h(rmopt,)f(>)i(int)f +(*status\))p eop +%%Page: 81 89 +81 88 bop 0 1225 a Fg(Chapter)65 b(9)0 1687 y Fm(Sp)6 +b(ecialized)77 b(CFITSIO)f(In)-6 b(terface)0 1937 y(Routines)0 +2429 y Fj(The)28 b(basic)g(in)m(terface)i(routines)e(describ)s(ed)e +(previously)h(are)i(recommended)f(for)h(most)g(uses,)g(but)f(the)h +(routines)0 2542 y(describ)s(ed)g(in)g(this)h(c)m(hapter)h(are)h(also)e +(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)31 b(if)e(necessary)-8 b(.)43 b(Some)31 +b(of)g(these)g(routines)f(p)s(erform)f(more)i(sp)s(e-)0 +2655 y(cialized)26 b(function)f(that)j(cannot)f(easily)f(b)s(e)g(done)h +(with)e(the)i(basic)g(in)m(terface)g(routines)f(while)e(others)j +(duplicate)0 2767 y(the)j(functionalit)m(y)f(of)h(the)g(basic)g +(routines)f(but)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(a)g(sligh)m(tly)d(di\013eren)m(t)i +(calling)e(sequence.)41 b(See)31 b(App)s(endix)0 2880 +y(B)g(for)f(the)g(de\014nition)e(of)j(eac)m(h)h(function)d(parameter.)0 +3210 y Ff(9.1)135 b(FITS)44 b(File)i(Access)e(Routines)0 +3446 y Fi(1)81 b Fj(Op)s(en)37 b(an)i(existing)g(FITS)f(\014le)g +(residing)f(in)h(core)i(computer)f(memory)-8 b(.)68 b(This)37 +b(routine)h(is)h(analogous)g(to)227 3559 y(\014ts)p 354 +3559 28 4 v 33 w(op)s(en)p 577 3559 V 32 w(\014le.)54 +b(The)35 b('\014lename')f(is)g(curren)m(tly)h(ignored)f(b)m(y)h(this)f +(routine)g(and)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(an)m(y)g(arbitrary)227 +3672 y(string.)77 b(In)42 b(general,)k(the)d(application)e(m)m(ust)i +(ha)m(v)m(e)h(preallo)s(cated)e(an)g(initial)e(blo)s(c)m(k)j(of)g +(memory)f(to)227 3785 y(hold)h(the)i(FITS)f(\014le)g(prior)f(to)i +(calling)e(this)g(routine:)69 b('memptr')44 b(p)s(oin)m(ts)f(to)j(the)e +(starting)h(address)227 3898 y(and)39 b('memsize')h(giv)m(es)g(the)g +(initial)d(size)i(of)h(the)g(blo)s(c)m(k)f(of)h(memory)-8 +b(.)69 b('mem)p 2958 3898 V 33 w(reallo)s(c')39 b(is)g(a)h(p)s(oin)m +(ter)e(to)227 4011 y(an)d(optional)g(function)e(that)j(CFITSIO)e(can)h +(call)f(to)i(allo)s(cate)g(additional)d(memory)-8 b(,)37 +b(if)d(needed)g(\(only)227 4124 y(if)40 b(mo)s(de)f(=)h(READ)m +(WRITE\),)i(and)e(is)f(mo)s(deled)g(after)i(the)f(standard)g(C)g +('reallo)s(c')g(function;)k(a)d(n)m(ull)227 4237 y(p)s(oin)m(ter)f(ma)m +(y)h(b)s(e)f(giv)m(en)h(if)e(the)i(initial)d(allo)s(cation)i(of)h +(memory)f(is)g(all)f(that)i(will)d(b)s(e)i(required)f(\(e.g.,)227 +4350 y(if)34 b(the)h(\014le)f(is)g(op)s(ened)g(with)g(mo)s(de)g(=)h +(READONL)-8 b(Y\).)36 b(The)e('deltasize')h(parameter)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e) +e(used)g(to)227 4463 y(suggest)g(a)f(minim)m(um)d(amoun)m(t)j(of)g +(additional)e(memory)i(that)g(should)e(b)s(e)h(allo)s(cated)h(during)e +(eac)m(h)j(call)227 4575 y(to)d(the)f(memory)f(reallo)s(cation)g +(function.)39 b(By)30 b(default,)f(CFITSIO)f(will)f(reallo)s(cate)k +(enough)e(additional)227 4688 y(space)44 b(to)g(hold)e(the)i(en)m(tire) +f(curren)m(tly)f(de\014ned)h(FITS)f(\014le)h(\(as)g(giv)m(en)h(b)m(y)f +(the)h(NAXISn)e(k)m(eyw)m(ords\))227 4801 y(or)g(1)f(FITS)g(blo)s(c)m +(k)g(\(=)g(2880)i(b)m(ytes\),)i(whic)m(h)c(ev)m(er)h(is)e(larger.)73 +b(V)-8 b(alues)42 b(of)f(deltasize)g(less)g(than)g(2880)227 +4914 y(will)28 b(b)s(e)i(ignored.)41 b(Since)30 b(the)h(memory)g +(reallo)s(cation)f(op)s(eration)g(can)h(b)s(e)f(computationally)f(exp)s +(ensiv)m(e,)227 5027 y(allo)s(cating)24 b(a)h(larger)f(initial)e(blo)s +(c)m(k)i(of)h(memory)-8 b(,)26 b(and/or)f(sp)s(ecifying)d(a)j(larger)g +(deltasize)f(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(ma)m(y)h(help)227 5140 +y(to)31 b(reduce)g(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(reallo)s(cation)e +(calls)h(and)g(mak)m(e)h(the)g(application)d(program)i(run)f(faster.)95 +5375 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_open_memfile)c(/)48 b(ffomem)286 +5488 y(\(fitsfile)e(**fptr,)f(const)i(char)f(*filename,)f(int)i(mode,)g +(void)f(**memptr,)334 5601 y(size_t)g(*memsize,)f(size_t)i(deltasize,) +334 5714 y(void)g(*\(*mem_realloc\)\(void)42 b(*p,)47 +b(size_t)f(newsize\),)f(int)i(*status\))1905 5942 y Fj(81)p +eop +%%Page: 82 90 +82 89 bop 0 299 a Fj(82)1003 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(9.)112 +b(SPECIALIZED)28 b(CFITSIO)h(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)0 +555 y Fi(2)81 b Fj(Create)49 b(a)g(new)f(FITS)g(\014le)g(residing)e(in) +i(core)h(computer)g(memory)-8 b(.)96 b(This)47 b(routine)g(is)h +(analogous)h(to)227 668 y(\014ts)p 354 668 28 4 v 33 +w(create)p 623 668 V 34 w(\014le.)39 b(In)29 b(general,)h(the)f +(application)e(m)m(ust)i(ha)m(v)m(e)i(preallo)s(cated)e(an)g(initial)d +(blo)s(c)m(k)j(of)g(memory)227 781 y(to)38 b(hold)d(the)i(FITS)f +(\014le)g(prior)f(to)i(calling)f(this)f(routine:)53 b('memptr')36 +b(p)s(oin)m(ts)g(to)h(the)g(starting)g(address)227 894 +y(and)i('memsize')h(giv)m(es)g(the)g(initial)d(size)i(of)h(the)g(blo)s +(c)m(k)f(of)h(memory)-8 b(.)69 b('mem)p 2958 894 V 33 +w(reallo)s(c')39 b(is)g(a)h(p)s(oin)m(ter)e(to)227 1007 +y(an)g(optional)e(function)g(that)i(CFITSIO)e(can)i(call)f(to)h(allo)s +(cate)g(additional)d(memory)-8 b(,)40 b(if)c(needed,)k(and)227 +1120 y(is)33 b(mo)s(deled)f(after)i(the)g(standard)f(C)g('reallo)s(c')g +(function;)h(a)g(n)m(ull)d(p)s(oin)m(ter)i(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(giv)m(en)g +(if)g(the)h(initial)227 1233 y(allo)s(cation)f(of)g(memory)g(is)g(all)f +(that)i(will)c(b)s(e)j(required.)47 b(The)33 b('deltasize')h(parameter) +f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)227 1346 y(suggest)i(a)f(minim)m(um)d +(amoun)m(t)j(of)g(additional)e(memory)i(that)g(should)e(b)s(e)h(allo)s +(cated)h(during)e(eac)m(h)j(call)227 1458 y(to)d(the)f(memory)f(reallo) +s(cation)g(function.)39 b(By)30 b(default,)f(CFITSIO)f(will)f(reallo)s +(cate)k(enough)e(additional)227 1571 y(space)k(to)g(hold)e(1)h(FITS)g +(blo)s(c)m(k)f(\(=)h(2880)i(b)m(ytes\))f(and)f(v)-5 b(alues)31 +b(of)i(deltasize)f(less)f(than)h(2880)i(will)29 b(b)s(e)j(ig-)227 +1684 y(nored.)39 b(Since)24 b(the)i(memory)f(reallo)s(cation)f(op)s +(eration)h(can)h(b)s(e)f(computationally)f(exp)s(ensiv)m(e,)i(allo)s +(cating)227 1797 y(a)h(larger)f(initial)d(blo)s(c)m(k)j(of)g(memory)-8 +b(,)28 b(and/or)e(sp)s(ecifying)e(a)i(larger)g(deltasize)g(v)-5 +b(alue)26 b(ma)m(y)h(help)d(to)j(reduce)227 1910 y(the)k(n)m(um)m(b)s +(er)e(of)h(reallo)s(cation)g(calls)g(and)f(mak)m(e)j(the)e(application) +f(program)h(run)f(faster.)95 2147 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_create_memfile)c +(/)k(ffimem)286 2260 y(\(fitsfile)f(**fptr,)f(void)i(**memptr,)334 +2373 y(size_t)f(*memsize,)f(size_t)i(deltasize,)334 2486 +y(void)g(*\(*mem_realloc\)\(void)42 b(*p,)47 b(size_t)f(newsize\),)f +(int)i(*status\))0 2723 y Fi(3)81 b Fj(Reop)s(en)34 b(a)i(FITS)e +(\014le)g(that)i(w)m(as)f(previously)e(op)s(ened)i(with)e(\014ts)p +2414 2723 V 33 w(op)s(en)p 2637 2723 V 32 w(\014le)h(or)h(\014ts)p +3058 2723 V 33 w(create)p 3327 2723 V 34 w(\014le.)54 +b(The)34 b(new)227 2836 y(\014ts\014le)h(p)s(oin)m(ter)h(ma)m(y)h(then) +f(b)s(e)f(treated)j(as)e(a)h(separate)g(\014le,)g(and)f(one)h(ma)m(y)g +(sim)m(ultaneously)d(read)i(or)227 2949 y(write)d(to)i(2)f(\(or)g +(more\))g(di\013eren)m(t)f(extensions)g(in)g(the)h(same)g(\014le.)50 +b(The)33 b(\014ts)p 2886 2949 V 32 w(op)s(en)p 3108 2949 +V 32 w(\014le)g(routine)g(\(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e\))227 3061 +y(automatically)i(detects)i(cases)f(where)e(a)i(previously)d(op)s(ened) +h(\014le)h(is)f(b)s(eing)g(op)s(ened)g(again,)j(and)d(then)227 +3174 y(in)m(ternally)29 b(call)g(\014ts)p 930 3174 V +33 w(reop)s(en)p 1229 3174 V 32 w(\014le,)h(so)g(programs)g(should)f +(rarely)g(need)h(to)h(explicitly)d(call)i(this)f(routine.)95 +3411 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_reopen_file)d(/)j(ffreopen)286 +3524 y(\(fitsfile)f(*openfptr,)f(fitsfile)g(**newfptr,)g(>)j(int)f +(*status\))0 3761 y Fi(4)81 b Fj(Create)24 b(a)g(new)f(FITS)g(\014le,)h +(using)e(a)i(template)g(\014le)e(to)j(de\014ne)d(its)h(initial)e(size)j +(and)f(structure.)37 b(The)24 b(template)227 3874 y(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f +(another)g(FITS)g(HDU)h(or)f(an)g(ASCI)s(I)f(template)i(\014le.)38 +b(If)25 b(the)g(input)f(template)h(\014le)g(name)g(p)s(oin)m(ter)227 +3987 y(is)i(n)m(ull,)g(then)g(this)g(routine)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)j(the)f +(same)g(as)g(\014ts)p 2160 3987 V 32 w(create)p 2428 +3987 V 35 w(\014le.)39 b(The)27 b(curren)m(tly)g(supp)s(orted)f(format) +227 4100 y(of)33 b(the)g(ASCI)s(I)e(template)i(\014le)e(is)h(describ)s +(ed)e(under)h(the)i(\014ts)p 2350 4100 V 33 w(parse)p +2591 4100 V 32 w(template)g(routine)f(\(in)f(the)i(general)227 +4213 y(Utilities)c(section\))95 4450 y Fe(int)47 b +(fits_create_template)c(/)k(fftplt)286 4563 y(\(fitsfile)f(**fptr,)f +(char)i(*filename,)e(char)i(*tpltfile)e(>)i(int)g(*status\))0 +4799 y Fi(5)81 b Fj(P)m(arse)28 b(the)f(input)f(\014lename)g(or)i(URL)f +(in)m(to)g(its)g(comp)s(onen)m(t)h(parts:)39 b(the)27 +b(\014le)g(t)m(yp)s(e)h(\(\014le://,)g(ftp://,)h(h)m(ttp://,)227 +4912 y(etc\),)34 b(the)e(base)g(input)d(\014le)i(name,)h(the)g(name)g +(of)g(the)g(output)f(\014le)g(that)h(the)g(input)e(\014le)g(is)h(to)h +(b)s(e)f(copied)227 5025 y(to)38 b(prior)d(to)i(op)s(ening,)g(the)g +(HDU)g(or)f(extension)h(sp)s(eci\014cation,)g(the)g(\014ltering)d(sp)s +(eci\014er,)j(the)g(binning)227 5138 y(sp)s(eci\014er,)27 +b(and)h(the)g(column)f(sp)s(eci\014er.)38 b(Null)26 b(strings)h(will)e +(b)s(e)j(returned)f(for)g(an)m(y)i(comp)s(onen)m(ts)f(that)h(are)227 +5251 y(not)i(presen)m(t)f(in)f(the)i(input)d(\014le)i(name.)95 +5488 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_parse_input_url)c(/)k(ffiurl)286 +5601 y(\(char)g(*filename,)e(>)i(char)g(*filetype,)e(char)h(*infile,)g +(char)h(*outfile,)e(char)334 5714 y(*extspec,)g(char)i(*filter,)f(char) +g(*binspec,)f(char)i(*colspec,)e(int)i(*status\))p eop +%%Page: 83 91 +83 90 bop 0 299 a Fh(9.1.)72 b(FITS)30 b(FILE)g(A)m(CCESS)f(R)m +(OUTINES)2244 b Fj(83)0 555 y Fi(6)81 b Fj(P)m(arse)33 +b(the)f(input)f(\014lename)h(and)f(return)h(the)h(HDU)g(n)m(um)m(b)s +(er)e(that)i(w)m(ould)e(b)s(e)h(mo)m(v)m(ed)i(to)f(if)e(the)i(\014le)e +(w)m(ere)227 668 y(op)s(ened)i(with)f(\014ts)p 878 668 +28 4 v 32 w(op)s(en)p 1100 668 V 32 w(\014le.)48 b(The)33 +b(returned)f(HDU)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(b)s(egins)g(with)g(1)h(for)g(the)g +(primary)f(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)227 781 y(so)40 b(for)f(example,)j(if)c(the) +i(input)d(\014lename)i(=)g(`m)m(y\014le.\014ts[2]')h(then)f(hdun)m(um)e +(=)i(3)h(will)d(b)s(e)i(returned.)227 894 y(CFITSIO)j(do)s(es)i(not)g +(op)s(en)f(the)g(\014le)g(to)i(c)m(hec)m(k)g(if)d(the)i(extension)g +(actually)f(exists)g(if)g(an)g(extension)227 1007 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e +(is)h(sp)s(eci\014ed.)74 b(If)42 b(an)g(extension)g(name)g(is)g +(included)d(in)i(the)i(\014le)e(name)h(sp)s(eci\014cation)f(\(e.g.)227 +1120 y(`m)m(y\014le.\014ts[EVENTS]')j(then)f(this)g(routine)g(will)f +(ha)m(v)m(e)j(to)f(op)s(en)g(the)g(FITS)f(\014le)g(and)g(lo)s(ok)h(for) +g(the)227 1233 y(p)s(osition)29 b(of)h(the)h(named)f(extension,)h(then) +f(close)h(\014le)e(again.)41 b(This)29 b(is)g(not)i(p)s(ossible)d(if)i +(the)g(\014le)g(is)f(b)s(eing)227 1346 y(read)34 b(from)f(the)h(stdin)e +(stream,)j(and)f(an)f(error)g(will)f(b)s(e)h(returned)f(in)h(this)f +(case.)52 b(If)33 b(the)h(\014lename)f(do)s(es)227 1458 +y(not)42 b(sp)s(ecify)f(an)h(explicit)e(extension)i(\(e.g.)76 +b('m)m(y\014le.\014ts'\))42 b(then)g(hdun)m(um)e(=)h(-99)i(will)d(b)s +(e)h(returned,)227 1571 y(whic)m(h)34 b(is)g(functionally)f(equiv)-5 +b(alen)m(t)34 b(to)i(hdun)m(um)d(=)h(1.)55 b(This)33 +b(routine)h(is)g(mainly)g(used)g(for)g(bac)m(kw)m(ard)227 +1684 y(compatibilit)m(y)h(in)h(the)g(fto)s(ols)h(soft)m(w)m(are)h(pac)m +(k)-5 b(age)39 b(and)d(is)f(not)i(recommended)g(for)f(general)h(use.)59 +b(It)37 b(is)227 1797 y(generally)i(b)s(etter)g(and)g(more)g(e\016cien) +m(t)h(to)g(\014rst)e(op)s(en)h(the)g(FITS)g(\014le)f(with)g(\014ts)p +3125 1797 V 32 w(op)s(en)p 3347 1797 V 33 w(\014le,)i(then)f(use)227 +1910 y(\014ts)p 354 1910 V 33 w(get)p 507 1910 V 34 w(hdu)p +694 1910 V 31 w(n)m(um)c(to)i(determine)f(whic)m(h)f(HDU)i(in)e(the)i +(\014le)e(has)h(b)s(een)g(op)s(ened,)h(rather)f(than)g(calling)227 +2023 y(\014ts)p 354 2023 V 33 w(parse)p 595 2023 V 32 +w(input)p 841 2023 V 31 w(url)29 b(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)g(a)h(call)e +(to)j(\014ts)p 1967 2023 V 32 w(op)s(en)p 2189 2023 V +32 w(\014le.)143 2280 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_parse_extnum)c(/)48 +b(ffextn)334 2393 y(\(char)e(*filename,)f(>)j(int)f(*hdunum,)e(int)i +(*status\))0 2650 y Fi(7)81 b Fj(P)m(arse)45 b(the)g(input)d(\014le)i +(name)h(and)f(return)f(the)i(ro)s(ot)g(\014le)f(name.)83 +b(The)44 b(ro)s(ot)h(name)g(includes)d(the)j(\014le)227 +2763 y(t)m(yp)s(e)35 b(if)f(sp)s(eci\014ed,)h(\(e.g.)56 +b('ftp://')37 b(or)e('h)m(ttp://'\))i(and)d(the)h(full)e(path)i(name,)h +(to)g(the)f(exten)m(t)i(that)e(it)g(is)227 2875 y(sp)s(eci\014ed)25 +b(in)f(the)j(input)d(\014lename.)38 b(It)26 b(do)s(es)g(not)g(include)e +(the)i(HDU)h(name)f(or)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)g(or)g(an)m(y)h(\014ltering) +227 2988 y(sp)s(eci\014cations.)143 3245 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_parse_rootname)c(/)k(ffrtnm)334 3358 y(\(char)f(*filename,)f(>)j +(char)f(*rootname,)e(int)h(*status\);)0 3615 y Fi(8)81 +b Fj(T)-8 b(est)37 b(if)e(the)i(input)e(\014le)h(or)g(a)h(compressed)g +(v)m(ersion)f(of)h(the)g(\014le)e(\(with)h(a)h(.gz,)j(.Z,)c(.z,)j(or)e +(.zip)f(extension\))227 3728 y(exists)i(on)g(disk.)62 +b(The)37 b(returned)g(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)h(the)h('exists')f(parameter) +g(will)d(ha)m(v)m(e)40 b(1)e(of)g(the)g(4)g(follo)m(wing)227 +3841 y(v)-5 b(alues:)370 4087 y Fe(2:)95 b(the)47 b(file)g(does)g(not)f +(exist,)h(but)f(a)i(compressed)d(version)h(does)g(exist)370 +4200 y(1:)95 b(the)47 b(disk)g(file)g(does)f(exist)370 +4313 y(0:)95 b(neither)46 b(the)h(file)g(nor)g(a)g(compressed)e +(version)h(of)h(the)g(file)g(exist)323 4426 y(-1:)94 +b(the)47 b(input)g(file)f(name)h(is)g(not)g(a)g(disk)g(file)g(\(could)f +(be)h(a)g(ftp,)g(http,)561 4539 y(smem,)g(or)g(mem)g(file,)f(or)h(a)h +(file)e(piped)h(in)g(on)g(the)g(STDIN)f(stream\))143 +4892 y(int)h(fits_file_exists)c(/)48 b(ffexist)334 5005 +y(\(char)e(*filename,)f(>)j(int)f(*exists,)e(int)i(*status\);)0 +5262 y Fi(9)81 b Fj(Flush)35 b(an)m(y)j(in)m(ternal)e(bu\013ers)g(of)i +(data)g(to)g(the)f(output)g(FITS)g(\014le.)61 b(These)37 +b(routines)f(rarely)g(need)h(to)i(b)s(e)227 5375 y(called,)g(but)d(can) +i(b)s(e)f(useful)e(in)h(cases)j(where)d(other)i(pro)s(cesses)f(need)g +(to)h(access)h(the)f(same)f(FITS)g(\014le)227 5488 y(in)i(real)i(time,) +h(either)e(on)h(disk)e(or)h(in)f(memory)-8 b(.)71 b(These)41 +b(routines)e(also)h(help)f(to)j(ensure)d(that)i(if)f(the)227 +5601 y(application)34 b(program)g(subsequen)m(tly)g(ab)s(orts)g(then)h +(the)g(FITS)f(\014le)g(will)e(ha)m(v)m(e)37 b(b)s(een)d(closed)g(prop)s +(erly)-8 b(.)227 5714 y(The)43 b(\014rst)g(routine,)j(\014ts)p +1110 5714 V 33 w(\015ush)p 1332 5714 V 31 w(\014le)c(is)h(more)g +(rigorous)g(and)g(completely)g(closes,)k(then)d(reop)s(ens,)i(the)p +eop +%%Page: 84 92 +84 91 bop 0 299 a Fj(84)1003 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(9.)112 +b(SPECIALIZED)28 b(CFITSIO)h(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)227 +555 y Fj(curren)m(t)h(HDU,)h(b)s(efore)e(\015ushing)f(the)i(in)m +(ternal)e(bu\013ers,)h(th)m(us)h(ensuring)e(that)i(the)g(output)g(FITS) +f(\014le)g(is)227 668 y(iden)m(tical)35 b(to)h(what)f(w)m(ould)g(b)s(e) +g(pro)s(duced)f(if)g(the)i(FITS)f(w)m(as)h(closed)f(at)h(that)g(p)s +(oin)m(t)f(\(i.e.,)i(with)e(a)h(call)227 781 y(to)g(\014ts)p +470 781 28 4 v 33 w(close)p 690 781 V 33 w(\014le\).)55 +b(The)35 b(second)g(routine,)h(\014ts)p 1912 781 V 33 +w(\015ush)p 2134 781 V 31 w(bu\013er)e(simply)f(\015ushes)h(the)h(in)m +(ternal)f(CFITSIO)227 894 y(bu\013ers)28 b(of)h(data)h(to)f(the)h +(output)e(FITS)g(\014le,)h(without)f(up)s(dating)f(and)h(closing)g(the) +h(curren)m(t)g(HDU.)h(This)227 1007 y(is)36 b(m)m(uc)m(h)h(faster,)i +(but)e(there)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(circumstances)h(where)f(the)h +(\015ushed)f(\014le)g(do)s(es)g(not)h(completely)227 +1120 y(re\015ect)31 b(the)g(\014nal)e(state)j(of)e(the)h(\014le)e(as)i +(it)f(will)d(exist)k(when)e(the)h(\014le)g(is)f(actually)h(closed.)227 +1266 y(A)h(t)m(ypical)f(use)g(of)h(these)g(routines)e(w)m(ould)g(b)s(e) +h(to)h(\015ush)e(the)h(state)i(of)f(a)g(FITS)e(table)i(to)g(disk)e +(after)i(eac)m(h)227 1379 y(ro)m(w)36 b(of)f(the)h(table)f(is)f +(written.)54 b(It)36 b(is)e(recommend)h(that)h(\014ts)p +2392 1379 V 32 w(\015ush)p 2613 1379 V 32 w(\014le)e(b)s(e)h(called)f +(after)i(the)f(\014rst)g(ro)m(w)227 1492 y(is)j(written,)i(then)e +(\014ts)p 1023 1492 V 32 w(\015ush)p 1244 1492 V 31 w(bu\013er)g(ma)m +(y)h(b)s(e)f(called)f(after)i(eac)m(h)h(subsequen)m(t)e(ro)m(w)g(is)g +(written.)64 b(Note)227 1605 y(that)40 b(this)e(latter)h(routine)f +(will)e(not)j(automatically)g(up)s(date)f(the)h(NAXIS2)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord) +h(whic)m(h)d(records)227 1718 y(the)d(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d(of)i(ro)m(ws)h +(of)f(data)g(in)f(the)h(table,)h(so)g(this)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(m)m(ust)g +(b)s(e)f(explicitly)f(up)s(dated)h(b)m(y)h(the)227 1831 +y(application)c(program)h(after)h(eac)m(h)h(ro)m(w)e(is)f(written.)95 +2067 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_flush_file)d(/)j(ffflus)286 2180 +y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(>)h(int)g(*status\))95 2406 y(int)g +(fits_flush_buffer)c(/)48 b(ffflsh)286 2519 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(0,) +h(>)g(int)g(*status\))286 2745 y(\(Note:)94 b(The)47 +b(second)f(argument)g(must)g(be)i(0\).)0 3075 y Ff(9.2)135 +b(HDU)46 b(Access)e(Routines)0 3311 y Fi(1)81 b Fj(Get)28 +b(the)f(b)m(yte)h(o\013sets)g(in)e(the)h(FITS)f(\014le)h(to)g(the)h +(start)g(of)f(the)g(header)g(and)g(the)g(start)h(and)e(end)h(of)g(the)g +(data)227 3424 y(in)33 b(the)h(CHDU.)g(The)f(di\013erence)g(b)s(et)m(w) +m(een)i(headstart)f(and)f(dataend)h(equals)f(the)h(size)f(of)h(the)g +(CHDU.)227 3537 y(If)e(the)h(CHDU)f(is)g(the)g(last)g(HDU)h(in)e(the)i +(\014le,)f(then)g(dataend)g(is)f(also)i(equal)e(to)i(the)g(size)f(of)h +(the)f(en)m(tire)227 3650 y(FITS)25 b(\014le.)38 b(Null)24 +b(p)s(oin)m(ters)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(input)e(for)j(an)m(y)f(of)h(the)g +(address)e(parameters)i(if)f(their)f(v)-5 b(alues)25 +b(are)h(not)227 3763 y(needed.)54 b(The)34 b(\014ts)p +897 3763 V 32 w(get)p 1049 3763 V 34 w(hduaddr)e(routine)i(is)g +(obsolete)h(and)f(should)f(no)i(longer)f(b)s(e)g(used.)53 +b(The)34 b(new)m(er)227 3876 y(\014ts)p 354 3876 V 33 +w(get)p 507 3876 V 34 w(hduo\013)24 b(routine)h(uses)g(the)h('o\013)p +1588 3876 V 33 w(t')g(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(whic)m(h)e(can)i(supp)s(ort)e +(o\013sets)i(in)e(large)i(\014les)f(greater)227 3988 +y(than)30 b(2.1GB)j(in)c(size.)95 4225 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_get_hduoff)d +(/)j(ffghof)334 4338 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)h(>)i(off_t)e(*headstart,)f +(off_t)h(*datastart,)f(off_t)h(*dataend,)382 4451 y(int)h(*status\))95 +4676 y(int)g(fits_get_hduaddr)d(/)j(ffghad)94 b(\(OBSOLETE)45 +b(routine\))334 4789 y(\(fitsfile)g(*fptr,)h(>)i(long)f(*headstart,)d +(long)j(*datastart,)e(long)h(*dataend,)382 4902 y(int)h(*status\))0 +5139 y Fi(2)81 b Fj(Create)31 b(\(app)s(end\))f(a)i(new)e(empt)m(y)i +(HDU)f(at)h(the)f(end)f(of)i(the)f(FITS)f(\014le.)41 +b(This)30 b(is)g(no)m(w)h(the)g(CHDU)g(but)f(it)227 5252 +y(is)h(completely)f(empt)m(y)i(and)f(has)g(no)g(header)g(k)m(eyw)m +(ords.)43 b(It)32 b(is)e(recommended)h(that)h(\014ts)p +3344 5252 V 32 w(create)p 3612 5252 V 34 w(img)f(or)227 +5365 y(\014ts)p 354 5365 V 33 w(create)p 623 5365 V 34 +w(tbl)e(b)s(e)h(used)g(instead)f(of)i(this)e(routine.)95 +5601 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_create_hdu)d(/)j(ffcrhd)286 5714 +y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(>)h(int)g(*status\))p eop +%%Page: 85 93 +85 92 bop 0 299 a Fh(9.2.)72 b(HDU)31 b(A)m(CCESS)e(R)m(OUTINES)2488 +b Fj(85)0 555 y Fi(3)81 b Fj(Insert)22 b(a)h(new)g(IMA)m(GE)h +(extension)e(immediately)g(follo)m(wing)f(the)i(CHDU,)h(or)f(insert)f +(a)h(new)f(Primary)g(Arra)m(y)227 668 y(at)30 b(the)e(b)s(eginning)e +(of)j(the)g(\014le.)39 b(An)m(y)29 b(follo)m(wing)e(extensions)h(in)g +(the)g(\014le)g(will)e(b)s(e)i(shifted)f(do)m(wn)i(to)g(mak)m(e)227 +781 y(ro)s(om)36 b(for)h(the)f(new)g(extension.)58 b(If)36 +b(the)h(CHDU)g(is)e(the)i(last)f(HDU)h(in)e(the)i(\014le)e(then)h(the)h +(new)f(image)227 894 y(extension)30 b(will)e(simply)f(b)s(e)j(app)s +(ended)e(to)j(the)f(end)g(of)g(the)g(\014le.)40 b(One)30 +b(can)g(force)h(a)g(new)e(primary)f(arra)m(y)227 1007 +y(to)35 b(b)s(e)d(inserted)h(at)h(the)g(b)s(eginning)d(of)i(the)h(FITS) +f(\014le)f(b)m(y)i(setting)g(status)f(=)h(PREPEND)p 3432 +1007 28 4 v 32 w(PRIMAR)-8 b(Y)227 1120 y(prior)24 b(to)h(calling)f +(the)h(routine.)37 b(In)25 b(this)e(case)j(the)f(old)f(primary)f(arra)m +(y)j(will)c(b)s(e)i(con)m(v)m(erted)j(to)e(an)g(IMA)m(GE)227 +1233 y(extension.)48 b(The)32 b(new)g(extension)h(\(or)g(primary)e +(arra)m(y\))i(will)e(b)s(ecome)i(the)g(CHDU.)g(Refer)g(to)h(Chapter)227 +1346 y(9)d(for)f(a)h(list)e(of)h(pre-de\014ned)f(bitpix)g(v)-5 +b(alues.)95 1605 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_insert_img)d(/)j(ffiimg)286 +1718 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int)h(bitpix,)e(int)i(naxis,)f(long)h +(*naxes,)f(>)h(int)g(*status\))0 1978 y Fi(4)81 b Fj(Insert)30 +b(a)g(new)g(ASCI)s(I)f(or)i(binary)e(table)h(extension)g(immediately)f +(follo)m(wing)g(the)i(CHDU.)g(An)m(y)f(follo)m(wing)227 +2091 y(extensions)35 b(will)e(b)s(e)i(shifted)f(do)m(wn)h(to)h(mak)m(e) +g(ro)s(om)g(for)f(the)g(new)g(extension.)56 b(If)35 b(there)h(are)f(no) +h(other)227 2204 y(follo)m(wing)29 b(extensions)i(then)f(the)h(new)f +(table)g(extension)h(will)d(simply)g(b)s(e)i(app)s(ended)f(to)i(the)g +(end)f(of)h(the)227 2317 y(\014le.)41 b(If)30 b(the)h(FITS)f(\014le)f +(is)h(curren)m(tly)g(empt)m(y)h(then)f(this)f(routine)h(will)e(create)k +(a)f(dumm)m(y)f(primary)e(arra)m(y)227 2430 y(b)s(efore)j(app)s(ending) +e(the)j(table)g(to)g(it.)43 b(The)31 b(new)g(extension)h(will)c(b)s +(ecome)k(the)g(CHDU.)g(The)f(tunit)g(and)227 2543 y(extname)39 +b(parameters)g(are)f(optional)g(and)g(a)g(n)m(ull)e(p)s(oin)m(ter)i(ma) +m(y)g(b)s(e)g(giv)m(en)g(if)f(they)i(are)f(not)h(de\014ned.)227 +2656 y(When)32 b(inserting)e(an)i(ASCI)s(I)f(table)h(with)e(\014ts)p +1847 2656 V 33 w(insert)p 2104 2656 V 32 w(atbl,)i(a)g(n)m(ull)e(p)s +(oin)m(ter)h(ma)m(y)i(giv)m(en)f(for)g(the)g(*tb)s(col)227 +2769 y(parameter)23 b(in)e(whic)m(h)h(case)h(eac)m(h)h(column)d(of)i +(the)g(table)f(will)e(b)s(e)i(separated)h(b)m(y)f(a)h(single)e(space)i +(c)m(haracter.)227 2882 y(Similarly)-8 b(,)25 b(if)g(the)i(input)e(v)-5 +b(alue)26 b(of)h(ro)m(wlen)f(is)f(0,)j(then)f(CFITSIO)e(will)f +(calculate)j(the)g(default)e(ro)m(wlength)227 2994 y(based)40 +b(on)h(the)g(tb)s(col)e(and)h(tt)m(yp)s(e)h(v)-5 b(alues.)71 +b(When)40 b(inserting)f(a)i(binary)d(table)j(with)e(\014ts)p +3430 2994 V 32 w(insert)p 3686 2994 V 32 w(btbl,)227 +3107 y(if)g(there)i(are)f(follo)m(wing)f(extensions)h(in)f(the)h +(\014le)f(and)h(if)f(the)h(table)g(con)m(tains)h(v)-5 +b(ariable)39 b(length)g(arra)m(y)227 3220 y(columns)28 +b(then)h(p)s(coun)m(t)g(m)m(ust)g(sp)s(ecify)f(the)i(exp)s(ected)g +(\014nal)e(size)h(of)g(the)h(data)g(heap,)g(otherwise)e(p)s(coun)m(t) +227 3333 y(m)m(ust)j(=)f(0.)95 3593 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_insert_atbl)d(/) +j(ffitab)286 3706 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(long)g(rowlen,)g(long)h +(nrows,)f(int)h(tfields,)e(char)i(*ttype[],)334 3819 +y(long)g(*tbcol,)f(char)g(*tform[],)f(char)i(*tunit[],)e(char)i +(*extname,)e(>)j(int)f(*status\))95 4045 y(int)g(fits_insert_btbl)d(/)j +(ffibin)286 4158 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(long)g(nrows,)g(int)h +(tfields,)f(char)h(**ttype,)286 4271 y(char)g(**tform,)f(char)g +(**tunit,)g(char)g(*extname,)g(long)g(pcount,)g(>)i(int)e(*status\))0 +4530 y Fi(5)81 b Fj(Mo)s(dify)26 b(the)i(size,)g(dimensions,)e(and/or)h +(data)i(t)m(yp)s(e)f(of)f(the)h(curren)m(t)g(primary)d(arra)m(y)j(or)g +(image)g(extension.)227 4643 y(If)39 b(the)h(new)e(image,)43 +b(as)c(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)h(the)g(input)f(argumen)m(ts,)k(is)c +(larger)h(than)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f(existing)227 4756 +y(image)29 b(in)e(the)h(FITS)g(\014le)f(then)h(zero)h(\014ll)d(data)j +(will)d(b)s(e)i(inserted)f(at)i(the)f(end)g(of)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f +(image)h(and)227 4869 y(an)m(y)35 b(follo)m(wing)e(extensions)h(will)e +(b)s(e)i(mo)m(v)m(ed)i(further)d(bac)m(k)i(in)f(the)g(\014le.)53 +b(Similarly)-8 b(,)32 b(if)i(the)h(new)f(image)227 4982 +y(is)i(smaller)f(than)i(the)f(curren)m(t)h(image)g(then)f(an)m(y)h +(follo)m(wing)e(extensions)h(will)e(b)s(e)i(shifted)g(up)f(to)m(w)m +(ards)227 5095 y(the)h(b)s(eginning)d(of)j(the)g(FITS)f(\014le)g(and)g +(the)h(image)g(data)g(will)e(b)s(e)h(truncated)g(to)i(the)f(new)f +(size.)57 b(This)227 5208 y(routine)26 b(rewrites)g(the)i(BITPIX,)f +(NAXIS,)g(and)f(NAXISn)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords)i(with)e(the)h(appropriate)f(v) +-5 b(alues)26 b(for)227 5321 y(the)31 b(new)f(image.)95 +5581 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_resize_img)d(/)j(ffrsim)286 5694 +y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int)h(bitpix,)e(int)i(naxis,)f(long)h(*naxes,)f +(>)h(int)g(*status\))p eop +%%Page: 86 94 +86 93 bop 0 299 a Fj(86)1003 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(9.)112 +b(SPECIALIZED)28 b(CFITSIO)h(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)0 +555 y Fi(6)81 b Fj(Cop)m(y)43 b(the)h(data)h(\(and)e(not)h(the)g +(header\))g(from)f(the)h(CHDU)g(asso)s(ciated)g(with)f(infptr)e(to)k +(the)f(CHDU)227 668 y(asso)s(ciated)33 b(with)e(outfptr.)47 +b(This)31 b(will)e(o)m(v)m(erwrite)k(an)m(y)g(data)g(previously)e(in)g +(the)i(output)f(CHDU.)h(This)227 781 y(lo)m(w)38 b(lev)m(el)g(routine)f +(is)g(used)g(b)m(y)h(\014ts)p 1510 781 28 4 v 33 w(cop)m(y)p +1724 781 V 33 w(hdu,)h(but)e(it)h(ma)m(y)g(also)g(b)s(e)g(useful)e(in)h +(certain)h(application)227 894 y(programs)30 b(that)h(w)m(an)m(t)g(to)g +(cop)m(y)g(the)f(data)h(from)f(one)h(FITS)e(\014le)h(to)h(another)f +(but)f(also)i(w)m(an)m(t)g(to)g(mo)s(dify)227 1007 y(the)h(header)g(k)m +(eyw)m(ords.)46 b(The)32 b(required)e(FITS)h(header)h(k)m(eyw)m(ords)g +(whic)m(h)f(de\014ne)g(the)h(structure)g(of)g(the)227 +1120 y(HDU)f(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)e(written)h(to)h(the)f(output)g(CHDU)h(b)s +(efore)f(calling)f(this)g(routine.)95 1369 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_copy_data)d(/)k(ffcpdt)286 1482 y(\(fitsfile)e(*infptr,)f +(fitsfile)h(*outfptr,)f(>)i(int)g(*status\))0 1732 y +Fi(7)81 b Fj(This)33 b(routine)g(forces)i(CFITSIO)f(to)h(rescan)g(the)g +(curren)m(t)g(header)f(k)m(eyw)m(ords)h(that)g(de\014ne)f(the)h +(structure)227 1845 y(of)f(the)f(HDU)h(\(suc)m(h)g(as)f(the)h(NAXIS)f +(and)g(BITPIX)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords\))h(so)f(that)h(it)f(reinitializes)e +(the)i(in)m(ternal)227 1958 y(bu\013ers)26 b(that)h(describ)s(e)f(the)h +(HDU)g(structure.)39 b(This)25 b(routine)h(is)g(useful)f(for)h +(reinitializing)d(the)k(structure)227 2071 y(of)34 b(an)f(HDU)h(if)e +(an)m(y)i(of)g(the)f(required)f(k)m(eyw)m(ords)h(\(e.g.,)j(NAXISn\))d +(ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s(een)e(mo)s(di\014ed.)47 b(In)33 b(practice)227 +2184 y(it)d(should)e(rarely)h(b)s(e)g(necessary)h(to)h(call)e(this)g +(routine)g(b)s(ecause)g(CFITSIO)g(in)m(ternally)f(calls)h(it)g(in)g +(most)227 2297 y(situations.)95 2546 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_set_hdustruc)c +(/)48 b(ffrdef)286 2659 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(>)h(int)g(*status\))141 +b(\(DEPRECATED\))0 2991 y Ff(9.3)135 b(Sp)t(ecialized)46 +b(Header)g(Keyw)l(ord)f(Routines)0 3245 y Fd(9.3.1)112 +b(Header)38 b(Information)f(Routines)0 3452 y Fi(1)81 +b Fj(Reserv)m(e)29 b(space)g(in)d(the)j(CHU)f(for)g(MOREKEYS)f(more)h +(header)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords.)41 b(This)26 b(routine)h(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f +(called)227 3565 y(to)34 b(allo)s(cate)f(space)g(for)f(additional)f(k)m +(eyw)m(ords)i(at)g(the)g(time)f(the)h(header)f(is)g(created)h(\(prior)f +(to)h(writing)227 3678 y(an)m(y)h(data\).)51 b(CFITSIO)32 +b(can)i(dynamically)d(add)i(more)g(space)h(to)g(the)g(header)f(when)f +(needed,)j(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er)227 3791 y(it)30 b(is)g(more)g(e\016cien)m +(t)h(to)g(preallo)s(cate)f(the)h(required)e(space)i(if)e(the)h(size)h +(is)e(kno)m(wn)h(in)f(adv)-5 b(ance.)95 4041 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_set_hdrsize)d(/)j(ffhdef)286 4153 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int)h +(morekeys,)e(>)i(int)g(*status\))0 4403 y Fi(2)81 b Fj(Return)26 +b(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)j(k)m(eyw)m(ords)f(in)e(the)i(header)g +(\(not)h(coun)m(ting)f(the)g(END)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord\))h(and)e(the)h +(curren)m(t)227 4516 y(p)s(osition)32 b(in)h(the)h(header.)50 +b(The)34 b(p)s(osition)d(is)i(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(the)g(k)m +(eyw)m(ord)g(record)f(that)i(will)c(b)s(e)i(read)227 +4629 y(next)k(\(or)g(one)f(greater)i(than)e(the)h(p)s(osition)d(of)j +(the)g(last)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(that)g(w)m(as)g(read\).)59 +b(A)37 b(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)i(1)g(is)227 4742 y(returned)29 +b(if)h(the)g(p)s(oin)m(ter)g(is)f(p)s(ositioned)g(at)i(the)f(b)s +(eginning)e(of)i(the)h(header.)95 4992 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_get_hdrpos)d +(/)j(ffghps)286 5105 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(>)h(int)g(*keysexist,)e +(int)i(*keynum,)e(int)i(*status\))0 5394 y Fd(9.3.2)112 +b(Read)38 b(and)h(W)-9 b(rite)35 b(the)i(Required)g(Keyw)m(ords)0 +5601 y Fi(1)81 b Fj(W)-8 b(rite)20 b(the)h(primary)d(header)i(or)g(IMA) +m(GE)i(extension)e(k)m(eyw)m(ords)g(in)m(to)g(the)h(CHU.)f(The)g +(simpler)e(\014ts)p 3535 5601 V 32 w(write)p 3770 5601 +V 32 w(imghdr)227 5714 y(routine)32 b(is)h(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32 +b(to)i(calling)e(\014ts)p 1604 5714 V 32 w(write)p 1839 +5714 V 32 w(grphdr)f(with)h(the)i(default)e(v)-5 b(alues)32 +b(of)i(simple)d(=)i(TR)m(UE,)p eop +%%Page: 87 95 +87 94 bop 0 299 a Fh(9.3.)72 b(SPECIALIZED)29 b(HEADER)i(KEYW)m(ORD)g +(R)m(OUTINES)1510 b Fj(87)227 555 y(p)s(coun)m(t)39 b(=)g(0,)j(gcoun)m +(t)e(=)f(1,)j(and)c(extend)h(=)g(TR)m(UE.)g(The)g(PCOUNT,)g(GCOUNT)f +(and)h(EXTEND)227 668 y(k)m(eyw)m(ords)32 b(are)f(not)g(required)f(in)f +(the)i(primary)f(header)g(and)h(are)g(only)f(written)g(if)g(p)s(coun)m +(t)h(is)f(not)h(equal)227 781 y(to)26 b(zero,)h(gcoun)m(t)f(is)e(not)i +(equal)e(to)i(zero)g(or)f(one,)h(and)f(if)f(extend)h(is)f(TR)m(UE,)h +(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)39 b(When)25 b(writing)227 +894 y(to)37 b(an)f(IMA)m(GE)h(extension,)h(the)e(SIMPLE)f(and)h(EXTEND) +g(parameters)g(are)h(ignored.)57 b(It)36 b(is)f(recom-)227 +1007 y(mended)27 b(that)i(\014ts)p 885 1007 28 4 v 33 +w(create)p 1154 1007 V 34 w(image)g(or)f(\014ts)p 1680 +1007 V 32 w(create)p 1948 1007 V 35 w(tbl)f(b)s(e)g(used)h(instead)f +(of)i(these)f(routines)f(to)i(write)f(the)227 1120 y(required)h(header) +h(k)m(eyw)m(ords.)95 1374 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_write_imghdr)c(/)48 +b(ffphps)286 1487 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)h(bitpix,)e(int)i(naxis,) +f(long)h(*naxes,)f(>)h(int)g(*status\))95 1713 y(int)g +(fits_write_grphdr)c(/)48 b(ffphpr)286 1826 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g +(int)h(simple,)e(int)i(bitpix,)f(int)h(naxis,)f(long)h(*naxes,)334 +1939 y(long)g(pcount,)f(long)g(gcount,)g(int)h(extend,)f(>)h(int)g +(*status\))0 2194 y Fi(2)81 b Fj(W)-8 b(rite)29 b(the)h(ASCI)s(I)d +(table)j(header)f(k)m(eyw)m(ords)g(in)m(to)h(the)f(CHU.)h(The)e +(optional)h(TUNITn)f(and)h(EXTNAME)227 2307 y(k)m(eyw)m(ords)f(are)h +(written)d(only)h(if)g(the)h(input)e(p)s(oin)m(ters)h(are)h(not)g(n)m +(ull.)38 b(A)27 b(n)m(ull)f(p)s(oin)m(ter)h(ma)m(y)h(giv)m(en)g(for)g +(the)227 2419 y(*tb)s(col)36 b(parameter)h(in)e(whic)m(h)g(case)j(a)e +(single)f(space)i(will)d(b)s(e)i(inserted)f(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)i(eac)m(h) +g(column)e(of)i(the)227 2532 y(table.)56 b(Similarly)-8 +b(,)33 b(if)i(ro)m(wlen)f(is)h(giv)m(en)g(=)g(0,)i(then)e(CFITSIO)f +(will)f(calculate)i(the)h(default)e(ro)m(wlength)227 +2645 y(based)c(on)h(the)f(tb)s(col)g(and)g(tt)m(yp)s(e)h(v)-5 +b(alues.)95 2900 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_write_atblhdr)c(/)48 +b(ffphtb)286 3013 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(long)g(rowlen,)g(long)h +(nrows,)f(int)h(tfields,)e(char)i(**ttype,)334 3126 y(long)g(*tbcol,)f +(char)g(**tform,)g(char)g(**tunit,)g(char)h(*extname,)e(>)i(int)g +(*status\))0 3380 y Fi(3)81 b Fj(W)-8 b(rite)29 b(the)g(binary)f(table) +h(header)f(k)m(eyw)m(ords)i(in)m(to)f(the)g(CHU.)g(The)g(optional)f +(TUNITn)g(and)h(EXTNAME)227 3493 y(k)m(eyw)m(ords)35 +b(are)g(written)f(only)g(if)f(the)i(input)e(p)s(oin)m(ters)g(are)i(not) +g(n)m(ull.)51 b(The)35 b(p)s(coun)m(t)f(parameter,)i(whic)m(h)227 +3606 y(sp)s(eci\014es)g(the)h(size)f(of)h(the)g(v)-5 +b(ariable)36 b(length)g(arra)m(y)h(heap,)h(should)d(initially)e(=)k(0;) +j(CFITSIO)c(will)e(au-)227 3719 y(tomatically)d(up)s(date)g(the)g +(PCOUNT)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(if)f(an)m(y)h(v)-5 +b(ariable)30 b(length)h(arra)m(y)h(data)g(is)e(written)227 +3832 y(to)h(the)e(heap.)41 b(The)29 b(TF)m(ORM)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(v)-5 +b(alue)29 b(for)h(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(length)h(v)m(ector)i(columns)d +(should)g(ha)m(v)m(e)j(the)227 3945 y(form)c('Pt\(len\)')i(or)e +('1Pt\(len\)')i(where)e(`t')h(is)f(the)h(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(co)s(de)f +(letter)h(\(A,I,J,E,D,)h(etc.\))42 b(and)27 b(`len')g(is)227 +4058 y(an)h(in)m(teger)h(sp)s(ecifying)d(the)i(maxim)m(um)f(length)g +(of)i(the)f(v)m(ectors)h(in)e(that)i(column)e(\(len)g(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)g +(greater)227 4171 y(than)36 b(or)g(equal)g(to)h(the)f(longest)h(v)m +(ector)g(in)e(the)i(column\).)57 b(If)36 b(`len')f(is)h(not)g(sp)s +(eci\014ed)f(when)g(the)h(table)227 4284 y(is)31 b(created)h(\(e.g.,)h +(the)f(input)d(TF)m(ORMn)i(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)f(just)h('1Pt'\))i(then) +e(CFITSIO)f(will)e(scan)k(the)f(column)227 4397 y(when)f(the)h(table)g +(is)f(\014rst)g(closed)g(and)h(will)d(app)s(end)h(the)i(maxim)m(um)f +(length)g(to)h(the)g(TF)m(ORM)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)227 4509 +y(v)-5 b(alue.)40 b(Note)30 b(that)f(if)e(the)i(table)f(is)g(subsequen) +m(tly)f(mo)s(di\014ed)f(to)k(increase)e(the)h(maxim)m(um)e(length)h(of) +h(the)227 4622 y(v)m(ectors)39 b(then)e(the)g(mo)s(difying)e(program)i +(is)f(resp)s(onsible)f(for)i(also)g(up)s(dating)e(the)j(TF)m(ORM)f(k)m +(eyw)m(ord)227 4735 y(v)-5 b(alue.)95 4990 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_write_btblhdr)c(/)48 b(ffphbn)286 5103 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g +(long)g(nrows,)g(int)h(tfields,)f(char)h(**ttype,)334 +5216 y(char)g(**tform,)e(char)i(**tunit,)e(char)i(*extname,)e(long)i +(pcount,)f(>)h(int)g(*status\))0 5470 y Fi(4)81 b Fj(Read)30 +b(the)h(required)d(k)m(eyw)m(ords)j(from)f(the)h(CHDU)f(\(image)i(or)e +(table\).)41 b(When)30 b(reading)g(from)g(an)g(IMA)m(GE)227 +5583 y(extension)23 b(the)h(SIMPLE)e(and)h(EXTEND)g(parameters)h(are)f +(ignored.)38 b(A)23 b(n)m(ull)e(p)s(oin)m(ter)i(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e +(supplied)227 5696 y(for)30 b(an)m(y)h(of)g(the)f(returned)f +(parameters)i(that)g(are)g(not)f(needed.)p eop +%%Page: 88 96 +88 95 bop 0 299 a Fj(88)1003 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(9.)112 +b(SPECIALIZED)28 b(CFITSIO)h(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)95 +555 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_read_imghdr)d(/)j(ffghpr)286 668 +y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int)h(maxdim,)e(>)j(int)f(*simple,)e(int)i +(*bitpix,)f(int)h(*naxis,)334 781 y(long)g(*naxes,)f(long)g(*pcount,)g +(long)g(*gcount,)g(int)h(*extend,)e(int)i(*status\))95 +1007 y(int)g(fits_read_atblhdr)c(/)48 b(ffghtb)286 1120 +y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,int)f(maxdim,)h(>)h(long)g(*rowlen,)e(long)i +(*nrows,)334 1233 y(int)g(*tfields,)e(char)i(**ttype,)e(long)i(*tbcol,) +f(char)h(**tform,)e(char)i(**tunit,)334 1346 y(char)g(*extname,)93 +b(int)47 b(*status\))95 1571 y(int)g(fits_read_btblhdr)c(/)48 +b(ffghbn)286 1684 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)h(maxdim,)e(>)j(long)f +(*nrows,)e(int)i(*tfields,)334 1797 y(char)g(**ttype,)e(char)i +(**tform,)e(char)i(**tunit,)f(char)g(*extname,)334 1910 +y(long)h(*pcount,)e(int)i(*status\))0 2197 y Fd(9.3.3)112 +b(W)-9 b(rite)36 b(Keyw)m(ord)h(Routines)0 2416 y Fj(These)32 +b(routines)g(simply)e(app)s(end)h(a)h(new)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(to)h(the)e +(header)h(and)f(do)g(not)h(c)m(hec)m(k)h(to)f(see)g(if)f(a)g(k)m(eyw)m +(ord)0 2528 y(with)c(the)h(same)h(name)f(already)g(exists.)40 +b(In)28 b(general)h(it)g(is)f(preferable)g(to)i(use)f(the)h(\014ts)p +3009 2528 28 4 v 32 w(up)s(date)p 3317 2528 V 32 w(k)m(ey)g(routine)e +(to)0 2641 y(ensure)34 b(that)h(the)g(same)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(is)e(not)i +(written)f(more)h(than)f(once)h(to)h(the)e(header.)54 +b(See)34 b(App)s(endix)e(B)j(for)0 2754 y(the)c(de\014nition)d(of)i +(the)h(parameters)f(used)g(in)f(these)i(routines.)0 2988 +y Fi(1)81 b Fj(W)-8 b(rite)29 b(\(app)s(end\))g(a)g(new)g(k)m(eyw)m +(ord)h(of)g(the)f(appropriate)f(data)i(t)m(yp)s(e)g(in)m(to)f(the)h +(CHU.)f(A)h(n)m(ull)d(p)s(oin)m(ter)h(ma)m(y)227 3101 +y(b)s(e)35 b(en)m(tered)h(for)f(the)h(commen)m(t)h(parameter,)g(whic)m +(h)d(will)f(cause)j(the)g(commen)m(t)g(\014eld)e(of)i(the)f(k)m(eyw)m +(ord)227 3214 y(to)43 b(b)s(e)e(left)h(blank.)75 b(The)41 +b(\015t,)k(dbl,)e(cmp,)i(and)d(dblcmp)e(v)m(ersions)h(of)h(this)f +(routine)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)g(added)227 3327 y(feature)33 +b(that)g(if)f(the)g('decimals')g(parameter)h(is)f(negativ)m(e,)i(then)e +(the)h('G')g(displa)m(y)e(format)i(rather)f(then)227 +3440 y(the)i('E')f(format)h(will)c(b)s(e)j(used)f(when)g(constructing)h +(the)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)f(v)-5 b(alue,)34 b(taking)f(the)h(absolute)e(v)-5 +b(alue)227 3553 y(of)34 b('decimals')f(for)g(the)h(precision.)49 +b(This)32 b(will)f(suppress)g(trailing)h(zeros,)j(and)e(will)e(use)j(a) +g(\014xed)f(format)227 3666 y(rather)e(than)f(an)g(exp)s(onen)m(tial)f +(format,)i(dep)s(ending)d(on)i(the)h(magnitude)e(of)i(the)g(v)-5 +b(alue.)95 3899 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_write_key_str)c(/)48 +b(ffpkys)286 4012 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g(char)g +(*value,)g(char)h(*comment,)334 4125 y(>)h(int)e(*status\))95 +4351 y(int)h(fits_write_key_[log,)c(lng])j(/)95 b(ffpky[lj])286 +4464 y(\(fitsfile)46 b(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g(DTYPE)g(numval,)g +(char)g(*comment,)334 4577 y(>)i(int)e(*status\))95 4803 +y(int)h(fits_write_key_[flt,)c(dbl,)j(fixflg,)g(fixdbl])g(/)h +(ffpky[edfg])286 4916 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g(DTYPE) +g(numval,)g(int)h(decimals,)286 5028 y(char)g(*comment,)e(>)j(int)f +(*status\))95 5254 y(int)g(fits_write_key_[cmp,)c(dblcmp,)i(fixcmp,)h +(fixdblcmp])f(/)j(ffpk[yc,ym,fc,fm])286 5367 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g +(char)g(*keyname,)g(DTYPE)g(*numval,)g(int)g(decimals,)286 +5480 y(char)h(*comment,)e(>)j(int)f(*status\))0 5714 +y Fi(2)81 b Fj(W)-8 b(rite)29 b(\(app)s(end\))f(a)i(string)e(v)-5 +b(alued)28 b(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(in)m(to)f(the)g(CHU)h(whic)m(h)d(ma)m(y)j +(b)s(e)f(longer)g(than)f(68)i(c)m(haracters)p eop +%%Page: 89 97 +89 96 bop 0 299 a Fh(9.3.)72 b(SPECIALIZED)29 b(HEADER)i(KEYW)m(ORD)g +(R)m(OUTINES)1510 b Fj(89)227 555 y(in)42 b(length.)79 +b(This)41 b(uses)i(the)g(Long)h(String)d(Keyw)m(ord)i(con)m(v)m(en)m +(tion)i(that)e(is)g(describ)s(ed)e(in)h(the`Lo)s(cal)227 +668 y(FITS)c(Con)m(v)m(en)m(tions')h(section)g(in)f(Chapter)g(4.)66 +b(Since)37 b(this)h(uses)g(a)h(non-standard)f(FITS)g(con)m(v)m(en)m +(tion)227 781 y(to)45 b(enco)s(de)f(the)g(long)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g +(string,)j(programs)c(whic)m(h)g(use)h(this)f(routine)g(should)f(also)h +(call)h(the)227 894 y(\014ts)p 354 894 28 4 v 33 w(write)p +590 894 V 32 w(k)m(ey)p 755 894 V 33 w(longw)m(arn)25 +b(routine)f(to)i(add)f(some)h(COMMENT)f(k)m(eyw)m(ords)g(to)h(w)m(arn)f +(users)g(of)g(the)h(FITS)227 1007 y(\014le)42 b(that)i(this)d(con)m(v)m +(en)m(tion)j(is)e(b)s(eing)f(used.)78 b(The)42 b(\014ts)p +2220 1007 V 32 w(write)p 2455 1007 V 32 w(k)m(ey)p 2620 +1007 V 34 w(longw)m(arn)g(routine)g(also)h(writes)f(a)227 +1120 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord)29 b(called)e(LONGSTRN)g(to)i(record)f(the)g(v)m +(ersion)g(of)g(the)g(longstring)f(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)i(that)g(has)f(b) +s(een)227 1233 y(used,)35 b(in)e(case)j(a)f(new)e(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)j +(is)e(adopted)g(at)h(some)g(p)s(oin)m(t)e(in)h(the)g(future.)52 +b(If)34 b(the)h(LONGSTRN)227 1346 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord)43 +b(is)f(already)g(presen)m(t)h(in)f(the)g(header,)k(then)d(\014ts)p +2332 1346 V 32 w(write)p 2567 1346 V 32 w(k)m(ey)p 2732 +1346 V 34 w(longw)m(arn)f(will)e(simply)g(return)227 +1458 y(without)30 b(doing)f(an)m(ything.)95 1700 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_write_key_longstr)42 b(/)48 b(ffpkls)286 1813 +y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g(char)g(*longstr,)g(char)g +(*comment,)334 1926 y(>)i(int)e(*status\))95 2151 y(int)h +(fits_write_key_longwarn)42 b(/)47 b(ffplsw)286 2264 +y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(>)h(int)g(*status\))0 2506 y +Fi(3)81 b Fj(W)-8 b(rite)37 b(\(app)s(end\))e(a)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(ered)e +(sequence)i(of)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords)g(in)m(to)f(the)h(CHU.)g(The)f +(starting)g(index)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)227 2619 y(\(nstart\))30 +b(m)m(ust)e(b)s(e)g(greater)i(than)f(0.)40 b(One)28 b(ma)m(y)i(app)s +(end)d(the)h(same)i(commen)m(t)f(to)h(ev)m(ery)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(\(and) +227 2732 y(eliminate)j(the)i(need)f(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(an)f(arra)m(y)h +(of)f(iden)m(tical)g(commen)m(t)h(strings,)f(one)g(for)h(eac)m(h)g(k)m +(eyw)m(ord\))g(b)m(y)227 2844 y(including)21 b(the)k(amp)s(ersand)e(c)m +(haracter)j(as)e(the)h(last)f(non-blank)f(c)m(haracter)j(in)d(the)h +(\(\014rst\))h(COMMENTS)227 2957 y(string)d(parameter.)38 +b(This)21 b(same)i(string)e(will)f(then)i(b)s(e)g(used)f(for)h(the)h +(commen)m(t)g(\014eld)e(in)g(all)h(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords.)227 +3070 y(One)32 b(ma)m(y)h(also)f(en)m(ter)g(a)h(n)m(ull)d(p)s(oin)m(ter) +h(for)h(the)g(commen)m(t)h(parameter)g(to)f(lea)m(v)m(e)i(the)e(commen) +m(t)h(\014eld)e(of)227 3183 y(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(blank.)95 +3425 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_write_keys_str)c(/)k(ffpkns)286 +3537 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyroot,)g(int)h(nstart,)e(int)i +(nkeys,)334 3650 y(char)g(**value,)e(char)i(**comment,)e(>)i(int)g +(*status\))95 3876 y(int)g(fits_write_keys_[log,)42 b(lng])47 +b(/)g(ffpkn[lj])286 3989 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyroot,)g +(int)h(nstart,)e(int)i(nkeys,)334 4102 y(DTYPE)f(*numval,)g(char)h +(**comment,)e(int)i(*status\))95 4328 y(int)g(fits_write_keys_[flt,)42 +b(dbl,)47 b(fixflg,)f(fixdbl])g(/)h(ffpkne[edfg])286 +4441 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyroot,)g(int)h(nstart,)e(int)i +(nkey,)334 4554 y(DTYPE)f(*numval,)g(int)h(decimals,)e(char)i +(**comment,)e(>)i(int)g(*status\))0 4795 y Fi(4)81 b +Fj(Cop)m(y)21 b(an)h(indexed)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord)j(from)e(one)h(HDU)h(to)f +(another,)i(mo)s(difying)c(the)i(index)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)i(the)g +(k)m(eyw)m(ord)227 4908 y(name)37 b(in)e(the)h(pro)s(cess.)58 +b(F)-8 b(or)37 b(example,)h(this)d(routine)h(could)f(read)h(the)h +(TLMIN3)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(from)f(the)227 5021 y(input)29 +b(HDU)i(\(b)m(y)g(giving)f(k)m(eyro)s(ot)h(=)g(`TLMIN')g(and)f(inn)m +(um)e(=)i(3\))i(and)e(write)g(it)g(to)h(the)g(output)f(HDU)227 +5134 y(with)35 b(the)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(name)f(TLMIN4)g(\(b)m(y)g +(setting)h(outn)m(um)e(=)h(4\).)58 b(If)36 b(the)g(input)e(k)m(eyw)m +(ord)j(do)s(es)f(not)227 5247 y(exist,)31 b(then)f(this)f(routine)g +(simply)f(returns)h(without)h(indicating)e(an)i(error.)95 +5488 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_copy_key)e(/)i(ffcpky)286 5601 +y(\(fitsfile)f(*infptr,)f(fitsfile)h(*outfptr,)f(int)i(innum,)f(int)h +(outnum,)334 5714 y(char)g(*keyroot,)e(>)i(int)g(*status\))p +eop +%%Page: 90 98 +90 97 bop 0 299 a Fj(90)1003 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(9.)112 +b(SPECIALIZED)28 b(CFITSIO)h(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)0 +555 y Fi(5)81 b Fj(W)-8 b(rite)29 b(\(app)s(end\))g(a)h(`triple)d +(precision')h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(in)m(to)f(the)h(CHU)f(in)f(F28.16)k +(format.)41 b(The)29 b(\015oating)g(p)s(oin)m(t)227 668 +y(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(is)f(constructed)i(b)m(y)f +(concatenating)i(the)e(input)f(in)m(teger)i(v)-5 b(alue)28 +b(with)g(the)i(input)d(double)227 781 y(precision)33 +b(fraction)g(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(\(whic)m(h)f(m)m(ust)h(ha)m(v)m(e)i(a)e +(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(0.0)i(and)d(1.0\).)53 +b(The)34 b(\013gkyt)h(routine)227 894 y(should)c(b)s(e)i(used)f(to)i +(read)f(this)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(v)-5 b(alue,)34 b(b)s(ecause)f(the)g +(other)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)f(reading)g(routines)f(will)227 +1007 y(not)f(preserv)m(e)f(the)h(full)d(precision)h(of)h(the)h(v)-5 +b(alue.)95 1268 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_write_key_triple)42 +b(/)48 b(ffpkyt)286 1380 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g +(long)g(intval,)g(double)g(frac,)334 1493 y(char)h(*comment,)e(>)i(int) +g(*status\))0 1754 y Fi(6)81 b Fj(W)-8 b(rite)36 b(k)m(eyw)m(ords)g(to) +h(the)f(CHDU)g(that)h(are)f(de\014ned)f(in)g(an)h(ASCI)s(I)e(template)i +(\014le.)57 b(The)35 b(format)i(of)f(the)227 1867 y(template)31 +b(\014le)f(is)f(describ)s(ed)f(under)h(the)i(\014ts)p +1788 1867 28 4 v 32 w(parse)p 2028 1867 V 33 w(template)f(routine.)95 +2128 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_write_key_template)42 b(/)47 +b(ffpktp)286 2241 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(const)g(char)h(*filename,)e +(>)i(int)g(*status\))0 2532 y Fd(9.3.4)112 b(Insert)38 +b(Keyw)m(ord)f(Routines)0 2752 y Fj(These)42 b(insert)g(routines)f(are) +i(somewhat)g(less)e(e\016cien)m(t)i(than)g(the)f(`up)s(date')g(or)h +(`write')f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(routines)0 2864 y(b)s(ecause)30 +b(the)g(follo)m(wing)f(k)m(eyw)m(ords)h(in)f(the)h(header)g(m)m(ust)g +(b)s(e)f(shifted)g(do)m(wn)g(to)i(mak)m(e)g(ro)s(om)f(for)g(the)g +(inserted)0 2977 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)41 b(See)31 b(App)s(endix)c(B)k(for)f +(the)h(de\014nition)d(of)i(the)h(parameters)g(used)e(in)g(these)i +(routines.)0 3238 y Fi(1)81 b Fj(Insert)26 b(a)h(new)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h +(record)g(in)m(to)f(the)h(CHU)g(at)g(the)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(p)s +(osition)g(\(i.e.,)j(immediately)d(preceding)227 3351 +y(the)31 b(\(k)m(eyn)m(um\)th)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(in)e(the)h(header.\))95 +3612 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_insert_record)c(/)48 b(ffirec)286 +3725 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)h(keynum,)e(char)i(*card,)f(>)i(int)f +(*status\))0 3985 y Fi(2)81 b Fj(Insert)24 b(a)h(new)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g +(in)m(to)g(the)g(CHU.)g(The)g(new)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(is)e(inserted)f +(immediately)h(follo)m(wing)f(the)i(last)227 4098 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i +(that)f(has)f(b)s(een)h(read)f(from)h(the)g(header.)39 +b(The)25 b(`longstr')h(v)m(ersion)f(has)g(the)h(same)g(functionalit)m +(y)227 4211 y(as)33 b(the)g(`str')f(v)m(ersion)g(except)i(that)f(it)f +(also)g(supp)s(orts)f(the)h(lo)s(cal)g(long)g(string)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h +(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)g(for)227 4324 y(strings)28 b(longer)g(than)h(68)h +(c)m(haracters.)41 b(A)29 b(n)m(ull)e(p)s(oin)m(ter)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)g +(en)m(tered)g(for)g(the)g(commen)m(t)g(parameter)227 +4437 y(whic)m(h)c(will)d(cause)k(the)g(commen)m(t)h(\014eld)d(to)i(b)s +(e)f(left)g(blank.)38 b(The)25 b(\015t,)h(dbl,)f(cmp,)i(and)e(dblcmp)e +(v)m(ersions)i(of)227 4550 y(this)k(routine)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)e(added) +g(feature)i(that)f(if)f(the)h('decimals')f(parameter)h(is)f(negativ)m +(e,)i(then)e(the)h('G')227 4663 y(displa)m(y)e(format)i(rather)f(then)g +(the)h('E')f(format)h(will)d(b)s(e)i(used)f(when)h(constructing)g(the)g +(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(v)-5 b(alue,)227 4776 y(taking)26 b(the)h(absolute)f +(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(of)i('decimals')e(for)h(the)h(precision.)37 +b(This)25 b(will)e(suppress)h(trailing)h(zeros,)j(and)227 +4889 y(will)34 b(use)j(a)g(\014xed)f(format)h(rather)g(than)f(an)h(exp) +s(onen)m(tial)e(format,)k(dep)s(ending)34 b(on)j(the)g(magnitude)f(of) +227 5002 y(the)31 b(v)-5 b(alue.)95 5262 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_insert_card)d(/)j(ffikey)286 5375 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g +(*card,)g(>)i(&status\))95 5601 y(int)f(fits_insert_key_[str,)42 +b(longstr])k(/)h(ffi[kys,)f(kls])286 5714 y(\(fitsfile)g(*fptr,)g(char) +g(*keyname,)g(char)g(*value,)g(char)h(*comment,)p eop +%%Page: 91 99 +91 98 bop 0 299 a Fh(9.3.)72 b(SPECIALIZED)29 b(HEADER)i(KEYW)m(ORD)g +(R)m(OUTINES)1510 b Fj(91)334 555 y Fe(>)48 b(int)e(*status\))95 +781 y(int)h(fits_insert_key_[log,)42 b(lng])47 b(/)g(ffiky[lj])286 +894 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g(DTYPE)g(numval,)g(char)g +(*comment,)334 1007 y(>)i(int)e(*status\))95 1233 y(int)h +(fits_insert_key_[flt,)42 b(fixflt,)k(dbl,)h(fixdbl])f(/)h(ffiky[edfg]) +286 1346 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g(DTYPE)g(numval,)g +(int)h(decimals,)334 1458 y(char)g(*comment,)e(>)i(int)g(*status\))95 +1684 y(int)g(fits_insert_key_[cmp,)42 b(dblcmp,)k(fixcmp,)g(fixdblcmp]) +f(/)i(ffik[yc,ym,fc,fm])286 1797 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g +(*keyname,)g(DTYPE)g(*numval,)g(int)g(decimals,)334 1910 +y(char)h(*comment,)e(>)i(int)g(*status\))0 2169 y Fi(3)81 +b Fj(Insert)32 b(a)i(new)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(with)e(an)h(unde\014ned,)g +(or)g(n)m(ull,)f(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(in)m(to)h(the)f(CHU.)h(The)f(v)-5 +b(alue)33 b(string)f(of)i(the)227 2282 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord)d(is)f(left)g +(blank)f(in)g(this)g(case.)95 2541 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_insert_key_null)c +(/)k(ffikyu)286 2654 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g(char)g +(*comment,)g(>)h(int)g(*status\))0 2945 y Fd(9.3.5)112 +b(Read)38 b(Keyw)m(ord)g(Routines)0 3163 y Fj(Wild)29 +b(card)h(c)m(haracters)i(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(used)f(when)h(sp)s(ecifying)e +(the)i(name)h(of)f(the)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(read.)0 +3422 y Fi(1)81 b Fj(Read)43 b(a)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(v)-5 +b(alue)42 b(\(with)h(the)g(appropriate)g(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e\))g(and)e +(commen)m(t)j(from)e(the)g(CHU.)h(If)f(a)227 3535 y(NULL)32 +b(commen)m(t)h(p)s(oin)m(ter)e(is)h(giv)m(en)g(on)g(input,)e(then)i +(the)g(commen)m(t)i(string)d(will)e(not)j(b)s(e)g(returned.)44 +b(If)227 3648 y(the)32 b(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)g(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g +(is)f(not)i(de\014ned)d(\(i.e.,)j(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)32 +b(\014eld)e(is)h(blank\))g(then)h(an)g(error)f(status)h(=)227 +3761 y(V)-10 b(ALUE)p 545 3761 28 4 v 33 w(UNDEFINED)29 +b(will)c(b)s(e)j(returned)e(and)h(the)h(input)e(v)-5 +b(alue)27 b(will)f(not)i(b)s(e)f(c)m(hanged)h(\(except)h(that)227 +3874 y(\013gkys)i(will)d(reset)j(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 +b(to)h(a)g(n)m(ull)d(string\).)95 4133 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_read_key_str) +c(/)48 b(ffgkys)286 4246 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g(>)h +(char)g(*value,)f(char)g(*comment,)334 4359 y(int)h(*status\);)95 +4585 y(NOTE:)g(after)f(calling)g(the)h(following)e(routine,)h(programs) +f(must)i(explicitly)e(free)382 4698 y(the)i(memory)f(allocated)f(for)i +('longstr')e(after)i(it)g(is)g(no)g(longer)f(needed.)95 +4924 y(int)h(fits_read_key_longstr)42 b(/)48 b(ffgkls)286 +5036 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g(>)h(char)g(**longstr,)e +(char)h(*comment,)620 5149 y(int)h(*status\))95 5375 +y(int)g(fits_read_key_[log,)c(lng,)k(flt,)f(dbl,)h(cmp,)f(dblcmp])g(/)i +(ffgky[ljedcm])286 5488 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g(>)h +(DTYPE)f(*numval,)g(char)h(*comment,)334 5601 y(int)g(*status\))p +eop +%%Page: 92 100 +92 99 bop 0 299 a Fj(92)1003 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(9.)112 +b(SPECIALIZED)28 b(CFITSIO)h(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)0 +555 y Fi(2)81 b Fj(Read)36 b(a)h(sequence)f(of)h(indexed)d(k)m(eyw)m +(ord)j(v)-5 b(alues)36 b(\(e.g.,)j(NAXIS1,)g(NAXIS2,)f(...\).)59 +b(The)36 b(input)e(starting)227 668 y(index)j(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f +(\(nstart\))j(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)f(greater)i(than)e(0.)64 +b(If)37 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)h(an)m(y)h(of)f(the)g(k)m(eyw)m +(ords)g(is)f(not)227 781 y(de\014ned)d(\(i.e.,)i(the)f(v)-5 +b(alue)34 b(\014eld)f(is)h(blank\))g(then)g(an)g(error)h(status)g(=)f +(V)-10 b(ALUE)p 3009 781 28 4 v 33 w(UNDEFINED)36 b(will)c(b)s(e)227 +894 y(returned)21 b(and)h(the)h(input)d(v)-5 b(alue)22 +b(for)g(the)g(unde\014ned)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord\(s\))k(will)19 +b(not)k(b)s(e)e(c)m(hanged.)39 b(These)22 b(routines)227 +1007 y(do)j(not)h(supp)s(ort)d(wild)g(card)i(c)m(haracters)i(in)d(the)i +(ro)s(ot)f(name.)39 b(If)25 b(there)h(are)f(no)g(indexed)f(k)m(eyw)m +(ords)i(in)e(the)227 1120 y(header)35 b(with)e(the)i(input)d(ro)s(ot)j +(name)g(then)f(these)h(routines)f(do)g(not)h(return)e(a)i(non-zero)h +(status)e(v)-5 b(alue)227 1233 y(and)30 b(instead)g(simply)e(return)h +(nfound)f(=)i(0.)95 1489 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_read_keys_str)c(/)48 +b(ffgkns)286 1602 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g(int)h +(nstart,)e(int)i(nkeys,)334 1715 y(>)h(char)e(**value,)g(int)h +(*nfound,)93 b(int)47 b(*status\))95 1941 y(int)g(fits_read_keys_[log,) +c(lng,)j(flt,)h(dbl])g(/)g(ffgkn[ljed])286 2054 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g +(char)g(*keyname,)g(int)h(nstart,)e(int)i(nkeys,)334 +2167 y(>)h(DTYPE)e(*numval,)f(int)i(*nfound,)f(int)h(*status\))0 +2423 y Fi(3)81 b Fj(Read)37 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)h(a)g +(\015oating)f(p)s(oin)m(t)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord,)j(returning)c(the)i(in)m +(teger)g(and)f(fractional)g(parts)g(of)h(the)227 2536 +y(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(in)e(separate)j(routine)e(argumen)m(ts.)52 +b(This)32 b(routine)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(used)h(to)g(read)g(an)m(y)g(k)m +(eyw)m(ord)h(but)e(is)227 2649 y(esp)s(ecially)c(useful)f(for)j +(reading)e(the)i('triple)e(precision')f(k)m(eyw)m(ords)j(written)f(b)m +(y)g(\013pkyt.)95 2906 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_read_key_triple)c(/)k(ffgkyt) +286 3019 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g(>)h(long)g +(*intval,)e(double)h(*frac,)334 3132 y(char)h(*comment,)e(int)i +(*status\))0 3422 y Fd(9.3.6)112 b(Mo)s(dify)38 b(Keyw)m(ord)f +(Routines)0 3641 y Fj(These)31 b(routines)g(mo)s(dify)f(the)i(v)-5 +b(alue)31 b(of)h(an)g(existing)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)46 b(An)31 +b(error)g(is)g(returned)f(if)h(the)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(do)s(es)0 +3753 y(not)43 b(exist.)76 b(Wild)41 b(card)i(c)m(haracters)h(ma)m(y)f +(b)s(e)f(used)f(when)h(sp)s(ecifying)e(the)j(name)f(of)h(the)f(k)m(eyw) +m(ord)h(to)h(b)s(e)0 3866 y(mo)s(di\014ed.)39 b(See)30 +b(App)s(endix)e(B)j(for)f(the)g(de\014nition)e(of)j(the)f(parameters)h +(used)f(in)f(these)i(routines.)0 4123 y Fi(1)81 b Fj(Mo)s(dify)29 +b(\(o)m(v)m(erwrite\))i(the)g(n)m(th)f(80-c)m(haracter)j(header)d +(record)h(in)e(the)h(CHU.)95 4380 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_modify_record)c(/) +48 b(ffmrec)286 4492 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)h(keynum,)e(char)i +(*card,)f(>)i(int)f(*status\))0 4749 y Fi(2)81 b Fj(Mo)s(dify)36 +b(\(o)m(v)m(erwrite\))j(the)f(80-c)m(haracter)j(header)c(record)h(for)f +(the)h(named)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(in)f(the)h(CHU.)g(This)227 +4862 y(can)31 b(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(o)m(v)m(erwrite)g(the)g(name)f(of)h +(the)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(as)g(w)m(ell)e(as)i(its)f(v)-5 +b(alue)29 b(and)h(commen)m(t)i(\014elds.)95 5119 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_modify_card)d(/)j(ffmcrd)286 5231 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g +(*keyname,)g(char)g(*card,)g(>)i(int)f(*status\))0 5488 +y Fi(5)81 b Fj(Mo)s(dify)29 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(and)f(commen)m(t)i +(\014elds)e(of)h(an)g(existing)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(in)e(the)h(CHU.)h(The) +e(`longstr')h(v)m(ersion)227 5601 y(has)41 b(the)h(same)f(functionalit) +m(y)f(as)h(the)h(`str')f(v)m(ersion)g(except)h(that)g(it)f(also)g(supp) +s(orts)e(the)j(lo)s(cal)e(long)227 5714 y(string)28 b(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i +(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)g(for)f(strings)e(longer)i(than)g(68)h(c)m +(haracters.)41 b(Optionally)-8 b(,)28 b(one)h(ma)m(y)h(mo)s(dify)p +eop +%%Page: 93 101 +93 100 bop 0 299 a Fh(9.3.)72 b(SPECIALIZED)29 b(HEADER)i(KEYW)m(ORD)g +(R)m(OUTINES)1510 b Fj(93)227 555 y(only)27 b(the)h(v)-5 +b(alue)27 b(\014eld)g(and)g(lea)m(v)m(e)i(the)f(commen)m(t)h(\014eld)d +(unc)m(hanged)i(b)m(y)g(setting)f(the)h(input)e(COMMENT)227 +668 y(parameter)d(equal)g(to)g(the)g(amp)s(ersand)e(c)m(haracter)j +(\(&\))f(or)g(b)m(y)g(en)m(tering)f(a)h(n)m(ull)e(p)s(oin)m(ter)h(for)g +(the)h(commen)m(t)227 781 y(parameter.)40 b(The)24 b(\015t,)i(dbl,)f +(cmp,)g(and)g(dblcmp)d(v)m(ersions)j(of)g(this)f(routine)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i +(the)f(added)f(feature)h(that)227 894 y(if)g(the)i('decimals')e +(parameter)i(is)e(negativ)m(e,)k(then)d(the)g('G')h(displa)m(y)d +(format)j(rather)f(then)g(the)g('E')h(format)227 1007 +y(will)f(b)s(e)i(used)f(when)h(constructing)g(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(v) +-5 b(alue,)29 b(taking)f(the)h(absolute)f(v)-5 b(alue)28 +b(of)g('decimals')g(for)227 1120 y(the)37 b(precision.)58 +b(This)34 b(will)g(suppress)h(trailing)f(zeros,)39 b(and)d(will)e(use)j +(a)g(\014xed)e(format)i(rather)g(than)f(an)227 1233 y(exp)s(onen)m +(tial)30 b(format,)h(dep)s(ending)c(on)k(the)f(magnitude)g(of)g(the)h +(v)-5 b(alue.)95 1468 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_modify_key_[str,)42 +b(longstr])k(/)h(ffm[kys,)f(kls])286 1581 y(\(fitsfile)g(*fptr,)g(char) +g(*keyname,)g(char)g(*value,)g(char)h(*comment,)334 1694 +y(>)h(int)e(*status\);)95 1920 y(int)h(fits_modify_key_[log,)42 +b(lng])47 b(/)g(ffmky[lj])286 2032 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g +(*keyname,)g(DTYPE)g(numval,)g(char)g(*comment,)334 2145 +y(>)i(int)e(*status\))95 2371 y(int)h(fits_modify_key_[flt,)42 +b(dbl,)47 b(fixflt,)f(fixdbl])g(/)h(ffmky[edfg])286 2484 +y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g(DTYPE)g(numval,)g(int)h +(decimals,)334 2597 y(char)g(*comment,)e(>)i(int)g(*status\))95 +2823 y(int)g(fits_modify_key_[cmp,)42 b(dblcmp,)k(fixcmp,)g(fixdblcmp]) +f(/)i(ffmk[yc,ym,fc,fm])286 2936 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g +(*keyname,)g(DTYPE)g(*numval,)g(int)g(decimals,)334 3049 +y(char)h(*comment,)e(>)i(int)g(*status\))0 3284 y Fi(6)81 +b Fj(Mo)s(dify)21 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)22 b(of)g(an)g(existing)g(k)m +(eyw)m(ord)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(unde\014ned,)g(or)g(n)m(ull.)36 +b(The)22 b(v)-5 b(alue)21 b(string)h(of)g(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)227 +3397 y(is)29 b(set)i(to)g(blank.)39 b(Optionally)-8 b(,)28 +b(one)i(ma)m(y)h(lea)m(v)m(e)g(the)g(commen)m(t)g(\014eld)d(unc)m +(hanged)i(b)m(y)g(setting)g(the)g(input)227 3510 y(COMMENT)f(parameter) +g(equal)f(to)h(the)g(amp)s(ersand)e(c)m(haracter)k(\(&\))e(or)f(b)m(y)h +(en)m(tering)f(a)h(n)m(ull)e(p)s(oin)m(ter.)95 3745 y +Fe(int)47 b(fits_modify_key_null)c(/)k(ffmkyu)286 3858 +y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g(char)g(*comment,)g(>)h(int)g +(*status\))0 4145 y Fd(9.3.7)112 b(Up)s(date)39 b(Keyw)m(ord)e +(Routines)0 4350 y Fi(1)81 b Fj(These)29 b(up)s(date)g(routines)g(mo)s +(dify)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue,)30 b(and)f(optionally)f(the)i(commen)m(t)h +(\014eld,)e(of)h(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(if)e(it)227 4462 +y(already)33 b(exists,)g(otherwise)f(the)h(new)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(is)e +(app)s(ended)g(to)j(the)f(header.)47 b(A)33 b(separate)g(routine)f(is) +227 4575 y(pro)m(vided)c(for)h(eac)m(h)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)f(data)h(t)m(yp) +s(e.)41 b(The)28 b(`longstr')h(v)m(ersion)g(has)f(the)i(same)f +(functionalit)m(y)e(as)j(the)227 4688 y(`str')h(v)m(ersion)f(except)i +(that)g(it)e(also)h(supp)s(orts)d(the)j(lo)s(cal)f(long)h(string)e(k)m +(eyw)m(ord)j(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)g(for)e(strings)227 +4801 y(longer)h(than)g(68)h(c)m(haracters.)45 b(A)31 +b(n)m(ull)e(p)s(oin)m(ter)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(en)m(tered)h(for)f(the)g +(commen)m(t)i(parameter)e(whic)m(h)227 4914 y(will)f(lea)m(v)m(e)j(the) +g(commen)m(t)g(\014eld)e(unc)m(hanged)h(or)g(blank.)45 +b(The)31 b(\015t,)i(dbl,)e(cmp,)i(and)e(dblcmp)f(v)m(ersions)i(of)227 +5027 y(this)d(routine)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)e(added)g(feature)i(that)f(if) +f(the)h('decimals')f(parameter)h(is)f(negativ)m(e,)i(then)e(the)h('G') +227 5140 y(displa)m(y)e(format)i(rather)f(then)g(the)h('E')f(format)h +(will)d(b)s(e)i(used)f(when)h(constructing)g(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(v)-5 +b(alue,)227 5253 y(taking)26 b(the)h(absolute)f(v)-5 +b(alue)25 b(of)i('decimals')e(for)h(the)h(precision.)37 +b(This)25 b(will)e(suppress)h(trailing)h(zeros,)j(and)227 +5366 y(will)34 b(use)j(a)g(\014xed)f(format)h(rather)g(than)f(an)h(exp) +s(onen)m(tial)e(format,)k(dep)s(ending)34 b(on)j(the)g(magnitude)f(of) +227 5479 y(the)31 b(v)-5 b(alue.)95 5714 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_update_key_[str,)42 b(longstr])k(/)h(ffu[kys,)f(kls])p +eop +%%Page: 94 102 +94 101 bop 0 299 a Fj(94)1003 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(9.)112 +b(SPECIALIZED)28 b(CFITSIO)h(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)286 +555 y Fe(\(fitsfile)46 b(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g(char)g(*value,)g +(char)h(*comment,)334 668 y(>)h(int)e(*status\))95 894 +y(int)h(fits_update_key_[log,)42 b(lng])47 b(/)g(ffuky[lj])286 +1007 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g(DTYPE)g(numval,)g(char) +g(*comment,)334 1120 y(>)i(int)e(*status\))95 1346 y(int)h +(fits_update_key_[flt,)42 b(dbl,)47 b(fixflt,)f(fixdbl])g(/)h +(ffuky[edfg])286 1458 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g(DTYPE) +g(numval,)g(int)h(decimals,)334 1571 y(char)g(*comment,)e(>)i(int)g +(*status\))95 1797 y(int)g(fits_update_key_[cmp,)42 b(dblcmp,)k +(fixcmp,)g(fixdblcmp])f(/)i(ffuk[yc,ym,fc,fm])286 1910 +y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(char)g(*keyname,)g(DTYPE)g(*numval,)g(int)g +(decimals,)334 2023 y(char)h(*comment,)e(>)i(int)g(*status\))0 +2363 y Ff(9.4)135 b(De\014ne)45 b(Data)h(Scaling)g(and)e(Unde\014ned)h +(Pixel)h(P)l(arameters)0 2614 y Fj(These)37 b(routines)f(set)i(or)f(mo) +s(dify)f(the)h(in)m(ternal)f(parameters)i(used)e(b)m(y)i(CFITSIO)d(to)j +(either)f(scale)h(the)f(data)0 2727 y(or)f(to)h(represen)m(t)f +(unde\014ned)d(pixels.)56 b(Generally)35 b(CFITSIO)f(will)g(scale)i +(the)g(data)h(according)f(to)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alues)0 2840 +y(of)35 b(the)f(BSCALE)g(and)g(BZER)m(O)h(\(or)g(TSCALn)d(and)i(TZER)m +(On\))g(k)m(eyw)m(ords,)i(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er)g(these)f(routines)e(ma)m(y) +0 2953 y(b)s(e)f(used)h(to)h(o)m(v)m(erride)f(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(v) +-5 b(alues.)48 b(This)31 b(ma)m(y)j(b)s(e)f(useful)e(when)h(one)i(w)m +(an)m(ts)f(to)h(read)f(or)g(write)g(the)0 3066 y(ra)m(w)f(unscaled)f(v) +-5 b(alues)32 b(in)f(the)h(FITS)f(\014le.)46 b(Similarly)-8 +b(,)29 b(CFITSIO)i(generally)g(uses)h(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)32 +b(of)g(the)h(BLANK)0 3179 y(or)40 b(TNULLn)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(to)h +(signify)c(an)j(unde\014ned)e(pixel,)j(but)e(these)h(routines)f(ma)m(y) +h(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)i(o)m(v)m(erride)0 3292 y(this)31 +b(v)-5 b(alue.)47 b(These)32 b(routines)f(do)i(not)f(create)i(or)f(mo)s +(dify)d(the)j(corresp)s(onding)d(header)j(k)m(eyw)m(ord)f(v)-5 +b(alues.)47 b(See)0 3405 y(App)s(endix)28 b(B)i(for)h(the)f +(de\014nition)e(of)j(the)f(parameters)h(used)e(in)h(these)g(routines.)0 +3669 y Fi(1)81 b Fj(Reset)26 b(the)g(scaling)e(factors)i(in)e(the)i +(primary)e(arra)m(y)i(or)f(image)h(extension;)h(do)s(es)e(not)g(c)m +(hange)i(the)f(BSCALE)227 3782 y(and)i(BZER)m(O)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(v)-5 +b(alues)27 b(and)h(only)f(a\013ects)j(the)e(automatic)i(scaling)d(p)s +(erformed)g(when)g(the)h(data)227 3895 y(elemen)m(ts)e(are)g +(written/read)f(to/from)h(the)g(FITS)f(\014le.)38 b(When)25 +b(reading)g(from)g(a)h(FITS)f(\014le)f(the)i(returned)227 +4008 y(data)i(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(=)g(\(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)27 +b(giv)m(en)h(in)e(the)h(FITS)g(arra)m(y\))h(*)g(BSCALE)f(+)g(BZER)m(O.) +g(The)g(in)m(v)m(erse)h(form)m(ula)227 4121 y(is)i(used)f(when)h +(writing)e(data)j(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(to)h(the)f(FITS)g(\014le.)95 +4386 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_set_bscale)d(/)j(ffpscl)286 4499 +y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(double)g(scale,)g(double)g(zero,)g(>)i(int)f +(*status\))0 4764 y Fi(2)81 b Fj(Reset)39 b(the)f(scaling)g(parameters) +g(for)h(a)f(table)g(column;)k(do)s(es)c(not)g(c)m(hange)i(the)e(TSCALn) +f(or)h(TZER)m(On)227 4877 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord)29 b(v)-5 b(alues)28 +b(and)f(only)h(a\013ects)h(the)g(automatic)g(scaling)e(p)s(erformed)g +(when)g(the)i(data)g(elemen)m(ts)g(are)227 4990 y(written/read)i +(to/from)h(the)g(FITS)f(\014le.)43 b(When)31 b(reading)f(from)h(a)h +(FITS)f(\014le)f(the)i(returned)e(data)i(v)-5 b(alue)227 +5103 y(=)25 b(\(the)i(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(giv)m(en)g(in)f(the)i(FITS)f +(arra)m(y\))h(*)g(TSCAL)e(+)i(TZER)m(O.)e(The)h(in)m(v)m(erse)h(form)m +(ula)f(is)f(used)h(when)227 5216 y(writing)k(data)i(v)-5 +b(alues)29 b(to)j(the)e(FITS)g(\014le.)95 5480 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_set_tscale)d(/)j(fftscl)286 5593 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int)h +(colnum,)e(double)i(scale,)f(double)g(zero,)334 5706 +y(>)i(int)e(*status\))p eop +%%Page: 95 103 +95 102 bop 0 299 a Fh(9.5.)72 b(SPECIALIZED)29 b(FITS)g(PRIMAR)-8 +b(Y)31 b(ARRA)-8 b(Y)32 b(OR)d(IMA)m(GE)j(EXTENSION)d(I/O)h(R)m +(OUTINES)125 b Fj(95)0 555 y Fi(3)81 b Fj(De\014ne)36 +b(the)g(in)m(teger)h(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(to)i(b)s(e)e(used)h(to)h(signify) +d(unde\014ned)g(pixels)g(in)h(the)h(primary)e(arra)m(y)j(or)f(image)227 +668 y(extension.)53 b(This)33 b(is)g(only)h(used)g(if)f(BITPIX)h(=)h +(8,)h(16,)g(or)f(32.)54 b(This)33 b(do)s(es)h(not)h(create)h(or)e(c)m +(hange)i(the)227 781 y(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)h(the)f(BLANK)h(k)m(eyw)m +(ord)g(in)e(the)h(header.)95 1038 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_set_imgnull)d(/)j +(ffpnul)286 1150 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(long)g(nulval,)g(>)i(int)f +(*status\))0 1407 y Fi(4)81 b Fj(De\014ne)36 b(the)g(string)f(to)h(b)s +(e)f(used)g(to)i(signify)d(unde\014ned)g(pixels)g(in)g(a)i(column)f(in) +g(an)g(ASCI)s(I)g(table.)57 b(This)227 1520 y(do)s(es)30 +b(not)h(create)h(or)e(c)m(hange)i(the)e(v)-5 b(alue)30 +b(of)h(the)f(TNULLn)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)95 1777 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_set_atblnull)c(/)48 b(ffsnul)286 1889 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g +(int)h(colnum,)e(char)i(*nulstr,)f(>)h(int)g(*status\))0 +2146 y Fi(5)81 b Fj(De\014ne)34 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)33 +b(to)i(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h(signify)d(unde\014ned)g(pixels)h(in)g(an)h +(in)m(teger)h(column)e(in)g(a)h(binary)f(table)227 2259 +y(\(where)c(TF)m(ORMn)f(=)g('B',)i('I',)f(or)f('J'\).)i(This)c(do)s(es) +j(not)f(create)j(or)d(c)m(hange)i(the)e(v)-5 b(alue)28 +b(of)h(the)g(TNULLn)227 2372 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)95 2628 +y Fe(int)47 b(fits_set_btblnull)c(/)48 b(fftnul)286 2741 +y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)h(colnum,)e(long)i(nulval,)f(>)h(int)g +(*status\))0 3074 y Ff(9.5)135 b(Sp)t(ecialized)61 b(FITS)e(Primary)i +(Arra)l(y)f(or)h(IMA)l(GE)e(Extension)j(I/O)306 3224 +y(Routines)0 3474 y Fj(These)27 b(routines)g(read)g(or)h(write)f(data)h +(v)-5 b(alues)27 b(in)g(the)g(primary)f(data)i(arra)m(y)h(\(i.e.,)f +(the)g(\014rst)f(HDU)i(in)d(the)i(FITS)0 3587 y(\014le\))36 +b(or)h(an)f(IMA)m(GE)h(extension.)59 b(Automatic)38 b(data)f(t)m(yp)s +(e)g(con)m(v)m(ersion)f(is)g(p)s(erformed)f(for)h(if)g(the)h(data)g(t)m +(yp)s(e)0 3700 y(of)c(the)g(FITS)f(arra)m(y)h(\(as)g(de\014ned)f(b)m(y) +g(the)h(BITPIX)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord\))g(di\013ers)f(from)g(the)h(data)g(t)m +(yp)s(e)g(of)g(the)g(arra)m(y)g(in)0 3813 y(the)c(calling)f(routine.)39 +b(The)28 b(data)i(v)-5 b(alues)28 b(are)i(automatically)f(scaled)f(b)m +(y)h(the)h(BSCALE)e(and)g(BZER)m(O)h(header)0 3926 y(v)-5 +b(alues)24 b(as)i(they)f(are)g(b)s(eing)f(written)g(or)h(read)f(from)h +(the)g(FITS)f(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)40 b(Unlik)m(e)24 b(the)h(basic)g +(routines)e(describ)s(ed)g(in)0 4039 y(the)31 b(previous)f(c)m(hapter,) +j(most)e(of)h(these)g(routines)e(sp)s(eci\014cally)f(supp)s(ort)g(the)j +(FITS)e(random)h(groups)f(format.)0 4152 y(See)h(App)s(endix)c(B)k(for) +f(the)h(de\014nition)d(of)i(the)h(parameters)g(used)e(in)g(these)i +(routines.)0 4312 y(The)24 b(more)h(primitiv)m(e)e(reading)h(and)g +(writing)f(routines)g(\(i.)39 b(e.,)26 b(\013ppr)p 2364 +4312 28 4 v 32 w(,)g(\013ppn)p 2653 4312 V 31 w(,)g(\013ppn,)f(\013gp)m +(v)p 3185 4312 V 33 w(,)h(or)f(\013gpf)p 3552 4312 V +32 w(\))g(simply)0 4425 y(treat)g(the)g(primary)d(arra)m(y)j(as)f(a)h +(long)f(1-dimensional)e(arra)m(y)j(of)f(pixels,)g(ignoring)f(the)h(in)m +(trinsic)e(dimensionalit)m(y)0 4538 y(of)30 b(the)g(arra)m(y)-8 +b(.)42 b(When)30 b(dealing)f(with)f(a)j(2D)g(image,)f(for)g(example,)g +(the)g(application)f(program)h(m)m(ust)g(calculate)0 +4650 y(the)i(pixel)e(o\013set)i(in)e(the)i(1-D)h(arra)m(y)f(that)g +(corresp)s(onds)e(to)i(an)m(y)g(particular)e(X,)i(Y)f(co)s(ordinate)h +(in)e(the)h(image.)0 4763 y(C)25 b(programmers)h(should)e(note)i(that)g +(the)h(ordering)d(of)i(arra)m(ys)g(in)f(FITS)g(\014les,)h(and)f(hence)h +(in)f(all)f(the)i(CFITSIO)0 4876 y(calls,)38 b(is)e(more)h(similar)e +(to)i(the)h(dimensionalit)m(y)c(of)j(arra)m(ys)g(in)f(F)-8 +b(ortran)38 b(rather)f(than)f(C.)h(F)-8 b(or)38 b(instance)f(if)f(a)0 +4989 y(FITS)28 b(image)h(has)f(NAXIS1)h(=)f(100)i(and)e(NAXIS2)h(=)f +(50,)i(then)e(a)h(2-D)h(arra)m(y)f(just)f(large)h(enough)f(to)i(hold)d +(the)0 5102 y(image)k(should)d(b)s(e)i(declared)g(as)g(arra)m +(y[50][100])k(and)c(not)h(as)f(arra)m(y[100][50].)0 5262 +y(F)-8 b(or)36 b(con)m(v)m(enience,)h(higher-lev)m(el)d(routines)g(are) +h(also)g(pro)m(vided)f(to)h(sp)s(eci\014cly)e(deal)i(with)f(2D)h +(images)g(\(\013p2d)p 3872 5262 V 0 5375 a(and)26 b(\013g2d)p +372 5375 V 33 w(\))h(and)f(3D)i(data)f(cub)s(es)f(\(\013p3d)p +1467 5375 V 59 w(and)g(\013g3d)p 1893 5375 V 33 w(\).)40 +b(The)26 b(dimensionalit)m(y)e(of)j(the)g(FITS)f(image)h(is)e(passed)0 +5488 y(b)m(y)36 b(the)h(naxis1,)g(naxis2,)h(and)e(naxis3)g(parameters)g +(and)g(the)h(declared)e(dimensions)f(of)j(the)f(program)g(arra)m(y)0 +5601 y(are)30 b(passed)g(in)e(the)i(dim1)f(and)g(dim2)g(parameters.)41 +b(Note)31 b(that)f(the)g(dimensions)d(of)j(the)g(program)g(arra)m(y)g +(ma)m(y)0 5714 y(b)s(e)35 b(larger)g(than)g(the)h(dimensions)d(of)j +(the)g(FITS)e(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)58 b(F)-8 b(or)36 b(example)f(if)g(a)h +(FITS)e(image)i(with)e(NAXIS1)i(=)p eop +%%Page: 96 104 +96 103 bop 0 299 a Fj(96)1003 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(9.)112 +b(SPECIALIZED)28 b(CFITSIO)h(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)0 +555 y Fj(NAXIS2)36 b(=)g(400)h(is)e(read)h(in)m(to)g(a)h(program)f +(arra)m(y)g(whic)m(h)f(is)g(dimensioned)e(as)k(512)g(x)f(512)h(pixels,) +f(then)g(the)0 668 y(image)f(will)d(just)i(\014ll)e(the)j(lo)m(w)m(er)g +(left)f(corner)g(of)h(the)g(arra)m(y)g(with)e(pixels)g(in)g(the)i +(range)g(1)g(-)g(400)g(in)f(the)g(X)h(an)0 781 y(Y)g(directions.)52 +b(This)33 b(has)i(the)g(e\013ect)h(of)f(taking)f(a)i(con)m(tiguous)e +(set)i(of)f(pixel)e(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(in)f(the)i(FITS)f(arra)m(y)i(and)0 +894 y(writing)28 b(them)i(to)h(a)f(non-con)m(tiguous)g(arra)m(y)h(in)d +(program)i(memory)g(\(i.e.,)h(there)f(are)h(no)m(w)f(some)g(blank)f +(pixels)0 1007 y(around)g(the)i(edge)g(of)g(the)f(image)h(in)e(the)h +(program)g(arra)m(y\).)0 1167 y(The)k(most)i(general)e(set)i(of)f +(routines)e(\(\013pss)p 1560 1167 28 4 v 33 w(,)j(\013gsv)p +1836 1167 V 33 w(,)g(and)e(\013gsf)p 2273 1167 V 33 w(\))h(ma)m(y)h(b)s +(e)e(used)g(to)h(transfer)g(a)g(rectangular)0 1280 y(subset)27 +b(of)h(the)g(pixels)d(in)i(a)h(FITS)f(N-dimensional)e(image)j(to)g(or)g +(from)f(an)g(arra)m(y)i(whic)m(h)d(has)h(b)s(een)g(declared)g(in)0 +1393 y(the)i(calling)e(program.)40 b(The)28 b(fpixel)f(and)h(lpixel)e +(parameters)j(are)g(in)m(teger)g(arra)m(ys)g(whic)m(h)e(sp)s(ecify)g +(the)i(starting)0 1506 y(and)k(ending)e(pixel)h(co)s(ordinate)h(in)f +(eac)m(h)i(dimension)d(\(starting)i(with)f(1,)i(not)g(0\))g(of)f(the)g +(FITS)g(image)g(that)h(is)0 1619 y(to)f(b)s(e)e(read)g(or)h(written.)44 +b(It)32 b(is)f(imp)s(ortan)m(t)g(to)i(note)f(that)h(these)f(are)g(the)g +(starting)g(and)f(ending)f(pixels)g(in)h(the)0 1732 y(FITS)j(image,)j +(not)e(in)e(the)i(declared)g(arra)m(y)g(in)e(the)i(program.)54 +b(The)35 b(arra)m(y)g(parameter)g(in)f(these)h(routines)f(is)0 +1844 y(treated)g(simply)c(as)j(a)f(large)h(one-dimensional)e(arra)m(y)i +(of)f(the)h(appropriate)f(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(con)m(taining)f(the)h +(pixel)0 1957 y(v)-5 b(alues;)36 b(The)e(pixel)f(v)-5 +b(alues)34 b(in)g(the)g(FITS)g(arra)m(y)h(are)g(read/written)f(from/to) +i(this)d(program)i(arra)m(y)g(in)e(strict)0 2070 y(sequence)e(without)e +(an)m(y)i(gaps;)g(it)f(is)f(up)g(to)j(the)e(calling)f(routine)g(to)j +(correctly)e(in)m(terpret)g(the)h(dimensionalit)m(y)0 +2183 y(of)d(this)e(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)41 b(The)27 b(t)m(w)m(o)i(FITS)e +(reading)g(routines)f(\(\013gsv)p 2018 2183 V 61 w(and)h(\013gsf)p +2415 2183 V 61 w(\))h(also)f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(an)f(`inc')f(parameter)h +(whic)m(h)0 2296 y(de\014nes)33 b(the)h(data)h(sampling)d(in)m(terv)-5 +b(al)34 b(in)e(eac)m(h)k(dimension)31 b(of)j(the)h(FITS)e(arra)m(y)-8 +b(.)53 b(F)-8 b(or)35 b(example,)g(if)e(inc[0]=2)0 2409 +y(and)j(inc[1]=3)i(when)e(reading)g(a)h(2-dimensional)e(FITS)h(image,)k +(then)c(only)g(ev)m(ery)i(other)f(pixel)f(in)f(the)j(\014rst)0 +2522 y(dimension)28 b(and)i(ev)m(ery)h(3rd)f(pixel)e(in)h(the)i(second) +f(dimension)e(will)g(b)s(e)i(returned)f(to)i(the)f('arra)m(y')i +(parameter.)0 2682 y(Tw)m(o)d(t)m(yp)s(es)h(of)f(routines)f(are)i(pro)m +(vided)d(to)j(read)f(the)h(data)g(arra)m(y)f(whic)m(h)f(di\013er)g(in)g +(the)i(w)m(a)m(y)g(unde\014ned)d(pixels)0 2795 y(are)38 +b(handled.)59 b(The)37 b(\014rst)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(of)g(routines)g +(\(e.g.,)j(\013gp)m(v)p 2059 2795 V 34 w(\))d(simply)e(return)h(an)h +(arra)m(y)h(of)g(data)g(elemen)m(ts)f(in)0 2908 y(whic)m(h)29 +b(unde\014ned)g(pixels)f(are)j(set)g(equal)f(to)i(a)f(v)-5 +b(alue)30 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)j(the)g(user)e(in)h(the)g(`n)m(ulv) +-5 b(al')30 b(parameter.)41 b(An)0 3021 y(additional)27 +b(feature)i(of)g(these)h(routines)d(is)h(that)i(if)e(the)h(user)f(sets) +h(n)m(ulv)-5 b(al)27 b(=)i(0,)h(then)e(no)h(c)m(hec)m(ks)h(for)f +(unde\014ned)0 3134 y(pixels)23 b(will)f(b)s(e)j(p)s(erformed,)f(th)m +(us)h(reducing)e(the)i(amoun)m(t)h(of)f(CPU)f(pro)s(cessing.)38 +b(The)24 b(second)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(of)g(routines)0 3247 +y(\(e.g.,)36 b(\013gpf)p 413 3247 V 32 w(\))e(returns)e(the)i(data)g +(elemen)m(t)f(arra)m(y)h(and,)g(in)e(addition,)g(a)i(c)m(har)g(arra)m +(y)f(that)h(indicates)f(whether)0 3360 y(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)33 +b(of)h(the)f(corresp)s(onding)f(data)i(pixel)e(is)h(unde\014ned)e(\(=)j +(1\))g(or)g(de\014ned)e(\(=)i(0\).)51 b(The)33 b(latter)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g +(of)0 3472 y(routines)c(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(more)i(con)m(v)m(enien)m(t)g +(to)g(use)f(in)f(some)h(circumstances,)h(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)h(it)d +(requires)g(an)h(additional)0 3585 y(arra)m(y)g(of)f(logical)g(v)-5 +b(alues)30 b(whic)m(h)f(can)i(b)s(e)e(un)m(wieldy)f(when)i(w)m(orking)f +(with)g(large)i(data)g(arra)m(ys.)0 3859 y Fi(1)81 b +Fj(W)-8 b(rite)30 b(elemen)m(ts)h(in)m(to)f(the)h(FITS)f(data)h(arra)m +(y)-8 b(.)95 4133 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_write_img)d(/)k(ffppr)286 +4246 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)h(datatype,)e(long)i(firstelem,)e +(long)h(nelements,)334 4359 y(DTYPE)g(*array,)g(int)h(*status\);)95 +4585 y(int)g(fits_write_img_[byt,)c(sht,)j(usht,)h(int,)f(uint,)h(lng,) +f(ulng,)h(lnglng,)e(flt,)i(dbl])g(/)286 4698 y +(ffppr[b,i,ui,k,uk,j,uj,jj,)o(e,d)o(])286 4811 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g +(long)g(group,)g(long)h(firstelem,)e(long)i(nelements,)334 +4924 y(DTYPE)f(*array,)g(>)i(int)f(*status\);)95 5149 +y(int)g(fits_write_imgnull)c(/)48 b(ffppn)286 5262 y(\(fitsfile)e +(*fptr,)g(int)h(datatype,)e(long)i(firstelem,)e(long)h(nelements,)334 +5375 y(DTYPE)g(*array,)g(DTYPE)h(*nulval,)e(>)j(int)f(*status\);)95 +5601 y(int)g(fits_write_imgnull_[byt,)42 b(sht,)k(usht,)h(int,)f(uint,) +h(lng,)f(ulng,)h(lnglng,)e(flt,)i(dbl])g(/)286 5714 y +(ffppn[b,i,ui,k,uk,j,uj,jj,)o(e,d)o(])p eop +%%Page: 97 105 +97 104 bop 0 299 a Fh(9.5.)72 b(SPECIALIZED)29 b(FITS)g(PRIMAR)-8 +b(Y)31 b(ARRA)-8 b(Y)32 b(OR)d(IMA)m(GE)j(EXTENSION)d(I/O)h(R)m +(OUTINES)125 b Fj(97)286 555 y Fe(\(fitsfile)46 b(*fptr,)g(long)g +(group,)g(long)h(firstelem,)525 668 y(long)g(nelements,)e(DTYPE)h +(*array,)g(DTYPE)g(nulval,)g(>)h(int)g(*status\);)0 924 +y Fi(2)81 b Fj(Set)30 b(data)h(arra)m(y)g(elemen)m(ts)g(as)f +(unde\014ned.)95 1180 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_write_img_null)c(/)k(ffppru) +286 1293 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(long)g(group,)g(long)h(firstelem,)e +(long)i(nelements,)334 1406 y(>)h(int)e(*status\))0 1662 +y Fi(3)81 b Fj(W)-8 b(rite)31 b(v)-5 b(alues)29 b(in)m(to)i(group)f +(parameters.)42 b(This)29 b(routine)g(only)h(applies)f(to)i(the)g +(`Random)f(Group)s(ed')g(FITS)227 1775 y(format)22 b(whic)m(h)e(has)h +(b)s(een)f(used)h(for)g(applications)e(in)h(radio)h(in)m(terferometry) +-8 b(,)24 b(but)c(is)g(o\016cially)g(deprecated)227 1888 +y(for)30 b(future)g(use.)95 2144 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_write_grppar_[byt,) +42 b(sht,)k(usht,)h(int,)f(uint,)h(lng,)f(ulng,)h(lnglng,)f(flt,)g +(dbl])h(/)286 2257 y(ffpgp[b,i,ui,k,uk,j,uj,jj,)o(e,d)o(])286 +2370 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(long)g(group,)g(long)h(firstelem,)e(long)i +(nelements,)334 2483 y(>)h(DTYPE)e(*array,)g(int)h(*status\))0 +2739 y Fi(4)81 b Fj(W)-8 b(rite)30 b(a)h(2-D)h(or)e(3-D)h(image)g(in)m +(to)f(the)h(data)g(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)95 2996 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_write_2d_[byt,)c(sht,)k(usht,)f(int,)h(uint,)f(lng,)h(ulng,)f +(lnglng,)g(flt,)g(dbl])h(/)286 3108 y(ffp2d[b,i,ui,k,uk,j,uj,jj,)o(e,d) +o(])286 3221 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(long)g(group,)g(long)h(dim1,)f +(long)h(naxis1,)334 3334 y(long)g(naxis2,)f(DTYPE)g(*array,)g(>)h(int)g +(*status\))95 3560 y(int)g(fits_write_3d_[byt,)c(sht,)k(usht,)f(int,)h +(uint,)f(lng,)h(ulng,)f(lnglng,)g(flt,)g(dbl])h(/)286 +3673 y(ffp3d[b,i,ui,k,uk,j,uj,jj,)o(e,d)o(])286 3786 +y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(long)g(group,)g(long)h(dim1,)f(long)h(dim2,)334 +3899 y(long)g(naxis1,)f(long)g(naxis2,)g(long)h(naxis3,)e(DTYPE)i +(*array,)f(>)h(int)g(*status\))0 4155 y Fi(5)81 b Fj(W)-8 +b(rite)30 b(an)h(arbitrary)e(data)i(subsection)e(in)m(to)i(the)f(data)h +(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)95 4411 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_write_subset_[byt,)42 +b(sht,)k(usht,)h(int,)f(uint,)h(lng,)f(ulng,)h(lnglng,)f(flt,)g(dbl])h +(/)286 4524 y(ffpss[b,i,ui,k,uk,j,uj,jj,)o(e,d)o(])286 +4637 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(long)g(group,)g(long)h(naxis,)f(long)h +(*naxes,)334 4750 y(long)g(*fpixel,)e(long)i(*lpixel,)e(DTYPE)i +(*array,)f(>)h(int)g(*status\))0 5006 y Fi(6)81 b Fj(Read)30 +b(elemen)m(ts)h(from)f(the)g(FITS)g(data)h(arra)m(y)-8 +b(.)95 5262 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_read_img)e(/)i(ffgpv)286 +5375 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int)94 b(datatype,)46 b(long)g(firstelem,) +f(long)i(nelements,)334 5488 y(DTYPE)f(*nulval,)g(>)h(DTYPE)g(*array,)f +(int)h(*anynul,)e(int)i(*status\))95 5714 y(int)g(fits_read_img_[byt,)c +(sht,)k(usht,)f(int,)h(uint,)f(lng,)h(ulng,)f(lnglng,)g(flt,)g(dbl])h +(/)p eop +%%Page: 98 106 +98 105 bop 0 299 a Fj(98)1003 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(9.)112 +b(SPECIALIZED)28 b(CFITSIO)h(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)286 +555 y Fe(ffgpv[b,i,ui,k,uk,j,uj,jj,)o(e,d)o(])286 668 +y(\(fitsfile)46 b(*fptr,)g(long)g(group,)g(long)h(firstelem,)e(long)i +(nelements,)334 781 y(DTYPE)f(nulval,)g(>)i(DTYPE)e(*array,)g(int)h +(*anynul,)e(int)i(*status\))95 1007 y(int)g(fits_read_imgnull)c(/)48 +b(ffgpf)286 1120 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)94 b(datatype,)46 +b(long)g(firstelem,)f(long)i(nelements,)334 1233 y(>)h(DTYPE)e(*array,) +g(char)g(*nullarray,)f(int)i(*anynul,)f(int)g(*status\))95 +1458 y(int)95 b(fits_read_imgnull_[byt,)42 b(sht,)k(usht,)h(int,)f +(uint,)h(lng,)f(ulng,)h(flt,)f(dbl])h(/)334 1571 y +(ffgpf[b,i,ui,k,uk,j,uj,jj)o(,e,)o(d])334 1684 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)h +(long)h(group,)f(long)h(firstelem,)e(long)h(nelements,)334 +1797 y(>)i(DTYPE)e(*array,)g(char)g(*nullarray,)f(int)i(*anynul,)f(int) +g(*status\))0 2055 y Fi(7)81 b Fj(Read)29 b(v)-5 b(alues)30 +b(from)f(group)g(parameters.)41 b(This)28 b(routine)g(only)h(applies)f +(to)j(the)e(`Random)h(Group)s(ed')f(FITS)227 2168 y(format)22 +b(whic)m(h)e(has)h(b)s(een)f(used)h(for)g(applications)e(in)h(radio)h +(in)m(terferometry)-8 b(,)24 b(but)c(is)g(o\016cially)g(deprecated)227 +2281 y(for)30 b(future)g(use.)95 2538 y Fe(int)95 b +(fits_read_grppar_[byt,)42 b(sht,)k(usht,)h(int,)f(uint,)h(lng,)f +(ulng,)h(lnglng,)f(flt,)g(dbl])h(/)334 2651 y +(ffggp[b,i,ui,k,uk,j,uj,jj)o(,e,)o(d])334 2764 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)h +(long)h(group,)f(long)h(firstelem,)e(long)h(nelements,)334 +2877 y(>)i(DTYPE)e(*array,)g(int)h(*status\))0 3135 y +Fi(8)81 b Fj(Read)37 b(2-D)h(or)g(3-D)g(image)f(from)g(the)g(data)h +(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)62 b(Unde\014ned)36 b(pixels)g(in)f(the)j(arra)m(y)g +(will)c(b)s(e)j(set)g(equal)227 3247 y(to)32 b(the)g(v)-5 +b(alue)30 b(of)i('n)m(ulv)-5 b(al',)30 b(unless)g(n)m(ulv)-5 +b(al=0)29 b(in)h(whic)m(h)g(case)i(no)f(testing)h(for)f(unde\014ned)e +(pixels)g(will)g(b)s(e)227 3360 y(p)s(erformed.)95 3618 +y Fe(int)95 b(fits_read_2d_[byt,)43 b(sht,)k(usht,)f(int,)h(uint,)f +(lng,)h(ulng,)f(lnglng,)g(flt,)g(dbl])h(/)334 3731 y +(ffg2d[b,i,ui,k,uk,j,uj,jj)o(,e,)o(d])334 3844 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)h +(long)h(group,)f(DTYPE)h(nulval,)e(long)i(dim1,)f(long)h(naxis1,)334 +3957 y(long)g(naxis2,)f(>)h(DTYPE)f(*array,)g(int)h(*anynul,)f(int)h +(*status\))95 4183 y(int)95 b(fits_read_3d_[byt,)43 b(sht,)k(usht,)f +(int,)h(uint,)f(lng,)h(ulng,)f(lnglng,)g(flt,)g(dbl])h(/)334 +4295 y(ffg3d[b,i,ui,k,uk,j,uj,jj)o(,e,)o(d])334 4408 +y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)h(long)h(group,)f(DTYPE)h(nulval,)e(long)i(dim1,) +334 4521 y(long)g(dim2,)f(long)h(naxis1,)f(long)g(naxis2,)g(long)h +(naxis3,)334 4634 y(>)h(DTYPE)e(*array,)g(int)h(*anynul,)e(int)i +(*status\))0 4892 y Fi(9)81 b Fj(Read)30 b(an)g(arbitrary)g(data)h +(subsection)e(from)h(the)g(data)i(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)95 +5149 y Fe(int)95 b(fits_read_subset_[byt,)42 b(sht,)k(usht,)h(int,)f +(uint,)h(lng,)f(ulng,)h(lnglng,)f(flt,)g(dbl])h(/)334 +5262 y(ffgsv[b,i,ui,k,uk,j,uj,jj)o(,e,)o(d])334 5375 +y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)h(int)h(group,)f(int)h(naxis,)f(long)h(*naxes,) +334 5488 y(long)g(*fpixel,)e(long)i(*lpixel,)e(long)i(*inc,)f(DTYPE)h +(nulval,)334 5601 y(>)h(DTYPE)e(*array,)g(int)h(*anynul,)e(int)i +(*status\))p eop +%%Page: 99 107 +99 106 bop 0 299 a Fh(9.6.)72 b(SPECIALIZED)29 b(FITS)g(ASCI)s(I)g(AND) +i(BINAR)-8 b(Y)32 b(T)-8 b(ABLE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)978 +b Fj(99)95 555 y Fe(int)95 b(fits_read_subsetnull_[byt)o(,)42 +b(sht,)k(usht,)h(int,)f(uint,)h(lng,)f(ulng,)h(lnglng,)f(flt,)g(dbl])h +(/)334 668 y(ffgsf[b,i,ui,k,uk,j,uj,jj)o(,e,)o(d])334 +781 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)h(int)h(group,)f(int)h(naxis,)f(long)h +(*naxes,)334 894 y(long)g(*fpixel,)e(long)i(*lpixel,)e(long)i(*inc,)f +(>)i(DTYPE)e(*array,)334 1007 y(char)h(*nullarray,)d(int)j(*anynul,)f +(int)h(*status\))0 1338 y Ff(9.6)135 b(Sp)t(ecialized)46 +b(FITS)e(ASCI)t(I)g(and)g(Binary)h(T)-11 b(able)45 b(Routines)0 +1591 y Fd(9.6.1)112 b(General)38 b(Column)e(Routines)0 +1797 y Fi(1)81 b Fj(Get)31 b(information)d(ab)s(out)i(an)g(existing)f +(ASCI)s(I)f(or)i(binary)e(table)i(column.)40 b(A)30 b(n)m(ull)e(p)s +(oin)m(ter)h(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(giv)m(en)227 1910 y(for)40 +b(an)m(y)h(of)f(the)h(output)f(parameters)g(that)h(are)g(not)f(needed.) +70 b(D)m(A)-8 b(T)g(A)g(TYPE)42 b(is)d(a)i(c)m(haracter)h(string)227 +2023 y(whic)m(h)c(returns)f(the)i(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(of)g(the)f +(column)g(as)h(de\014ned)e(b)m(y)i(the)f(TF)m(ORMn)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g +(\(e.g.,)j('I',)227 2136 y('J','E',)28 b('D',)g(etc.\).)41 +b(In)27 b(the)g(case)g(of)g(an)g(ASCI)s(I)f(c)m(haracter)i(column,)f(t) +m(yp)s(eco)s(de)g(will)d(ha)m(v)m(e)k(a)f(v)-5 b(alue)27 +b(of)g(the)227 2249 y(form)g('An')g(where)f('n')h(is)f(an)h(in)m(teger) +h(expressing)d(the)i(width)f(of)h(the)g(\014eld)f(in)f(c)m(haracters.) +41 b(F)-8 b(or)28 b(example,)227 2362 y(if)f(TF)m(ORM)i(=)e('160A8')k +(then)d(\013gb)s(cl)f(will)e(return)i(t)m(yp)s(ec)m(har='A8')j(and)d +(rep)s(eat=20.)41 b(All)27 b(the)h(returned)227 2475 +y(parameters)j(are)g(scalar)f(quan)m(tities.)95 2716 +y Fe(int)47 b(fits_get_acolparms)c(/)48 b(ffgacl)191 +2829 y(\(fitsfile)d(*fptr,)h(int)h(colnum,)f(>)h(char)g(*ttype,)f(long) +h(*tbcol,)239 2942 y(char)f(*tunit,)g(char)h(*tform,)f(double)g +(*scale,)f(double)i(*zero,)239 3055 y(char)f(*nulstr,)g(char)g(*tdisp,) +g(int)h(*status\))95 3280 y(int)g(fits_get_bcolparms)c(/)48 +b(ffgbcl)286 3393 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)h(colnum,)e(>)j(char)f +(*ttype,)e(char)i(*tunit,)334 3506 y(char)g(*typechar,)e(long)h +(*repeat,)g(double)g(*scale,)g(double)g(*zero,)334 3619 +y(long)h(*nulval,)e(char)i(*tdisp,)f(int)94 b(*status\))0 +3861 y Fi(2)81 b Fj(Return)27 b(optimal)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)h(ro)m +(ws)g(to)h(read)f(or)g(write)f(at)i(one)f(time)g(for)g(maxim)m(um)f +(I/O)g(e\016ciency)-8 b(.)41 b(Refer)227 3973 y(to)25 +b(the)g(\\Optimizing)d(Co)s(de")i(section)h(in)e(Chapter)h(5)g(for)g +(more)h(discussion)d(on)i(ho)m(w)g(to)h(use)f(this)g(routine.)95 +4328 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_get_rowsize)d(/)j(ffgrsz)286 +4441 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(long)g(*nrows,)g(*status\))0 +4682 y Fi(3)81 b Fj(De\014ne)22 b(the)g(zero)i(indexed)c(b)m(yte)j +(o\013set)g(of)g(the)f('heap')h(measured)e(from)h(the)h(start)g(of)f +(the)g(binary)f(table)h(data.)227 4795 y(By)30 b(default)f(the)g(heap)h +(is)e(assumed)h(to)h(start)g(immediately)e(follo)m(wing)g(the)i +(regular)e(table)i(data,)g(i.e.,)g(at)227 4908 y(lo)s(cation)36 +b(NAXIS1)h(x)g(NAXIS2.)59 b(This)35 b(routine)g(is)h(only)f(relev)-5 +b(an)m(t)37 b(for)f(binary)f(tables)h(whic)m(h)g(con)m(tain)227 +5021 y(v)-5 b(ariable)23 b(length)h(arra)m(y)h(columns)e(\(with)g(TF)m +(ORMn)h(=)g('Pt'\).)40 b(This)22 b(routine)i(also)g(automatically)g +(writes)227 5134 y(the)35 b(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(of)h(theap)f(to)h(a)g(k)m +(eyw)m(ord)g(in)f(the)g(extension)g(header.)53 b(This)33 +b(routine)g(m)m(ust)i(b)s(e)f(called)f(after)227 5247 +y(the)e(required)d(k)m(eyw)m(ords)i(ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s(een)d(written)g +(\(with)g(\013ph)m(bn\))g(but)h(b)s(efore)f(an)m(y)i(data)g(is)e +(written)g(to)i(the)227 5360 y(table.)95 5601 y Fe(int)47 +b(fits_write_theap)d(/)j(ffpthp)286 5714 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(long)g +(theap,)g(>)i(int)f(*status\))p eop +%%Page: 100 108 +100 107 bop 0 299 a Fj(100)958 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(9.)112 +b(SPECIALIZED)28 b(CFITSIO)h(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)0 +555 y Fi(4)81 b Fj(T)-8 b(est)37 b(the)f(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)f(the)g +(binary)d(table)j(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(arra)m(y)i(heap,)h(returning)d +(the)h(size)g(of)h(the)g(heap,)h(the)227 668 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)30 +b(of)h(un)m(used)e(b)m(ytes)j(that)f(are)g(not)g(curren)m(tly)f(p)s +(oin)m(ted)g(to)i(b)m(y)e(an)m(y)i(of)f(the)g(descriptors,)f(and)g(the) +227 781 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d(of)h(b)m(ytes)h(whic)m(h)e(are)h(p)s(oin)m +(ted)f(to)i(b)m(y)f(m)m(ultiple)e(descriptors.)39 b(It)28 +b(also)g(returns)f(v)-5 b(alid)27 b(=)g(F)-10 b(ALSE)227 +894 y(if)30 b(an)m(y)g(of)h(the)f(descriptors)g(p)s(oin)m(t)f(to)i(in)m +(v)-5 b(alid)28 b(addresses)i(out)g(of)h(range)g(of)f(the)h(heap.)95 +1153 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_test_heap)d(/)k(fftheap)286 1266 +y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(>)h(long)g(*heapsize,)e(long)h(*unused,)g(long) +h(*overlap,)334 1379 y(int)g(*validheap,)e(int)i(*status\))0 +1637 y Fi(5)81 b Fj(Re-pac)m(k)33 b(the)f(v)m(ectors)h(in)d(the)i +(binary)e(table)i(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(arra)m(y)i(heap)g(to)g(reco)m(v)m +(er)i(an)m(y)e(un)m(used)e(space.)45 b(Nor-)227 1750 +y(mally)-8 b(,)38 b(when)f(a)g(v)m(ector)i(in)d(a)h(v)-5 +b(ariable)36 b(length)h(arra)m(y)g(column)f(is)g(rewritten)h(the)g +(previously)e(written)227 1863 y(arra)m(y)f(remains)d(in)h(the)h(heap)f +(as)h(w)m(asted)h(un)m(used)d(space.)49 b(This)31 b(routine)g(will)g +(repac)m(k)i(the)g(arra)m(ys)g(that)227 1976 y(are)h(still)d(in)h(use,) +i(th)m(us)f(eliminating)d(an)m(y)k(b)m(ytes)g(in)e(the)h(heap)g(that)h +(are)g(no)f(longer)g(in)f(use.)49 b(Note)34 b(that)227 +2089 y(if)e(sev)m(eral)h(v)m(ectors)h(p)s(oin)m(t)d(to)j(the)e(same)h +(b)m(ytes)g(in)f(the)g(heap,)i(then)e(this)f(routine)h(will)e(mak)m(e)j +(duplicate)227 2202 y(copies)d(of)h(the)g(b)m(ytes)f(for)h(eac)m(h)g(v) +m(ector,)h(whic)m(h)d(will)f(actually)i(expand)g(the)g(size)h(of)f(the) +h(heap.)95 2461 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_compress_heap)c(/)48 +b(ffcmph)286 2574 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(>)h(int)g(*status\))0 +2864 y Fd(9.6.2)112 b(Lo)m(w-Lev)m(el)38 b(T)-9 b(able)37 +b(Access)g(Routines)0 3083 y Fj(The)g(follo)m(wing)g(2)h(routines)e +(pro)m(vide)h(lo)m(w-lev)m(el)h(access)h(to)g(the)f(data)g(in)f(ASCI)s +(I)f(or)i(binary)e(tables)h(and)h(are)0 3196 y(mainly)27 +b(useful)g(as)j(an)f(e\016cien)m(t)g(w)m(a)m(y)h(to)g(cop)m(y)g(all)e +(or)h(part)g(of)g(a)g(table)g(from)g(one)g(lo)s(cation)g(to)h(another.) +40 b(These)0 3309 y(routines)23 b(simply)f(read)i(or)h(write)e(the)i +(sp)s(eci\014ed)d(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)h(of)i(consecutiv)m(e)g(b)m(ytes)g +(in)e(an)h(ASCI)s(I)f(or)h(binary)f(table,)0 3422 y(without)g(regard)h +(for)f(column)g(b)s(oundaries)e(or)j(the)g(ro)m(w)g(length)f(in)f(the)i +(table.)39 b(These)23 b(routines)g(do)g(not)h(p)s(erform)0 +3535 y(an)m(y)36 b(mac)m(hine)g(dep)s(enden)m(t)f(data)i(con)m(v)m +(ersion)f(or)h(b)m(yte)f(sw)m(apping.)57 b(See)36 b(App)s(endix)d(B)k +(for)f(the)g(de\014nition)e(of)0 3648 y(the)d(parameters)f(used)g(in)f +(these)i(routines.)0 3906 y Fi(1)81 b Fj(Read)30 b(or)h(write)e(a)i +(consecutiv)m(e)g(arra)m(y)g(of)g(b)m(ytes)f(from)g(an)h(ASCI)s(I)d(or) +j(binary)d(table)95 4165 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_read_tblbytes)c(/)48 +b(ffgtbb)286 4278 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(long)g(firstrow,)g(long)g +(firstchar,)f(long)i(nchars,)334 4391 y(>)h(unsigned)d(char)i(*values,) +e(int)i(*status\))95 4617 y(int)g(fits_write_tblbytes)c(/)k(ffptbb)286 +4730 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(long)g(firstrow,)g(long)g(firstchar,)f +(long)i(nchars,)334 4843 y(unsigned)f(char)g(*values,)g(>)h(int)g +(*status\))0 5133 y Fd(9.6.3)112 b(W)-9 b(rite)36 b(Column)g(Data)i +(Routines)0 5342 y Fi(1)81 b Fj(W)-8 b(rite)27 b(elemen)m(ts)h(in)m(to) +f(an)h(ASCI)s(I)d(or)j(binary)d(table)j(column)e(\(in)g(the)i(CDU\).)g +(The)f(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(of)h(the)f(arra)m(y)227 5455 +y(is)j(implied)d(b)m(y)j(the)h(su\016x)e(of)i(the)f(routine)g(name.)95 +5714 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_write_col_str)c(/)48 b(ffpcls)p +eop +%%Page: 101 109 +101 108 bop 0 299 a Fh(9.6.)72 b(SPECIALIZED)29 b(FITS)g(ASCI)s(I)g +(AND)i(BINAR)-8 b(Y)32 b(T)-8 b(ABLE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)933 +b Fj(101)286 555 y Fe(\(fitsfile)46 b(*fptr,)g(int)h(colnum,)e(long)i +(firstrow,)e(long)i(firstelem,)334 668 y(long)g(nelements,)e(char)h +(**array,)g(>)h(int)g(*status\))95 894 y(int)g +(fits_write_col_[log,byt,sh)o(t,u)o(sht,)o(int,)o(uin)o(t,ln)o(g,ul)o +(ng,)o(lngl)o(ng,f)o(lt,)o(dbl,)o(cmp,)o(dbl)o(cmp])41 +b(/)286 1007 y(ffpcl[l,b,i,ui,k,uk,j,uj,j)o(j,e)o(,d,c)o(,m])286 +1120 y(\(fitsfile)46 b(*fptr,)g(int)h(colnum,)e(long)i(firstrow,)525 +1233 y(long)g(firstelem,)e(long)h(nelements,)f(DTYPE)i(*array,)e(>)j +(int)f(*status\))0 1487 y Fi(2)81 b Fj(W)-8 b(rite)35 +b(elemen)m(ts)h(in)m(to)g(an)f(ASCI)s(I)f(or)i(binary)d(table)j(column) +e(substituting)f(the)j(appropriate)e(FITS)h(n)m(ull)227 +1600 y(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(for)h(an)m(y)g(elemen)m(ts)g(that)g(are)g +(equal)f(to)i(the)f(n)m(ulv)-5 b(al)36 b(parameter.)63 +b(This)36 b(routines)g(m)m(ust)i(not)g(b)s(e)227 1713 +y(used)30 b(to)h(write)f(to)h(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(length)h(arra)m(y)g +(columns.)95 1967 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_write_colnull_[log,)42 +b(byt,)k(sht,)h(usht,)f(int,)h(uint,)f(lng,)h(ulng,)f(lnglng,)g(flt,)h +(dbl])f(/)286 2080 y(ffpcn[l,b,i,ui,k,uk,j,uj,j)o(j,e)o(,d])286 +2193 y(\(fitsfile)g(*fptr,)g(int)h(colnum,)e(long)i(firstrow,)e(long)i +(firstelem,)334 2306 y(long)g(nelements,)e(DTYPE)h(*array,)g(DTYPE)g +(nulval,)g(>)i(int)e(*status\))0 2560 y Fi(3)81 b Fj(W)-8 +b(rite)26 b(string)g(elemen)m(ts)h(in)m(to)f(a)h(binary)e(table)h +(column)f(\(in)h(the)g(CDU\))i(substituting)c(the)i(FITS)g(n)m(ull)e(v) +-5 b(alue)227 2673 y(for)28 b(an)m(y)f(elemen)m(ts)h(that)g(are)g +(equal)f(to)i(the)e(n)m(ulstr)f(string.)39 b(This)26 +b(routine)g(m)m(ust)i(NOT)f(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)j(write)227 +2786 y(to)i(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(length)f(arra)m(y)i(columns.)95 +3040 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_write_colnull_str)42 b(/)48 b(ffpcns)286 +3153 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)h(colnum,)e(long)i(firstrow,)e(long)i +(firstelem,)334 3266 y(long)g(nelements,)e(char)h(**array,)g(char)h +(*nulstr,)e(>)j(int)e(*status\))0 3520 y Fi(4)81 b Fj(W)-8 +b(rite)33 b(bit)f(v)-5 b(alues)32 b(in)m(to)h(a)h(binary)d(b)m(yte)i +(\('B'\))i(or)e(bit)f(\('X'\))i(table)f(column)f(\(in)g(the)h(CDU\).)h +(Larra)m(y)f(is)f(an)227 3633 y(arra)m(y)25 b(of)g(c)m(haracters)h +(corresp)s(onding)d(to)i(the)g(sequence)g(of)f(bits)g(to)h(b)s(e)f +(written.)38 b(If)24 b(an)g(elemen)m(t)h(of)g(larra)m(y)227 +3746 y(is)j(true)h(\(not)h(equal)e(to)i(zero\))g(then)f(the)g(corresp)s +(onding)e(bit)h(in)g(the)h(FITS)f(table)h(is)f(set)i(to)g(1,)g +(otherwise)227 3859 y(the)37 b(bit)f(is)g(set)h(to)g(0.)60 +b(The)37 b('X')g(column)e(in)h(a)h(FITS)f(table)g(is)g(alw)m(a)m(ys)h +(padded)f(out)h(to)g(a)g(m)m(ultiple)e(of)227 3972 y(8)i(bits)e(where)h +(the)g(bit)g(arra)m(y)g(starts)h(with)e(the)i(most)f(signi\014can)m(t)f +(bit)h(of)g(the)h(b)m(yte)g(and)e(w)m(orks)h(do)m(wn)227 +4085 y(to)m(w)m(ards)h(the)g(1's)f(bit.)58 b(F)-8 b(or)37 +b(example,)h(a)e('4X')h(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)39 b(with)c(the)i(\014rst)e +(bit)h(=)f(1)i(and)f(the)g(remaining)f(3)227 4197 y(bits)30 +b(=)h(0)h(is)e(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)31 b(to)h(the)g(8-bit)f(unsigned)e +(b)m(yte)j(decimal)e(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)h(128)g(\('1000)i(0000B'\).)g +(In)d(the)227 4310 y(case)h(of)f('X')g(columns,)f(CFITSIO)g(can)h +(write)f(to)h(all)f(8)h(bits)f(of)h(eac)m(h)h(b)m(yte)f(whether)f(they) +h(are)g(formally)227 4423 y(v)-5 b(alid)32 b(or)h(not.)50 +b(Th)m(us)32 b(if)h(the)g(column)f(is)h(de\014ned)f(as)h('4X',)i(and)e +(one)g(calls)g(\013p)s(clx)f(with)g(\014rstbit=1)g(and)227 +4536 y(n)m(bits=8,)i(then)g(all)e(8)j(bits)d(will)f(b)s(e)j(written)f +(in)m(to)g(the)h(\014rst)f(b)m(yte)i(\(as)f(opp)s(osed)f(to)i(writing)c +(the)j(\014rst)g(4)227 4649 y(bits)27 b(in)m(to)h(the)f(\014rst)g(ro)m +(w)h(and)f(then)h(the)g(next)g(4)g(bits)e(in)m(to)i(the)g(next)g(ro)m +(w\),)h(ev)m(en)f(though)f(the)h(last)g(4)g(bits)227 +4762 y(of)j(eac)m(h)g(b)m(yte)g(are)f(formally)f(not)h(de\014ned)f(and) +h(should)e(all)h(b)s(e)g(set)i(=)f(0.)41 b(It)30 b(should)e(also)j(b)s +(e)e(noted)h(that)227 4875 y(it)j(is)e(more)i(e\016cien)m(t)h(to)f +(write)f('X')i(columns)d(an)i(en)m(tire)g(b)m(yte)g(at)h(a)f(time,)g +(instead)f(of)h(bit)f(b)m(y)h(bit.)47 b(An)m(y)227 4988 +y(of)31 b(the)g(CFITSIO)e(routines)g(that)j(write)e(to)h(columns)e +(\(e.g.)43 b(\014ts)p 2481 4988 28 4 v 33 w(write)p 2717 +4988 V 32 w(col)p 2860 4988 V 32 w(b)m(yt\))32 b(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(used) +g(for)g(this)227 5101 y(purp)s(ose.)60 b(These)36 b(routines)h(will)d +(in)m(terpret)j('X')g(columns)f(as)h(though)g(they)h(w)m(ere)f('B')h +(columns)e(\(e.g.,)227 5214 y('1X')c(through)d('8X')j(is)d(equiv)-5 +b(alen)m(t)30 b(to)h('1B',)h(and)e('9X')h(through)f('16X')i(is)d(equiv) +-5 b(alen)m(t)30 b(to)h('2B'\).)95 5468 y Fe(int)47 b +(fits_write_col_bit)c(/)48 b(ffpclx)286 5581 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g +(int)h(colnum,)e(long)i(firstrow,)e(long)i(firstbit,)334 +5694 y(long)g(nbits,)f(char)g(*larray,)g(>)h(int)g(*status\))p +eop +%%Page: 102 110 +102 109 bop 0 299 a Fj(102)958 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(9.)112 +b(SPECIALIZED)28 b(CFITSIO)h(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)0 +555 y Fi(5)81 b Fj(W)-8 b(rite)34 b(the)g(descriptor)f(for)g(a)h(v)-5 +b(ariable)33 b(length)g(column)g(in)f(a)j(binary)d(table.)51 +b(This)32 b(routine)g(can)j(b)s(e)e(used)227 668 y(in)g(conjunction)g +(with)f(\013gdes)i(to)h(enable)e(2)h(or)g(more)g(arra)m(ys)h(to)f(p)s +(oin)m(t)f(to)i(the)f(same)g(storage)h(lo)s(cation)227 +781 y(to)c(sa)m(v)m(e)h(storage)g(space)f(if)e(the)i(arra)m(ys)g(are)g +(iden)m(tical.)191 1045 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_write_descript)42 +b(/)48 b(ffpdes)382 1158 y(\(fitsfile)d(*fptr,)h(int)h(colnum,)f(long)h +(rownum,)e(long)i(repeat,)430 1271 y(long)f(offset,)g(>)h(int)g +(*status\))0 1567 y Fd(9.6.4)112 b(Read)38 b(Column)f(Data)h(Routines)0 +1787 y Fj(Tw)m(o)28 b(t)m(yp)s(es)f(of)h(routines)e(are)i(pro)m(vided)e +(to)i(get)h(the)e(column)g(data)h(whic)m(h)e(di\013er)g(in)g(the)i(w)m +(a)m(y)h(unde\014ned)c(pixels)0 1900 y(are)40 b(handled.)65 +b(The)39 b(\014rst)g(set)h(of)f(routines)f(\(\013gcv\))j(simply)c +(return)h(an)h(arra)m(y)h(of)g(data)g(elemen)m(ts)f(in)f(whic)m(h)0 +2013 y(unde\014ned)28 b(pixels)h(are)i(set)g(equal)f(to)h(a)g(v)-5 +b(alue)30 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)i(the)f(user)g(in)f(the)i('n)m(ullv) +-5 b(al')29 b(parameter.)41 b(If)30 b(n)m(ullv)-5 b(al)0 +2126 y(=)22 b(0,)j(then)d(no)g(c)m(hec)m(ks)i(for)e(unde\014ned)e +(pixels)h(will)f(b)s(e)i(p)s(erformed,)g(th)m(us)g(increasing)g(the)g +(sp)s(eed)g(of)g(the)h(program.)0 2239 y(The)36 b(second)g(set)g(of)h +(routines)d(\(\013gcf)7 b(\))38 b(returns)d(the)h(data)h(elemen)m(t)f +(arra)m(y)h(and)e(in)g(addition)f(a)j(logical)e(arra)m(y)0 +2351 y(of)e(\015ags)f(whic)m(h)f(de\014nes)h(whether)g(the)g(corresp)s +(onding)f(data)i(pixel)d(is)i(unde\014ned.)44 b(See)33 +b(App)s(endix)d(B)j(for)f(the)0 2464 y(de\014nition)c(of)j(the)f +(parameters)h(used)e(in)g(these)i(routines.)0 2625 y(An)m(y)39 +b(column,)g(regardless)f(of)h(it's)f(in)m(trinsic)e(data)k(t)m(yp)s(e,) +h(ma)m(y)e(b)s(e)f(read)g(as)h(a)g(string.)65 b(It)38 +b(should)f(b)s(e)h(noted)0 2737 y(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er)32 +b(that)f(reading)e(a)i(n)m(umeric)e(column)g(as)i(a)f(string)g(is)f(10) +i(-)g(100)g(times)f(slo)m(w)m(er)h(than)f(reading)f(the)i(same)0 +2850 y(column)f(as)i(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(due)h(to)h(the)g(large)g(o)m +(v)m(erhead)g(in)f(constructing)g(the)h(formatted)g(strings.)43 +b(The)31 b(displa)m(y)0 2963 y(format)26 b(of)g(the)h(returned)d +(strings)h(will)e(b)s(e)j(determined)e(b)m(y)i(the)g(TDISPn)f(k)m(eyw)m +(ord,)j(if)c(it)i(exists,)h(otherwise)e(b)m(y)0 3076 +y(the)i(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e)f(of)h(the)f(column.)38 b(The)26 +b(length)g(of)h(the)f(returned)f(strings)g(\(not)i(including)c(the)k(n) +m(ull)d(terminating)0 3189 y(c)m(haracter\))38 b(can)e(b)s(e)g +(determined)e(with)h(the)h(\014ts)p 1722 3189 28 4 v +33 w(get)p 1875 3189 V 34 w(col)p 2020 3189 V 32 w(displa)m(y)p +2332 3189 V 31 w(width)f(routine.)56 b(The)36 b(follo)m(wing)e(TDISPn)0 +3302 y(displa)m(y)29 b(formats)h(are)h(curren)m(tly)e(supp)s(orted:)191 +3566 y Fe(Iw.m)142 b(Integer)191 3679 y(Ow.m)g(Octal)46 +b(integer)191 3792 y(Zw.m)142 b(Hexadecimal)45 b(integer)191 +3905 y(Fw.d)142 b(Fixed)46 b(floating)g(point)191 4018 +y(Ew.d)142 b(Exponential)45 b(floating)g(point)191 4131 +y(Dw.d)142 b(Exponential)45 b(floating)g(point)191 4244 +y(Gw.d)142 b(General;)46 b(uses)g(Fw.d)h(if)g(significance)d(not)j +(lost,)g(else)f(Ew.d)0 4508 y Fj(where)37 b(w)h(is)f(the)h(width)e(in)h +(c)m(haracters)i(of)f(the)h(displa)m(y)m(ed)d(v)-5 b(alues,)40 +b(m)d(is)g(the)h(minim)m(um)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)i(digits)0 +4621 y(displa)m(y)m(ed,)29 b(and)h(d)g(is)f(the)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of) +h(digits)f(to)i(the)g(righ)m(t)f(of)h(the)f(decimal.)40 +b(The)30 b(.m)g(\014eld)f(is)g(optional.)0 4885 y Fi(1)81 +b Fj(Read)29 b(elemen)m(ts)h(from)f(an)g(ASCI)s(I)f(or)i(binary)e +(table)h(column)f(\(in)h(the)g(CDU\).)i(These)e(routines)f(return)h +(the)227 4998 y(v)-5 b(alues)29 b(of)h(the)g(table)g(column)f(arra)m(y) +h(elemen)m(ts.)41 b(Unde\014ned)28 b(arra)m(y)j(elemen)m(ts)f(will)d(b) +s(e)i(returned)g(with)g(a)227 5111 y(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(=)f(n)m(ulv)-5 +b(al,)28 b(unless)f(n)m(ulv)-5 b(al)27 b(=)h(0)i(\(or)f(=)f(')h(')g +(for)g(\013gcvs\))g(in)f(whic)m(h)f(case)j(no)f(c)m(hec)m(king)h(for)e +(unde\014ned)227 5224 y(v)-5 b(alues)27 b(will)e(b)s(e)i(p)s(erformed.) +39 b(The)27 b(ANYF)h(parameter)g(is)f(set)h(to)g(true)g(if)f(an)m(y)g +(of)h(the)g(returned)f(elemen)m(ts)227 5337 y(are)k(unde\014ned.)95 +5601 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_read_col_str)c(/)48 b(ffgcvs)286 +5714 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)h(colnum,)e(long)i(firstrow,)e(long)i +(firstelem,)p eop +%%Page: 103 111 +103 110 bop 0 299 a Fh(9.6.)72 b(SPECIALIZED)29 b(FITS)g(ASCI)s(I)g +(AND)i(BINAR)-8 b(Y)32 b(T)-8 b(ABLE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)933 +b Fj(103)334 555 y Fe(long)47 b(nelements,)e(char)h(*nulstr,)g(>)h +(char)g(**array,)f(int)g(*anynul,)334 668 y(int)h(*status\))95 +894 y(int)g(fits_read_col_[log,byt,sht)o(,us)o(ht,i)o(nt,u)o(int)o +(,lng)o(,uln)o(g,)41 b(lnglng,)46 b(flt,)h(dbl,)g(cmp,)f(dblcmp])g(/) +286 1007 y(ffgcv[l,b,i,ui,k,uk,j,uj,j)o(j,e)o(,d,c)o(,m])286 +1120 y(\(fitsfile)g(*fptr,)g(int)h(colnum,)e(long)i(firstrow,)e(long)i +(firstelem,)334 1233 y(long)g(nelements,)e(DTYPE)h(nulval,)g(>)h(DTYPE) +g(*array,)f(int)g(*anynul,)334 1346 y(int)h(*status\))0 +1632 y Fi(2)81 b Fj(Read)39 b(elemen)m(ts)h(and)f(n)m(ull)f(\015ags)i +(from)f(an)g(ASCI)s(I)g(or)g(binary)f(table)i(column)e(\(in)h(the)h +(CHDU\).)g(These)227 1745 y(routines)28 b(return)f(the)i(v)-5 +b(alues)28 b(of)h(the)g(table)g(column)e(arra)m(y)j(elemen)m(ts.)40 +b(An)m(y)29 b(unde\014ned)d(arra)m(y)k(elemen)m(ts)227 +1858 y(will)h(ha)m(v)m(e)k(the)f(corresp)s(onding)d(n)m(ullarra)m(y)h +(elemen)m(t)i(set)g(equal)f(to)h(TR)m(UE.)g(The)f(an)m(yn)m(ul)g +(parameter)h(is)227 1971 y(set)d(to)g(true)f(if)g(an)m(y)h(of)f(the)h +(returned)e(elemen)m(ts)i(are)f(unde\014ned.)95 2257 +y Fe(int)47 b(fits_read_colnull_str)42 b(/)48 b(ffgcfs)286 +2370 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)h(colnum,)e(long)i(firstrow,)e(long)i +(firstelem,)334 2483 y(long)g(nelements,)e(>)i(char)g(**array,)e(char)i +(*nullarray,)e(int)i(*anynul,)334 2596 y(int)g(*status\))95 +2822 y(int)g(fits_read_colnull_[log,byt)o(,sh)o(t,us)o(ht,i)o(nt,)o +(uint)o(,lng)o(,ul)o(ng,l)o(ngln)o(g,f)o(lt,d)o(bl,c)o(mp,)o(dblc)o +(mp])41 b(/)286 2935 y(ffgcf[l,b,i,ui,k,uk,j,uj,j)o(j,e)o(,d,c)o(,m]) +286 3048 y(\(fitsfile)46 b(*fptr,)g(int)h(colnum,)e(long)i(firstrow,) +334 3161 y(long)g(firstelem,)e(long)h(nelements,)f(>)j(DTYPE)e(*array,) +334 3274 y(char)h(*nullarray,)d(int)j(*anynul,)f(int)h(*status\))0 +3560 y Fi(3)81 b Fj(Read)24 b(an)g(arbitrary)f(data)i(subsection)e +(from)h(an)g(N-dimensional)e(arra)m(y)j(in)e(a)h(binary)f(table)h(v)m +(ector)i(column.)227 3673 y(Unde\014ned)21 b(pixels)g(in)g(the)i(arra)m +(y)g(will)d(b)s(e)i(set)h(equal)g(to)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)22 +b(of)h('n)m(ulv)-5 b(al',)23 b(unless)e(n)m(ulv)-5 b(al=0)21 +b(in)g(whic)m(h)227 3786 y(case)37 b(no)e(testing)g(for)g(unde\014ned)e +(pixels)g(will)g(b)s(e)i(p)s(erformed.)53 b(The)35 b(\014rst)g(and)f +(last)h(ro)m(ws)h(in)e(the)h(table)227 3899 y(to)30 b(b)s(e)e(read)h +(are)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)h(fpixel\(naxis+1\))d(and)j +(lpixel\(naxis+1\),)e(and)h(hence)h(are)h(treated)g(as)f(the)227 +4012 y(next)38 b(higher)e(dimension)f(of)j(the)f(FITS)g(N-dimensional)e +(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)63 b(The)37 b(INC)h(parameter)g(sp)s(eci\014es)e(the) +227 4125 y(sampling)29 b(in)m(terv)-5 b(al)29 b(in)g(eac)m(h)j +(dimension)c(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)j(the)f(data)h(elemen)m(ts)g(that)g(will) +d(b)s(e)h(returned.)95 4411 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_read_subset_[byt,)42 +b(sht,)47 b(usht,)f(int,)h(uint,)f(lng,)h(ulng,)f(lnglng,)g(flt,)h +(dbl])f(/)286 4524 y(ffgsv[b,i,ui,k,uk,j,uj,jj,)o(e,d)o(])286 +4637 y(\(fitsfile)g(*fptr,)g(int)h(colnum,)e(int)i(naxis,)f(long)h +(*naxes,)f(long)h(*fpixel,)334 4750 y(long)g(*lpixel,)e(long)i(*inc,)f +(DTYPE)h(nulval,)e(>)j(DTYPE)e(*array,)g(int)h(*anynul,)334 +4863 y(int)g(*status\))0 5149 y Fi(4)81 b Fj(Read)24 +b(an)g(arbitrary)f(data)i(subsection)e(from)h(an)g(N-dimensional)e +(arra)m(y)j(in)e(a)h(binary)f(table)h(v)m(ector)i(column.)227 +5262 y(An)m(y)34 b(Unde\014ned)e(pixels)g(in)h(the)g(arra)m(y)i(will)c +(ha)m(v)m(e)k(the)f(corresp)s(onding)d('n)m(ullarra)m(y')i(elemen)m(t)h +(set)g(equal)227 5375 y(to)40 b(TR)m(UE.)e(The)h(\014rst)e(and)h(last)h +(ro)m(ws)f(in)g(the)g(table)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(read)h(are)g(sp)s(eci\014ed) +d(b)m(y)j(fpixel\(naxis+1\))227 5488 y(and)i(lpixel\(naxis+1\),)i(and)e +(hence)h(are)g(treated)g(as)g(the)g(next)g(higher)f(dimension)e(of)j +(the)g(FITS)f(N-)227 5601 y(dimensional)f(arra)m(y)-8 +b(.)78 b(The)41 b(INC)h(parameter)h(sp)s(eci\014es)e(the)i(sampling)d +(in)m(terv)-5 b(al)42 b(in)f(eac)m(h)j(dimension)227 +5714 y(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)31 b(the)g(data)g(elemen)m(ts)g(that)g(will)c +(b)s(e)j(returned.)p eop +%%Page: 104 112 +104 111 bop 0 299 a Fj(104)958 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(9.)112 +b(SPECIALIZED)28 b(CFITSIO)h(INTERF)-10 b(A)m(CE)30 b(R)m(OUTINES)95 +555 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_read_subsetnull_[byt,)41 b(sht,)47 +b(usht,)f(int,)h(uint,)f(lng,)h(ulng,)f(lnglng,)g(flt,)g(dbl])h(/)286 +668 y(ffgsf[b,i,ui,k,uk,j,uj,jj,)o(e,d)o(])286 781 y(\(fitsfile)f +(*fptr,)g(int)h(colnum,)e(int)i(naxis,)f(long)h(*naxes,)334 +894 y(long)g(*fpixel,)e(long)i(*lpixel,)e(long)i(*inc,)f(>)i(DTYPE)e +(*array,)334 1007 y(char)h(*nullarray,)d(int)j(*anynul,)f(int)h +(*status\))0 1227 y Fi(5)81 b Fj(Read)35 b(bit)f(v)-5 +b(alues)34 b(from)h(a)g(b)m(yte)h(\('B'\))g(or)f(bit)f(\(`X`\))i(table) +f(column)f(\(in)g(the)h(CDU\).)h(Larra)m(y)g(is)e(an)g(arra)m(y)227 +1340 y(of)g(logical)f(v)-5 b(alues)33 b(corresp)s(onding)f(to)i(the)g +(sequence)g(of)g(bits)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(read.)51 b(If)33 +b(larra)m(y)g(is)g(true)g(then)h(the)227 1453 y(corresp)s(onding)h(bit) +h(w)m(as)h(set)h(to)f(1,)j(otherwise)c(the)h(bit)f(w)m(as)h(set)h(to)f +(0.)61 b(The)37 b('X')g(column)f(in)f(a)j(FITS)227 1566 +y(table)d(is)e(alw)m(a)m(ys)i(padded)f(out)h(to)g(a)g(m)m(ultiple)d(of) +j(8)g(bits)e(where)h(the)h(bit)f(arra)m(y)h(starts)g(with)e(the)i(most) +227 1678 y(signi\014can)m(t)h(bit)f(of)i(the)g(b)m(yte)g(and)f(w)m +(orks)g(do)m(wn)h(to)m(w)m(ards)g(the)g(1's)g(bit.)58 +b(F)-8 b(or)37 b(example,)h(a)f('4X')h(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)227 +1791 y(with)32 b(the)i(\014rst)e(bit)h(=)g(1)h(and)e(the)i(remaining)d +(3)j(bits)e(=)h(0)h(is)e(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)33 b(to)h(the)g(8-bit)f +(unsigned)e(b)m(yte)227 1904 y(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)g(128.)42 +b(Note)31 b(that)g(in)d(the)j(case)g(of)f('X')g(columns,)f(CFITSIO)g +(can)h(read)g(all)f(8)h(bits)f(of)h(eac)m(h)h(b)m(yte)227 +2017 y(whether)h(they)h(are)g(formally)e(v)-5 b(alid)31 +b(or)h(not.)48 b(Th)m(us)31 b(if)h(the)g(column)g(is)f(de\014ned)g(as)i +('4X',)h(and)e(one)h(calls)227 2130 y(\013gcx)d(with)e(\014rstbit=1)f +(and)i(n)m(bits=8,)f(then)h(all)f(8)h(bits)f(will)e(b)s(e)j(read)g +(from)f(the)h(\014rst)g(b)m(yte)g(\(as)h(opp)s(osed)227 +2243 y(to)39 b(reading)e(the)h(\014rst)g(4)g(bits)f(from)h(the)g +(\014rst)f(ro)m(w)h(and)g(then)f(the)i(\014rst)e(4)h(bits)f(from)h(the) +g(next)g(ro)m(w\),)227 2356 y(ev)m(en)g(though)f(the)g(last)h(4)f(bits) +f(of)i(eac)m(h)g(b)m(yte)g(are)f(formally)f(not)i(de\014ned.)60 +b(It)37 b(should)e(also)i(b)s(e)g(noted)227 2469 y(that)f(it)e(is)h +(more)g(e\016cien)m(t)g(to)h(read)f('X')h(columns)d(an)i(en)m(tire)g(b) +m(yte)h(at)g(a)f(time,)h(instead)e(of)i(bit)e(b)m(y)h(bit.)227 +2582 y(An)m(y)29 b(of)g(the)h(CFITSIO)d(routines)h(that)h(read)g +(columns)f(\(e.g.)42 b(\014ts)p 2520 2582 28 4 v 32 w(read)p +2724 2582 V 33 w(col)p 2868 2582 V 33 w(b)m(yt\))29 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e +(used)g(for)h(this)227 2695 y(purp)s(ose.)60 b(These)36 +b(routines)h(will)d(in)m(terpret)j('X')g(columns)f(as)h(though)g(they)h +(w)m(ere)f('B')h(columns)e(\(e.g.,)227 2808 y('8X')c(is)d(equiv)-5 +b(alen)m(t)30 b(to)h('1B',)h(and)e('16X')i(is)d(equiv)-5 +b(alen)m(t)30 b(to)h('2B'\).)95 3027 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_read_col_bit)c +(/)48 b(ffgcx)286 3140 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)h(colnum,)e(long)i +(firstrow,)e(long)i(firstbit,)334 3253 y(long)g(nbits,)f(>)h(char)g +(*larray,)e(int)i(*status\))0 3473 y Fi(6)81 b Fj(Read)31 +b(an)m(y)h(consecutiv)m(e)h(set)f(of)g(bits)e(from)i(an)f('X')h(or)g +('B')h(column)d(and)h(in)m(terpret)g(them)h(as)f(an)h(unsigned)227 +3586 y(n-bit)g(in)m(teger.)47 b(n)m(bits)32 b(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(less)g +(than)h(16)g(or)g(32)g(in)e(\013gcxui)i(and)e(\013gcxuk,)j(resp)s +(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)47 b(If)32 b(nro)m(ws)227 3699 y(is)27 +b(greater)i(than)f(1,)h(then)e(the)h(same)h(set)f(of)g(bits)f(will)e(b) +s(e)i(read)h(from)f(eac)m(h)i(ro)m(w,)g(starting)f(with)e(\014rstro)m +(w.)227 3812 y(The)k(bits)f(are)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(ered)e(with)g(1)i(=)f +(the)h(most)f(signi\014can)m(t)g(bit)f(of)i(the)f(\014rst)g(elemen)m(t) +h(of)f(the)h(column.)95 4032 y Fe(int)47 b(fits_read_col_bit_[usht,)42 +b(uint])k(/)h(ffgcx[ui,uk])286 4145 y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int)h +(colnum,)e(long)i(firstrow,)e(long,)i(nrows,)334 4258 +y(long)g(firstbit,)e(long)i(nbits,)f(>)h(DTYPE)g(*array,)e(int)i +(*status\))0 4478 y Fi(7)81 b Fj(Return)27 b(the)i(descriptor)e(for)i +(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(length)h(column)f(in)h(a)h(binary)d(table.)40 +b(The)28 b(descriptor)g(consists)g(of)227 4591 y(2)k(in)m(teger)f +(parameters:)42 b(the)31 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(elemen)m(ts)h(in)d +(the)i(arra)m(y)h(and)e(the)h(starting)g(o\013set)h(relativ)m(e)f(to) +227 4704 y(the)d(start)f(of)g(the)h(heap.)39 b(The)27 +b(\014rst)f(routine)g(returns)g(a)h(single)f(descriptor)g(whereas)h +(the)g(second)g(routine)227 4816 y(returns)i(the)i(descriptors)e(for)h +(a)h(range)g(of)f(ro)m(ws)h(in)e(the)h(table.)95 5036 +y Fe(int)47 b(fits_read_descript)c(/)48 b(ffgdes)286 +5149 y(\(fitsfile)e(*fptr,)g(int)h(colnum,)e(long)i(rownum,)f(>)h(long) +g(*repeat,)525 5262 y(long)g(*offset,)e(int)i(*status\))95 +5488 y(int)g(fits_read_descripts)c(/)k(ffgdess)286 5601 +y(\(fitsfile)f(*fptr,)g(int)h(colnum,)e(long)i(firstrow,)e(long)i +(nrows)f(>)i(long)e(*repeat,)525 5714 y(long)h(*offset,)e(int)i +(*status\))p eop +%%Page: 105 113 +105 112 bop 0 1225 a Fg(Chapter)65 b(10)0 1687 y Fm(Extended)77 +b(File)g(Name)g(Syn)-6 b(tax)0 2216 y Ff(10.1)136 b(Ov)l(erview)0 +2466 y Fj(CFITSIO)30 b(supp)s(orts)f(an)j(extended)f(syn)m(tax)h(when)f +(sp)s(ecifying)e(the)j(name)f(of)h(the)g(data)g(\014le)e(to)i(b)s(e)f +(op)s(ened)g(or)0 2579 y(created)g(that)g(includes)d(the)j(follo)m +(wing)e(features:)136 2813 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(CFITSIO)40 +b(can)i(read)f(IRAF)h(format)g(images)f(whic)m(h)f(ha)m(v)m(e)j(header) +e(\014le)g(names)g(that)h(end)f(with)f(the)227 2926 y('.imh')d +(extension,)i(as)f(w)m(ell)e(as)i(reading)e(and)h(writing)e(FITS)i +(\014les,)h(This)e(feature)i(is)e(implemen)m(ted)g(in)227 +3039 y(CFITSIO)29 b(b)m(y)i(\014rst)e(con)m(v)m(erting)j(the)e(IRAF)h +(image)g(in)m(to)f(a)h(temp)s(orary)f(FITS)g(format)h(\014le)e(in)g +(memory)-8 b(,)227 3152 y(then)35 b(op)s(ening)e(the)i(FITS)f(\014le.) +53 b(An)m(y)35 b(of)g(the)g(usual)e(CFITSIO)h(routines)f(then)i(ma)m(y) +g(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)i(read)227 3265 y(the)31 b(image)f(header)g(or)h +(data.)41 b(Similarly)-8 b(,)27 b(ra)m(w)j(binary)f(data)i(arra)m(ys)f +(can)h(b)s(e)f(read)g(b)m(y)g(con)m(v)m(erting)h(them)227 +3378 y(on)g(the)f(\015y)g(in)m(to)g(virtual)f(FITS)h(images.)136 +3557 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(FITS)37 b(\014les)g(on)g(the)h(in)m(ternet)g +(can)g(b)s(e)f(read)g(\(and)g(sometimes)h(written\))f(using)f(the)i +(FTP)-8 b(,)38 b(HTTP)-8 b(,)38 b(or)227 3670 y(R)m(OOT)30 +b(proto)s(cols.)136 3849 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(FITS)30 b(\014les)f(can)i(b) +s(e)f(pip)s(ed)e(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)j(tasks)f(on)h(the)f(stdin)f(and)h +(stdout)g(streams.)136 4028 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(FITS)36 +b(\014les)g(can)h(b)s(e)f(read)h(and)f(written)g(in)g(shared)g(memory) +-8 b(.)60 b(This)35 b(can)i(p)s(oten)m(tially)f(ac)m(hiev)m(e)i(b)s +(etter)227 4141 y(data)26 b(I/O)e(p)s(erformance)g(compared)h(to)h +(reading)e(and)g(writing)e(the)j(same)h(FITS)e(\014les)f(on)i(magnetic) +g(disk.)136 4320 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(Compressed)30 b(FITS)f(\014les)h(in) +f(gzip)h(or)g(Unix)f(COMPRESS)g(format)h(can)h(b)s(e)f(directly)f +(read.)136 4499 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(Output)28 b(FITS)h(\014les)f(can)h(b) +s(e)g(written)f(directly)g(in)f(compressed)i(gzip)g(format,)h(th)m(us)e +(sa)m(ving)h(disk)f(space.)136 4678 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(FITS)26 +b(table)g(columns)f(can)i(b)s(e)f(created,)i(mo)s(di\014ed,)e(or)g +(deleted)g('on-the-\015y')h(as)g(the)g(table)f(is)f(op)s(ened)h(b)m(y) +227 4791 y(CFITSIO.)32 b(This)g(creates)j(a)e(virtual)f(FITS)h(\014le)f +(con)m(taining)h(the)h(mo)s(di\014cations)d(that)j(is)f(then)g(op)s +(ened)227 4904 y(b)m(y)e(the)f(application)f(program.)136 +5083 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(T)-8 b(able)28 b(ro)m(ws)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e +(selected,)i(or)f(\014ltered)f(out,)h(on)g(the)g(\015y)f(when)g(the)h +(table)g(is)f(op)s(ened)g(b)m(y)g(CFITSIO,)227 5196 y(based)22 +b(on)f(an)g(user-sp)s(eci\014ed)f(expression.)37 b(Only)20 +b(ro)m(ws)h(for)g(whic)m(h)g(the)h(expression)e(ev)-5 +b(aluates)22 b(to)g('TR)m(UE')227 5309 y(are)31 b(retained)f(in)f(the)h +(cop)m(y)i(of)e(the)h(table)f(that)h(is)e(op)s(ened)h(b)m(y)g(the)h +(application)d(program.)136 5488 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(Histogram)27 +b(images)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(created)h(on)f(the)h(\015y)f(b)m(y)g +(binning)e(the)i(v)-5 b(alues)26 b(in)f(table)i(columns,)f(resulting) +227 5601 y(in)35 b(a)h(virtual)f(N-dimensional)e(FITS)j(image.)58 +b(The)35 b(application)f(program)i(then)g(only)f(sees)h(the)h(FITS)227 +5714 y(image)31 b(\(in)e(the)i(primary)d(arra)m(y\))k(instead)d(of)i +(the)f(original)f(FITS)g(table.)1882 5942 y(105)p eop +%%Page: 106 114 +106 113 bop 0 299 a Fj(106)1528 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(10.)113 +b(EXTENDED)30 b(FILE)h(NAME)f(SYNT)-8 b(AX)0 555 y Fj(The)39 +b(latter)h(3)g(table)g(\014ltering)e(features)i(in)e(particular)g(add)h +(v)m(ery)h(p)s(o)m(w)m(erful)e(data)j(pro)s(cessing)d(capabilities)0 +668 y(directly)31 b(in)m(to)h(CFITSIO,)f(and)h(hence)h(in)m(to)f(ev)m +(ery)h(task)g(that)g(uses)f(CFITSIO)f(to)i(read)f(or)h(write)e(FITS)h +(\014les.)0 781 y(F)-8 b(or)29 b(example,)f(these)g(features)h +(transform)e(a)h(v)m(ery)g(simple)e(program)i(that)g(just)g(copies)f +(an)h(input)e(FITS)h(\014le)g(to)0 894 y(a)d(new)f(output)h(\014le)f +(\(lik)m(e)g(the)h(`\014tscop)m(y')h(program)e(that)i(is)d(distributed) +f(with)i(CFITSIO\))f(in)m(to)i(a)g(m)m(ultipurp)s(ose)0 +1007 y(FITS)33 b(\014le)f(pro)s(cessing)g(to)s(ol.)50 +b(By)33 b(app)s(ending)e(fairly)h(simple)f(quali\014ers)g(on)m(to)j +(the)g(name)f(of)h(the)f(input)f(FITS)0 1120 y(\014le,)44 +b(the)e(user)f(can)h(p)s(erform)e(quite)h(complex)h(table)f(editing)g +(op)s(erations)g(\(e.g.,)46 b(create)d(new)e(columns,)j(or)0 +1233 y(\014lter)31 b(out)i(ro)m(ws)f(in)f(a)h(table\))h(or)f(create)i +(FITS)d(images)i(b)m(y)f(binning)d(or)j(histogramming)f(the)i(v)-5 +b(alues)31 b(in)g(table)0 1346 y(columns.)46 b(In)32 +b(addition,)f(these)i(functions)e(ha)m(v)m(e)j(b)s(een)e(co)s(ded)g +(using)f(new)h(state-of-the)j(art)e(algorithms)e(that)0 +1458 y(are,)g(in)e(some)i(cases,)g(10)h(-)e(100)i(times)e(faster)h +(than)f(previous)f(widely)f(used)h(implemen)m(tations.)0 +1619 y(Before)34 b(describing)d(the)j(complete)g(syn)m(tax)g(for)f(the) +h(extended)f(FITS)g(\014le)f(names)h(in)f(the)i(next)g(section,)g(here) +0 1732 y(are)d(a)g(few)f(examples)g(of)g(FITS)g(\014le)f(names)i(that)f +(giv)m(e)h(a)g(quic)m(k)f(o)m(v)m(erview)h(of)g(the)f(allo)m(w)m(ed)g +(syn)m(tax:)136 1984 y Fc(\017)46 b Fe(myfile.fits)p +Fj(:)38 b(the)30 b(simplest)f(case)i(of)g(a)g(FITS)e(\014le)h(on)g +(disk)f(in)g(the)i(curren)m(t)f(directory)-8 b(.)136 +2169 y Fc(\017)46 b Fe(myfile.imh)p Fj(:)i(op)s(ens)34 +b(an)h(IRAF)g(format)g(image)h(\014le)e(and)g(con)m(v)m(erts)j(it)d(on) +h(the)g(\015y)g(in)m(to)g(a)g(temp)s(orary)227 2282 y(FITS)30 +b(format)h(image)f(in)f(memory)i(whic)m(h)e(can)h(then)g(b)s(e)g(read)g +(with)f(an)m(y)i(other)g(CFITSIO)e(routine.)136 2467 +y Fc(\017)46 b Fe(rawfile.dat[i512,512])p Fj(:)35 b(op)s(ens)30 +b(a)g(ra)m(w)h(binary)d(data)j(arra)m(y)g(\(a)g(512)g(x)f(512)i(short)e +(in)m(teger)g(arra)m(y)h(in)227 2580 y(this)h(case\))j(and)d(con)m(v)m +(erts)j(it)d(on)h(the)g(\015y)g(in)m(to)g(a)g(temp)s(orary)g(FITS)f +(format)h(image)h(in)d(memory)i(whic)m(h)227 2693 y(can)e(then)f(b)s(e) +g(read)g(with)f(an)m(y)i(other)f(CFITSIO)f(routine.)136 +2878 y Fc(\017)46 b Fe(myfile.fits.gz)p Fj(:)d(if)32 +b(this)g(is)g(the)h(name)g(of)h(a)f(new)g(output)g(\014le,)g(the)g +('.gz')i(su\016x)d(will)e(cause)k(it)f(to)h(b)s(e)227 +2991 y(compressed)c(in)f(gzip)h(format)h(when)e(it)h(is)g(written)f(to) +i(disk.)136 3176 y Fc(\017)46 b Fe(myfile.fits.gz[events,)c(2])p +Fj(:)35 b(op)s(ens)20 b(and)f(uncompresses)g(the)i(gzipp)s(ed)e(\014le) +g(m)m(y\014le.\014ts)h(then)g(mo)m(v)m(es)227 3289 y(to)31 +b(the)g(extension)f(with)f(the)i(k)m(eyw)m(ords)f(EXTNAME)h(=)f +('EVENTS')g(and)g(EXTVER)g(=)g(2.)136 3474 y Fc(\017)46 +b Fe(-)p Fj(:)40 b(a)30 b(dash)f(\(min)m(us)f(sign\))h(signi\014es)f +(that)i(the)g(input)e(\014le)g(is)h(to)h(b)s(e)f(read)h(from)f(the)h +(stdin)e(\014le)h(stream,)h(or)227 3587 y(that)h(the)g(output)f(\014le) +f(is)h(to)h(b)s(e)f(written)f(to)i(the)g(stdout)f(stream.)136 +3772 y Fc(\017)46 b Fe(ftp://legacy.gsfc.nasa.go)o(v/te)o(st/v)o(ela)o +(.fit)o(s)p Fj(:)k(FITS)37 b(\014les)g(in)g(an)m(y)i(ftp)e(arc)m(hiv)m +(e)i(site)f(on)g(the)227 3885 y(in)m(ternet)30 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f +(directly)f(op)s(ened)h(with)f(read-only)h(access.)136 +4070 y Fc(\017)46 b Fe(http://legacy.gsfc.nasa.g)o(ov/s)o(oftw)o(are)o +(/tes)o(t.fi)o(ts)p Fj(:)33 b(an)m(y)27 b(v)-5 b(alid)26 +b(URL)h(to)h(a)g(FITS)e(\014le)h(on)g(the)227 4183 y(W)-8 +b(eb)31 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(op)s(ened)g(with)f(read-only)g(access.)136 +4368 y Fc(\017)46 b Fe(root://legacy.gsfc.nasa.g)o(ov/t)o(est/)o(vel)o +(a.fi)o(ts)p Fj(:)e(similar)33 b(to)j(ftp)f(access)i(except)f(that)g +(it)f(pro-)227 4481 y(vides)29 b(write)h(as)g(w)m(ell)f(as)i(read)f +(access)h(to)g(the)f(\014les)g(across)g(the)h(net)m(w)m(ork.)41 +b(This)28 b(uses)i(the)h(ro)s(ot)f(proto)s(col)227 4594 +y(dev)m(elop)s(ed)g(at)h(CERN.)136 4779 y Fc(\017)46 +b Fe(shmem://h2[events])p Fj(:)j(op)s(ens)36 b(the)i(FITS)e(\014le)g +(in)g(a)h(shared)f(memory)h(segmen)m(t)h(and)f(mo)m(v)m(es)h(to)g(the) +227 4892 y(EVENTS)30 b(extension.)136 5077 y Fc(\017)46 +b Fe(mem://)p Fj(:)65 b(creates)44 b(a)g(scratc)m(h)g(output)f(\014le)f +(in)g(core)i(computer)f(memory)-8 b(.)79 b(The)43 b(resulting)e +('\014le')i(will)227 5190 y(disapp)s(ear)24 b(when)g(the)i(program)f +(exits,)h(so)g(this)e(is)h(mainly)e(useful)h(for)h(testing)h(purp)s +(oses)d(when)i(one)g(do)s(es)227 5303 y(not)31 b(w)m(an)m(t)g(a)g(p)s +(ermanen)m(t)f(cop)m(y)h(of)f(the)h(output)f(\014le.)136 +5488 y Fc(\017)46 b Fe(myfile.fits[3;)e(Images\(10\)])p +Fj(:)c(op)s(ens)30 b(a)i(cop)m(y)g(of)g(the)g(image)f(con)m(tained)h +(in)e(the)i(10th)g(ro)m(w)f(of)h(the)227 5601 y('Images')38 +b(column)e(in)g(the)h(binary)e(table)i(in)e(the)i(3th)g(extension)g(of) +g(the)g(FITS)f(\014le.)59 b(The)37 b(virtual)e(\014le)227 +5714 y(that)c(is)f(op)s(ened)f(b)m(y)i(the)f(application)f(just)h(con)m +(tains)g(this)f(single)g(image)i(in)e(the)i(primary)d(arra)m(y)-8 +b(.)p eop +%%Page: 107 115 +107 114 bop 0 299 a Fh(10.1.)73 b(O)m(VER)-10 b(VIEW)2995 +b Fj(107)136 555 y Fc(\017)46 b Fe(myfile.fits[1:512:2,)d(1:512:2])p +Fj(:)c(op)s(ens)30 b(a)h(section)g(of)h(the)f(input)e(image)i(ranging)f +(from)g(the)h(1st)227 668 y(to)k(the)f(512th)h(pixel)d(in)h(X)h(and)g +(Y,)g(and)f(selects)i(ev)m(ery)f(second)g(pixel)f(in)f(b)s(oth)h +(dimensions,)g(resulting)227 781 y(in)c(a)i(256)h(x)e(256)i(pixel)c +(input)h(image)h(in)g(this)f(case.)136 981 y Fc(\017)46 +b Fe(myfile.fits[EVENTS][col)c(Rad)47 b(=)g(sqrt\(X**2)e(+)j(Y**2\)])p +Fj(:)36 b(creates)27 b(and)d(op)s(ens)h(a)g(virtual)f(\014le)g(on)227 +1094 y(the)i(\015y)f(that)i(is)e(iden)m(tical)f(to)j(m)m +(y\014le.\014ts)e(except)h(that)h(it)e(will)e(con)m(tain)j(a)g(new)g +(column)e(in)h(the)h(EVENTS)227 1207 y(extension)40 b(called)g('Rad')h +(whose)f(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(is)g(computed)g(using)g(the)g(indicated)f +(expression)h(whic)m(h)f(is)h(a)227 1320 y(function)29 +b(of)i(the)f(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(in)f(the)i(X)f(and)g(Y)h(columns.)136 +1520 y Fc(\017)46 b Fe(myfile.fits[EVENTS][PHA)c(>)47 +b(5])p Fj(:)41 b(creates)33 b(and)d(op)s(ens)g(a)i(virtual)d(FITS)h +(\014les)g(that)h(is)f(iden)m(tical)g(to)227 1633 y('m)m +(y\014le.\014ts')39 b(except)i(that)f(the)f(EVENTS)g(table)g(will)e +(only)h(con)m(tain)i(the)f(ro)m(ws)h(that)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(v)-5 +b(alues)39 b(of)227 1746 y(the)34 b(PHA)g(column)f(greater)i(than)e(5.) +52 b(In)33 b(general,)i(an)m(y)f(arbitrary)f(b)s(o)s(olean)f +(expression)h(using)f(a)j(C)e(or)227 1859 y(F)-8 b(ortran-lik)m(e)29 +b(syn)m(tax,)g(whic)m(h)e(ma)m(y)i(com)m(bine)f(AND)h(and)f(OR)f(op)s +(erators,)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(select)g(ro)m(ws)227 +1972 y(from)h(a)h(table.)136 2172 y Fc(\017)46 b Fe +(myfile.fits[EVENTS][bin)c(\(X,Y\)=1,2048,4])p Fj(:)34 +b(creates)26 b(a)g(temp)s(orary)f(FITS)g(primary)e(arra)m(y)j(im-)227 +2285 y(age)38 b(whic)m(h)d(is)h(computed)g(on)g(the)h(\015y)f(b)m(y)g +(binning)d(\(i.e,)39 b(computing)c(the)i(2-dimensional)d(histogram\)) +227 2398 y(of)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alues)33 b(in)f(the)i(X)g(and)e(Y)i +(columns)e(of)i(the)f(EVENTS)g(extension.)49 b(In)33 +b(this)f(case)j(the)e(X)h(and)f(Y)227 2511 y(co)s(ordinates)g(range)h +(from)f(1)h(to)g(2048)h(and)e(the)h(image)f(pixel)f(size)h(is)g(4)g +(units)f(in)g(b)s(oth)h(dimensions,)f(so)227 2624 y(the)f(resulting)d +(image)j(is)e(512)j(x)e(512)i(pixels)d(in)g(size.)136 +2824 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(The)31 b(\014nal)f(example)i(com)m(bines)f(man)m +(y)g(of)h(these)g(feature)g(in)m(to)f(one)h(complex)f(expression)f +(\(it)i(is)e(brok)m(en)227 2937 y(in)m(to)h(sev)m(eral)f(lines)f(for)h +(clarit)m(y\):)370 3206 y Fe(ftp://legacy.gsfc.nasa.gov)o(/dat)o(a/s)o +(ampl)o(e.fi)o(ts.)o(gz[E)o(VENT)o(S])370 3319 y([col)47 +b(phacorr)f(=)h(pha)g(*)h(1.1)f(-)g(0.3][phacorr)e(>=)i(5.0)g(&&)g +(phacorr)f(<=)h(14.0])370 3432 y([bin)g(\(X,Y\)=32])227 +3701 y Fj(In)37 b(this)g(case,)k(CFITSIO)36 b(\(1\))j(copies)f(and)f +(uncompresses)g(the)h(FITS)f(\014le)g(from)g(the)h(ftp)f(site)h(on)g +(the)227 3814 y(legacy)f(mac)m(hine,)h(\(2\))f(mo)m(v)m(es)g(to)g(the)g +('EVENTS')f(extension,)h(\(3\))g(calculates)g(a)f(new)g(column)f +(called)227 3927 y('phacorr',)30 b(\(4\))f(selects)g(the)g(ro)m(ws)g +(in)e(the)i(table)g(that)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(phacorr)e(in)f(the)i(range)g(5) +g(to)h(14,)g(and)e(\014nally)227 4040 y(\(5\))35 b(bins)c(the)i +(remaining)e(ro)m(ws)i(on)h(the)f(X)g(and)g(Y)g(column)f(co)s +(ordinates,)i(using)d(a)j(pixel)d(size)i(=)g(32)h(to)227 +4153 y(create)d(a)f(2D)g(image.)41 b(All)28 b(this)g(pro)s(cessing)g +(is)h(completely)g(transparen)m(t)g(to)i(the)e(application)f(program,) +227 4266 y(whic)m(h)h(simply)f(sees)j(the)g(\014nal)e(2-D)i(image)g(in) +e(the)h(primary)f(arra)m(y)i(of)f(the)h(op)s(ened)f(\014le.)0 +4538 y(The)c(full)f(extended)i(CFITSIO)e(FITS)h(\014le)g(name)h(can)g +(con)m(tain)g(sev)m(eral)g(di\013eren)m(t)g(comp)s(onen)m(ts)g(dep)s +(ending)d(on)0 4651 y(the)31 b(con)m(text.)42 b(These)30 +b(comp)s(onen)m(ts)h(are)g(describ)s(ed)d(in)h(the)h(follo)m(wing)f +(sections:)0 4924 y Fe(When)47 b(creating)e(a)j(new)f(file:)143 +5036 y(filetype://BaseFilename\(t)o(empl)o(ate)o(Name)o(\)[co)o(mpr)o +(ess])0 5262 y(When)g(opening)e(an)j(existing)d(primary)h(array)g(or)i +(image)e(HDU:)143 5375 y(filetype://BaseFilename\(o)o(utNa)o(me\))o +([HDU)o(loca)o(tio)o(n][I)o(mage)o(Sec)o(tion)o(])0 5601 +y(When)h(opening)e(an)j(existing)d(table)i(HDU:)143 5714 +y(filetype://BaseFilename\(o)o(utNa)o(me\))o([HDU)o(loca)o(tio)o(n][c)o +(olFi)o(lte)o(r][r)o(owFi)o(lte)o(r][b)o(inSp)o(ec])p +eop +%%Page: 108 116 +108 115 bop 0 299 a Fj(108)1528 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(10.)113 +b(EXTENDED)30 b(FILE)h(NAME)f(SYNT)-8 b(AX)0 555 y Fj(The)41 +b(\014let)m(yp)s(e,)j(BaseFilename,)h(outName,)g(HDUlo)s(cation,)g(and) +c(ImageSection)h(comp)s(onen)m(ts,)j(if)c(presen)m(t,)0 +668 y(m)m(ust)30 b(b)s(e)g(giv)m(en)h(in)e(that)i(order,)g(but)f(the)g +(colFilter,)g(ro)m(wFilter,)h(and)e(binSp)s(ec)g(sp)s(eci\014ers)f(ma)m +(y)k(follo)m(w)d(in)h(an)m(y)0 781 y(order.)39 b(Regardless)28 +b(of)h(the)f(order,)g(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)i(the)f(colFilter)e(sp)s +(eci\014er,)g(if)g(presen)m(t,)i(will)d(b)s(e)h(pro)s(cessed)h(\014rst) +f(b)m(y)0 894 y(CFITSIO,)i(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)g(the)h(ro)m(wFilter) +f(sp)s(eci\014er,)f(and)g(\014nally)g(b)m(y)h(the)g(binSp)s(ec)e(sp)s +(eci\014er.)0 1221 y Ff(10.2)136 b(Filet)l(yp)t(e)0 1471 +y Fj(The)37 b(t)m(yp)s(e)g(of)g(\014le)f(determines)g(the)h(medium)e +(on)i(whic)m(h)f(the)h(\014le)f(is)h(lo)s(cated)g(\(e.g.,)j(disk)c(or)h +(net)m(w)m(ork\))h(and,)0 1584 y(hence,)f(whic)m(h)d(in)m(ternal)g +(device)h(driv)m(er)f(is)g(used)g(b)m(y)h(CFITSIO)f(to)i(read)f(and/or) +g(write)f(the)h(\014le.)55 b(Curren)m(tly)0 1697 y(supp)s(orted)29 +b(t)m(yp)s(es)h(are)382 1913 y Fe(file://)93 b(-)48 b(file)e(on)i +(local)e(magnetic)g(disk)g(\(default\))382 2026 y(ftp://)141 +b(-)48 b(a)f(readonly)f(file)g(accessed)g(with)h(the)g(anonymous)e(FTP) +i(protocol.)907 2139 y(It)g(also)g(supports)93 b +(ftp://username:password@)o(host)o(nam)o(e/..)o(.)907 +2252 y(for)47 b(accessing)e(password-protected)e(ftp)k(sites.)382 +2365 y(http://)93 b(-)48 b(a)f(readonly)f(file)g(accessed)g(with)h(the) +g(HTTP)f(protocol.)93 b(It)907 2478 y(does)46 b(not)95 +b(support)46 b(username:password)d(like)k(the)g(ftp)f(driver.)907 +2591 y(Proxy)g(HTTP)h(survers)f(are)h(supported)e(using)h(the)h +(http_proxy)907 2704 y(environment)e(variable.)382 2817 +y(root://)93 b(-)48 b(uses)e(the)h(CERN)g(root)g(protocol)e(for)i +(writing)f(as)h(well)g(as)907 2930 y(reading)f(files)g(over)h(the)g +(network.)382 3042 y(shmem://)e(-)j(opens)e(or)h(creates)f(a)i(file)e +(which)h(persists)e(in)i(the)g(computer's)907 3155 y(shared)f(memory.) +382 3268 y(mem://)141 b(-)48 b(opens)e(a)i(temporary)d(file)i(in)g +(core)f(memory.)94 b(The)47 b(file)907 3381 y(disappears)e(when)h(the)h +(program)f(exits)h(so)g(this)f(is)i(mainly)907 3494 y(useful)e(for)h +(test)f(purposes)g(when)h(a)g(permanent)e(output)h(file)907 +3607 y(is)h(not)g(desired.)0 3824 y Fj(If)35 b(the)h(\014let)m(yp)s(e)f +(is)f(not)i(sp)s(eci\014ed,)g(then)f(t)m(yp)s(e)h(\014le://)g(is)e +(assumed.)56 b(The)35 b(double)f(slashes)h('//')i(are)f(optional)0 +3937 y(and)30 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(omitted)i(in)e(most)i(cases.)0 +4220 y Fd(10.2.1)113 b(Notes)36 b(ab)s(out)j(HTTP)d(pro)m(xy)i(serv)m +(ers)0 4439 y Fj(A)32 b(pro)m(xy)g(HTTP)f(serv)m(er)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e +(used)g(b)m(y)h(de\014ning)e(the)i(address)f(\(URL\))i(and)e(p)s(ort)g +(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)h(the)g(pro)m(xy)0 4552 y(serv)m(er)f(with)e(the) +h(h)m(ttp)p 801 4552 28 4 v 33 w(pro)m(xy)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(v)-5 +b(ariable.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example)191 4769 y Fe(setenv)46 +b(http_proxy)f(http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa)o(.gov)o(:312)o(8)0 +4985 y Fj(will)35 b(cause)j(CFITSIO)f(to)h(use)g(p)s(ort)f(3128)i(on)f +(the)g(heasarc)g(pro)m(xy)g(serv)m(er)g(whenev)m(er)g(reading)f(a)h +(FITS)f(\014le)0 5098 y(with)29 b(HTTP)-8 b(.)0 5382 +y Fd(10.2.2)113 b(Notes)36 b(ab)s(out)j(the)e(ro)s(ot)g(\014let)m(yp)s +(e)0 5601 y Fj(The)20 b(original)g(ro)s(otd)g(serv)m(er)h(can)h(b)s(e)e +(obtained)g(from:)36 b Fe(ftp://root.cern.ch/root)o(/roo)o(td.t)o(ar.)o +(gz)15 b Fj(but,)22 b(for)0 5714 y(it)32 b(to)i(w)m(ork)f(correctly)g +(with)e(CFITSIO)h(one)h(has)f(to)i(use)e(a)i(mo)s(di\014ed)c(v)m +(ersion)j(whic)m(h)e(supp)s(orts)g(a)i(command)p eop +%%Page: 109 117 +109 116 bop 0 299 a Fh(10.2.)73 b(FILETYPE)3037 b Fj(109)0 +555 y(to)41 b(return)d(the)j(length)e(of)h(the)g(\014le.)69 +b(This)38 b(mo)s(di\014ed)f(v)m(ersion)j(is)f(a)m(v)-5 +b(ailable)39 b(in)g(ro)s(otd)g(sub)s(directory)f(in)h(the)0 +668 y(CFITSIO)29 b(ftp)h(area)h(at)286 928 y Fe +(ftp://legacy.gsfc.nasa.gov)o(/so)o(ftwa)o(re/f)o(its)o(io/c)o(/roo)o +(t/r)o(ootd)o(.tar)o(.gz)o(.)0 1187 y Fj(This)i(small)f(serv)m(er)j(is) +f(started)g(either)g(b)m(y)h(inetd)e(when)g(a)i(clien)m(t)f(requests)g +(a)h(connection)g(to)g(a)f(ro)s(otd)h(serv)m(er)0 1300 +y(or)30 b(b)m(y)g(hand)f(\(i.e.)41 b(from)30 b(the)g(command)g(line\).) +40 b(The)29 b(ro)s(otd)h(serv)m(er)h(w)m(orks)f(with)f(the)h(R)m(OOT)g +(TNetFile)g(class.)0 1413 y(It)g(allo)m(ws)e(remote)j(access)f(to)h(R)m +(OOT)e(database)h(\014les)e(in)g(either)h(read)h(or)f(write)g(mo)s(de.) +40 b(By)30 b(default)e(TNetFile)0 1526 y(assumes)38 b(p)s(ort)g(432)h +(\(whic)m(h)e(requires)g(ro)s(otd)h(to)h(b)s(e)f(started)h(as)f(ro)s +(ot\).)65 b(T)-8 b(o)39 b(run)e(ro)s(otd)h(via)g(inetd)f(add)h(the)0 +1639 y(follo)m(wing)29 b(line)g(to)i(/etc/services:)95 +1898 y Fe(rootd)238 b(432/tcp)0 2158 y Fj(and)30 b(to)h +(/etc/inetd.conf,)h(add)e(the)g(follo)m(wing)f(line:)95 +2417 y Fe(rootd)47 b(stream)f(tcp)h(nowait)f(root)h +(/user/rdm/root/bin/root)o(d)42 b(rootd)k(-i)0 2677 y +Fj(F)-8 b(orce)30 b(inetd)d(to)i(reread)f(its)g(conf)g(\014le)f(with)g +Fe(kill)47 b(-HUP)g(<pid)f(inetd>)p Fj(.)39 b(Y)-8 b(ou)28 +b(can)h(also)f(start)h(ro)s(otd)f(b)m(y)g(hand)0 2790 +y(running)34 b(directly)h(under)f(y)m(our)j(priv)-5 b(ate)36 +b(accoun)m(t)h(\(no)g(ro)s(ot)g(system)f(privileges)e(needed\).)59 +b(F)-8 b(or)37 b(example)f(to)0 2903 y(start)f(ro)s(otd)g(listening)d +(on)j(p)s(ort)f(5151)j(just)d(t)m(yp)s(e:)49 b Fe(rootd)e(-p)g(5151)33 +b Fj(Notice)j(that)g(no)e(&)h(is)e(needed.)54 b(Ro)s(otd)0 +3016 y(will)28 b(go)j(in)m(to)f(bac)m(kground)g(b)m(y)h(itself.)95 +3275 y Fe(Rootd)47 b(arguments:)191 3388 y(-i)763 b(says)47 +b(we)g(were)f(started)g(by)h(inetd)191 3501 y(-p)g(port#)476 +b(specifies)45 b(a)j(different)d(port)i(to)g(listen)f(on)191 +3614 y(-d)h(level)476 b(level)46 b(of)i(debug)e(info)h(written)e(to)j +(syslog)1050 3727 y(0)f(=)h(no)f(debug)f(\(default\))1050 +3840 y(1)h(=)h(minimum)1050 3953 y(2)f(=)h(medium)1050 +4066 y(3)f(=)h(maximum)0 4325 y Fj(Ro)s(otd)29 b(can)f(also)g(b)s(e)g +(con\014gured)g(for)g(anon)m(ymous)g(usage)h(\(lik)m(e)f(anon)m(ymous)g +(ftp\).)40 b(T)-8 b(o)29 b(setup)f(ro)s(otd)g(to)h(accept)0 +4438 y(anon)m(ymous)h(logins)f(do)i(the)f(follo)m(wing)f(\(while)g(b)s +(eing)g(logged)i(in)e(as)h(ro)s(ot\):)143 4698 y Fe(-)48 +b(Add)f(the)f(following)g(line)g(to)i(/etc/passwd:)239 +4924 y(rootd:*:71:72:Anonymous)41 b(rootd:/var/spool/rootd:/b)o(in/)o +(fals)o(e)239 5149 y(where)46 b(you)h(may)g(modify)f(the)h(uid,)f(gid)h +(\(71,)g(72\))g(and)g(the)g(home)f(directory)239 5262 +y(to)h(suite)f(your)h(system.)143 5488 y(-)h(Add)f(the)f(following)g +(line)g(to)i(/etc/group:)239 5714 y(rootd:*:72:rootd)p +eop +%%Page: 110 118 +110 117 bop 0 299 a Fj(110)1528 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(10.)113 +b(EXTENDED)30 b(FILE)h(NAME)f(SYNT)-8 b(AX)239 668 y +Fe(where)46 b(the)h(gid)g(must)f(match)h(the)g(gid)g(in)g(/etc/passwd.) +143 894 y(-)h(Create)e(the)h(directories:)239 1120 y(mkdir)f +(/var/spool/rootd)239 1233 y(mkdir)g(/var/spool/rootd/tmp)239 +1346 y(chmod)g(777)h(/var/spool/rootd/tmp)239 1571 y(Where)f +(/var/spool/rootd)d(must)k(match)f(the)h(rootd)g(home)f(directory)g(as) +239 1684 y(specified)f(in)i(the)g(rootd)f(/etc/passwd)f(entry.)143 +1910 y(-)j(To)f(make)f(writeable)g(directories)e(for)j(anonymous)f(do,) +h(for)f(example:)239 2136 y(mkdir)g(/var/spool/rootd/pub)239 +2249 y(chown)g(rootd:rootd)f(/var/spool/rootd/pub)0 2492 +y Fj(That's)d(all.)74 b(Sev)m(eral)42 b(additional)e(remarks:)64 +b(y)m(ou)42 b(can)g(login)f(to)i(an)f(anon)m(ymous)f(serv)m(er)i +(either)e(with)g(the)0 2605 y(names)31 b("anon)m(ymous")h(or)f("ro)s +(otd".)43 b(The)31 b(passw)m(ord)f(should)f(b)s(e)i(of)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g +(user@host.do.main.)42 b(Only)29 b(the)i(@)0 2718 y(is)d(enforced)g +(for)h(the)f(time)h(b)s(eing.)38 b(In)28 b(anon)m(ymous)h(mo)s(de)f +(the)g(top)h(of)g(the)g(\014le)e(tree)j(is)d(set)i(to)h(the)e(ro)s(otd) +h(home)0 2831 y(directory)-8 b(,)38 b(therefore)f(only)e(\014les)h(b)s +(elo)m(w)f(the)i(home)f(directory)g(can)g(b)s(e)g(accessed.)60 +b(Anon)m(ymous)36 b(mo)s(de)g(only)0 2944 y(w)m(orks)30 +b(when)g(the)g(serv)m(er)h(is)e(started)i(via)f(inetd.)0 +3232 y Fd(10.2.3)113 b(Notes)36 b(ab)s(out)j(the)e(shmem)g(\014let)m +(yp)s(e:)0 3451 y Fj(Shared)d(memory)h(\014les)f(are)h(curren)m(tly)f +(supp)s(orted)f(on)i(most)h(Unix)e(platforms,)h(where)g(the)g(shared)f +(memory)0 3564 y(segmen)m(ts)d(are)g(managed)g(b)m(y)f(the)g(op)s +(erating)g(system)h(k)m(ernel)e(and)h(`liv)m(e')g(indep)s(enden)m(tly)d +(of)k(pro)s(cesses.)40 b(They)0 3677 y(are)34 b(not)g(deleted)g(\(b)m +(y)g(default\))f(when)g(the)h(pro)s(cess)f(whic)m(h)g(created)i(them)f +(terminates,)g(although)g(they)g(will)0 3790 y(disapp)s(ear)d(if)h(the) +i(system)f(is)f(reb)s(o)s(oted.)49 b(Applications)31 +b(can)j(create)h(shared)d(memory)h(\014les)f(in)g(CFITSIO)g(b)m(y)0 +3903 y(calling:)143 4146 y Fe(fit_create_file\(&fitsfile)o(ptr,)41 +b("shmem://h2",)j(&status\);)0 4389 y Fj(where)25 b(the)g(ro)s(ot)h +(`\014le')e(names)i(are)f(curren)m(tly)f(restricted)h(to)h(b)s(e)f +('h0',)i('h1',)g('h2',)g('h3',)f(etc.,)i(up)d(to)g(a)h(maxim)m(um)0 +4502 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)20 b(de\014ned)f(b)m(y)i(the)g(the)g(v)-5 +b(alue)21 b(of)g(SHARED)p 1746 4502 28 4 v 33 w(MAXSEG)g(\(equal)g(to)g +(16)h(b)m(y)f(default\).)37 b(This)19 b(is)h(a)h(protot)m(yp)s(e)0 +4615 y(implemen)m(tation)27 b(of)i(the)g(shared)f(memory)g(in)m +(terface)h(and)f(a)h(more)g(robust)f(in)m(terface,)i(whic)m(h)d(will)f +(ha)m(v)m(e)k(few)m(er)0 4728 y(restrictions)f(on)h(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s +(er)e(of)i(\014les)e(and)h(on)g(their)f(names,)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(dev)m +(elop)s(ed)f(in)g(the)i(future.)0 4888 y(When)23 b(op)s(ening)g(an)g +(already)g(existing)g(FITS)g(\014le)g(in)f(shared)h(memory)h(one)g +(calls)e(the)i(usual)f(CFITSIO)f(routine:)143 5132 y +Fe(fits_open_file\(&fitsfilep)o(tr,)41 b("shmem://h7",)j(mode,)j +(&status\))0 5375 y Fj(The)26 b(\014le)g(mo)s(de)h(can)g(b)s(e)f(READ)m +(WRITE)h(or)g(READONL)-8 b(Y)28 b(just)e(as)h(with)e(disk)h(\014les.)38 +b(More)28 b(than)e(one)h(pro)s(cess)0 5488 y(can)35 b(op)s(erate)g(on)f +(READONL)-8 b(Y)35 b(mo)s(de)f(\014les)g(at)h(the)f(same)h(time.)53 +b(CFITSIO)33 b(supp)s(orts)f(prop)s(er)h(\014le)h(lo)s(c)m(king)0 +5601 y(\(b)s(oth)27 b(in)g(READONL)-8 b(Y)29 b(and)e(READ)m(WRITE)h(mo) +s(des\),)h(so)f(calls)f(to)h(\014ts)p 2572 5601 V 33 +w(op)s(en)p 2795 5601 V 32 w(\014le)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(lo)s(c)m(k)m(ed) +i(out)f(un)m(til)0 5714 y(another)j(other)f(pro)s(cess)g(closes)h(the)f +(\014le.)p eop +%%Page: 111 119 +111 118 bop 0 299 a Fh(10.3.)73 b(BASE)30 b(FILENAME)2739 +b Fj(111)0 555 y(When)30 b(an)g(application)f(is)g(\014nished)f +(accessing)j(a)f(FITS)g(\014le)f(in)g(a)i(shared)e(memory)h(segmen)m +(t,)i(it)e(ma)m(y)h(close)f(it)0 668 y(\(and)k(the)g(\014le)f(will)e +(remain)h(in)h(the)h(system\))g(with)f(\014ts)p 1955 +668 28 4 v 32 w(close)p 2174 668 V 33 w(\014le,)h(or)g(delete)g(it)g +(with)e(\014ts)p 3191 668 V 33 w(delete)p 3456 668 V +33 w(\014le.)50 b(Ph)m(ys-)0 781 y(ical)34 b(deletion)g(is)g(p)s(ostp)s +(oned)f(un)m(til)h(the)h(last)f(pro)s(cess)h(calls)f +(\013clos/\013delt.)54 b(\014ts)p 2801 781 V 32 w(delete)p +3065 781 V 33 w(\014le)34 b(tries)h(to)g(obtain)g(a)0 +894 y(READ)m(WRITE)f(lo)s(c)m(k)f(on)g(the)g(\014le)g(to)h(b)s(e)e +(deleted,)i(th)m(us)f(it)g(can)g(b)s(e)g(blo)s(c)m(k)m(ed)g(if)f(the)i +(ob)5 b(ject)34 b(w)m(as)f(not)h(op)s(ened)0 1007 y(in)29 +b(READ)m(WRITE)i(mo)s(de.)0 1167 y(A)i(shared)f(memory)h(managemen)m(t) +h(utilit)m(y)d(program)i(called)f(`smem',)h(is)f(included)e(with)i(the) +h(CFITSIO)e(dis-)0 1280 y(tribution.)37 b(It)27 b(can)g(b)s(e)f(built)f +(b)m(y)i(t)m(yping)f(`mak)m(e)i(smem';)g(then)f(t)m(yp)s(e)g(`smem)f +(-h')h(to)h(get)g(a)f(list)e(of)i(v)-5 b(alid)25 b(options.)0 +1393 y(Executing)36 b(smem)g(without)f(an)m(y)i(options)f(causes)g(it)g +(to)h(list)e(all)g(the)i(shared)e(memory)i(segmen)m(ts)g(curren)m(tly)0 +1506 y(residing)31 b(in)h(the)h(system)h(and)e(managed)i(b)m(y)f(the)h +(shared)e(memory)h(driv)m(er.)48 b(T)-8 b(o)34 b(get)g(a)g(list)e(of)h +(all)f(the)i(shared)0 1619 y(memory)c(ob)5 b(jects,)32 +b(run)d(the)h(system)h(utilit)m(y)d(program)i(`ip)s(cs)g([-a]'.)0 +1978 y Ff(10.3)136 b(Base)45 b(Filename)0 2233 y Fj(The)31 +b(base)g(\014lename)g(is)f(the)i(name)f(of)h(the)f(\014le)g(optionally) +e(including)f(the)k(director/sub)s(directory)d(path,)j(and)0 +2346 y(in)d(the)i(case)g(of)g(`ftp',)f(`h)m(ttp',)i(and)d(`ro)s(ot')j +(\014let)m(yp)s(es,)d(the)i(mac)m(hine)f(iden)m(ti\014er.)39 +b(Examples:)191 2628 y Fe(myfile.fits)191 2741 y(!data.fits)191 +2854 y(/data/myfile.fits)191 2967 y(fits.gsfc.nasa.gov/ftp/s)o(ampl)o +(eda)o(ta/m)o(yfil)o(e.f)o(its.)o(gz)0 3248 y Fj(When)29 +b(creating)g(a)g(new)f(output)h(\014le)f(on)h(magnetic)g(disk)e(\(of)j +(t)m(yp)s(e)f(\014le://\))g(if)f(the)h(base)g(\014lename)f(b)s(egins)f +(with)0 3361 y(an)34 b(exclamation)h(p)s(oin)m(t)e(\(!\))54 +b(then)34 b(an)m(y)g(existing)g(\014le)f(with)g(that)i(same)g(basename) +g(will)d(b)s(e)h(deleted)h(prior)f(to)0 3474 y(creating)h(the)g(new)g +(FITS)f(\014le.)50 b(Otherwise)33 b(if)g(the)h(\014le)f(to)h(b)s(e)g +(created)h(already)e(exists,)i(then)e(CFITSIO)g(will)0 +3587 y(return)g(an)h(error)f(and)g(will)f(not)i(o)m(v)m(erwrite)g(the)g +(existing)f(\014le.)51 b(Note)35 b(that)g(the)f(exclamation)g(p)s(oin)m +(t,)g(')10 b(!',)36 b(is)d(a)0 3700 y(sp)s(ecial)26 b(UNIX)i(c)m +(haracter,)j(so)d(if)e(it)i(is)f(used)g(on)g(the)h(command)g(line)e +(rather)i(than)f(en)m(tered)h(at)h(a)f(task)h(prompt,)0 +3813 y(it)i(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(preceded)g(b)m(y)h(a)g(bac)m(kslash)f(to) +h(force)g(the)g(UNIX)g(shell)d(to)j(pass)f(it)h(v)m(erbatim)f(to)h(the) +g(application)0 3926 y(program.)0 4086 y(If)24 b(the)i(output)e(disk)g +(\014le)g(name)h(ends)f(with)f(the)i(su\016x)f('.gz',)k(then)d(CFITSIO) +e(will)f(compress)j(the)g(\014le)f(using)g(the)0 4199 +y(gzip)g(compression)f(algorithm)g(b)s(efore)h(writing)e(it)i(to)h +(disk.)37 b(This)22 b(can)j(reduce)f(the)g(amoun)m(t)h(of)f(disk)f +(space)i(used)0 4312 y(b)m(y)34 b(the)h(\014le.)52 b(Note)36 +b(that)f(this)f(feature)h(requires)e(that)i(the)f(uncompressed)g +(\014le)f(b)s(e)h(constructed)h(in)e(memory)0 4425 y(b)s(efore)d(it)g +(is)f(compressed)h(and)g(written)g(to)h(disk,)e(so)h(it)g(can)h(fail)e +(if)g(there)i(is)e(insu\016cien)m(t)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)30 +b(memory)-8 b(.)0 4585 y(An)45 b(input)f(FITS)g(\014le)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s +(e)f(compressed)g(with)g(the)g(gzip)g(or)h(Unix)e(compress)i +(algorithms,)i(in)c(whic)m(h)0 4698 y(case)38 b(CFITSIO)e(will)f +(uncompress)h(the)i(\014le)f(on)g(the)h(\015y)e(in)m(to)i(a)g(temp)s +(orary)f(\014le)f(\(in)h(memory)g(or)g(on)h(disk\).)0 +4811 y(Compressed)32 b(\014les)h(ma)m(y)h(only)e(b)s(e)h(op)s(ened)f +(with)g(read-only)h(p)s(ermission.)47 b(When)33 b(sp)s(ecifying)e(the)j +(name)f(of)h(a)0 4924 y(compressed)h(FITS)g(\014le)g(it)g(is)g(not)h +(necessary)g(to)g(app)s(end)e(the)i(\014le)f(su\016x)f(\(e.g.,)39 +b(`.gz')e(or)f(`.Z'\).)g(If)f(CFITSIO)0 5036 y(cannot)24 +b(\014nd)e(the)h(input)e(\014le)i(name)g(without)f(the)h(su\016x,)h +(then)f(it)g(will)e(automatically)i(searc)m(h)h(for)f(a)g(compressed)0 +5149 y(\014le)35 b(with)f(the)i(same)g(ro)s(ot)g(name.)57 +b(In)35 b(the)h(case)h(of)f(reading)f(ftp)g(and)g(h)m(ttp)h(t)m(yp)s(e) +g(\014les,)g(CFITSIO)f(generally)0 5262 y(lo)s(oks)i(for)h(a)g +(compressed)g(v)m(ersion)f(of)h(the)g(\014le)f(\014rst,)i(b)s(efore)e +(trying)g(to)i(op)s(en)e(the)h(uncompressed)e(\014le.)63 +b(By)0 5375 y(default,)36 b(CFITSIO)f(copies)g(\(and)h(uncompressed)e +(if)h(necessary\))h(the)g(ftp)f(or)h(h)m(ttp)g(FITS)f(\014le)f(in)m(to) +i(memory)0 5488 y(on)g(the)g(lo)s(cal)f(mac)m(hine)g(b)s(efore)h(op)s +(ening)e(it.)57 b(This)34 b(will)f(fail)h(if)h(the)h(lo)s(cal)f(mac)m +(hine)h(do)s(es)f(not)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(enough)0 5601 y(memory)g(to)h +(hold)e(the)h(whole)g(FITS)f(\014le,)j(so)e(in)f(this)g(case,)41 +b(the)c(output)g(\014lename)f(sp)s(eci\014er)g(\(see)i(the)g(next)0 +5714 y(section\))31 b(can)g(b)s(e)e(used)h(to)h(further)e(con)m(trol)i +(ho)m(w)f(CFITSIO)f(reads)h(ftp)g(and)g(h)m(ttp)g(\014les.)p +eop +%%Page: 112 120 +112 119 bop 0 299 a Fj(112)1528 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(10.)113 +b(EXTENDED)30 b(FILE)h(NAME)f(SYNT)-8 b(AX)0 555 y Fj(If)32 +b(the)h(input)e(\014le)h(is)g(an)h(IRAF)g(image)g(\014le)f(\(*.imh)g +(\014le\))h(then)f(CFITSIO)f(will)g(automatically)h(con)m(v)m(ert)j(it) +d(on)0 668 y(the)27 b(\015y)g(in)m(to)g(a)h(virtual)d(FITS)h(image)i(b) +s(efore)f(it)f(is)g(op)s(ened)h(b)m(y)g(the)g(application)f(program.)39 +b(IRAF)27 b(images)h(can)0 781 y(only)h(b)s(e)h(op)s(ened)g(with)f +(READONL)-8 b(Y)31 b(\014le)e(access.)0 941 y(Similarly)-8 +b(,)28 b(if)i(the)h(input)e(\014le)i(is)f(a)h(ra)m(w)g(binary)e(data)j +(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)33 b(then)d(CFITSIO)g(will)e(con)m(v)m(ert)33 +b(it)d(on)h(the)h(\015y)e(in)m(to)0 1054 y(a)38 b(virtual)e(FITS)i +(image)g(with)e(the)i(basic)g(set)g(of)g(required)e(header)i(k)m(eyw)m +(ords)g(b)s(efore)g(it)f(is)g(op)s(ened)g(b)m(y)h(the)0 +1167 y(application)29 b(program)i(\(with)f(READONL)-8 +b(Y)31 b(access\).)44 b(In)30 b(this)g(case)i(the)f(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g +(and)g(dimensions)d(of)j(the)0 1280 y(image)c(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)f(sp)s +(eci\014ed)f(in)h(square)h(brac)m(k)m(ets)h(follo)m(wing)d(the)i +(\014lename)f(\(e.g.)41 b(ra)m(w\014le.dat[ib512,512]\).)h(The)0 +1393 y(\014rst)30 b(c)m(haracter)i(\(case)f(insensitiv)m(e\))e +(de\014nes)h(the)g(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(of)f(the)h(arra)m(y:)239 +1671 y Fe(b)429 b(8-bit)46 b(unsigned)g(byte)239 1784 +y(i)381 b(16-bit)46 b(signed)g(integer)239 1897 y(u)381 +b(16-bit)46 b(unsigned)g(integer)239 2010 y(j)381 b(32-bit)46 +b(signed)g(integer)239 2123 y(r)h(or)g(f)143 b(32-bit)46 +b(floating)g(point)239 2235 y(d)381 b(64-bit)46 b(floating)g(point)0 +2514 y Fj(An)40 b(optional)f(second)h(c)m(haracter)i(sp)s(eci\014es)d +(the)i(b)m(yte)f(order)g(of)g(the)h(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(alues:)59 +b(b)40 b(or)g(B)h(indicates)e(big)0 2626 y(endian)29 +b(\(as)h(in)f(FITS)g(\014les)g(and)g(the)h(nativ)m(e)h(format)f(of)g +(SUN)g(UNIX)g(w)m(orkstations)g(and)g(Mac)h(PCs\))e(and)h(l)f(or)0 +2739 y(L)e(indicates)g(little)f(endian)g(\(nativ)m(e)j(format)e(of)h +(DEC)g(OSF)f(w)m(orkstations)g(and)g(IBM)h(PCs\).)40 +b(If)27 b(this)f(c)m(haracter)0 2852 y(is)f(omitted)g(then)g(the)h +(arra)m(y)g(is)f(assumed)g(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(the)f(nativ)m(e)f(b)m(yte) +i(order)e(of)g(the)h(lo)s(cal)f(mac)m(hine.)39 b(These)25 +b(data)0 2965 y(t)m(yp)s(e)35 b(c)m(haracters)h(are)g(then)e(follo)m(w) +m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(a)i(series)e(of)h(one)g(or)g(more)g(in)m(teger)g(v)-5 +b(alues)34 b(separated)i(b)m(y)e(commas)0 3078 y(whic)m(h)40 +b(de\014ne)g(the)h(size)g(of)g(eac)m(h)h(dimension)d(of)i(the)g(ra)m(w) +g(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)74 b(Arra)m(ys)41 b(with)e(up)h(to)i(5)f(dimensions)e +(are)0 3191 y(curren)m(tly)30 b(supp)s(orted.)41 b(Finally)-8 +b(,)30 b(a)h(b)m(yte)h(o\013set)g(to)g(the)f(p)s(osition)f(of)h(the)g +(\014rst)f(pixel)g(in)g(the)h(data)h(\014le)e(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)0 +3304 y(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(b)m(y)h(separating)h(it)f(with)f(a)i(':')48 +b(from)33 b(the)h(last)f(dimension)e(v)-5 b(alue.)50 +b(If)33 b(omitted,)i(it)e(is)f(assumed)h(that)0 3417 +y(the)i(o\013set)h(=)f(0.)54 b(This)34 b(parameter)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e +(used)g(to)i(skip)d(o)m(v)m(er)j(an)m(y)g(header)e(information)g(in)f +(the)i(\014le)f(that)0 3530 y(precedes)c(the)h(binary)e(data.)41 +b(F)-8 b(urther)30 b(examples:)95 3808 y Fe(raw.dat[b10000])521 +b(1-dimensional)45 b(10000)h(pixel)g(byte)h(array)95 +3921 y(raw.dat[rb400,400,12])233 b(3-dimensional)45 b(floating)g(point) +h(big-endian)f(array)95 4034 y(img.fits[ib512,512:2880])89 +b(reads)47 b(the)g(512)g(x)g(512)g(short)f(integer)g(array)g(in)1336 +4147 y(a)i(FITS)e(file,)h(skipping)e(over)i(the)g(2880)g(byte)f(header) +0 4425 y Fj(One)25 b(sp)s(ecial)e(case)j(of)f(input)e(\014le)h(is)g +(where)h(the)g(\014lename)f(=)h(`-')h(\(a)f(dash)g(or)g(min)m(us)e +(sign\))h(or)h('stdin')f(or)h('stdout',)0 4538 y(whic)m(h)c +(signi\014es)g(that)j(the)f(input)d(\014le)i(is)g(to)i(b)s(e)e(read)g +(from)h(the)g(stdin)e(stream,)k(or)e(written)e(to)j(the)f(stdout)g +(stream)0 4650 y(if)33 b(a)h(new)g(output)f(\014le)g(is)g(b)s(eing)g +(created.)52 b(In)33 b(the)h(case)h(of)f(reading)g(from)f(stdin,)g +(CFITSIO)g(\014rst)g(copies)h(the)0 4763 y(whole)g(stream)i(in)m(to)f +(a)g(temp)s(orary)g(FITS)f(\014le)h(\(in)f(memory)h(or)g(on)g(disk\),)g +(and)g(subsequen)m(t)f(reading)g(of)i(the)0 4876 y(FITS)c(\014le)g(o)s +(ccurs)h(in)e(this)h(cop)m(y)-8 b(.)49 b(When)33 b(writing)e(to)i +(stdout,)h(CFITSIO)d(\014rst)h(constructs)h(the)g(whole)f(\014le)g(in)0 +4989 y(memory)i(\(since)h(random)e(access)j(is)d(required\),)i(then)f +(\015ushes)f(it)h(out)h(to)g(the)f(stdout)h(stream)g(when)e(the)i +(\014le)0 5102 y(is)29 b(closed.)41 b(In)29 b(addition,)g(if)g(the)h +(output)g(\014lename)f(=)h('-.gz')i(or)e('stdout.gz')h(then)f(it)g +(will)d(b)s(e)j(gzip)f(compressed)0 5215 y(b)s(efore)h(b)s(eing)f +(written)g(to)i(stdout.)0 5375 y(This)24 b(abilit)m(y)h(to)h(read)g +(and)f(write)g(on)h(the)g(stdin)f(and)g(stdout)h(steams)g(allo)m(ws)g +(FITS)f(\014les)g(to)h(b)s(e)g(pip)s(ed)d(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)0 +5488 y(tasks)42 b(in)e(memory)h(rather)g(than)h(ha)m(ving)f(to)h +(create)h(temp)s(orary)e(in)m(termediate)g(FITS)f(\014les)h(on)g(disk.) +72 b(F)-8 b(or)0 5601 y(example)27 b(if)e(task1)j(creates)h(an)e +(output)f(FITS)g(\014le,)h(and)g(task2)g(reads)g(an)g(input)e(FITS)h +(\014le,)h(the)g(FITS)f(\014le)g(ma)m(y)0 5714 y(b)s(e)k(pip)s(ed)e(b)s +(et)m(w)m(een)j(the)f(2)h(tasks)g(b)m(y)f(sp)s(ecifying)p +eop +%%Page: 113 121 +113 120 bop 0 299 a Fh(10.4.)73 b(OUTPUT)29 b(FILE)h(NAME)h(WHEN)g +(OPENING)f(AN)h(EXISTING)f(FILE)876 b Fj(113)143 555 +y Fe(task1)47 b(-)g(|)g(task2)g(-)0 783 y Fj(where)30 +b(the)h(v)m(ertical)g(bar)g(is)e(the)i(Unix)f(piping)e(sym)m(b)s(ol.)41 +b(This)29 b(assumes)h(that)i(the)f(2)g(tasks)g(read)g(the)g(name)g(of)0 +896 y(the)g(FITS)e(\014le)h(o\013)g(of)h(the)g(command)f(line.)0 +1224 y Ff(10.4)136 b(Output)44 b(File)i(Name)f(when)g(Op)t(ening)g(an)g +(Existing)h(File)0 1474 y Fj(An)36 b(optional)g(output)g(\014lename)g +(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(in)g(paren)m(theses)i(immediately)e +(follo)m(wing)g(the)i(base)g(\014le)0 1587 y(name)28 +b(to)h(b)s(e)f(op)s(ened.)39 b(This)27 b(is)g(mainly)f(useful)h(in)g +(those)h(cases)i(where)d(CFITSIO)g(creates)j(a)e(temp)s(orary)g(cop)m +(y)0 1700 y(of)i(the)f(input)f(FITS)g(\014le)h(b)s(efore)g(it)g(is)f +(op)s(ened)h(and)f(passed)h(to)h(the)g(application)e(program.)40 +b(This)27 b(happ)s(ens)h(b)m(y)0 1813 y(default)h(when)h(op)s(ening)f +(a)h(net)m(w)m(ork)h(FTP)g(or)f(HTTP-t)m(yp)s(e)g(\014le,)g(when)f +(reading)g(a)i(compressed)f(FITS)g(\014le)f(on)0 1926 +y(a)36 b(lo)s(cal)f(disk,)h(when)f(reading)g(from)h(the)g(stdin)e +(stream,)k(or)d(when)g(a)i(column)d(\014lter,)j(ro)m(w)f(\014lter,)g +(or)g(binning)0 2039 y(sp)s(eci\014er)28 b(is)g(included)f(as)j(part)f +(of)g(the)h(input)e(\014le)g(sp)s(eci\014cation.)39 b(By)30 +b(default)f(this)f(temp)s(orary)h(\014le)f(is)h(created)0 +2152 y(in)g(memory)-8 b(.)41 b(If)29 b(there)h(is)f(not)h(enough)g +(memory)g(to)h(create)g(the)g(\014le)e(cop)m(y)-8 b(,)31 +b(then)f(CFITSIO)e(will)f(exit)j(with)f(an)0 2265 y(error.)45 +b(In)32 b(these)g(cases)h(one)g(can)f(force)h(a)f(p)s(ermanen)m(t)g +(\014le)f(to)i(b)s(e)e(created)i(on)f(disk,)f(instead)h(of)g(a)g(temp)s +(orary)0 2378 y(\014le)37 b(in)f(memory)-8 b(,)40 b(b)m(y)d(supplying)d +(the)k(name)g(in)e(paren)m(theses)i(immediately)e(follo)m(wing)g(the)h +(base)h(\014le)f(name.)0 2490 y(The)30 b(output)g(\014lename)f(can)i +(include)d(the)j(')10 b(!')41 b(clobb)s(er)29 b(\015ag.)0 +2651 y(Th)m(us,)48 b(if)c(the)h(input)e(\014lename)h(to)h(CFITSIO)f +(is:)69 b Fe(file1.fits.gz\(file2.fit)o(s\))39 b Fj(then)44 +b(CFITSIO)g(will)0 2764 y(uncompress)39 b(`\014le1.\014ts.gz')i(in)m +(to)f(the)g(lo)s(cal)f(disk)f(\014le)h(`\014le2.\014ts')h(b)s(efore)g +(op)s(ening)e(it.)69 b(CFITSIO)38 b(do)s(es)i(not)0 2876 +y(automatically)30 b(delete)h(the)f(output)g(\014le,)g(so)h(it)f(will)d +(still)i(exist)h(after)h(the)f(application)f(program)h(exits.)0 +3037 y(The)i(output)h(\014lename)f("mem://")j(is)d(also)h(allo)m(w)m +(ed,)h(whic)m(h)d(will)g(write)h(the)h(output)f(\014le)g(in)m(to)h +(memory)-8 b(,)35 b(and)0 3150 y(also)27 b(allo)m(w)f(write)g(access)i +(to)g(the)f(\014le.)38 b(This)25 b('\014le')i(will)d(disapp)s(ear)h +(when)h(it)g(is)g(closed,)h(but)f(this)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(useful)0 +3262 y(for)k(some)h(applications)d(whic)m(h)i(only)f(need)h(to)h(mo)s +(dify)e(a)i(temp)s(orary)f(cop)m(y)h(of)f(the)h(\014le.)0 +3423 y(In)k(some)i(cases,)h(sev)m(eral)e(di\013eren)m(t)g(temp)s(orary) +f(FITS)h(\014les)f(will)e(b)s(e)i(created)i(in)e(sequence,)j(for)e +(instance,)h(if)0 3535 y(one)g(op)s(ens)g(a)g(remote)h(\014le)e(using)g +(FTP)-8 b(,)37 b(then)g(\014lters)f(ro)m(ws)h(in)f(a)i(binary)d(table)i +(extension,)i(then)d(create)j(an)0 3648 y(image)e(b)m(y)g(binning)d(a)j +(pair)f(of)h(columns.)59 b(In)36 b(this)g(case,)k(the)d(remote)h +(\014le)e(will)e(b)s(e)i(copied)g(to)i(a)f(temp)s(orary)0 +3761 y(lo)s(cal)h(\014le,)i(then)e(a)h(second)f(temp)s(orary)h(\014le)e +(will)f(b)s(e)i(created)i(con)m(taining)e(the)g(\014ltered)g(ro)m(ws)g +(of)h(the)g(table,)0 3874 y(and)c(\014nally)e(a)j(third)d(temp)s(orary) +i(\014le)g(con)m(taining)f(the)i(binned)d(image)i(will)e(b)s(e)i +(created.)57 b(In)34 b(cases)i(lik)m(e)f(this)0 3987 +y(where)28 b(m)m(ultiple)e(\014les)h(are)i(created,)h(the)e(out\014le)g +(sp)s(eci\014er)f(will)e(b)s(e)j(in)m(terpreted)g(the)g(name)g(of)h +(the)f(\014nal)f(\014le)h(as)0 4100 y(describ)s(ed)g(b)s(elo)m(w,)i(in) +f(descending)g(priorit)m(y:)136 4327 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(as)29 +b(the)g(name)g(of)g(the)g(\014nal)e(image)i(\014le)f(if)f(an)i(image)g +(within)d(a)j(single)e(binary)g(table)i(cell)f(is)f(op)s(ened)h(or)h +(if)227 4440 y(an)i(image)f(is)g(created)h(b)m(y)f(binning)e(a)i(table) +h(column.)136 4617 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(as)33 b(the)f(name)h(of)f(the)h +(\014le)e(con)m(taining)h(the)g(\014ltered)f(table)i(if)e(a)i(column)e +(\014lter)g(and/or)h(a)h(ro)m(w)f(\014lter)g(are)227 +4730 y(sp)s(eci\014ed.)136 4907 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(as)31 +b(the)f(name)h(of)f(the)h(lo)s(cal)f(cop)m(y)h(of)f(the)h(remote)g(FTP) +f(or)h(HTTP)e(\014le.)136 5084 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(as)31 +b(the)g(name)g(of)g(the)f(uncompressed)g(v)m(ersion)g(of)h(the)f(FITS)g +(\014le,)g(if)g(a)h(compressed)f(FITS)g(\014le)g(on)h(lo)s(cal)227 +5197 y(disk)e(has)h(b)s(een)g(op)s(ened.)136 5374 y Fc(\017)46 +b Fj(otherwise,)30 b(the)h(output)f(\014lename)f(is)h(ignored.)0 +5601 y(The)f(output)f(\014le)g(sp)s(eci\014er)g(is)g(useful)f(when)h +(reading)g(FTP)h(or)g(HTTP-t)m(yp)s(e)g(FITS)f(\014les)g(since)g(it)h +(can)g(b)s(e)g(used)0 5714 y(to)34 b(create)i(a)e(lo)s(cal)f(disk)f +(cop)m(y)j(of)f(the)g(\014le)e(that)j(can)f(b)s(e)f(reused)g(in)f(the)i +(future.)50 b(If)33 b(the)h(output)g(\014le)e(name)i(=)p +eop +%%Page: 114 122 +114 121 bop 0 299 a Fj(114)1528 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(10.)113 +b(EXTENDED)30 b(FILE)h(NAME)f(SYNT)-8 b(AX)0 555 y Fj(`*')36 +b(then)f(a)g(lo)s(cal)f(\014le)g(with)g(the)h(same)g(name)g(as)g(the)h +(net)m(w)m(ork)f(\014le)f(will)f(b)s(e)h(created.)56 +b(Note)36 b(that)f(CFITSIO)0 668 y(will)27 b(b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)j +(di\013eren)m(tly)f(dep)s(ending)e(on)j(whether)f(the)h(remote)g +(\014le)f(is)g(compressed)g(or)h(not)g(as)g(sho)m(wn)f(b)m(y)h(the)0 +781 y(follo)m(wing)f(examples:)136 1005 y Fc(\017)46 +b Fe(ftp://remote.machine/tmp/)o(myfi)o(le.f)o(its)o(.gz\()o(*\))28 +b Fj(-)35 b(the)g(remote)h(compressed)e(\014le)g(is)g(copied)g(to)227 +1117 y(the)e(lo)s(cal)f(compressed)h(\014le)f(`m)m(y\014le.\014ts.gz',) +i(whic)m(h)d(is)h(then)h(uncompressed)e(in)h(lo)s(cal)g(memory)g(b)s +(efore)227 1230 y(b)s(eing)e(op)s(ened)h(and)g(passed)f(to)j(the)e +(application)f(program.)136 1414 y Fc(\017)46 b Fe +(ftp://remote.machine/tmp/)o(myfi)o(le.f)o(its)o(.gz\()o(myfi)o(le.)o +(fits)o(\))33 b Fj(-)39 b(the)g(remote)h(compressed)f(\014le)227 +1526 y(is)c(copied)g(and)g(uncompressed)g(in)m(to)g(the)h(lo)s(cal)f +(\014le)g(`m)m(y\014le.\014ts'.)56 b(This)34 b(example)h(requires)g +(less)g(lo)s(cal)227 1639 y(memory)21 b(than)g(the)g(previous)e +(example)i(since)f(the)h(\014le)f(is)g(uncompressed)f(on)i(disk)f +(instead)g(of)h(in)e(memory)-8 b(.)136 1822 y Fc(\017)46 +b Fe(ftp://remote.machine/tmp/)o(myfi)o(le.f)o(its)o(\(myf)o(ile.)o +(fit)o(s.gz)o(\))24 b Fj(-)30 b(this)f(will)e(usually)h(pro)s(duce)h +(an)227 1935 y(error)h(since)g(CFITSIO)f(itself)g(cannot)i(compress)f +(\014les.)0 2159 y(The)36 b(exact)i(b)s(eha)m(vior)d(of)i(CFITSIO)e(in) +g(the)i(latter)f(case)i(dep)s(ends)c(on)j(the)f(t)m(yp)s(e)h(of)g(ftp)f +(serv)m(er)g(running)e(on)0 2272 y(the)d(remote)g(mac)m(hine)f(and)g +(ho)m(w)g(it)g(is)f(con\014gured.)40 b(In)30 b(some)h(cases,)g(if)e +(the)i(\014le)e(`m)m(y\014le.\014ts.gz')j(exists)e(on)g(the)0 +2385 y(remote)38 b(mac)m(hine,)g(then)f(the)g(serv)m(er)g(will)e(cop)m +(y)i(it)g(to)g(the)h(lo)s(cal)e(mac)m(hine.)60 b(In)36 +b(other)h(cases)h(the)f(ftp)g(serv)m(er)0 2498 y(will)c(automatically)j +(create)h(and)f(transmit)f(a)h(compressed)g(v)m(ersion)f(of)h(the)g +(\014le)f(if)g(only)g(the)h(uncompressed)0 2611 y(v)m(ersion)26 +b(exists.)40 b(This)25 b(can)i(get)h(rather)f(confusing,)g(so)g(users)f +(should)f(use)i(a)g(certain)g(amoun)m(t)h(of)f(caution)g(when)0 +2723 y(using)33 b(the)i(output)f(\014le)g(sp)s(eci\014er)f(with)h(FTP)g +(or)h(HTTP)f(\014le)g(t)m(yp)s(es,)i(to)f(mak)m(e)h(sure)e(they)h(get)h +(the)f(b)s(eha)m(vior)0 2836 y(that)c(they)g(exp)s(ect.)0 +3168 y Ff(10.5)136 b(T)-11 b(emplate)45 b(File)h(Name)g(when)e +(Creating)j(a)e(New)g(File)0 3418 y Fj(When)38 b(a)h(new)f(FITS)g +(\014le)g(is)g(created)h(with)f(a)g(call)g(to)i(\014ts)p +2101 3418 28 4 v 32 w(create)p 2369 3418 V 35 w(\014le,)f(the)g(name)g +(of)g(a)g(template)g(\014le)e(ma)m(y)0 3531 y(b)s(e)i(supplied)e(in)i +(paren)m(theses)h(immediately)e(follo)m(wing)g(the)j(name)f(of)g(the)g +(new)f(\014le)g(to)i(b)s(e)e(created.)71 b(This)0 3644 +y(template)26 b(is)e(used)h(to)h(de\014ne)f(the)h(structure)f(of)h(one) +f(or)h(more)g(HDUs)g(in)e(the)i(new)f(\014le.)38 b(The)25 +b(template)h(\014le)e(ma)m(y)0 3757 y(b)s(e)32 b(another)h(FITS)f +(\014le,)h(in)f(whic)m(h)f(case)j(the)f(newly)f(created)i(\014le)e +(will)e(ha)m(v)m(e)k(exactly)g(the)f(same)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords)g(in)0 +3870 y(eac)m(h)25 b(HDU)g(as)g(in)e(the)h(template)h(FITS)e(\014le,)i +(but)e(all)h(the)g(data)h(units)d(will)g(b)s(e)i(\014lled)e(with)g +(zeros.)40 b(The)24 b(template)0 3983 y(\014le)h(ma)m(y)i(also)f(b)s(e) +f(an)h(ASCI)s(I)e(text)j(\014le,)f(where)g(eac)m(h)h(line)d(\(in)h +(general\))i(describ)s(es)d(one)i(FITS)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(record.)0 +4096 y(The)j(format)h(of)f(the)h(ASCI)s(I)e(template)h(\014le)g(is)f +(describ)s(ed)f(in)i(the)g(follo)m(wing)f(T)-8 b(emplate)30 +b(Files)g(c)m(hapter.)0 4427 y Ff(10.6)136 b(Image)46 +b(Tile-Compression)g(Sp)t(eci\014cation)0 4677 y Fj(When)28 +b(sp)s(ecifying)e(the)j(name)g(of)f(the)h(output)f(FITS)g(\014le)f(to)i +(b)s(e)f(created,)i(the)f(user)f(can)g(indicate)g(that)h(images)0 +4790 y(should)c(b)s(e)i(written)f(in)g(tile-compressed)g(format)i +(\(see)g(section)f(5.5,)i(\\Primary)d(Arra)m(y)i(or)f(IMA)m(GE)h +(Extension)0 4903 y(I/O)f(Routines"\))h(b)m(y)f(enclosing)f(the)i +(compression)e(parameters)i(in)e(square)h(brac)m(k)m(ets)i(follo)m +(wing)d(the)i(ro)s(ot)f(disk)0 5016 y(\014le)i(name.)41 +b(Here)31 b(are)g(some)g(examples)f(of)g(the)h(syn)m(tax)g(for)f(sp)s +(ecifying)e(tile-compressed)i(output)g(images:)191 5262 +y Fe(myfile.fit[compress])185 b(-)48 b(use)f(Rice)f(algorithm)g(and)h +(default)e(tile)i(size)191 5488 y(myfile.fit[compress)42 +b(GZIP])47 b(-)g(use)g(the)g(specified)e(compression)g(algorithm;)191 +5601 y(myfile.fit[compress)d(Rice])238 b(only)46 b(the)h(first)g +(letter)f(of)h(the)g(algorithm)191 5714 y(myfile.fit[compress)42 +b(PLIO])238 b(name)46 b(is)i(required.)p eop +%%Page: 115 123 +115 122 bop 0 299 a Fh(10.7.)73 b(HDU)31 b(LOCA)-8 b(TION)29 +b(SPECIFICA)-8 b(TION)2019 b Fj(115)191 668 y Fe(myfile.fit[compress)42 +b(Rice)47 b(100,100])141 b(-)48 b(use)e(100)h(x)h(100)f(pixel)f(tile)h +(size)191 781 y(myfile.fit[compress)42 b(Rice)47 b(100,100;2])e(-)j(as) +f(above,)f(and)h(use)g(noisebits)e(=)i(2)0 1114 y Ff(10.7)136 +b(HDU)45 b(Lo)t(cation)g(Sp)t(eci\014cation)0 1364 y +Fj(The)c(optional)f(HDU)j(lo)s(cation)e(sp)s(eci\014er)e(de\014nes)i +(whic)m(h)f(HDU)i(\(Header-Data)i(Unit,)g(also)d(kno)m(wn)g(as)h(an)0 +1477 y(`extension'\))35 b(within)c(the)k(FITS)e(\014le)g(to)i +(initially)c(op)s(en.)51 b(It)34 b(m)m(ust)g(immediately)f(follo)m(w)g +(the)h(base)h(\014le)e(name)0 1590 y(\(or)h(the)g(output)g(\014le)f +(name)g(if)g(presen)m(t\).)52 b(If)33 b(it)g(is)g(not)h(sp)s(eci\014ed) +f(then)g(the)h(\014rst)f(HDU)i(\(the)f(primary)e(arra)m(y\))0 +1703 y(is)g(op)s(ened.)46 b(The)32 b(HDU)h(lo)s(cation)f(sp)s +(eci\014er)f(is)h(required)f(if)g(the)i(colFilter,)f(ro)m(wFilter,)h +(or)g(binSp)s(ec)d(sp)s(eci\014ers)0 1816 y(are)g(presen)m(t,)f(b)s +(ecause)h(the)f(primary)e(arra)m(y)j(is)e(not)i(a)f(v)-5 +b(alid)28 b(HDU)i(for)f(these)g(op)s(erations.)40 b(The)29 +b(HDU)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)0 1929 y(sp)s(eci\014ed)d(either)i(b)m(y)f +(absolute)h(p)s(osition)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)h(starting)h(with)e(0)j(for) +e(the)h(primary)e(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)31 b(or)e(b)m(y)f(reference)0 +2042 y(to)h(the)g(HDU)g(name,)g(and)f(optionally)-8 b(,)28 +b(the)h(v)m(ersion)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(and)h(the)h(HDU)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g +(of)f(the)h(desired)e(extension.)0 2155 y(The)32 b(lo)s(cation)f(of)h +(an)g(image)h(within)c(a)k(single)d(cell)i(of)g(a)g(binary)f(table)h +(ma)m(y)g(also)g(b)s(e)g(sp)s(eci\014ed,)f(as)h(describ)s(ed)0 +2268 y(b)s(elo)m(w.)0 2428 y(The)26 b(absolute)g(p)s(osition)e(of)i +(the)h(extension)f(is)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(either)i(b)m(y)g(enclosed)g +(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(in)g(square)g(brac)m(k)m(ets)0 +2541 y(\(e.g.,)k(`[1]')g(=)d(the)h(\014rst)f(extension)g(follo)m(wing)g +(the)h(primary)d(arra)m(y\))k(or)f(b)m(y)f(preceded)h(the)g(n)m(um)m(b) +s(er)e(with)h(a)h(plus)0 2654 y(sign)36 b(\(`+1'\).)63 +b(T)-8 b(o)38 b(sp)s(ecify)e(the)h(HDU)h(b)m(y)g(name,)h(giv)m(e)f(the) +f(name)h(of)f(the)h(desired)e(HDU)i(\(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)37 +b(of)h(the)0 2766 y(EXTNAME)e(or)g(HDUNAME)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord\))g(and)f +(optionally)e(the)i(extension)g(v)m(ersion)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(\(v)-5 +b(alue)36 b(of)g(the)0 2879 y(EXTVER)27 b(k)m(eyw)m(ord\))i(and)e(the)h +(extension)g(t)m(yp)s(e)f(\(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(of)g(the)g(XTENSION)f(k)m +(eyw)m(ord:)40 b(IMA)m(GE,)29 b(ASCI)s(I)d(or)0 2992 +y(T)-8 b(ABLE,)36 b(or)f(BINT)-8 b(ABLE\),)36 b(separated)f(b)m(y)g +(commas)h(and)e(all)g(enclosed)h(in)f(square)h(brac)m(k)m(ets.)56 +b(If)34 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)0 3105 y(of)34 b(EXTVER)f(and)f(XTENSION)h +(are)h(not)f(sp)s(eci\014ed,)g(then)g(the)h(\014rst)e(extension)i(with) +e(the)h(correct)i(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)0 3218 y(EXTNAME)39 +b(is)f(op)s(ened.)67 b(The)38 b(extension)h(name)g(and)f(t)m(yp)s(e)i +(are)f(not)h(case)g(sensitiv)m(e,)h(and)d(the)h(extension)0 +3331 y(t)m(yp)s(e)29 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(abbreviated)g(to)h(a)g(single)e +(letter)i(\(e.g.,)i(I)d(=)g(IMA)m(GE)i(extension)e(or)g(primary)f(arra) +m(y)-8 b(,)30 b(A)f(or)f(T)g(=)0 3444 y(ASCI)s(I)d(table)h(extension,)h +(and)f(B)h(=)f(binary)f(table)h(BINT)-8 b(ABLE)27 b(extension\).)40 +b(If)26 b(the)g(HDU)h(lo)s(cation)g(sp)s(eci\014er)0 +3557 y(is)i(equal)h(to)h(`[PRIMAR)-8 b(Y]')32 b(or)f(`[P]',)g(then)f +(the)h(primary)d(arra)m(y)j(\(the)g(\014rst)f(HDU\))h(will)d(b)s(e)i +(op)s(ened.)0 3717 y(FITS)k(images)h(are)g(most)h(commonly)e(stored)h +(in)f(the)h(primary)e(arra)m(y)i(or)g(an)g(image)g(extension,)h(but)e +(images)0 3830 y(can)d(also)g(b)s(e)f(stored)h(as)h(a)f(v)m(ector)h(in) +e(a)h(single)f(cell)g(of)h(a)h(binary)d(table)i(\(i.e.)42 +b(eac)m(h)32 b(ro)m(w)f(of)g(the)h(v)m(ector)g(column)0 +3943 y(con)m(tains)c(a)h(di\013eren)m(t)e(image\).)41 +b(Suc)m(h)27 b(an)h(image)h(can)f(b)s(e)g(op)s(ened)f(with)g(CFITSIO)f +(b)m(y)i(sp)s(ecifying)e(the)i(desired)0 4056 y(column)j(name)h(and)f +(the)h(ro)m(w)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(after)h(the)g(binary)e(table)i(HDU)h +(sp)s(eci\014er)d(as)i(sho)m(wn)g(in)e(the)i(follo)m(wing)0 +4169 y(examples.)70 b(The)40 b(column)f(name)i(is)e(separated)i(from)f +(the)h(HDU)g(sp)s(eci\014er)e(b)m(y)h(a)h(semicolon)e(and)h(the)h(ro)m +(w)0 4282 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)29 b(is)g(enclosed)h(in)e(paren)m(theses.) +41 b(In)30 b(this)f(case)i(CFITSIO)d(copies)i(the)g(image)h(from)e(the) +i(table)f(cell)f(in)m(to)0 4394 y(a)j(temp)s(orary)e(primary)g(arra)m +(y)h(b)s(efore)g(it)g(is)f(op)s(ened.)43 b(The)30 b(application)g +(program)h(then)g(just)g(sees)g(the)h(image)0 4507 y(in)h(the)i +(primary)d(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)37 b(without)c(an)m(y)i(extensions.)52 +b(The)34 b(particular)e(ro)m(w)j(to)g(b)s(e)e(op)s(ened)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s +(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)0 4620 y(either)27 b(b)m(y)g(giving)f(an)h +(absolute)g(in)m(teger)h(ro)m(w)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(\(starting)h(with)f +(1)i(for)f(the)g(\014rst)g(ro)m(w\),)i(or)e(b)m(y)g(sp)s(ecifying)0 +4733 y(a)33 b(b)s(o)s(olean)e(expression)g(that)i(ev)-5 +b(aluates)33 b(to)g(TR)m(UE)g(for)f(the)g(desired)f(ro)m(w.)47 +b(The)32 b(\014rst)f(ro)m(w)i(that)g(satis\014es)f(the)0 +4846 y(expression)27 b(will)e(b)s(e)j(used.)39 b(The)28 +b(ro)m(w)g(selection)g(expression)f(has)h(the)g(same)g(syn)m(tax)h(as)f +(describ)s(ed)e(in)h(the)h(Ro)m(w)0 4959 y(Filter)i(Sp)s(eci\014er)e +(section,)j(b)s(elo)m(w.)0 5119 y(Examples:)143 5375 +y Fe(myfile.fits[3])44 b(-)k(open)e(the)h(3rd)g(HDU)g(following)e(the)i +(primary)f(array)143 5488 y(myfile.fits+3)92 b(-)48 b(same)e(as)h +(above,)f(but)h(using)g(the)g(FTOOLS-style)d(notation)143 +5601 y(myfile.fits[EVENTS])f(-)k(open)g(the)g(extension)e(that)i(has)g +(EXTNAME)e(=)j('EVENTS')143 5714 y(myfile.fits[EVENTS,)43 +b(2])95 b(-)47 b(same)g(as)g(above,)f(but)h(also)g(requires)e(EXTVER)h +(=)i(2)p eop +%%Page: 116 124 +116 123 bop 0 299 a Fj(116)1528 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(10.)113 +b(EXTENDED)30 b(FILE)h(NAME)f(SYNT)-8 b(AX)143 555 y +Fe(myfile.fits[events,2,b])42 b(-)47 b(same,)f(but)h(also)g(requires)f +(XTENSION)f(=)j('BINTABLE')143 668 y(myfile.fits[3;)c(images\(17\)])h +(-)i(opens)g(the)g(image)f(in)h(row)g(17)g(of)g(the)g('images')1527 +781 y(column)f(in)i(the)e(3rd)h(extension)f(of)h(the)g(file.)143 +894 y(myfile.fits[3;)d(images\(exposure)g(>)j(100\)])g(-)g(as)g(above,) +f(but)h(opens)g(the)f(image)907 1007 y(in)h(the)g(first)f(row)h(that)g +(has)g(an)g('exposure')e(column)h(value)907 1120 y(greater)g(than)g +(100.)0 1449 y Ff(10.8)136 b(Image)46 b(Section)0 1699 +y Fj(A)41 b(virtual)e(\014le)g(con)m(taining)h(a)h(rectangular)g +(subsection)e(of)i(an)g(image)f(can)h(b)s(e)f(extracted)i(and)e(op)s +(ened)g(b)m(y)0 1812 y(sp)s(ecifying)30 b(the)j(range)g(of)g(pixels)e +(\(start:end\))i(along)g(eac)m(h)h(axis)e(to)h(b)s(e)f(extracted)i +(from)e(the)h(original)d(image.)0 1925 y(One)g(can)h(also)g(sp)s(ecify) +e(an)i(optional)f(pixel)f(incremen)m(t)h(\(start:end:step\))i(for)f +(eac)m(h)h(axis)e(of)h(the)g(input)d(image.)0 2038 y(A)g(pixel)d(step)j +(=)f(1)h(will)d(b)s(e)i(assumed)f(if)h(it)g(is)f(not)i(sp)s(eci\014ed.) +38 b(If)27 b(the)h(start)g(pixel)e(is)g(larger)i(then)f(the)h(end)e +(pixel,)0 2151 y(then)32 b(the)g(image)g(will)d(b)s(e)i(\015ipp)s(ed)e +(\(pro)s(ducing)h(a)i(mirror)f(image\))h(along)g(that)g(dimension.)43 +b(An)32 b(asterisk,)g('*',)0 2264 y(ma)m(y)39 b(b)s(e)e(used)h(to)h(sp) +s(ecify)e(the)h(en)m(tire)g(range)h(of)f(an)h(axis,)h(and)d('-*')j +(will)35 b(\015ip)i(the)h(en)m(tire)g(axis.)64 b(The)38 +b(input)0 2377 y(image)30 b(can)g(b)s(e)f(in)f(the)i(primary)e(arra)m +(y)-8 b(,)31 b(in)d(an)h(image)h(extension,)g(or)g(con)m(tained)f(in)g +(a)h(v)m(ector)h(cell)e(of)h(a)g(binary)0 2490 y(table.)39 +b(In)25 b(the)h(later)g(2)g(cases)h(the)f(extension)g(name)g(or)f(n)m +(um)m(b)s(er)g(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)s(efore)i(the)g +(image)g(section)0 2603 y(sp)s(eci\014er.)0 2763 y(Examples:)95 +2996 y Fe(myfile.fits[1:512:2,)43 b(2:512:2])i(-)95 b(open)47 +b(a)h(256x256)d(pixel)i(image)668 3109 y(consisting)e(of)i(the)g(odd)g +(numbered)f(columns)g(\(1st)g(axis\))h(and)668 3222 y(the)g(even)g +(numbered)e(rows)i(\(2nd)g(axis\))f(of)h(the)g(image)f(in)i(the)668 +3335 y(primary)e(array)g(of)i(the)e(file.)95 3561 y(myfile.fits[*,)e +(512:256])i(-)h(open)g(an)g(image)g(consisting)e(of)i(all)g(the)g +(columns)668 3674 y(in)g(the)g(input)g(image,)f(but)h(only)f(rows)h +(256)g(through)f(512.)668 3787 y(The)h(image)f(will)h(be)g(flipped)f +(along)g(the)h(2nd)g(axis)g(since)668 3900 y(the)g(starting)f(pixel)g +(is)h(greater)f(than)h(the)g(ending)f(pixel.)95 4125 +y(myfile.fits[*:2,)e(512:256:2])h(-)i(same)g(as)g(above)f(but)h +(keeping)f(only)668 4238 y(every)h(other)f(row)h(and)g(column)f(in)h +(the)g(input)f(image.)95 4464 y(myfile.fits[-*,)e(*])j(-)h(copy)e(the)h +(entire)f(image,)g(flipping)g(it)h(along)668 4577 y(the)g(first)f +(axis.)95 4803 y(myfile.fits[3][1:256,1:256)o(])c(-)47 +b(opens)g(a)g(subsection)e(of)i(the)g(image)g(that)668 +4916 y(is)g(in)h(the)e(3rd)h(extension)f(of)h(the)g(file.)95 +5142 y(myfile.fits[4;)d(images\(12\)][1:10,1:10])e(-)48 +b(open)e(an)h(image)g(consisting)286 5255 y(of)h(the)e(first)h(10)g +(pixels)f(in)h(both)g(dimensions.)e(The)i(original)286 +5367 y(image)g(resides)f(in)h(the)g(12th)f(row)h(of)g(the)g('images')f +(vector)286 5480 y(column)g(in)i(the)f(table)f(in)h(the)g(4th)g +(extension)e(of)i(the)g(file.)0 5714 y Fj(When)23 b(CFITSIO)f(op)s(ens) +h(an)g(image)g(section)h(it)f(\014rst)g(creates)h(a)g(temp)s(orary)f +(\014le)g(con)m(taining)g(the)g(image)h(section)p eop +%%Page: 117 125 +117 124 bop 0 299 a Fh(10.9.)73 b(COLUMN)30 b(AND)h(KEYW)m(ORD)g(FIL)-8 +b(TERING)30 b(SPECIFICA)-8 b(TION)1030 b Fj(117)0 555 +y(plus)31 b(a)j(cop)m(y)g(of)g(an)m(y)g(other)f(HDUs)h(in)e(the)i +(\014le.)49 b(This)31 b(temp)s(orary)i(\014le)g(is)f(then)h(op)s(ened)g +(b)m(y)g(the)h(application)0 668 y(program,)28 b(so)g(it)f(is)f(not)i +(p)s(ossible)d(to)j(write)f(to)h(or)g(mo)s(dify)e(the)h(input)f(\014le) +g(when)h(sp)s(ecifying)e(an)j(image)g(section.)0 781 +y(Note)39 b(that)f(CFITSIO)e(automatically)h(up)s(dates)g(the)g(w)m +(orld)g(co)s(ordinate)g(system)h(k)m(eyw)m(ords)f(in)f(the)i(header)0 +894 y(of)33 b(the)h(image)f(section,)h(if)e(they)i(exist,)g(so)f(that)h +(the)f(co)s(ordinate)g(asso)s(ciated)h(with)e(eac)m(h)i(pixel)d(in)h +(the)i(image)0 1007 y(section)d(will)c(b)s(e)j(computed)g(correctly)-8 +b(.)0 1360 y Ff(10.9)136 b(Column)45 b(and)f(Keyw)l(ord)i(Filtering)g +(Sp)t(eci\014cation)0 1615 y Fj(The)27 b(optional)g(column/k)m(eyw)m +(ord)h(\014ltering)e(sp)s(eci\014er)g(is)h(used)g(to)i(mo)s(dify)d(the) +i(column)f(structure)g(and/or)h(the)0 1728 y(header)38 +b(k)m(eyw)m(ords)h(in)e(the)i(HDU)g(that)h(w)m(as)f(selected)g(with)e +(the)i(previous)e(HDU)i(lo)s(cation)f(sp)s(eci\014er.)64 +b(This)0 1840 y(\014ltering)40 b(sp)s(eci\014er)g(m)m(ust)i(b)s(e)f +(enclosed)h(in)e(square)i(brac)m(k)m(ets)h(and)e(can)h(b)s(e)f +(distinguished)d(from)k(a)g(general)0 1953 y(ro)m(w)d(\014lter)f(sp)s +(eci\014er)f(\(describ)s(ed)g(b)s(elo)m(w\))h(b)m(y)h(the)g(fact)h +(that)f(it)f(b)s(egins)f(with)h(the)h(string)f('col)h(')g(and)f(is)g +(not)0 2066 y(immediately)27 b(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)g(an)g(equals)g +(sign.)39 b(The)28 b(original)e(\014le)h(is)h(not)g(c)m(hanged)h(b)m(y) +f(this)g(\014ltering)e(op)s(eration,)0 2179 y(and)40 +b(instead)g(the)h(mo)s(di\014cations)e(are)i(made)f(on)h(a)g(cop)m(y)g +(of)g(the)g(input)e(FITS)h(\014le)f(\(usually)g(in)g(memory\),)0 +2292 y(whic)m(h)32 b(also)h(con)m(tains)g(a)g(cop)m(y)h(of)f(all)f(the) +i(other)f(HDUs)h(in)d(the)i(\014le.)48 b(This)32 b(temp)s(orary)g +(\014le)g(is)g(passed)h(to)h(the)0 2405 y(application)c(program)i(and)f +(will)e(p)s(ersist)h(only)h(un)m(til)f(the)i(\014le)f(is)g(closed)h(or) +g(un)m(til)e(the)i(program)f(exits,)i(unless)0 2518 y(the)e(out\014le)e +(sp)s(eci\014er)g(\(see)i(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e\))h(is)e(also)g(supplied.)0 +2678 y(The)h(column/k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(\014lter)f(can)h(b)s(e)g(used)f(to) +i(p)s(erform)e(the)i(follo)m(wing)d(op)s(erations.)43 +b(More)32 b(than)f(one)g(op)s(er-)0 2791 y(ation)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(sp) +s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)h(separating)g(them)g(with)g(semi-colons.)136 +3068 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(Cop)m(y)36 b(only)f(a)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(list)f +(of)i(columns)f(columns)f(to)j(the)f(\014ltered)f(input)f(\014le.)56 +b(The)36 b(list)e(of)i(column)227 3181 y(name)c(should)e(b)s(e)i +(separated)g(b)m(y)g(semi-colons.)46 b(Wild)30 b(card)i(c)m(haracters)i +(ma)m(y)e(b)s(e)g(used)f(in)g(the)h(column)227 3294 y(names)37 +b(to)h(matc)m(h)g(m)m(ultiple)d(columns.)60 b(If)37 b(the)g(expression) +f(con)m(tains)i(b)s(oth)e(a)i(list)d(of)j(columns)e(to)i(b)s(e)227 +3406 y(included)f(and)h(columns)g(to)h(b)s(e)g(deleted,)i(then)d(all)g +(the)h(columns)f(in)g(the)h(original)e(table)i(except)h(the)227 +3519 y(explicitly)28 b(deleted)i(columns)f(will)e(app)s(ear)j(in)f(the) +h(\014ltered)f(table)h(\(i.e.,)h(there)f(is)g(no)g(need)f(to)i +(explicitly)227 3632 y(list)e(the)i(columns)e(to)i(b)s(e)f(included)d +(if)j(an)m(y)g(columns)f(are)i(b)s(eing)e(deleted\).)136 +3837 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(Delete)31 b(a)e(column)f(or)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(b) +m(y)f(listing)e(the)i(name)g(preceded)g(b)m(y)g(a)g(min)m(us)f(sign)g +(or)h(an)g(exclamation)227 3950 y(mark)c(\(!\),)h(e.g.,)i('-TIME')d +(will)d(delete)j(the)f(TIME)h(column)e(if)g(it)i(exists,)g(otherwise)f +(the)h(TIME)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)227 4063 y(An)35 b(error)f(is)g(returned)f +(if)h(neither)f(a)j(column)d(nor)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(with)f(this)f(name)i +(exists.)53 b(Note)36 b(that)g(the)227 4176 y(exclamation)25 +b(p)s(oin)m(t,)h(')10 b(!',)27 b(is)d(a)h(sp)s(ecial)f(UNIX)h(c)m +(haracter,)j(so)d(if)f(it)h(is)f(used)g(on)h(the)g(command)g(line)e +(rather)227 4289 y(than)33 b(en)m(tered)h(at)g(a)g(task)g(prompt,)f(it) +g(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(preceded)g(b)m(y)g(a)h(bac)m(kslash)f(to)h(force)g +(the)f(UNIX)h(shell)227 4401 y(to)d(ignore)f(it.)136 +4606 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(Rename)29 b(an)g(existing)e(column)g(or)i(k)m +(eyw)m(ord)g(with)e(the)i(syn)m(tax)g('NewName)h(==)e(OldName'.)39 +b(An)28 b(error)227 4719 y(is)i(returned)f(if)g(neither)h(a)g(column)f +(nor)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(with)e(this)h(name)g(exists.)136 +4924 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(App)s(end)37 b(a)j(new)f(column)e(or)j(k)m(eyw)m +(ord)f(to)h(the)f(table.)67 b(T)-8 b(o)40 b(create)g(a)g(column,)g(giv) +m(e)g(the)f(new)g(name,)227 5036 y(optionally)32 b(follo)m(w)m(ed)g(b)m +(y)h(the)g(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(in)e(paren)m(theses,)j(follo)m(w)m(ed)f +(b)m(y)g(a)g(single)f(equals)g(sign)g(and)g(an)227 5149 +y(expression)i(to)i(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)i(compute)f(the)g(v)-5 +b(alue)34 b(\(e.g.,)k('new)m(col\(1J\))e(=)f(0')g(will)e(create)j(a)f +(new)g(32-bit)227 5262 y(in)m(teger)h(column)d(called)i('new)m(col')g +(\014lled)e(with)h(zeros\).)55 b(The)35 b(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e)h(is)e(sp)s +(eci\014ed)f(using)g(the)j(same)227 5375 y(syn)m(tax)j(that)g(is)e +(allo)m(w)m(ed)h(for)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(of)g(the)g(FITS)f(TF)m +(ORMn)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(\(e.g.,)j('I',)d('J',)f('E',)h('D',)227 +5488 y(etc.)66 b(for)38 b(binary)e(tables,)41 b(and)c('I8',)k(F12.3',)i +('E20.12',)g(etc.)65 b(for)38 b(ASCI)s(I)f(tables\).)65 +b(If)37 b(the)i(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e)227 5601 y(is)34 b(not)h(sp)s +(eci\014ed)e(then)h(an)g(appropriate)g(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(will)d(b)s +(e)i(c)m(hosen)h(dep)s(ending)d(on)i(the)h(form)f(of)h(the)227 +5714 y(expression)43 b(\(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(a)h(c)m(haracter)i(string,)g +(logical,)h(bit,)f(long)d(in)m(teger,)48 b(or)43 b(double)g(column\).) +79 b(An)p eop +%%Page: 118 126 +118 125 bop 0 299 a Fj(118)1528 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(10.)113 +b(EXTENDED)30 b(FILE)h(NAME)f(SYNT)-8 b(AX)227 555 y +Fj(appropriate)38 b(v)m(ector)j(coun)m(t)e(\(in)f(the)h(case)h(of)f +(binary)e(tables\))i(will)d(also)j(b)s(e)f(added)g(if)g(not)h +(explicitly)227 668 y(sp)s(eci\014ed.)227 819 y(When)26 +b(creating)g(a)g(new)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord,)j(the)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(name)g(m) +m(ust)g(b)s(e)f(preceded)g(b)m(y)h(a)g(p)s(ound)e(sign)g('#',)k(and)227 +932 y(the)h(expression)e(m)m(ust)h(ev)-5 b(aluate)29 +b(to)g(a)g(scalar)f(\(i.e.,)h(cannot)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(a)f(column)e(name)h +(in)f(the)i(expression\).)227 1045 y(The)j(commen)m(t)i(string)e(for)g +(the)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(in)g(paren)m +(theses)i(immediately)e(follo)m(wing)227 1158 y(the)c(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g +(name)f(\(instead)g(of)h(supplying)c(a)k(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(as)f(in)f +(the)i(case)g(of)g(creating)g(a)g(new)f(column\).)136 +1348 y Fc(\017)46 b Fj(Recompute)f(\(o)m(v)m(erwrite\))h(the)e(v)-5 +b(alues)43 b(in)g(an)h(existing)g(column)f(or)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(b)m(y)g +(giving)g(the)g(name)227 1461 y(follo)m(w)m(ed)30 b(b)m(y)h(an)f +(equals)g(sign)f(and)h(an)g(arithmetic)g(expression.)0 +1722 y(The)23 b(expression)f(that)j(is)d(used)h(when)g(app)s(ending)e +(or)i(recomputing)g(columns)f(or)i(k)m(eyw)m(ords)g(can)g(b)s(e)f +(arbitrarily)0 1835 y(complex)35 b(and)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(a)h(function) +f(of)h(other)g(header)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(v)-5 b(alues)35 +b(and)g(other)h(columns)f(\(in)g(the)h(same)0 1948 y(ro)m(w\).)63 +b(The)37 b(full)e(syn)m(tax)k(and)e(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)37 +b(functions)f(for)h(the)h(expression)e(are)i(describ)s(ed)e(b)s(elo)m +(w)h(in)f(the)i(ro)m(w)0 2061 y(\014lter)29 b(sp)s(eci\014cation)h +(section.)0 2221 y(F)-8 b(or)30 b(complex)g(or)f(commonly)g(used)g(op)s +(erations,)h(one)f(can)h(also)g(place)g(the)f(op)s(erations)g(in)m(to)h +(an)f(external)h(text)0 2334 y(\014le)g(and)g(imp)s(ort)f(it)h(in)m(to) +h(the)g(column)f(\014lter)f(using)h(the)h(syn)m(tax)g('[col)g +(@\014lename.txt]'.)42 b(The)31 b(op)s(erations)f(can)0 +2447 y(extend)c(o)m(v)m(er)i(m)m(ultiple)c(lines)h(of)h(the)h(\014le,)g +(but)e(m)m(ultiple)f(op)s(erations)i(m)m(ust)g(still)f(b)s(e)g +(separated)i(b)m(y)g(semicolons.)0 2560 y(An)m(y)h(lines)f(in)g(the)h +(external)h(text)g(\014le)e(that)i(b)s(egin)e(with)g(2)i(slash)e(c)m +(haracters)j(\('//'\))g(will)c(b)s(e)h(ignored)h(and)f(ma)m(y)0 +2673 y(b)s(e)j(used)f(to)i(add)f(commen)m(ts)h(in)m(to)g(the)f(\014le.) +0 2833 y(Examples:)143 3095 y Fe([col)47 b(Time;rate])713 +b(-)47 b(only)g(the)g(Time)g(and)g(rate)f(columns)g(will)1670 +3208 y(appear)h(in)g(the)g(filtered)e(input)i(file.)143 +3434 y([col)g(Time;*raw])713 b(-)47 b(include)f(the)h(Time)g(column)f +(and)h(any)g(other)1670 3546 y(columns)f(whose)h(name)f(ends)h(with)g +('raw'.)143 3772 y([col)g(-TIME;)f(Good)h(==)g(STATUS])141 +b(-)47 b(deletes)f(the)h(TIME)g(column)f(and)1670 3885 +y(renames)g(the)h(status)f(column)g(to)i('Good')143 4111 +y([col)f(PI=PHA)f(*)h(1.1)g(+)h(0.2])285 b(-)47 b(creates)f(new)h(PI)g +(column)f(from)h(PHA)g(values)143 4337 y([col)g(rate)f(=)i +(rate/exposure])139 b(-)48 b(recomputes)d(the)i(rate)f(column)g(by)i +(dividing)1670 4450 y(it)g(by)f(the)g(EXPOSURE)e(keyword)h(value.)0 +4786 y Ff(10.10)136 b(Ro)l(w)46 b(Filtering)g(Sp)t(eci\014cation)0 +5036 y Fj(When)29 b(en)m(tering)g(the)g(name)g(of)g(a)g(FITS)f(table)h +(that)h(is)d(to)j(b)s(e)e(op)s(ened)h(b)m(y)f(a)i(program,)f(an)g +(optional)f(ro)m(w)h(\014lter)0 5149 y(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)g(sp)s(eci\014ed) +e(to)i(select)g(a)h(subset)e(of)h(the)g(ro)m(ws)f(in)g(the)h(table.)42 +b(A)31 b(temp)s(orary)f(new)g(FITS)g(\014le)g(is)g(created)0 +5262 y(on)25 b(the)h(\015y)e(whic)m(h)g(con)m(tains)h(only)g(those)h +(ro)m(ws)f(for)g(whic)m(h)f(the)h(ro)m(w)g(\014lter)g(expression)f(ev) +-5 b(aluates)25 b(to)h(true.)39 b(\(The)0 5375 y(primary)25 +b(arra)m(y)i(and)f(an)m(y)g(other)h(extensions)f(in)f(the)i(input)e +(\014le)g(are)i(also)g(copied)f(to)h(the)f(temp)s(orary)h(\014le\).)38 +b(The)0 5488 y(original)27 b(FITS)i(\014le)f(is)g(closed)h(and)f(the)i +(new)e(virtual)g(\014le)g(is)g(op)s(ened)g(b)m(y)h(the)h(application)d +(program.)40 b(The)29 b(ro)m(w)0 5601 y(\014lter)36 b(expression)g(is)h +(enclosed)g(in)f(square)h(brac)m(k)m(ets)i(follo)m(wing)d(the)h(\014le) +g(name)g(and)g(extension)g(name)g(\(e.g.,)0 5714 y('\014le.\014ts[ev)m +(en)m(ts][GRADE==50]')28 b(selects)d(only)f(those)i(ro)m(ws)f(where)f +(the)h(GRADE)h(column)e(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(equals)g(50\).)p +eop +%%Page: 119 127 +119 126 bop 0 299 a Fh(10.10.)73 b(R)m(O)m(W)31 b(FIL)-8 +b(TERING)31 b(SPECIFICA)-8 b(TION)1936 b Fj(119)0 555 +y(When)33 b(dealing)f(with)g(tables)g(where)h(eac)m(h)h(ro)m(w)f(has)g +(an)g(asso)s(ciated)h(time)f(and/or)g(2D)g(spatial)g(p)s(osition,)f +(the)0 668 y(ro)m(w)g(\014lter)g(expression)e(can)j(also)f(b)s(e)g +(used)f(to)i(select)g(ro)m(ws)f(based)g(on)g(the)g(times)g(in)f(a)h(Go) +s(o)s(d)g(Time)f(In)m(terv)-5 b(als)0 781 y(\(GTI\))31 +b(extension,)f(or)g(on)h(spatial)e(p)s(osition)g(as)h(giv)m(en)h(in)e +(a)h(SA)m(O-st)m(yle)h(region)f(\014le.)0 1090 y Fd(10.10.1)113 +b(General)37 b(Syn)m(tax)0 1313 y Fj(The)32 b(ro)m(w)h(\014ltering)e +(expression)h(can)h(b)s(e)f(an)h(arbitrarily)d(complex)i(series)g(of)h +(op)s(erations)f(p)s(erformed)g(on)g(con-)0 1426 y(stan)m(ts,)39 +b(k)m(eyw)m(ord)e(v)-5 b(alues,)37 b(and)f(column)f(data)j(tak)m(en)f +(from)f(the)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)d(FITS)i(T)-8 b(ABLE)37 +b(extension.)58 b(The)0 1539 y(expression)36 b(m)m(ust)i(ev)-5 +b(aluate)38 b(to)h(a)f(b)s(o)s(olean)f(v)-5 b(alue)37 +b(for)g(eac)m(h)i(ro)m(w)f(of)g(the)f(table,)j(where)d(a)h(v)-5 +b(alue)38 b(of)f(F)-10 b(ALSE)0 1652 y(means)30 b(that)h(the)g(ro)m(w)f +(will)e(b)s(e)i(excluded.)0 1812 y(F)-8 b(or)34 b(complex)f(or)h +(commonly)e(used)h(\014lters,)g(one)h(can)g(place)f(the)h(expression)e +(in)m(to)h(a)h(text)g(\014le)f(and)g(imp)s(ort)e(it)0 +1925 y(in)m(to)37 b(the)f(ro)m(w)h(\014lter)f(using)f(the)i(syn)m(tax)g +('[@\014lename.txt]'.)60 b(The)36 b(expression)g(can)g(b)s(e)g +(arbitrarily)e(complex)0 2038 y(and)27 b(extend)i(o)m(v)m(er)g(m)m +(ultiple)d(lines)g(of)i(the)h(\014le.)39 b(An)m(y)28 +b(lines)e(in)h(the)h(external)g(text)h(\014le)e(that)i(b)s(egin)e(with) +g(2)h(slash)0 2151 y(c)m(haracters)k(\('//'\))g(will)c(b)s(e)i(ignored) +f(and)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(add)f(commen)m(ts)h(in)m(to)g(the) +f(\014le.)0 2311 y(Keyw)m(ord)37 b(and)f(column)f(data)j(are)f +(referenced)g(b)m(y)g(name.)60 b(An)m(y)37 b(string)e(of)i(c)m +(haracters)i(not)e(surrounded)d(b)m(y)0 2424 y(quotes)41 +b(\(ie,)i(a)e(constan)m(t)h(string\))e(or)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)g(b)m(y)h +(an)f(op)s(en)g(paren)m(theses)h(\(ie,)i(a)e(function)e(name\))i(will)d +(b)s(e)0 2537 y(initially)33 b(in)m(terpreted)i(as)i(a)g(column)e(name) +h(and)g(its)g(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(for)e(the)h(curren)m(t)f(ro)m(w)g +(inserted)f(in)m(to)i(the)f(ex-)0 2650 y(pression.)j(If)28 +b(no)h(suc)m(h)g(column)f(exists,)h(a)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)f(of)h(that)f +(name)g(will)e(b)s(e)h(searc)m(hed)i(for)f(and)f(its)h(v)-5 +b(alue)28 b(used,)0 2763 y(if)35 b(found.)55 b(T)-8 b(o)36 +b(force)g(the)g(name)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(in)m(terpreted)g(as)h(a)g(k)m(eyw)m +(ord)g(\(in)f(case)h(there)g(is)f(b)s(oth)g(a)h(column)f(and)0 +2875 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord)41 b(with)d(the)j(same)f(name\),)j(precede)d(the)h +(k)m(eyw)m(ord)f(name)g(with)f(a)i(single)d(p)s(ound)g(sign,)k('#',)h +(as)d(in)0 2988 y('#NAXIS2'.)g(Due)27 b(to)g(the)f(generalities)g(of)g +(FITS)g(column)f(and)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(names,)g(if)e(the)i(column)e(or) +h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)0 3101 y(name)34 b(con)m(tains)g(a)g(space)h(or)e(a)i +(c)m(haracter)g(whic)m(h)e(migh)m(t)g(app)s(ear)g(as)i(an)e(arithmetic) +g(term)h(then)g(inclose)f(the)0 3214 y(name)d(in)f('$')j(c)m(haracters) +g(as)e(in)f($MAX)j(PHA$)f(or)f(#$MAX-PHA$.)43 b(Names)31 +b(are)f(case)i(insensitiv)m(e.)0 3374 y(T)-8 b(o)32 b(access)g(a)g +(table)f(en)m(try)h(in)e(a)i(ro)m(w)f(other)h(than)f(the)g(curren)m(t)g +(one,)h(follo)m(w)f(the)g(column's)g(name)g(with)f(a)i(ro)m(w)0 +3487 y(o\013set)37 b(within)c(curly)h(braces.)57 b(F)-8 +b(or)36 b(example,)h('PHA)p Fc(f)p Fj(-3)p Fc(g)p Fj(')h(will)33 +b(ev)-5 b(aluate)37 b(to)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)h(column)e(PHA,)j +(3)0 3600 y(ro)m(ws)28 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(the)e(ro)m(w)h(curren)m(tly)e +(b)s(eing)g(pro)s(cessed.)40 b(One)28 b(cannot)h(sp)s(ecify)e(an)h +(absolute)g(ro)m(w)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)g(only)g(a)0 3713 +y(relativ)m(e)i(o\013set.)42 b(Ro)m(ws)31 b(that)g(fall)e(outside)h +(the)g(table)g(will)e(b)s(e)i(treated)h(as)g(unde\014ned,)d(or)j +(NULLs.)0 3873 y(Bo)s(olean)g(op)s(erators)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(used)f(in)h +(the)g(expression)g(in)f(either)h(their)g(F)-8 b(ortran)31 +b(or)f(C)h(forms.)40 b(The)30 b(follo)m(wing)0 3986 y(b)s(o)s(olean)f +(op)s(erators)i(are)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable:)191 4262 y +Fe("equal")428 b(.eq.)46 b(.EQ.)h(==)95 b("not)46 b(equal")476 +b(.ne.)94 b(.NE.)h(!=)191 4375 y("less)46 b(than")238 +b(.lt.)46 b(.LT.)h(<)143 b("less)46 b(than/equal")188 +b(.le.)94 b(.LE.)h(<=)47 b(=<)191 4488 y("greater)e(than")95 +b(.gt.)46 b(.GT.)h(>)143 b("greater)45 b(than/equal")g(.ge.)94 +b(.GE.)h(>=)47 b(=>)191 4601 y("or")572 b(.or.)46 b(.OR.)h(||)95 +b("and")762 b(.and.)46 b(.AND.)h(&&)191 4713 y("negation")236 +b(.not.)46 b(.NOT.)h(!)95 b("approx.)45 b(equal\(1e-7\)")92 +b(~)0 4989 y Fj(Note)32 b(that)g(the)f(exclamation)g(p)s(oin)m(t,)f(') +10 b(!',)33 b(is)d(a)h(sp)s(ecial)e(UNIX)j(c)m(haracter,)h(so)e(if)f +(it)g(is)g(used)g(on)h(the)g(command)0 5102 y(line)g(rather)h(than)h +(en)m(tered)g(at)g(a)g(task)g(prompt,)g(it)f(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g +(preceded)h(b)m(y)f(a)h(bac)m(kslash)f(to)i(force)f(the)g(UNIX)0 +5215 y(shell)c(to)i(ignore)f(it.)0 5375 y(The)i(expression)f(ma)m(y)j +(also)e(include)e(arithmetic)i(op)s(erators)h(and)f(functions.)46 +b(T)-8 b(rigonometric)32 b(functions)f(use)0 5488 y(radians,)22 +b(not)h(degrees.)38 b(The)22 b(follo)m(wing)e(arithmetic)h(op)s +(erators)i(and)e(functions)f(can)j(b)s(e)e(used)g(in)g(the)h +(expression)0 5601 y(\(function)37 b(names)g(are)h(case)g(insensitiv)m +(e\).)61 b(A)37 b(n)m(ull)f(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(will)d(b)s(e)j(returned)g +(in)f(case)i(of)g(illegal)e(op)s(erations)0 5714 y(suc)m(h)30 +b(as)h(divide)d(b)m(y)i(zero,)i(sqrt\(negativ)m(e\))g(log\(negativ)m +(e\),)g(log10\(negativ)m(e\),)i(arccos\(.gt.)43 b(1\),)32 +b(arcsin\(.gt.)41 b(1\).)p eop +%%Page: 120 128 +120 127 bop 0 299 a Fj(120)1528 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(10.)113 +b(EXTENDED)30 b(FILE)h(NAME)f(SYNT)-8 b(AX)191 555 y +Fe("addition")474 b(+)j("subtraction")d(-)191 668 y("multiplication") +186 b(*)477 b("division")618 b(/)191 781 y("negation")474 +b(-)j("exponentiation")330 b(**)143 b(^)191 894 y("absolute)45 +b(value")189 b(abs\(x\))237 b("cosine")762 b(cos\(x\))191 +1007 y("sine")666 b(sin\(x\))237 b("tangent")714 b(tan\(x\))191 +1120 y("arc)47 b(cosine")379 b(arccos\(x\))93 b("arc)47 +b(sine")667 b(arcsin\(x\))191 1233 y("arc)47 b(tangent")331 +b(arctan\(x\))93 b("arc)47 b(tangent")523 b(arctan2\(x,y\))191 +1346 y("hyperbolic)45 b(cos")189 b(cosh\(x\))g("hyperbolic)45 +b(sin")381 b(sinh\(x\))191 1458 y("hyperbolic)45 b(tan")189 +b(tanh\(x\))g("round)47 b(to)g(nearest)f(int")94 b(round\(x\))191 +1571 y("round)46 b(down)h(to)g(int")f(floor\(x\))141 +b("round)47 b(up)g(to)g(int")333 b(ceil\(x\))191 1684 +y("exponential")d(exp\(x\))237 b("square)46 b(root")524 +b(sqrt\(x\))191 1797 y("natural)45 b(log")333 b(log\(x\))237 +b("common)46 b(log")572 b(log10\(x\))191 1910 y("modulus")522 +b(i)48 b(\045)f(j)286 b("random)46 b(#)i([0.0,1.0\)")188 +b(random\(\))191 2023 y("minimum")522 b(min\(x,y\))141 +b("maximum")714 b(max\(x,y\))191 2136 y("cumulative)45 +b(sum")189 b(accum\(x\))141 b("sequential)45 b(difference")g +(seqdiff\(x\))191 2249 y("if-then-else")282 b(b?x:y)0 +2484 y Fj(An)31 b(alternate)h(syn)m(tax)g(for)f(the)g(min)f(and)h(max)g +(functions)f(has)h(only)f(a)i(single)e(argumen)m(t)i(whic)m(h)e(should) +f(b)s(e)i(a)0 2597 y(v)m(ector)g(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(\(see)h(b)s(elo)m +(w\).)40 b(The)29 b(result)f(will)f(b)s(e)h(the)i(minim)m(um/maxim)m +(um)c(elemen)m(t)j(con)m(tained)h(within)d(the)0 2710 +y(v)m(ector.)0 2870 y(The)35 b(accum\(x\))i(function)e(forms)g(the)h +(cum)m(ulativ)m(e)g(sum)f(of)h(x,)h(elemen)m(t)g(b)m(y)f(elemen)m(t.)57 +b(V)-8 b(ector)38 b(columns)d(are)0 2983 y(supp)s(orted)i(simply)f(b)m +(y)i(p)s(erforming)e(the)j(summation)f(pro)s(cess)g(through)f(all)h +(the)h(v)-5 b(alues.)64 b(Null)37 b(v)-5 b(alues)38 b(are)0 +3096 y(treated)30 b(as)f(0.)41 b(The)29 b(seqdi\013\(x\))g(function)e +(forms)i(the)g(sequen)m(tial)g(di\013erence)f(of)i(x,)f(elemen)m(t)h(b) +m(y)f(elemen)m(t.)40 b(The)0 3209 y(\014rst)c(v)-5 b(alue)37 +b(of)g(seqdi\013)f(is)g(the)h(\014rst)g(v)-5 b(alue)36 +b(of)h(x.)61 b(A)37 b(single)f(n)m(ull)f(v)-5 b(alue)37 +b(in)e(x)i(causes)h(a)f(pair)f(of)h(n)m(ulls)e(in)h(the)0 +3322 y(output.)55 b(The)35 b(seqdi\013)f(and)h(accum)g(functions)f(are) +i(functional)d(in)m(v)m(erses,)k(i.e.,)g(seqdi\013\(accum\(x\)\))f(==)f +(x)g(as)0 3435 y(long)30 b(as)h(no)f(n)m(ull)e(v)-5 b(alues)30 +b(are)h(presen)m(t.)0 3595 y(The)38 b(follo)m(wing)f(t)m(yp)s(e)i +(casting)g(op)s(erators)g(are)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable,)41 +b(where)d(the)h(inclosing)e(paren)m(theses)i(are)g(required)0 +3708 y(and)30 b(tak)m(en)h(from)f(the)h(C)f(language)g(usage.)42 +b(Also,)30 b(the)h(in)m(teger)f(to)i(real)e(casts)h(v)-5 +b(alues)29 b(to)j(double)d(precision:)764 3944 y Fe("real)46 +b(to)h(integer")189 b(\(int\))46 b(x)239 b(\(INT\))46 +b(x)764 4057 y("integer)f(to)i(real")190 b(\(float\))46 +b(i)143 b(\(FLOAT\))45 b(i)0 4292 y Fj(In)30 b(addition,)e(sev)m(eral)j +(constan)m(ts)h(are)f(built)d(in)h(for)h(use)g(in)f(n)m(umerical)g +(expressions:)382 4528 y Fe(#pi)667 b(3.1415...)284 b(#e)620 +b(2.7182...)382 4641 y(#deg)f(#pi/180)380 b(#row)524 +b(current)46 b(row)h(number)382 4754 y(#null)428 b(undefined)45 +b(value)142 b(#snull)428 b(undefined)45 b(string)0 4989 +y Fj(A)40 b(string)e(constan)m(t)j(m)m(ust)e(b)s(e)g(enclosed)g(in)g +(quotes)h(as)f(in)g('Crab'.)67 b(The)39 b("n)m(ull")g(constan)m(ts)h +(are)g(useful)e(for)0 5102 y(conditionally)d(setting)j(table)g(v)-5 +b(alues)37 b(to)h(a)g(NULL,)g(or)g(unde\014ned,)f(v)-5 +b(alue)38 b(\(eg.,)j("col1==-99)e(?)62 b(#NULL)38 b(:)0 +5215 y(col1"\).)0 5375 y(There)27 b(is)f(also)i(a)f(function)f(for)i +(testing)f(if)f(t)m(w)m(o)j(v)-5 b(alues)27 b(are)h(close)f(to)i(eac)m +(h)f(other,)h(i.e.,)f(if)e(they)i(are)g("near")g(eac)m(h)0 +5488 y(other)c(to)h(within)c(a)j(user)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(tolerance.)39 +b(The)24 b(argumen)m(ts,)h(v)-5 b(alue)p 2503 5488 28 +4 v 33 w(1)24 b(and)f(v)-5 b(alue)p 2980 5488 V 32 w(2)25 +b(can)f(b)s(e)f(in)m(teger)h(or)g(real)0 5601 y(and)32 +b(represen)m(t)h(the)g(t)m(w)m(o)h(v)-5 b(alues)32 b(who's)g(pro)m +(ximit)m(y)g(is)g(b)s(eing)f(tested)i(to)h(b)s(e)e(within)e(the)j(sp)s +(eci\014ed)e(tolerance,)0 5714 y(also)f(an)h(in)m(teger)f(or)h(real:)p +eop +%%Page: 121 129 +121 128 bop 0 299 a Fh(10.10.)73 b(R)m(O)m(W)31 b(FIL)-8 +b(TERING)31 b(SPECIFICA)-8 b(TION)1936 b Fj(121)955 555 +y Fe(near\(value_1,)44 b(value_2,)h(tolerance\))0 781 +y Fj(When)24 b(a)i(NULL,)e(or)h(unde\014ned,)f(v)-5 b(alue)24 +b(is)g(encoun)m(tered)h(in)f(the)g(FITS)g(table,)i(the)f(expression)f +(will)e(ev)-5 b(aluate)25 b(to)0 894 y(NULL)31 b(unless)e(the)i +(unde\014ned)e(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(is)g(not)h(actually)f(required)f(for)i +(ev)-5 b(aluation,)31 b(e.g.)43 b("TR)m(UE)31 b(.or.)43 +b(NULL")0 1006 y(ev)-5 b(aluates)31 b(to)g(TR)m(UE.)g(The)f(follo)m +(wing)e(t)m(w)m(o)k(functions)d(allo)m(w)h(some)h(NULL)f(detection)h +(and)f(handling:)430 1232 y Fe("a)47 b(null)f(value?")667 +b(ISNULL\(x\))430 1345 y("define)45 b(a)j(value)e(for)h(null")190 +b(DEFNULL\(x,y\))0 1570 y Fj(The)36 b(former)h(returns)e(a)i(b)s(o)s +(olean)f(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(of)h(TR)m(UE)g(if)f(the)h(argumen)m(t)g(x)g +(is)f(NULL.)h(The)f(later)h("de\014nes")g(a)0 1683 y(v)-5 +b(alue)34 b(to)h(b)s(e)e(substituted)g(for)h(NULL)g(v)-5 +b(alues;)36 b(it)e(returns)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(of)g(x)g(if)f(x)i +(is)e(not)h(NULL,)h(otherwise)e(it)0 1796 y(returns)c(the)i(v)-5 +b(alue)30 b(of)g(y)-8 b(.)0 2081 y Fd(10.10.2)113 b(Bit)35 +b(Masks)0 2300 y Fj(Bit)g(masks)g(can)h(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(select)g +(out)f(ro)m(ws)h(from)e(bit)h(columns)f(\(TF)m(ORMn)h(=)g(#X\))h(in)e +(FITS)g(\014les.)54 b(T)-8 b(o)0 2413 y(represen)m(t)30 +b(the)h(mask,)g(binary)-8 b(,)29 b(o)s(ctal,)i(and)f(hex)g(formats)g +(are)h(allo)m(w)m(ed:)811 2638 y Fe(binary:)142 b +(b0110xx1010000101xxxx00)o(01)811 2751 y(octal:)190 b(o720x1)46 +b(->)h(\(b111010000xxx001\))811 2864 y(hex:)286 b(h0FxD)94 +b(->)47 b(\(b00001111xxxx1101\))0 3090 y Fj(In)22 b(all)g(the)h +(represen)m(tations,)i(an)d(x)h(or)g(X)g(is)f(allo)m(w)m(ed)h(in)e(the) +i(mask)g(as)g(a)h(wild)c(card.)38 b(Note)25 b(that)e(the)g(x)g +(represen)m(ts)0 3203 y(a)k(di\013eren)m(t)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h +(wild)d(card)j(bits)f(in)g(eac)m(h)i(represen)m(tation.)40 +b(All)25 b(represen)m(tations)i(are)h(case)g(insensitiv)m(e.)0 +3363 y(T)-8 b(o)28 b(construct)g(the)g(b)s(o)s(olean)e(expression)h +(using)f(the)i(mask)f(as)h(the)g(b)s(o)s(olean)e(equal)h(op)s(erator)h +(describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)0 3476 y(on)34 b(a)h(bit)f(table)h +(column.)52 b(F)-8 b(or)35 b(example,)h(if)d(y)m(ou)i(had)f(a)h(7)g +(bit)f(column)f(named)h(\015ags)h(in)e(a)i(FITS)f(table)h(and)0 +3589 y(w)m(an)m(ted)c(all)e(ro)m(ws)i(ha)m(ving)f(the)g(bit)g(pattern)g +(0010011,)k(the)c(selection)h(expression)e(w)m(ould)g(b)s(e:)1336 +3814 y Fe(flags)47 b(==)g(b0010011)191 3927 y(or)1336 +4040 y(flags)g(.eq.)f(b10011)0 4265 y Fj(It)35 b(is)f(also)h(p)s +(ossible)d(to)k(test)g(if)e(a)h(range)g(of)g(bits)f(is)g(less)g(than,)i +(less)e(than)h(equal,)h(greater)g(than)e(and)h(greater)0 +4378 y(than)30 b(equal)g(to)h(a)g(particular)e(b)s(o)s(olean)g(v)-5 +b(alue:)1336 4604 y Fe(flags)47 b(<=)g(bxxx010xx)1336 +4717 y(flags)g(.gt.)f(bxxx100xx)1336 4829 y(flags)h(.le.)f(b1xxxxxxx)0 +5055 y Fj(Notice)31 b(the)g(use)f(of)h(the)f(x)g(bit)g(v)-5 +b(alue)30 b(to)h(limit)d(the)i(range)h(of)g(bits)e(b)s(eing)g +(compared.)0 5215 y(It)j(is)g(not)g(necessary)h(to)g(sp)s(ecify)e(the)i +(leading)e(\(most)i(signi\014can)m(t\))f(zero)h(\(0\))g(bits)e(in)g +(the)i(mask,)g(as)g(sho)m(wn)e(in)0 5328 y(the)g(second)f(expression)f +(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)0 5488 y(Bit)43 b(wise)f(AND,)i(OR)e(and)g(NOT)h(op)s +(erations)f(are)h(also)g(p)s(ossible)d(on)j(t)m(w)m(o)h(or)f(more)g +(bit)f(\014elds)f(using)h(the)0 5601 y('&'\(AND\),)35 +b(')p Fc(j)p Fj('\(OR\),)g(and)e(the)h(')10 b(!'\(NOT\))34 +b(op)s(erators.)51 b(All)32 b(of)h(these)h(op)s(erators)g(result)e(in)h +(a)h(bit)e(\014eld)g(whic)m(h)0 5714 y(can)f(then)f(b)s(e)f(used)h +(with)f(the)i(equal)f(op)s(erator.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 +b(example:)p eop +%%Page: 122 130 +122 129 bop 0 299 a Fj(122)1528 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(10.)113 +b(EXTENDED)30 b(FILE)h(NAME)f(SYNT)-8 b(AX)1241 555 y +Fe(\(!flags\))45 b(==)j(b1101100)1241 668 y(\(flags)e(&)h(b1000001\))f +(==)h(bx000001)0 928 y Fj(Bit)34 b(\014elds)f(can)h(b)s(e)f(app)s +(ended)g(as)h(w)m(ell)f(using)g(the)h('+')g(op)s(erator.)53 +b(Strings)32 b(can)j(b)s(e)e(concatenated)j(this)d(w)m(a)m(y)-8 +b(,)0 1041 y(to)s(o.)0 1331 y Fd(10.10.3)113 b(V)-9 b(ector)36 +b(Columns)0 1550 y Fj(V)-8 b(ector)37 b(columns)d(can)i(also)f(b)s(e)g +(used)f(in)g(building)e(the)j(expression.)55 b(No)36 +b(sp)s(ecial)e(syn)m(tax)h(is)g(required)e(if)i(one)0 +1663 y(w)m(an)m(ts)46 b(to)f(op)s(erate)h(on)f(all)f(elemen)m(ts)h(of)g +(the)h(v)m(ector.)86 b(Simply)42 b(use)j(the)g(column)f(name)h(as)g +(for)g(a)g(scalar)0 1776 y(column.)c(V)-8 b(ector)32 +b(columns)e(can)h(b)s(e)f(freely)g(in)m(termixed)g(with)f(scalar)i +(columns)e(or)i(constan)m(ts)h(in)e(virtually)e(all)0 +1889 y(expressions.)39 b(The)29 b(result)f(will)e(b)s(e)j(of)g(the)g +(same)h(dimension)c(as)k(the)f(v)m(ector.)42 b(Tw)m(o)29 +b(v)m(ectors)i(in)d(an)h(expression,)0 2002 y(though,)f(need)e(to)i(ha) +m(v)m(e)g(the)f(same)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(elemen)m(ts)g(and)f(ha)m +(v)m(e)j(the)e(same)g(dimensions.)37 b(The)26 b(only)g(places)0 +2115 y(a)35 b(v)m(ector)h(column)d(cannot)i(b)s(e)f(used)f(\(for)i(no)m +(w,)g(an)m(yw)m(a)m(y\))h(are)f(the)g(SA)m(O)f(region)g(functions)f +(and)g(the)i(NEAR)0 2228 y(b)s(o)s(olean)29 b(function.)0 +2388 y(Arithmetic)22 b(and)g(logical)h(op)s(erations)f(are)i(all)e(p)s +(erformed)f(on)i(an)g(elemen)m(t)g(b)m(y)g(elemen)m(t)h(basis.)37 +b(Comparing)22 b(t)m(w)m(o)0 2501 y(v)m(ector)32 b(columns,)d(eg)i +("COL1)f(==)g(COL2",)g(th)m(us)g(results)f(in)g(another)h(v)m(ector)i +(of)e(b)s(o)s(olean)g(v)-5 b(alues)29 b(indicating)0 +2614 y(whic)m(h)g(elemen)m(ts)i(of)f(the)h(t)m(w)m(o)h(v)m(ectors)f +(are)g(equal.)0 2774 y(Eigh)m(t)f(functions)f(are)i(a)m(v)-5 +b(ailable)30 b(that)h(op)s(erate)g(on)f(a)h(v)m(ector)h(and)d(return)h +(a)g(scalar)h(result:)191 3034 y Fe("minimum")284 b(MIN\(V\))475 +b("maximum")714 b(MAX\(V\))191 3147 y("average")284 b(AVERAGE\(V\))f +("median")762 b(MEDIAN\(V\))191 3259 y("sumation")236 +b(SUM\(V\))475 b("standard)46 b(deviation")188 b(STDDEV\(V\))191 +3372 y("#)47 b(of)g(values")94 b(NELEM\(V\))379 b("#)48 +b(of)f(non-null)e(values")94 b(NVALID\(V\))0 3632 y Fj(where)40 +b(V)h(represen)m(ts)g(the)g(name)g(of)h(a)f(v)m(ector)h(column)e(or)h +(a)h(man)m(ually)d(constructed)i(v)m(ector)i(using)c(curly)0 +3745 y(brac)m(k)m(ets)27 b(as)f(describ)s(ed)d(b)s(elo)m(w.)38 +b(The)25 b(\014rst)g(6)h(of)g(these)g(functions)e(ignore)h(an)m(y)h(n)m +(ull)d(v)-5 b(alues)25 b(in)f(the)i(v)m(ector)h(when)0 +3858 y(computing)i(the)i(result.)0 4018 y(The)g(SUM)h(function)e +(literally)g(sums)h(all)f(the)i(elemen)m(ts)g(in)f(x,)h(returning)e(a)i +(scalar)g(v)-5 b(alue.)44 b(If)31 b(V)h(is)f(a)h(b)s(o)s(olean)0 +4131 y(v)m(ector,)40 b(SUM)c(returns)f(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(TR) +m(UE)f(elemen)m(ts.)59 b(The)36 b(NELEM)g(function)f(returns)g(the)h(n) +m(um)m(b)s(er)0 4244 y(of)h(elemen)m(ts)f(in)g(v)m(ector)i(V)e(whereas) +h(NV)-10 b(ALID)36 b(return)g(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(non-n)m(ull) +e(elemen)m(ts)j(in)e(the)i(v)m(ector.)0 4357 y(\(NELEM)28 +b(also)g(op)s(erates)g(on)g(bit)e(and)h(string)g(columns,)g(returning)f +(their)h(column)f(widths.\))39 b(As)27 b(an)h(example,)0 +4470 y(to)42 b(test)g(whether)f(all)f(elemen)m(ts)i(of)g(t)m(w)m(o)g(v) +m(ectors)h(satisfy)e(a)h(giv)m(en)f(logical)g(comparison,)i(one)f(can)g +(use)f(the)0 4583 y(expression)668 4842 y Fe(SUM\()47 +b(COL1)f(>)i(COL2)f(\))g(==)g(NELEM\()f(COL1)h(\))0 5102 +y Fj(whic)m(h)31 b(will)e(return)i(TR)m(UE)h(if)f(all)g(elemen)m(ts)h +(of)g(COL1)g(are)g(greater)h(than)f(their)f(corresp)s(onding)f(elemen)m +(ts)i(in)0 5215 y(COL2.)0 5375 y(T)-8 b(o)32 b(sp)s(ecify)e(a)j(single) +d(elemen)m(t)i(of)g(a)g(v)m(ector,)i(giv)m(e)e(the)g(column)e(name)i +(follo)m(w)m(ed)f(b)m(y)h(a)g(comma-separated)h(list)0 +5488 y(of)c(co)s(ordinates)f(enclosed)h(in)e(square)i(brac)m(k)m(ets.) +41 b(F)-8 b(or)30 b(example,)f(if)e(a)i(v)m(ector)i(column)c(named)i +(PHAS)f(exists)g(in)0 5601 y(the)f(table)f(as)h(a)g(one)g(dimensional,) +e(256)j(comp)s(onen)m(t)f(list)e(of)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)e(from)h(whic)m +(h)g(y)m(ou)h(w)m(an)m(ted)g(to)g(select)h(the)0 5714 +y(57th)k(comp)s(onen)m(t)g(for)f(use)g(in)f(the)i(expression,)e(then)i +(PHAS[57])g(w)m(ould)e(do)i(the)f(tric)m(k.)44 b(Higher)31 +b(dimensional)p eop +%%Page: 123 131 +123 130 bop 0 299 a Fh(10.10.)73 b(R)m(O)m(W)31 b(FIL)-8 +b(TERING)31 b(SPECIFICA)-8 b(TION)1936 b Fj(123)0 555 +y(arra)m(ys)41 b(of)h(data)f(ma)m(y)h(app)s(ear)f(in)e(a)j(column.)72 +b(But)41 b(in)f(order)g(to)i(in)m(terpret)e(them,)k(the)e(TDIMn)e(k)m +(eyw)m(ord)0 668 y(m)m(ust)34 b(app)s(ear)g(in)f(the)h(header.)52 +b(Assuming)33 b(that)i(a)f(\(4,4,4,4\))k(arra)m(y)c(is)g(pac)m(k)m(ed)h +(in)m(to)f(eac)m(h)i(ro)m(w)e(of)g(a)h(column)0 781 y(named)26 +b(ARRA)-8 b(Y4D,)28 b(the)f(\(1,2,3,4\))i(comp)s(onen)m(t)e(elemen)m(t) +f(of)h(eac)m(h)g(ro)m(w)g(is)e(accessed)j(b)m(y)e(ARRA)-8 +b(Y4D[1,2,3,4].)0 894 y(Arra)m(ys)33 b(up)e(to)j(dimension)c(5)j(are)f +(curren)m(tly)g(supp)s(orted.)46 b(Eac)m(h)33 b(v)m(ector)h(index)d +(can)i(itself)e(b)s(e)h(an)h(expression,)0 1007 y(although)38 +b(it)g(m)m(ust)h(ev)-5 b(aluate)39 b(to)g(an)g(in)m(teger)g(v)-5 +b(alue)38 b(within)e(the)j(b)s(ounds)d(of)j(the)g(v)m(ector.)67 +b(V)-8 b(ector)40 b(columns)0 1120 y(whic)m(h)30 b(con)m(tain)h(spaces) +h(or)f(arithmetic)f(op)s(erators)i(m)m(ust)f(ha)m(v)m(e)h(their)e +(names)h(enclosed)g(in)f("$")i(c)m(haracters)h(as)0 1233 +y(with)c($ARRA)-8 b(Y-4D$[1,2,3,4].)0 1393 y(A)45 b(more)f(C-lik)m(e)g +(syn)m(tax)i(for)e(sp)s(ecifying)e(v)m(ector)47 b(indices)42 +b(is)i(also)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable.)82 b(The)45 b(elemen)m(t)g(used)e(in) +h(the)0 1506 y(preceding)27 b(example)h(alternativ)m(ely)g(could)f(b)s +(e)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(with)f(the)j(syn)m(tax)g(ARRA)-8 +b(Y4D[4][3][2][1].)45 b(Note)30 b(the)0 1619 y(rev)m(erse)40 +b(order)f(of)h(indices)d(\(as)j(in)e(C\),)i(as)f(w)m(ell)g(as)g(the)h +(fact)g(that)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)39 b(are)g(still)f(ones-based)h(\(as) +h(in)0 1732 y(F)-8 b(ortran)39 b({)g(adopted)g(to)g(a)m(v)m(oid)g(am)m +(biguit)m(y)f(for)h(1D)g(v)m(ectors\).)67 b(With)38 b(this)g(syn)m +(tax,)j(one)e(do)s(es)f(not)h(need)f(to)0 1844 y(sp)s(ecify)29 +b(all)g(of)i(the)f(indices.)39 b(T)-8 b(o)31 b(extract)h(a)f(3D)g +(slice)e(of)i(this)e(4D)i(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)32 b(use)e(ARRA)-8 +b(Y4D[4].)0 2005 y(V)g(ariable-length)30 b(v)m(ector)i(columns)d(are)h +(not)h(supp)s(orted.)0 2165 y(V)-8 b(ectors)24 b(can)e(b)s(e)f(man)m +(ually)f(constructed)j(within)c(the)j(expression)f(using)f(a)i +(comma-separated)i(list)d(of)h(elemen)m(ts)0 2278 y(surrounded)35 +b(b)m(y)j(curly)f(braces)i(\(')p Fc(fg)p Fj('\).)66 b(F)-8 +b(or)38 b(example,)i(')p Fc(f)p Fj(1,3,6,1)p Fc(g)p Fj(')i(is)c(a)g +(4-elemen)m(t)h(v)m(ector)h(con)m(taining)e(the)0 2391 +y(v)-5 b(alues)25 b(1,)i(3,)g(6,)g(and)e(1.)40 b(The)25 +b(v)m(ector)i(can)f(con)m(tain)g(only)f(b)s(o)s(olean,)g(in)m(teger,)j +(and)d(real)g(v)-5 b(alues)25 b(\(or)h(expressions\).)0 +2503 y(The)c(elemen)m(ts)h(will)d(b)s(e)i(promoted)h(to)g(the)g +(highest)f(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(presen)m(t.)38 b(An)m(y)22 +b(elemen)m(ts)h(whic)m(h)f(are)h(themselv)m(es)0 2616 +y(v)m(ectors,)40 b(will)34 b(b)s(e)i(expanded)g(out)h(with)f(eac)m(h)h +(of)g(its)f(elemen)m(ts)i(b)s(ecoming)d(an)i(elemen)m(t)g(in)f(the)h +(constructed)0 2729 y(v)m(ector.)0 3032 y Fd(10.10.4)113 +b(Go)s(o)s(d)38 b(Time)e(In)m(terv)-6 b(al)36 b(Filtering)0 +3254 y Fj(A)44 b(common)g(\014ltering)f(metho)s(d)g(in)m(v)m(olv)m(es)h +(selecting)g(ro)m(ws)g(whic)m(h)e(ha)m(v)m(e)k(a)e(time)g(v)-5 +b(alue)43 b(whic)m(h)g(lies)f(within)0 3367 y(what)37 +b(is)f(called)h(a)h(Go)s(o)s(d)f(Time)f(In)m(terv)-5 +b(al)37 b(or)g(GTI.)g(The)g(time)g(in)m(terv)-5 b(als)36 +b(are)i(de\014ned)e(in)g(a)h(separate)i(FITS)0 3480 y(table)h +(extension)g(whic)m(h)e(con)m(tains)i(2)h(columns)e(giving)f(the)j +(start)f(and)g(stop)g(time)f(of)h(eac)m(h)i(go)s(o)s(d)e(in)m(terv)-5 +b(al.)0 3592 y(The)34 b(\014ltering)f(op)s(eration)i(accepts)h(only)d +(those)j(ro)m(ws)e(of)h(the)g(input)e(table)i(whic)m(h)e(ha)m(v)m(e)j +(an)f(asso)s(ciated)g(time)0 3705 y(whic)m(h)f(falls)h(within)e(one)j +(of)g(the)g(time)f(in)m(terv)-5 b(als)35 b(de\014ned)g(in)f(the)i(GTI)g +(extension.)56 b(A)36 b(high)f(lev)m(el)g(function,)0 +3818 y(gti\014lter\(a,b,c,d\),)42 b(is)d(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)39 +b(whic)m(h)f(ev)-5 b(aluates)40 b(eac)m(h)h(ro)m(w)e(of)h(the)f(input)f +(table)h(and)g(returns)f(TR)m(UE)i(or)0 3931 y(F)-10 +b(ALSE)30 b(dep)s(ending)e(whether)i(the)g(ro)m(w)h(is)e(inside)f(or)i +(outside)g(the)h(go)s(o)s(d)f(time)g(in)m(terv)-5 b(al.)40 +b(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)h(is)286 4202 y Fe(gtifilter\()45 +b([)j("gtifile")d([,)i(expr)g([,)g("STARTCOL",)e("STOPCOL")g(])j(])f(]) +g(\))191 4314 y(or)286 4427 y(gtifilter\()e([)j('gtifile')d([,)i(expr)g +([,)g('STARTCOL',)e('STOPCOL')g(])j(])f(])g(\))0 4698 +y Fj(where)20 b(eac)m(h)h("[]")h(demarks)e(optional)f(parameters.)38 +b(Note)21 b(that)g(the)g(quotes)f(around)g(the)g(gti\014le)g(and)f(ST) +-8 b(AR)g(T/STOP)0 4811 y(column)32 b(are)i(required.)49 +b(Either)33 b(single)f(or)i(double)e(quotes)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used.)50 +b(In)33 b(cases)h(where)g(this)e(expression)0 4924 y(is)d(en)m(tered)h +(on)g(the)g(Unix)f(command)h(line,)e(enclose)i(the)g(en)m(tire)g +(expression)f(in)f(double)h(quotes,)h(and)g(then)f(use)0 +5036 y(single)23 b(quotes)i(within)c(the)k(expression)e(to)i(enclose)f +(the)h('gti\014le')f(and)f(other)i(terms.)38 b(It)25 +b(is)e(also)h(usually)e(p)s(ossible)0 5149 y(to)38 b(do)e(the)h(rev)m +(erse,)j(and)c(enclose)h(the)g(whole)f(expression)g(in)f(single)h +(quotes)h(and)f(then)h(use)f(double)f(quotes)0 5262 y(within)c(the)i +(expression.)49 b(The)33 b(gti\014le,)g(if)g(sp)s(eci\014ed,)f(can)i(b) +s(e)f(blank)f(\(""\))j(whic)m(h)d(will)e(mean)k(to)g(use)f(the)h +(\014rst)0 5375 y(extension)f(with)g(the)g(name)h("*GTI*")h(in)e(the)g +(curren)m(t)h(\014le,)g(a)g(plain)d(extension)i(sp)s(eci\014er)f(\(eg,) +k("+2",)g("[2]",)0 5488 y(or)30 b("[STDGTI]"\))i(whic)m(h)d(will)f(b)s +(e)i(used)f(to)j(select)f(an)f(extension)g(in)f(the)i(curren)m(t)f +(\014le,)g(or)g(a)h(regular)f(\014lename)0 5601 y(with)f(or)i(without)e +(an)i(extension)f(sp)s(eci\014er)f(whic)m(h)g(in)g(the)i(latter)g(case) +g(will)d(mean)i(to)i(use)e(the)h(\014rst)e(extension)0 +5714 y(with)36 b(an)h(extension)f(name)i("*GTI*".)62 +b(Expr)36 b(can)h(b)s(e)g(an)m(y)g(arithmetic)g(expression,)g +(including)d(simply)h(the)p eop +%%Page: 124 132 +124 131 bop 0 299 a Fj(124)1528 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(10.)113 +b(EXTENDED)30 b(FILE)h(NAME)f(SYNT)-8 b(AX)0 555 y Fj(time)35 +b(column)g(name.)57 b(A)36 b(v)m(ector)h(time)f(expression)e(will)f +(pro)s(duce)i(a)h(v)m(ector)h(b)s(o)s(olean)e(result.)56 +b(ST)-8 b(AR)g(TCOL)0 668 y(and)27 b(STOPCOL)f(are)i(the)g(names)g(of)g +(the)g(ST)-8 b(AR)g(T/STOP)26 b(columns)h(in)f(the)i(GTI)g(extension.) +40 b(If)27 b(one)h(of)g(them)0 781 y(is)h(sp)s(eci\014ed,)g(they)i(b)s +(oth)f(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e.)0 941 y(In)21 b(its)g(simplest)f(form,)k(no)d +(parameters)h(need)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(pro)m(vided)f({)i(default)f(v)-5 +b(alues)21 b(will)f(b)s(e)h(used.)37 b(The)21 b(expression)0 +1054 y("gti\014lter\(\)")31 b(is)f(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)29 +b(to)334 1322 y Fe(gtifilter\()45 b("",)i(TIME,)f("*START*",)f +("*STOP*")h(\))0 1590 y Fj(This)30 b(will)e(searc)m(h)k(the)g(curren)m +(t)f(\014le)f(for)h(a)h(GTI)f(extension,)g(\014lter)g(the)g(TIME)g +(column)f(in)g(the)i(curren)m(t)f(table,)0 1703 y(using)i(ST)-8 +b(AR)g(T/STOP)34 b(times)h(tak)m(en)g(from)g(columns)e(in)h(the)h(GTI)g +(extension)f(with)g(names)g(con)m(taining)h(the)0 1816 +y(strings)c("ST)-8 b(AR)g(T")33 b(and)e("STOP".)46 b(The)32 +b(wildcards)d(\('*'\))34 b(allo)m(w)e(sligh)m(t)f(v)-5 +b(ariations)31 b(in)g(naming)g(con)m(v)m(en)m(tions)0 +1929 y(suc)m(h)38 b(as)g("TST)-8 b(AR)g(T")39 b(or)f("ST)-8 +b(AR)g(TTIME".)65 b(The)37 b(same)i(default)f(v)-5 b(alues)37 +b(apply)g(for)h(unsp)s(eci\014ed)e(parame-)0 2042 y(ters)g(when)f(the)h +(\014rst)f(one)i(or)f(t)m(w)m(o)h(parameters)f(are)h(sp)s(eci\014ed.)55 +b(The)36 b(function)e(automatically)i(searc)m(hes)h(for)0 +2154 y(TIMEZER)m(O/I/F)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords)f(in)f(the)i(curren)m(t)f(and)g +(GTI)g(extensions,)h(applying)e(a)h(relativ)m(e)h(time)f(o\013set,)j +(if)0 2267 y(necessary)-8 b(.)0 2568 y Fd(10.10.5)113 +b(Spatial)36 b(Region)h(Filtering)0 2788 y Fj(Another)h(common)g +(\014ltering)e(metho)s(d)h(selects)h(ro)m(ws)g(based)g(on)f(whether)h +(the)g(spatial)f(p)s(osition)e(asso)s(ciated)0 2901 y(with)c(eac)m(h)j +(ro)m(w)e(is)g(lo)s(cated)h(within)d(a)j(giv)m(en)f(2-dimensional)e +(region.)47 b(The)32 b(syn)m(tax)h(for)f(this)g(high-lev)m(el)f +(\014lter)0 3014 y(is)334 3282 y Fe(regfilter\()45 b("regfilename")f([) +k(,)f(Xexpr,)f(Yexpr)h([)g(,)h("wcs)e(cols")h(])g(])g(\))0 +3550 y Fj(where)22 b(eac)m(h)i("[]")g(demarks)e(optional)g(parameters.) +38 b(The)22 b(region)g(\014le)g(name)g(is)g(required)f(and)h(m)m(ust)g +(b)s(e)g(enclosed)0 3663 y(in)38 b(quotes.)70 b(The)39 +b(remaining)f(parameters)i(are)g(optional.)68 b(The)39 +b(region)g(\014le)g(is)g(an)g(ASCI)s(I)g(text)h(\014le)f(whic)m(h)0 +3776 y(con)m(tains)30 b(a)f(list)f(of)i(one)f(or)h(more)f(geometric)i +(shap)s(es)d(\(circle,)i(ellipse,)d(b)s(o)m(x,)j(etc.\))42 +b(whic)m(h)28 b(de\014nes)g(a)i(region)f(on)0 3889 y(the)i(celestial)f +(sphere)g(or)h(an)g(area)g(within)d(a)j(particular)f(2D)h(image.)42 +b(The)30 b(region)h(\014le)f(is)f(t)m(ypically)h(generated)0 +4002 y(using)21 b(an)i(image)g(displa)m(y)e(program)i(suc)m(h)f(as)h +(fv/PO)m(W)h(\(distribute)c(b)m(y)j(the)g(HEASAR)m(C\),)g(or)g(ds9)g +(\(distributed)0 4115 y(b)m(y)k(the)g(Smithsonian)d(Astroph)m(ysical)i +(Observ)-5 b(atory\).)39 b(Users)27 b(should)e(refer)h(to)i(the)f(do)s +(cumen)m(tation)f(pro)m(vided)0 4228 y(with)j(these)i(programs)f(for)g +(more)h(details)e(on)h(the)h(syn)m(tax)g(used)e(in)g(the)i(region)f +(\014les.)0 4388 y(In)44 b(its)g(simpliest)e(form,)47 +b(\(e.g.,)j(reg\014lter\("region.reg"\))c(\))f(the)g(co)s(ordinates)f +(in)f(the)i(default)e('X')i(and)f('Y')0 4501 y(columns)32 +b(will)e(b)s(e)i(used)g(to)i(determine)e(if)f(eac)m(h)j(ro)m(w)f(is)f +(inside)f(or)i(outside)f(the)h(area)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)d(in)g(the)i +(region)0 4613 y(\014le.)40 b(Alternate)31 b(p)s(osition)d(column)h +(names,)i(or)f(expressions,)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(en)m(tered)h(if)e +(needed,)i(as)f(in)382 4881 y Fe(regfilter\("region.reg",)41 +b(XPOS,)47 b(YPOS\))0 5149 y Fj(Region)36 b(\014ltering)e(can)i(b)s(e)f +(applied)e(most)j(unam)m(biguously)d(if)i(the)h(p)s(ositions)e(in)g +(the)i(region)f(\014le)g(and)g(in)g(the)0 5262 y(table)g(to)h(b)s(e)e +(\014ltered)g(are)i(b)s(oth)e(giv)m(e)i(in)e(terms)h(of)g(absolute)g +(celestial)g(co)s(ordinate)g(units.)53 b(In)35 b(this)f(case)i(the)0 +5375 y(lo)s(cations)24 b(and)f(sizes)h(of)h(the)f(geometric)h(shap)s +(es)f(in)f(the)h(region)g(\014le)f(are)i(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(in)g(angular) +g(units)g(on)h(the)g(sky)0 5488 y(\(e.g.,)32 b(p)s(ositions)c(giv)m(en) +j(in)e(R.A.)h(and)g(Dec.)42 b(and)30 b(sizes)g(in)f(arcseconds)h(or)h +(arcmin)m(utes\).)40 b(Similarly)-8 b(,)27 b(eac)m(h)32 +b(ro)m(w)0 5601 y(of)h(the)h(\014ltered)e(table)h(will)d(ha)m(v)m(e)35 +b(a)e(celestial)g(co)s(ordinate)g(asso)s(ciated)g(with)f(it.)49 +b(This)31 b(asso)s(ciation)i(is)f(usually)0 5714 y(implemen)m(ted)37 +b(using)f(a)j(set)g(of)f(so-called)g('W)-8 b(orld)38 +b(Co)s(ordinate)g(System')g(\(or)h(W)m(CS\))f(FITS)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords)g +(that)p eop +%%Page: 125 133 +125 132 bop 0 299 a Fh(10.10.)73 b(R)m(O)m(W)31 b(FIL)-8 +b(TERING)31 b(SPECIFICA)-8 b(TION)1936 b Fj(125)0 555 +y(de\014ne)27 b(the)g(co)s(ordinate)g(transformation)g(that)h(m)m(ust)f +(b)s(e)f(applied)f(to)j(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)26 b(in)g(the)i('X')g(and)e +('Y')i(columns)0 668 y(to)j(calculate)g(the)f(co)s(ordinate.)0 +828 y(Alternativ)m(ely)-8 b(,)27 b(one)g(can)g(p)s(erform)e(spatial)h +(\014ltering)e(using)h(unitless)g('pixel')g(co)s(ordinates)i(for)f(the) +h(regions)f(and)0 941 y(ro)m(w)33 b(p)s(ositions.)47 +b(In)33 b(this)f(case)i(the)f(user)g(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)f(careful)g(to)i +(ensure)f(that)g(the)h(p)s(ositions)d(in)h(the)h(2)g(\014les)g(are)0 +1054 y(self-consisten)m(t.)52 b(A)34 b(t)m(ypical)g(problem)e(is)h +(that)i(the)f(region)g(\014le)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(generated)j(using)c(a) +j(binned)c(image,)0 1167 y(but)h(the)h(un)m(binned)d(co)s(ordinates)i +(are)h(giv)m(en)g(in)e(the)i(ev)m(en)m(t)i(table.)47 +b(The)32 b(R)m(OSA)-8 b(T)33 b(ev)m(en)m(ts)h(\014les,)f(for)f +(example,)0 1280 y(ha)m(v)m(e)f(X)f(and)f(Y)g(pixel)f(co)s(ordinates)h +(that)i(range)f(from)f(1)h(-)g(15360.)42 b(These)30 b(co)s(ordinates)f +(are)h(t)m(ypically)e(binned)0 1393 y(b)m(y)33 b(a)h(factor)g(of)f(32)h +(to)g(pro)s(duce)e(a)i(480x480)i(pixel)31 b(image.)50 +b(If)32 b(one)i(then)f(uses)g(a)g(region)g(\014le)f(generated)i(from)0 +1506 y(this)29 b(image)i(\(in)f(image)g(pixel)f(units\))h(to)h +(\014lter)e(the)i(R)m(OSA)-8 b(T)30 b(ev)m(en)m(ts)i(\014le,)e(then)g +(the)h(X)g(and)f(Y)g(column)g(v)-5 b(alues)0 1619 y(m)m(ust)30 +b(b)s(e)g(con)m(v)m(erted)i(to)f(corresp)s(onding)d(pixel)h(units)g(as) +h(in:)382 1885 y Fe(regfilter\("rosat.reg",)42 b(X/32.+.5,)j +(Y/32.+.5\))0 2151 y Fj(Note)h(that)f(this)e(binning)e(con)m(v)m +(ersion)k(is)e(not)i(necessary)g(if)e(the)i(region)f(\014le)f(is)h(sp)s +(eci\014ed)e(using)h(celestial)0 2264 y(co)s(ordinate)h(units)f +(instead)g(of)h(pixel)f(units)g(b)s(ecause)h(CFITSIO)e(is)i(then)f +(able)h(to)h(directly)e(compare)i(the)0 2377 y(celestial)27 +b(co)s(ordinate)h(of)f(eac)m(h)i(ro)m(w)f(in)e(the)i(table)f(with)g +(the)g(celestial)h(co)s(ordinates)f(in)f(the)i(region)f(\014le)g +(without)0 2490 y(ha)m(ving)j(to)h(kno)m(w)f(an)m(ything)g(ab)s(out)g +(ho)m(w)h(the)f(image)h(ma)m(y)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(b)s(een)f(binned.)0 +2650 y(The)f(last)g("w)m(cs)h(cols")g(parameter)g(should)d(rarely)h(b)s +(e)h(needed.)40 b(If)29 b(supplied,)d(this)j(string)f(con)m(tains)i +(the)f(names)0 2763 y(of)37 b(the)g(2)h(columns)e(\(space)i(or)f(comma) +g(separated\))h(whic)m(h)e(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)g(asso)s(ciated)f(W)m(CS)g +(k)m(eyw)m(ords.)61 b(If)37 b(not)0 2876 y(supplied,)d(the)i(\014lter)f +(will)f(scan)i(the)g(X)g(and)f(Y)h(expressions)f(for)h(column)e(names.) +58 b(If)35 b(only)g(one)i(is)e(found)f(in)0 2989 y(eac)m(h)e +(expression,)d(those)i(columns)e(will)f(b)s(e)h(used,)h(otherwise)g(an) +g(error)g(will)e(b)s(e)i(returned.)0 3149 y(These)g(region)g(shap)s(es) +g(are)g(supp)s(orted)f(\(names)h(are)h(case)h(insensitiv)m(e\):)334 +3415 y Fe(Point)428 b(\()48 b(X1,)f(Y1)g(\))715 b(<-)48 +b(One)f(pixel)f(square)g(region)334 3528 y(Line)476 b(\()48 +b(X1,)f(Y1,)g(X2,)f(Y2)i(\))333 b(<-)48 b(One)f(pixel)f(wide)h(region) +334 3641 y(Polygon)332 b(\()48 b(X1,)f(Y1,)g(X2,)f(Y2,)h(...)g(\))95 +b(<-)48 b(Rest)e(are)h(interiors)e(with)334 3754 y(Rectangle)236 +b(\()48 b(X1,)f(Y1,)g(X2,)f(Y2,)h(A)h(\))334 b(|)47 b(boundaries)e +(considered)334 3867 y(Box)524 b(\()48 b(Xc,)f(Yc,)g(Wdth,)f(Hght,)g(A) +i(\))143 b(V)47 b(within)f(the)h(region)334 3980 y(Diamond)332 +b(\()48 b(Xc,)f(Yc,)g(Wdth,)f(Hght,)g(A)i(\))334 4093 +y(Circle)380 b(\()48 b(Xc,)f(Yc,)g(R)g(\))334 4206 y(Annulus)332 +b(\()48 b(Xc,)f(Yc,)g(Rin,)f(Rout)h(\))334 4319 y(Ellipse)332 +b(\()48 b(Xc,)f(Yc,)g(Rx,)f(Ry,)h(A)h(\))334 4431 y(Elliptannulus)c(\() +k(Xc,)f(Yc,)g(Rinx,)f(Riny,)g(Routx,)g(Routy,)g(Ain,)h(Aout)g(\))334 +4544 y(Sector)380 b(\()48 b(Xc,)f(Yc,)g(Amin,)f(Amax)h(\))0 +4811 y Fj(where)28 b(\(Xc,Yc\))j(is)c(the)i(co)s(ordinate)g(of)f(the)h +(shap)s(e's)f(cen)m(ter;)j(\(X#,Y#\))e(are)g(the)g(co)s(ordinates)f(of) +h(the)g(shap)s(e's)0 4924 y(edges;)39 b(Rxxx)c(are)g(the)h(shap)s(es')f +(v)-5 b(arious)34 b(Radii)g(or)h(semima)5 b(jor/minor)34 +b(axes;)k(and)d(Axxx)g(are)h(the)g(angles)f(of)0 5036 +y(rotation)d(\(or)f(b)s(ounding)e(angles)i(for)g(Sector\))h(in)e +(degrees.)44 b(F)-8 b(or)32 b(rotated)h(shap)s(es,)e(the)g(rotation)h +(angle)f(can)h(b)s(e)0 5149 y(left)f(o\013,)i(indicating)c(no)i +(rotation.)45 b(Common)31 b(alternate)h(names)f(for)h(the)f(regions)g +(can)h(also)g(b)s(e)e(used:)43 b(rotb)s(o)m(x)0 5262 +y(=)29 b(b)s(o)m(x;)g(rotrectangle)h(=)f(rectangle;)h(\(rot\)rhom)m +(bus)f(=)f(\(rot\)diamond;)i(and)e(pie)g(=)g(sector.)42 +b(When)28 b(a)i(shap)s(e's)0 5375 y(name)e(is)f(preceded)g(b)m(y)h(a)g +(min)m(us)f(sign,)g('-',)j(the)e(de\014ned)e(region)i(is)f(instead)g +(the)h(area)h(*outside*)f(its)f(b)s(oundary)0 5488 y(\(ie,)35 +b(the)f(region)g(is)f(in)m(v)m(erted\).)52 b(All)32 b(the)i(shap)s(es)f +(within)f(a)i(single)f(region)g(\014le)h(are)g(OR'd)f(together)j(to)e +(create)0 5601 y(the)29 b(region,)h(and)e(the)i(order)f(is)f +(signi\014can)m(t.)39 b(The)29 b(o)m(v)m(erall)g(w)m(a)m(y)i(of)e(lo)s +(oking)f(at)i(region)f(\014les)f(is)g(that)i(if)e(the)i(\014rst)0 +5714 y(region)e(is)g(an)h(excluded)f(region)g(then)g(a)i(dumm)m(y)d +(included)f(region)j(of)g(the)g(whole)f(detector)i(is)e(inserted)f(in)h +(the)p eop +%%Page: 126 134 +126 133 bop 0 299 a Fj(126)1528 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(10.)113 +b(EXTENDED)30 b(FILE)h(NAME)f(SYNT)-8 b(AX)0 555 y Fj(fron)m(t.)40 +b(Then)25 b(eac)m(h)j(region)e(sp)s(eci\014cation)g(as)h(it)f(is)g(pro) +s(cessed)g(o)m(v)m(errides)g(an)m(y)h(selections)g(inside)d(of)j(that)g +(region)0 668 y(sp)s(eci\014ed)35 b(b)m(y)h(previous)f(regions.)58 +b(Another)37 b(w)m(a)m(y)g(of)g(thinking)d(ab)s(out)i(this)f(is)h(that) +h(if)e(a)i(previous)e(excluded)0 781 y(region)30 b(is)f(completely)h +(inside)f(of)h(a)h(subsequen)m(t)e(included)f(region)i(the)h(excluded)e +(region)h(is)f(ignored.)0 941 y(The)44 b(p)s(ositional)f(co)s +(ordinates)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(giv)m(en)g(either)f(in)g(pixel)f(units,)k +(decimal)d(degrees)i(or)f(hh:mm:ss.s,)0 1054 y(dd:mm:ss.s)25 +b(units.)37 b(The)26 b(shap)s(e)f(sizes)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(giv)m(en)g +(in)e(pixels,)i(degrees,)h(arcmin)m(utes,)g(or)f(arcseconds.)40 +b(Lo)s(ok)0 1167 y(at)31 b(examples)f(of)g(region)g(\014le)g(pro)s +(duced)e(b)m(y)i(fv/PO)m(W)h(or)g(ds9)f(for)g(further)f(details)g(of)i +(the)f(region)g(\014le)f(format.)0 1327 y(There)37 b(are)g(three)g +(functions)f(that)h(are)h(primarily)c(for)i(use)h(with)f(SA)m(O)h +(region)f(\014les)g(and)h(the)g(FSA)m(OI)g(task,)0 1440 +y(but)e(they)h(can)h(b)s(e)e(used)g(directly)-8 b(.)57 +b(They)36 b(return)f(a)h(b)s(o)s(olean)f(true)h(or)g(false)f(dep)s +(ending)f(on)i(whether)f(a)i(t)m(w)m(o)0 1553 y(dimensional)28 +b(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)g(in)g(the)i(region)f(or)g(not:)191 +1815 y Fe("point)46 b(in)h(a)h(circular)d(region")477 +1927 y(circle\(xcntr,ycntr,radius)o(,Xco)o(lumn)o(,Yc)o(olum)o(n\))191 +2153 y("point)h(in)h(an)g(elliptical)e(region")430 2266 +y(ellipse\(xcntr,ycntr,xhl)o(f_w)o(dth,)o(yhlf)o(_wd)o(th,r)o(otat)o +(ion)o(,Xco)o(lumn)o(,Yc)o(olum)o(n\))191 2492 y("point)h(in)h(a)h +(rectangular)c(region")620 2605 y(box\(xcntr,ycntr,xfll_wdth,)o(yfll)o +(_wd)o(th,r)o(otat)o(ion)o(,Xco)o(lumn)o(,Yc)o(olum)o(n\))191 +2831 y(where)334 2944 y(\(xcntr,ycntr\))g(are)j(the)g(\(x,y\))f +(position)g(of)h(the)g(center)f(of)h(the)g(region)334 +3057 y(\(xhlf_wdth,yhlf_wdth\))42 b(are)47 b(the)g(\(x,y\))f(half)h +(widths)f(of)h(the)g(region)334 3169 y(\(xfll_wdth,yfll_wdth\))42 +b(are)47 b(the)g(\(x,y\))f(full)h(widths)f(of)h(the)g(region)334 +3282 y(\(radius\))f(is)h(half)f(the)h(diameter)f(of)h(the)g(circle)334 +3395 y(\(rotation\))e(is)i(the)g(angle\(degrees\))d(that)j(the)g +(region)f(is)h(rotated)f(with)620 3508 y(respect)g(to)h +(\(xcntr,ycntr\))334 3621 y(\(Xcoord,Ycoord\))d(are)j(the)g(\(x,y\))f +(coordinates)f(to)i(test,)f(usually)g(column)620 3734 +y(names)334 3847 y(NOTE:)g(each)h(parameter)e(can)i(itself)f(be)i(an)f +(expression,)d(not)j(merely)f(a)620 3960 y(column)h(name)f(or)h +(constant.)0 4253 y Fd(10.10.6)113 b(Example)36 b(Ro)m(w)h(Filters)191 +4472 y Fe([)47 b(binary)f(&&)i(mag)f(<=)g(5.0])380 b(-)48 +b(Extract)e(all)h(binary)f(stars)g(brighter)1766 4585 +y(than)94 b(fifth)47 b(magnitude)e(\(note)h(that)1766 +4698 y(the)h(initial)f(space)g(is)h(necessary)e(to)1766 +4811 y(prevent)h(it)h(from)g(being)f(treated)g(as)h(a)1766 +4924 y(binning)f(specification\))191 5149 y([#row)g(>=)h(125)g(&&)h +(#row)e(<=)h(175])142 b(-)48 b(Extract)e(row)h(numbers)e(125)i(through) +f(175)191 5375 y([IMAGE[4,5])f(.gt.)h(100])476 b(-)48 +b(Extract)e(all)h(rows)f(that)h(have)g(the)1766 5488 +y(\(4,5\))f(component)g(of)h(the)g(IMAGE)f(column)1766 +5601 y(greater)g(than)g(100)p eop +%%Page: 127 135 +127 134 bop 0 299 a Fh(10.11.)113 b(BINNING)32 b(OR)e(HISTOGRAMMING)g +(SPECIFICA)-8 b(TION)1223 b Fj(127)191 555 y Fe([abs\(sin\(theta)44 +b(*)j(#deg\)\))f(<)i(0.5])e(-)i(Extract)e(all)h(rows)f(having)g(the) +1766 668 y(absolute)f(value)i(of)g(the)g(sine)g(of)g(theta)1766 +781 y(less)94 b(than)47 b(a)g(half)g(where)f(the)h(angles)1766 +894 y(are)g(tabulated)e(in)i(degrees)191 1120 y([SUM\()f(SPEC)h(>)g +(3*BACKGRND)e(\)>=1])94 b(-)48 b(Extract)e(all)h(rows)f(containing)f(a) +1766 1233 y(spectrum,)g(held)i(in)g(vector)f(column)1766 +1346 y(SPEC,)g(with)h(at)g(least)f(one)h(value)g(3)1766 +1458 y(times)f(greater)g(than)h(the)g(background)1766 +1571 y(level)f(held)h(in)g(a)h(keyword,)d(BACKGRND)191 +1797 y([VCOL=={1,4,2}])759 b(-)48 b(Extract)e(all)h(rows)f(whose)h +(vector)f(column)1766 1910 y(VCOL)h(contains)e(the)i(3-elements)e(1,)i +(4,)g(and)1766 2023 y(2.)191 2249 y([@rowFilter.txt])711 +b(-)48 b(Extract)e(rows)g(using)h(the)g(expression)1766 +2362 y(contained)e(within)h(the)h(text)g(file)1766 2475 +y(rowFilter.txt)191 2700 y([gtifilter\(\)])855 b(-)48 +b(Search)e(the)h(current)f(file)g(for)h(a)h(GTI)239 2813 +y(extension,)92 b(filter)i(the)47 b(TIME)239 2926 y(column)f(in)h(the)g +(current)f(table,)g(using)239 3039 y(START/STOP)f(times)h(taken)g(from) +239 3152 y(columns)f(in)j(the)f(GTI)94 b(extension)191 +3378 y([regfilter\("pow.reg"\)])423 b(-)48 b(Extract)e(rows)g(which)h +(have)f(a)i(coordinate)1766 3491 y(\(as)f(given)f(in)h(the)g(X)h(and)f +(Y)g(columns\))1766 3604 y(within)f(the)h(spatial)f(region)g(specified) +1766 3717 y(in)h(the)g(pow.reg)f(region)g(file.)191 3942 +y([regfilter\("pow.reg",)c(Xs,)47 b(Ys\)])f(-)i(Same)f(as)g(above,)f +(except)g(that)h(the)1766 4055 y(Xs)g(and)g(Ys)g(columns)f(will)h(be)g +(used)f(to)1766 4168 y(determine)f(the)i(coordinate)e(of)i(each)1766 +4281 y(row)g(in)g(the)g(table.)0 4664 y Ff(10.11)181 +b(Binning)44 b(or)h(Histogramming)i(Sp)t(eci\014cation)0 +4924 y Fj(The)22 b(optional)g(binning)e(sp)s(eci\014er)h(is)h(enclosed) +h(in)f(square)g(brac)m(k)m(ets)j(and)d(can)h(b)s(e)f(distinguished)d +(from)k(a)g(general)0 5036 y(ro)m(w)32 b(\014lter)g(sp)s(eci\014cation) +f(b)m(y)h(the)h(fact)g(that)g(it)f(b)s(egins)f(with)g(the)h(k)m(eyw)m +(ord)h('bin')e(not)i(immediately)d(follo)m(w)m(ed)0 5149 +y(b)m(y)41 b(an)f(equals)h(sign.)71 b(When)41 b(binning)c(is)j(sp)s +(eci\014ed,)i(a)f(temp)s(orary)g(N-dimensional)d(FITS)i(primary)f(arra) +m(y)0 5262 y(is)j(created)i(b)m(y)f(computing)g(the)g(histogram)g(of)g +(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)43 b(in)e(the)j(sp)s(eci\014ed)d(columns)h(of)h(a)h +(FITS)e(table)0 5375 y(extension.)e(After)30 b(the)f(histogram)g(is)g +(computed)g(the)h(input)d(FITS)i(\014le)g(con)m(taining)g(the)g(table)h +(is)e(then)h(closed)0 5488 y(and)34 b(the)h(temp)s(orary)f(FITS)g +(primary)f(arra)m(y)i(is)f(op)s(ened)g(and)g(passed)g(to)h(the)g +(application)e(program.)54 b(Th)m(us,)0 5601 y(the)39 +b(application)e(program)i(nev)m(er)g(sees)g(the)g(original)e(FITS)h +(table)h(and)f(only)g(sees)i(the)f(image)g(in)e(the)i(new)0 +5714 y(temp)s(orary)32 b(\014le)g(\(whic)m(h)g(has)g(no)h(additional)d +(extensions\).)48 b(Ob)m(viously)-8 b(,)32 b(the)h(application)e +(program)h(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)p eop +%%Page: 128 136 +128 135 bop 0 299 a Fj(128)1528 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(10.)113 +b(EXTENDED)30 b(FILE)h(NAME)f(SYNT)-8 b(AX)0 555 y Fj(exp)s(ecting)30 +b(to)h(op)s(en)f(a)h(FITS)e(image)i(and)f(not)g(a)h(FITS)f(table)g(in)f +(this)g(case.)0 715 y(The)h(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(of)h(the)f(FITS)g +(histogram)f(image)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)i(app)s +(ending)e('b')i(\(for)h(8-bit)f(b)m(yte\),)h('i')0 828 +y(\(for)g(16-bit)f(in)m(tegers\),)h('j')g(\(for)g(32-bit)f(in)m +(teger\),)i('r')e(\(for)h(32-bit)f(\015oating)h(p)s(oin)m(ts\),)e(or)i +('d')f(\(for)h(64-bit)f(double)0 941 y(precision)i(\015oating)j(p)s +(oin)m(t\))e(to)i(the)g('bin')e(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(\(e.g.)54 +b('[binr)32 b(X]')j(creates)h(a)f(real)f(\015oating)g(p)s(oin)m(t)f +(image\).)0 1054 y(If)h(the)i(data)f(t)m(yp)s(e)g(is)f(not)i +(explicitly)c(sp)s(eci\014ed)h(then)i(a)g(32-bit)h(in)m(teger)f(image)g +(will)d(b)s(e)j(created)h(b)m(y)e(default,)0 1167 y(unless)23 +b(the)j(w)m(eigh)m(ting)e(option)h(is)f(also)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(in)h +(whic)m(h)g(case)i(the)f(image)h(will)c(ha)m(v)m(e)k(a)g(32-bit)f +(\015oating)g(p)s(oin)m(t)0 1280 y(data)31 b(t)m(yp)s(e)g(b)m(y)f +(default.)0 1440 y(The)24 b(histogram)f(image)i(ma)m(y)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g +(from)f(1)g(to)h(4)g(dimensions)c(\(axes\),)27 b(dep)s(ending)22 +b(on)i(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(columns)0 1553 y(that)31 +b(are)g(sp)s(eci\014ed.)39 b(The)30 b(general)g(form)g(of)g(the)h +(binning)c(sp)s(eci\014cation)i(is:)48 1767 y Fe([bin{bijrd})92 +b(Xcol=min:max:binsize,)42 b(Ycol=)47 b(...,)f(Zcol=...,)f(Tcol=...;)h +(weight])0 1982 y Fj(in)38 b(whic)m(h)g(up)g(to)i(4)g(columns,)g(eac)m +(h)g(corresp)s(onding)d(to)j(an)g(axis)e(of)i(the)f(image,)j(are)e +(listed.)65 b(The)39 b(column)0 2095 y(names)27 b(are)h(case)h +(insensitiv)m(e,)d(and)h(the)h(column)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s +(e)f(giv)m(en)g(instead)g(of)h(the)g(name,)g(preceded)f(b)m(y)0 +2208 y(a)32 b(p)s(ound)e(sign)h(\(e.g.,)j([bin)c(#4=1:512]\).)47 +b(If)31 b(the)h(column)f(name)h(is)e(not)i(sp)s(eci\014ed,)f(then)g +(CFITSIO)g(will)e(\014rst)0 2321 y(try)37 b(to)h(use)f(the)g +('preferred)f(column')h(as)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)h(the)g(CPREF)g(k)m +(eyw)m(ord)h(if)e(it)g(exists)h(\(e.g.,)k('CPREF)0 2433 +y(=)i('DETX,DETY'\),)h(otherwise)f(column)f(names)h('X',)h('Y',)g('Z',) +f(and)f('T')i(will)c(b)s(e)i(assumed)h(for)g(eac)m(h)h(of)0 +2546 y(the)37 b(4)h(axes,)i(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)60 +b(In)37 b(cases)h(where)e(the)i(column)e(name)h(could)f(b)s(e)g +(confused)h(with)f(an)h(arithmetic)0 2659 y(expression,)29 +b(enclose)i(the)g(column)e(name)h(in)f(paren)m(theses)i(to)g(force)g +(the)f(name)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(in)m(terpreted)f(literally)-8 +b(.)0 2819 y(Eac)m(h)33 b(column)e(name)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(follo)m(w)m +(ed)f(b)m(y)i(an)f(equals)f(sign)h(and)f(then)h(the)g(lo)m(w)m(er)h +(and)f(upp)s(er)e(range)i(of)h(the)0 2932 y(histogram,)e(and)f(the)h +(size)g(of)g(the)g(histogram)g(bins,)e(separated)i(b)m(y)g(colons.)42 +b(Spaces)31 b(are)g(allo)m(w)m(ed)g(b)s(efore)g(and)0 +3045 y(after)e(the)g(equals)f(sign)f(but)h(not)h(within)d(the)j +('min:max:binsize')d(string.)39 b(The)29 b(min,)e(max)i(and)f(binsize)f +(v)-5 b(alues)0 3158 y(ma)m(y)32 b(b)s(e)e(in)m(teger)h(or)g +(\015oating)g(p)s(oin)m(t)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers,)g(or)h(they)g(ma)m(y)g(b) +s(e)g(the)g(names)g(of)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords)g(in)f(the)h(header)g(of)0 +3271 y(the)g(table.)40 b(If)30 b(the)h(latter,)g(then)f(the)g(v)-5 +b(alue)30 b(of)h(that)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)f(is)g(substituted)f(in)m(to)h +(the)h(expression.)0 3431 y(Default)36 b(v)-5 b(alues)35 +b(for)h(the)g(min,)g(max)g(and)g(binsize)e(quan)m(tities)h(will)e(b)s +(e)i(used)h(if)e(not)j(explicitly)c(giv)m(en)j(in)f(the)0 +3544 y(binning)27 b(expression)i(as)i(sho)m(wn)f(in)f(these)i +(examples:)191 3759 y Fe([bin)47 b(x)g(=)g(:512:2])94 +b(-)47 b(use)g(default)f(minimum)g(value)191 3871 y([bin)h(x)g(=)g +(1::2])190 b(-)47 b(use)g(default)f(maximum)g(value)191 +3984 y([bin)h(x)g(=)g(1:512])142 b(-)47 b(use)g(default)f(bin)h(size) +191 4097 y([bin)g(x)g(=)g(1:])286 b(-)47 b(use)g(default)f(maximum)g +(value)g(and)h(bin)g(size)191 4210 y([bin)g(x)g(=)g(:512])190 +b(-)47 b(use)g(default)f(minimum)g(value)g(and)h(bin)g(size)191 +4323 y([bin)g(x)g(=)g(2])334 b(-)47 b(use)g(default)f(minimum)g(and)h +(maximum)f(values)191 4436 y([bin)h(x])524 b(-)47 b(use)g(default)f +(minimum,)g(maximum)g(and)g(bin)h(size)191 4549 y([bin)g(4])524 +b(-)47 b(default)f(2-D)h(image,)f(bin)h(size)g(=)g(4)h(in)f(both)g +(axes)191 4662 y([bin])619 b(-)47 b(default)f(2-D)h(image)0 +4876 y Fj(CFITSIO)31 b(will)f(use)i(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)32 +b(of)h(the)g(TLMINn,)f(TLMAXn,)h(and)f(TDBINn)h(k)m(eyw)m(ords,)h(if)d +(they)i(exist,)g(for)0 4989 y(the)k(default)e(min,)i(max,)h(and)e +(binsize,)g(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)59 b(If)36 b(they)h(do)f(not)h +(exist)f(then)g(CFITSIO)f(will)f(use)i(the)0 5102 y(actual)c(minim)m +(um)d(and)j(maxim)m(um)f(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(in)g(the)h(column)e(for)i +(the)g(histogram)g(min)e(and)i(max)g(v)-5 b(alues.)44 +b(The)0 5215 y(default)33 b(binsize)e(will)g(b)s(e)i(set)h(to)h(1,)g +(or)e(\(max)h(-)g(min\))e(/)i(10.,)i(whic)m(hev)m(er)d(is)g(smaller,)g +(so)g(that)i(the)e(histogram)0 5328 y(will)28 b(ha)m(v)m(e)j(at)g +(least)g(10)g(bins)e(along)h(eac)m(h)i(axis.)0 5488 y(A)41 +b(shortcut)g(notation)g(is)f(allo)m(w)m(ed)h(if)f(all)g(the)h +(columns/axes)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(the)f(same)g(binning)d(sp)s +(eci\014cation.)72 b(In)0 5601 y(this)32 b(case)h(all)f(the)h(column)e +(names)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(listed)f(within)f(paren)m(theses,)k(follo)m +(w)m(ed)f(b)m(y)f(the)h(\(single\))f(binning)0 5714 y(sp)s +(eci\014cation,)d(as)i(in:)p eop +%%Page: 129 137 +129 136 bop 0 299 a Fh(10.11.)113 b(BINNING)32 b(OR)e(HISTOGRAMMING)g +(SPECIFICA)-8 b(TION)1223 b Fj(129)191 555 y Fe([bin)47 +b(\(X,Y\)=1:512:2])191 668 y([bin)g(\(X,Y\))f(=)h(5])0 +888 y Fj(The)31 b(optional)g(w)m(eigh)m(ting)h(factor)g(is)f(the)h +(last)f(item)h(in)e(the)i(binning)d(sp)s(eci\014er)h(and,)i(if)e +(presen)m(t,)j(is)d(separated)0 1001 y(from)38 b(the)g(list)f(of)h +(columns)f(b)m(y)h(a)h(semi-colon.)63 b(As)39 b(the)f(histogram)g(is)f +(accum)m(ulated,)k(this)c(w)m(eigh)m(t)i(is)e(used)0 +1114 y(to)e(incremen)m(ted)e(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(of)g(the)g +(appropriated)e(bin)h(in)f(the)i(histogram.)51 b(If)34 +b(the)g(w)m(eigh)m(ting)g(factor)h(is)e(not)0 1227 y(sp)s(eci\014ed,)23 +b(then)g(the)g(default)f(w)m(eigh)m(t)i(=)e(1)i(is)e(assumed.)37 +b(The)23 b(w)m(eigh)m(ting)g(factor)h(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)g(a)g(constan)m(t) +i(in)m(teger)e(or)0 1340 y(\015oating)29 b(p)s(oin)m(t)f(n)m(um)m(b)s +(er,)g(or)h(the)g(name)g(of)g(a)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(con)m(taining)e(the)i +(w)m(eigh)m(ting)e(v)-5 b(alue.)40 b(Or)28 b(the)h(w)m(eigh)m(ting)0 +1453 y(factor)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(the)h(name)g(of)h(a)f(table)g(column)f +(in)g(whic)m(h)f(case)k(the)e(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(in)g(that)i(column,)e +(on)h(a)h(ro)m(w)f(b)m(y)g(ro)m(w)0 1566 y(basis,)h(will)f(b)s(e)i +(used.)0 1726 y(In)35 b(some)h(cases,)i(the)d(column)g(or)g(k)m(eyw)m +(ord)h(ma)m(y)g(giv)m(e)g(the)g(recipro)s(cal)e(of)i(the)g(actual)g(w)m +(eigh)m(t)g(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(that)h(is)0 1839 y(needed.)49 +b(In)32 b(this)g(case,)j(precede)e(the)h(w)m(eigh)m(t)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h +(or)f(column)f(name)h(b)m(y)g(a)g(slash)f('/')i(to)g(tell)e(CFITSIO)0 +1952 y(to)f(use)f(the)h(recipro)s(cal)e(of)h(the)h(v)-5 +b(alue)30 b(when)f(constructing)h(the)h(histogram.)0 +2112 y(F)-8 b(or)25 b(complex)f(or)g(commonly)f(used)h(histograms,)h +(one)f(can)h(also)f(place)g(its)f(description)f(in)m(to)i(a)h(text)g +(\014le)e(and)h(im-)0 2225 y(p)s(ort)e(it)f(in)m(to)h(the)h(binning)c +(sp)s(eci\014cation)i(using)f(the)j(syn)m(tax)f([bin)f +(@\014lename.txt].)38 b(The)22 b(\014le's)f(con)m(ten)m(ts)j(can)e(ex-) +0 2338 y(tend)h(o)m(v)m(er)i(m)m(ultiple)c(lines,)i(although)g(it)g(m)m +(ust)g(still)e(conform)i(to)h(the)g(no-spaces)g(rule)e(for)h(the)h +(min:max:binsize)0 2451 y(syn)m(tax)35 b(and)f(eac)m(h)h(axis)f(sp)s +(eci\014cation)g(m)m(ust)g(still)e(b)s(e)i(comma-separated.)55 +b(An)m(y)34 b(lines)f(in)g(the)i(external)f(text)0 2564 +y(\014le)26 b(that)h(b)s(egin)f(with)f(2)j(slash)d(c)m(haracters)k +(\('//'\))g(will)24 b(b)s(e)i(ignored)g(and)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(used)g +(to)i(add)e(commen)m(ts)i(in)m(to)0 2676 y(the)j(\014le.)0 +2837 y(Examples:)191 3057 y Fe([bini)46 b(detx,)h(dety])762 +b(-)47 b(2-D,)g(16-bit)f(integer)g(histogram)1861 3170 +y(of)i(DETX)e(and)h(DETY)g(columns,)e(using)1861 3283 +y(default)h(values)g(for)h(the)g(histogram)1861 3396 +y(range)g(and)g(binsize)191 3621 y([bin)g(\(detx,)f(dety\)=16;)f +(/exposure])g(-)i(2-D,)g(32-bit)f(real)h(histogram)e(of)i(DETX)1861 +3734 y(and)g(DETY)g(columns)f(with)g(a)i(bin)f(size)f(=)i(16)1861 +3847 y(in)g(both)e(axes.)h(The)f(histogram)g(values)1861 +3960 y(are)h(divided)f(by)h(the)g(EXPOSURE)f(keyword)1861 +4073 y(value.)191 4299 y([bin)h(time=TSTART:TSTOP:0.1])280 +b(-)47 b(1-D)g(lightcurve,)e(range)h(determined)f(by)1861 +4412 y(the)i(TSTART)f(and)h(TSTOP)g(keywords,)1861 4525 +y(with)g(0.1)g(unit)g(size)f(bins.)191 4751 y([bin)h(pha,)f +(time=8000.:8100.:0.1])90 b(-)47 b(2-D)g(image)g(using)f(default)g +(binning)1861 4863 y(of)i(the)e(PHA)h(column)f(for)h(the)g(X)h(axis,) +1861 4976 y(and)f(1000)g(bins)g(in)g(the)g(range)1861 +5089 y(8000.)g(to)g(8100.)f(for)h(the)g(Y)h(axis.)191 +5315 y([bin)f(@binFilter.txt])616 b(-)47 b(Use)g(the)g(contents)f(of)h +(the)g(text)f(file)1861 5428 y(binFilter.txt)f(for)h(the)h(binning)1861 +5541 y(specifications.)p eop +%%Page: 130 138 +130 137 bop 0 299 a Fj(130)1528 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(10.)113 +b(EXTENDED)30 b(FILE)h(NAME)f(SYNT)-8 b(AX)p eop +%%Page: 131 139 +131 138 bop 0 1225 a Fg(Chapter)65 b(11)0 1687 y Fm(T)-19 +b(emplate)76 b(Files)0 2180 y Fj(When)38 b(a)h(new)f(FITS)g(\014le)g +(is)g(created)h(with)f(a)g(call)g(to)i(\014ts)p 2101 +2180 28 4 v 32 w(create)p 2369 2180 V 35 w(\014le,)f(the)g(name)g(of)g +(a)g(template)g(\014le)e(ma)m(y)0 2293 y(b)s(e)i(supplied)e(in)i(paren) +m(theses)h(immediately)e(follo)m(wing)g(the)j(name)f(of)g(the)g(new)f +(\014le)g(to)i(b)s(e)e(created.)71 b(This)0 2406 y(template)26 +b(is)e(used)h(to)h(de\014ne)f(the)h(structure)f(of)h(one)f(or)h(more)g +(HDUs)g(in)e(the)i(new)f(\014le.)38 b(The)25 b(template)h(\014le)e(ma)m +(y)0 2518 y(b)s(e)32 b(another)h(FITS)f(\014le,)h(in)f(whic)m(h)f(case) +j(the)f(newly)f(created)i(\014le)e(will)e(ha)m(v)m(e)k(exactly)g(the)f +(same)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords)g(in)0 2631 y(eac)m(h)25 b(HDU)g(as)g(in)e(the)h +(template)h(FITS)e(\014le,)i(but)e(all)h(the)g(data)h(units)d(will)g(b) +s(e)i(\014lled)e(with)g(zeros.)40 b(The)24 b(template)0 +2744 y(\014le)h(ma)m(y)i(also)f(b)s(e)f(an)h(ASCI)s(I)e(text)j(\014le,) +f(where)g(eac)m(h)h(line)d(\(in)h(general\))i(describ)s(es)d(one)i +(FITS)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(record.)0 2857 y(The)j(format)h(of)f(the)h +(ASCI)s(I)e(template)h(\014le)g(is)f(describ)s(ed)f(in)i(the)g(follo)m +(wing)f(sections.)0 3188 y Ff(11.1)136 b(Detailed)46 +b(T)-11 b(emplate)46 b(Line)f(F)-11 b(ormat)0 3438 y +Fj(The)30 b(format)h(of)f(eac)m(h)i(ASCI)s(I)c(template)j(line)e +(closely)h(follo)m(ws)f(the)i(format)g(of)f(a)h(FITS)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g +(record:)95 3682 y Fe(KEYWORD)46 b(=)i(KEYVALUE)d(/)j(COMMENT)0 +3926 y Fj(except)22 b(that)g(free)g(format)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(used)f +(\(e.g.,)25 b(the)d(equals)e(sign)h(ma)m(y)g(app)s(ear)g(at)h(an)m(y)g +(p)s(osition)d(in)h(the)i(line\))e(and)0 4039 y(T)-8 +b(AB)34 b(c)m(haracters)g(are)g(allo)m(w)m(ed)f(and)g(are)g(treated)h +(the)g(same)f(as)h(space)f(c)m(haracters.)51 b(The)33 +b(KEYV)-10 b(ALUE)33 b(and)0 4152 y(COMMENT)d(\014elds)f(are)i +(optional.)41 b(The)30 b(equals)g(sign)f(c)m(haracter)k(is)c(also)i +(optional,)f(but)g(it)g(is)f(recommended)0 4264 y(that)42 +b(it)e(b)s(e)h(included)d(for)j(clarit)m(y)-8 b(.)73 +b(An)m(y)41 b(template)h(line)d(that)j(b)s(egins)e(with)f(the)j(p)s +(ound)d('#')i(c)m(haracter)i(is)0 4377 y(ignored)29 b(b)m(y)i(the)f +(template)h(parser)f(and)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(use)h(to)h(insert)f(commen) +m(ts)h(in)m(to)f(the)h(template)g(\014le)e(itself.)0 +4538 y(The)d(KEYW)m(ORD)g(name)g(\014eld)f(is)g(limited)f(to)j(8)f(c)m +(haracters)h(in)e(length)h(and)f(only)g(the)h(letters)h(A-Z,)f(digits)f +(0-9,)0 4650 y(and)j(the)g(h)m(yphen)f(and)h(underscore)g(c)m +(haracters)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used,)g(without)g(an)m(y)g(em)m(b)s +(edded)g(spaces.)40 b(Lo)m(w)m(ercase)0 4763 y(letters)21 +b(in)f(the)i(template)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(name)f(will)d(b)s(e)j(con)m(v)m +(erted)i(to)f(upp)s(ercase.)36 b(Leading)21 b(spaces)g(in)f(the)i +(template)0 4876 y(line)i(preceding)h(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(name)g(are) +g(generally)f(ignored,)h(except)g(if)f(the)h(\014rst)f(8)h(c)m +(haracters)h(of)f(a)g(template)0 4989 y(line)d(are)j(all)e(blank,)h +(then)g(the)g(en)m(tire)g(line)f(is)g(treated)i(as)f(a)h(FITS)e(commen) +m(t)i(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(\(with)e(a)i(blank)d(k)m(eyw)m(ord)0 +5102 y(name\))31 b(and)f(is)f(copied)h(v)m(erbatim)g(in)m(to)g(the)h +(FITS)e(header.)0 5262 y(The)37 b(KEYV)-10 b(ALUE)37 +b(\014eld)f(ma)m(y)i(ha)m(v)m(e)g(an)m(y)g(allo)m(w)m(ed)f(FITS)g(data) +h(t)m(yp)s(e:)54 b(c)m(haracter)39 b(string,)g(logical,)f(in)m(teger,)0 +5375 y(real,)33 b(complex)f(in)m(teger,)i(or)e(complex)h(real.)46 +b(The)32 b(c)m(haracter)j(string)c(v)-5 b(alues)32 b(need)g(not)h(b)s +(e)f(enclosed)g(in)f(single)0 5488 y(quote)e(c)m(haracters)h(unless)d +(they)h(are)h(necessary)g(to)g(distinguish)24 b(the)29 +b(string)e(from)h(a)h(di\013eren)m(t)f(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(\(e.g.)0 +5601 y(2.0)h(is)d(a)i(real)g(but)f('2.0')i(is)e(a)h(string\).)39 +b(The)27 b(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(has)f(an)h(unde\014ned)d(\(n)m(ull\))h(v)-5 +b(alue)28 b(if)e(the)i(template)g(record)0 5714 y(only)h(con)m(tains)i +(blanks)e(follo)m(wing)g(the)h("=")h(or)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(the)f("=") +h(and)f(the)g("/")i(commen)m(t)g(\014eld)c(delimiter.)1882 +5942 y(131)p eop +%%Page: 132 140 +132 139 bop 0 299 a Fj(132)2250 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(11.)72 +b(TEMPLA)-8 b(TE)30 b(FILES)0 555 y Fj(String)25 b(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(v)-5 +b(alues)26 b(longer)g(than)g(68)h(c)m(haracters)h(\(the)f(maxim)m(um)e +(length)h(that)h(will)d(\014t)i(in)f(a)i(single)e(FITS)0 +668 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord)41 b(record\))g(are)g(p)s(ermitted)e(using)g(the)i +(CFITSIO)e(long)h(string)g(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion.)73 b(They)40 +b(can)h(either)f(b)s(e)0 781 y(sp)s(eci\014ed)27 b(as)j(a)f(single)f +(long)g(line)g(in)f(the)j(template,)g(or)f(b)m(y)f(using)g(m)m(ultiple) +f(lines)g(where)h(the)i(con)m(tin)m(uing)e(lines)0 894 +y(con)m(tain)j(the)f('CONTINUE')g(k)m(eyw)m(ord,)h(as)g(in)e(this)g +(example:)95 1139 y Fe(LONGKEY)46 b(=)i('This)e(is)h(a)h(long)e(string) +g(value)h(that)f(is)i(contin&')95 1252 y(CONTINUE)94 +b('ued)46 b(over)h(2)g(records')f(/)h(comment)f(field)h(goes)f(here)0 +1497 y Fj(The)29 b(format)h(of)g(template)g(lines)d(with)i(CONTINUE)f +(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(is)f(v)m(ery)h(strict:)40 b(3)30 b(spaces)g(m)m(ust)f +(follo)m(w)g(CON-)0 1610 y(TINUE)h(and)g(the)g(rest)h(of)f(the)h(line)e +(is)g(copied)h(v)m(erbatim)g(to)h(the)g(FITS)e(\014le.)0 +1771 y(The)i(start)h(of)g(the)f(optional)g(COMMENT)g(\014eld)f(m)m(ust) +i(b)s(e)e(preceded)i(b)m(y)f("/",)i(whic)m(h)d(is)h(used)g(to)h +(separate)g(it)0 1883 y(from)e(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(v)-5 +b(alue)29 b(\014eld.)40 b(Exceptions)29 b(are)i(if)e(the)i(KEYW)m(ORD)g +(name)f(\014eld)f(con)m(tains)h(COMMENT,)0 1996 y(HISTOR)-8 +b(Y,)30 b(CONTINUE,)g(or)g(if)f(the)i(\014rst)f(8)g(c)m(haracters)i(of) +f(the)f(template)h(line)e(are)i(blanks.)0 2157 y(More)c(than)f(one)h +(Header-Data)i(Unit)d(\(HDU\))h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(de\014ned)f(in)g(the)i +(template)g(\014le.)38 b(The)26 b(start)h(of)g(an)f(HDU)0 +2269 y(de\014nition)i(is)h(denoted)i(with)e(a)i(SIMPLE)e(or)i(XTENSION) +e(template)i(line:)0 2430 y(1\))j(SIMPLE)f(b)s(egins)f(a)i(Primary)f +(HDU)h(de\014nition.)48 b(SIMPLE)33 b(ma)m(y)h(only)f(app)s(ear)g(as)h +(the)g(\014rst)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(in)0 2543 y(the)e(template)h(\014le.) +44 b(If)32 b(the)g(template)h(\014le)e(b)s(egins)f(with)h(XTENSION)g +(instead)g(of)h(SIMPLE,)g(then)f(a)i(default)0 2655 y(empt)m(y)d +(Primary)d(HDU)j(is)f(created,)i(and)d(the)i(template)g(is)e(then)h +(assumed)f(to)i(de\014ne)f(the)h(k)m(eyw)m(ords)f(starting)0 +2768 y(with)g(the)i(\014rst)e(extension)h(follo)m(wing)f(the)i(Primary) +e(HDU.)0 2928 y(2\))35 b(XTENSION)e(marks)g(the)i(b)s(eginning)c(of)j +(a)h(new)e(extension)h(HDU)g(de\014nition.)50 b(The)33 +b(previous)g(HDU)i(will)0 3041 y(b)s(e)30 b(closed)g(at)h(this)e(p)s +(oin)m(t)h(and)f(pro)s(cessing)h(of)g(the)h(next)f(extension)g(b)s +(egins.)0 3373 y Ff(11.2)136 b(Auto-indexing)45 b(of)g(Keyw)l(ords)0 +3623 y Fj(If)31 b(a)h(template)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(name)f(ends)g(with)f +(a)h("#")h(c)m(haracter,)i(it)d(is)f(said)g(to)i(b)s(e)f +('auto-indexed'.)43 b(Eac)m(h)32 b("#")0 3736 y(c)m(haracter)i(will)c +(b)s(e)i(replaced)h(b)m(y)f(the)h(curren)m(t)g(in)m(teger)g(index)e(v) +-5 b(alue,)33 b(whic)m(h)f(gets)h(reset)h(=)e(1)h(at)h(the)e(start)i +(of)0 3849 y(eac)m(h)h(new)f(HDU)g(in)f(the)h(\014le)f(\(or)h(7)h(in)d +(the)i(sp)s(ecial)f(case)i(of)f(a)g(GR)m(OUP)h(de\014nition\).)49 +b(The)33 b(FIRST)g(indexed)0 3962 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord)c(in)e(eac)m(h)i +(template)g(HDU)g(de\014nition)d(is)h(used)g(as)i(the)f('incremen)m +(tor';)i(eac)m(h)f(subsequen)m(t)f(o)s(ccurrence)0 4075 +y(of)k(this)e(SAME)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(will)d(cause)j(the)g(index)e(v)-5 +b(alue)31 b(to)h(b)s(e)f(incremen)m(ted.)43 b(This)30 +b(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(can)i(b)s(e)f(rather)0 4188 y(subtle,)c(as)h +(illustrated)e(in)g(the)i(follo)m(wing)e(examples)h(in)f(whic)m(h)h +(the)h(TTYPE)e(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(is)f(the)h(incremen)m(tor)f(in)0 +4300 y(b)s(oth)j(cases:)95 4546 y Fe(TTYPE#)47 b(=)g(TIME)95 +4659 y(TFORM#)g(=)g(1D)95 4772 y(TTYPE#)g(=)g(RATE)95 +4884 y(TFORM#)g(=)g(1E)0 5130 y Fj(will)23 b(create)28 +b(TTYPE1,)e(TF)m(ORM1,)i(TTYPE2,)f(and)e(TF)m(ORM2)i(k)m(eyw)m(ords.)40 +b(But)26 b(if)f(the)h(template)g(lo)s(oks)f(lik)m(e,)95 +5375 y Fe(TTYPE#)47 b(=)g(TIME)95 5488 y(TTYPE#)g(=)g(RATE)95 +5601 y(TFORM#)g(=)g(1D)95 5714 y(TFORM#)g(=)g(1E)p eop +%%Page: 133 141 +133 140 bop 0 299 a Fh(11.3.)73 b(TEMPLA)-8 b(TE)30 b(P)-8 +b(ARSER)30 b(DIRECTIVES)1982 b Fj(133)0 555 y(this)30 +b(results)f(in)h(a)h(FITS)f(\014les)g(with)f(TTYPE1,)i(TTYPE2,)g(TF)m +(ORM2,)h(and)e(TF)m(ORM2,)i(whic)m(h)e(is)g(probably)0 +668 y(not)h(what)f(w)m(as)h(in)m(tended!)0 1000 y Ff(11.3)136 +b(T)-11 b(emplate)45 b(P)l(arser)h(Directiv)l(es)0 1251 +y Fj(In)29 b(addition)g(to)h(the)g(template)h(lines)d(whic)m(h)h +(de\014ne)g(individual)d(k)m(eyw)m(ords,)k(the)g(template)h(parser)e +(recognizes)0 1363 y(3)h(sp)s(ecial)f(directiv)m(es)g(whic)m(h)g(are)h +(eac)m(h)h(preceded)f(b)m(y)f(the)h(bac)m(kslash)g(c)m(haracter:)90 +b Fe(\\include,)45 b(\\group)p Fj(,)29 b(and)48 1476 +y Fe(\\end)p Fj(.)0 1637 y(The)37 b('include')f(directiv)m(e)i(m)m(ust) +f(b)s(e)h(follo)m(w)m(ed)f(b)m(y)h(a)g(\014lename.)62 +b(It)38 b(forces)g(the)g(parser)f(to)i(temp)s(orarily)d(stop)0 +1749 y(reading)e(the)h(curren)m(t)g(template)g(\014le)f(and)g(b)s(egin) +g(reading)g(the)h(include)d(\014le.)54 b(Once)35 b(the)g(parser)f(reac) +m(hes)i(the)0 1862 y(end)f(of)h(the)g(include)d(\014le)i(it)g(con)m +(tin)m(ues)g(parsing)g(the)g(curren)m(t)h(template)g(\014le.)55 +b(Include)34 b(\014les)h(can)h(b)s(e)f(nested,)0 1975 +y(and)30 b(HDU)h(de\014nitions)d(can)i(span)g(m)m(ultiple)e(template)j +(\014les.)0 2135 y(The)g(start)h(of)g(a)g(GR)m(OUP)h(de\014nition)c(is) +i(denoted)h(with)e(the)i('group')g(directiv)m(e,)f(and)h(the)f(end)h +(of)f(a)i(GR)m(OUP)0 2248 y(de\014nition)i(is)i(denoted)g(with)f(the)i +('end')f(directiv)m(e.)61 b(Eac)m(h)39 b(GR)m(OUP)e(con)m(tains)h(0)g +(or)f(more)h(mem)m(b)s(er)f(blo)s(c)m(ks)0 2361 y(\(HDUs)44 +b(or)f(GR)m(OUPs\).)79 b(Mem)m(b)s(er)42 b(blo)s(c)m(ks)h(of)g(t)m(yp)s +(e)g(GR)m(OUP)g(can)g(con)m(tain)g(their)f(o)m(wn)h(mem)m(b)s(er)f(blo) +s(c)m(ks.)0 2474 y(The)32 b(GR)m(OUP)g(de\014nition)e(itself)h(o)s +(ccupies)h(one)g(FITS)g(\014le)f(HDU)i(of)f(sp)s(ecial)f(t)m(yp)s(e)h +(\(GR)m(OUP)h(HDU\),)h(so)e(if)g(a)0 2587 y(template)f(sp)s(eci\014es)e +(1)i(group)e(with)g(1)i(mem)m(b)s(er)f(HDU)h(lik)m(e:)0 +2838 y Fe(\\group)0 2951 y(grpdescr)46 b(=)h('demo')0 +3064 y(xtension)f(bintable)0 3177 y(#)h(this)g(bintable)f(has)h(0)g +(cols,)f(0)i(rows)0 3290 y(\\end)0 3541 y Fj(then)30 +b(the)h(parser)e(creates)j(a)f(FITS)f(\014le)f(with)g(3)i(HDUs)g(:)0 +3792 y Fe(1\))47 b(dummy)g(PHDU)0 3905 y(2\))g(GROUP)g(HDU)f(\(has)h(1) +h(member,)d(which)i(is)g(bintable)e(in)j(HDU)f(number)f(3\))0 +4018 y(3\))h(bintable)f(\(member)g(of)h(GROUP)f(in)h(HDU)g(number)f +(2\))0 4269 y Fj(T)-8 b(ec)m(hnically)29 b(sp)s(eaking,)g(the)g(GR)m +(OUP)i(HDU)f(is)f(a)h(BINT)-8 b(ABLE)30 b(with)f(6)h(columns.)39 +b(Applications)28 b(can)i(de\014ne)0 4382 y(additional)20 +b(columns)h(in)f(a)j(GR)m(OUP)f(HDU)h(using)e(TF)m(ORMn)g(and)h(TTYPEn) +f(\(where)g(n)h(is)f(7,)j(8,)h(....\))39 b(k)m(eyw)m(ords)0 +4494 y(or)30 b(their)g(auto-indexing)f(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(ts.)0 +4655 y(F)d(or)26 b(a)f(more)g(complicated)f(example)g(of)h(a)h +(template)f(\014le)f(using)f(the)i(group)f(directiv)m(es,)i(lo)s(ok)e +(at)h(the)g(sample.tpl)0 4767 y(\014le)k(that)i(is)f(included)d(in)j +(the)g(CFITSIO)f(distribution.)0 5100 y Ff(11.4)136 b(F)-11 +b(ormal)45 b(T)-11 b(emplate)46 b(Syn)l(tax)0 5350 y +Fj(The)30 b(template)h(syn)m(tax)g(can)f(formally)f(b)s(e)h(de\014ned)f +(as)i(follo)m(ws:)191 5601 y Fe(TEMPLATE)45 b(=)j(BLOCK)e([)i(BLOCK)e +(...)h(])p eop +%%Page: 134 142 +134 141 bop 0 299 a Fj(134)2250 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(11.)72 +b(TEMPLA)-8 b(TE)30 b(FILES)334 555 y Fe(BLOCK)46 b(=)i({)f(HDU)g(|)h +(GROUP)e(})334 781 y(GROUP)g(=)i(\\GROUP)e([)h(BLOCK)g(...)g(])g(\\END) +430 1007 y(HDU)f(=)i(XTENSION)d([)j(LINE)f(...)f(])i({)f(XTENSION)f(|)h +(\\GROUP)f(|)i(\\END)f(|)g(EOF)g(})382 1233 y(LINE)f(=)i([)f(KEYWORD)f +([)i(=)f(])h(])f([)g(VALUE)g(])g([)h(/)f(COMMENT)f(])191 +1458 y(X)h(...)238 b(-)48 b(X)f(can)g(be)g(present)f(1)h(or)h(more)e +(times)191 1571 y({)h(X)h(|)f(Y)h(})f(-)h(X)f(or)g(Y)191 +1684 y([)g(X)h(])238 b(-)48 b(X)f(is)g(optional)0 1937 +y Fj(A)m(t)34 b(the)f(topmost)g(lev)m(el,)g(the)g(template)h(de\014nes) +d(1)j(or)e(more)h(template)g(blo)s(c)m(ks.)48 b(Blo)s(c)m(ks)33 +b(can)g(b)s(e)f(either)g(HDU)0 2050 y(\(Header)27 b(Data)h(Unit\))f(or) +f(a)h(GR)m(OUP)-8 b(.)28 b(F)-8 b(or)27 b(eac)m(h)g(blo)s(c)m(k)f(the)h +(parser)f(creates)i(1)f(\(or)g(more)f(for)h(GR)m(OUPs\))g(FITS)0 +2163 y(\014le)i(HDUs.)0 2495 y Ff(11.5)136 b(Errors)0 +2745 y Fj(In)24 b(general)g(the)g(\014ts)p 692 2745 28 +4 v 33 w(execute)p 1019 2745 V 34 w(template\(\))h(function)e(tries)h +(to)h(b)s(e)f(as)g(atomic)h(as)g(p)s(ossible,)e(so)h(either)g(ev)m +(erything)0 2858 y(is)f(done)h(or)g(nothing)e(is)h(done.)39 +b(If)23 b(an)h(error)f(o)s(ccurs)h(during)e(parsing)g(of)i(the)g +(template,)i(\014ts)p 3125 2858 V 33 w(execute)p 3452 +2858 V 34 w(template\(\))0 2971 y(will)i(\(try)j(to\))h(delete)f(the)g +(top)g(lev)m(el)f(BLOCK)g(\(with)g(all)f(its)i(c)m(hildren)d(if)i(an)m +(y\))h(in)f(whic)m(h)f(the)i(error)f(o)s(ccurred,)0 3084 +y(then)g(it)g(will)e(stop)i(reading)g(the)g(template)h(\014le)e(and)h +(it)g(will)e(return)h(with)g(an)h(error.)0 3417 y Ff(11.6)136 +b(Examples)0 3667 y Fj(1.)54 b(This)33 b(template)i(\014le)f(will)e +(create)k(a)f(200)h(x)e(300)i(pixel)d(image,)k(with)c(4-b)m(yte)j(in)m +(teger)f(pixel)e(v)-5 b(alues,)35 b(in)f(the)0 3780 y(primary)28 +b(HDU:)95 4032 y Fe(SIMPLE)47 b(=)g(T)95 4145 y(BITPIX)g(=)g(32)95 +4258 y(NAXIS)g(=)g(2)239 b(/)47 b(number)f(of)h(dimensions)95 +4371 y(NAXIS1)g(=)g(100)95 b(/)47 b(length)f(of)h(first)g(axis)95 +4484 y(NAXIS2)g(=)g(200)95 b(/)47 b(length)f(of)h(second)f(axis)95 +4597 y(OBJECT)h(=)g(NGC)g(253)g(/)g(name)g(of)g(observed)f(object)0 +4850 y Fj(The)35 b(allo)m(w)m(ed)g(v)-5 b(alues)35 b(of)g(BITPIX)g(are) +h(8,)h(16,)h(32,)g(-32,)g(or)d(-64,)j(represen)m(ting,)e(resp)s(ectiv)m +(ely)-8 b(,)37 b(8-bit)e(in)m(teger,)0 4962 y(16-bit)c(in)m(teger,)g +(32-bit)f(in)m(teger,)h(32-bit)g(\015oating)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)g(or)g(64)h +(bit)f(\015oating)g(p)s(oin)m(t)f(pixels.)0 5123 y(2.)39 +b(T)-8 b(o)23 b(create)h(a)f(FITS)e(table,)k(the)d(template)h(\014rst)f +(needs)g(to)i(include)c(XTENSION)i(=)g(T)-8 b(ABLE)23 +b(or)f(BINT)-8 b(ABLE)0 5235 y(to)31 b(de\014ne)e(whether)g(it)g(is)g +(an)g(ASCI)s(I)g(or)g(binary)f(table,)i(and)g(NAXIS2)g(to)g(de\014ne)f +(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(ro)m(ws)f(in)g(the)0 5348 +y(table.)49 b(Tw)m(o)34 b(template)f(lines)f(are)i(then)f(needed)f(to)i +(de\014ne)f(the)g(name)h(\(TTYPEn\))e(and)h(FITS)g(data)h(format)0 +5461 y(\(TF)m(ORMn\))d(of)f(the)h(columns,)e(as)i(in)e(this)g(example:) +95 5714 y Fe(xtension)46 b(=)h(bintable)p eop +%%Page: 135 143 +135 142 bop 0 299 a Fh(11.6.)73 b(EXAMPLES)2993 b Fj(135)95 +555 y Fe(naxis2)47 b(=)g(40)95 668 y(ttype#)g(=)g(Name)95 +781 y(tform#)g(=)g(10a)95 894 y(ttype#)g(=)g(Npoints)95 +1007 y(tform#)g(=)g(j)95 1120 y(ttype#)g(=)g(Rate)95 +1233 y(tunit#)g(=)g(counts/s)95 1346 y(tform#)g(=)g(e)0 +1605 y Fj(The)26 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(example)d(de\014nes)g(a)i(n)m(ull)d +(primary)g(arra)m(y)i(follo)m(w)m(ed)g(b)m(y)g(a)g(40-ro)m(w)h(binary)d +(table)i(extension)g(with)f(3)0 1718 y(columns)h(called)g('Name',)j +('Np)s(oin)m(ts',)e(and)g('Rate',)i(with)d(data)i(formats)f(of)g('10A') +i(\(ASCI)s(I)d(c)m(haracter)i(string\),)0 1831 y('1J')k(\(in)m(teger\)) +h(and)e('1E')i(\(\015oating)e(p)s(oin)m(t\),)h(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 +b(.)48 b(Note)34 b(that)f(the)g(other)g(required)e(FITS)h(k)m(eyw)m +(ords)0 1944 y(\(BITPIX,)37 b(NAXIS,)g(NAXIS1,)h(PCOUNT,)e(GCOUNT,)h +(TFIELDS,)f(and)g(END\))h(do)g(not)g(need)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(ex-)0 +2057 y(plicitly)f(de\014ned)h(in)h(the)g(template)h(b)s(ecause)g(their) +f(v)-5 b(alues)37 b(can)h(b)s(e)f(inferred)e(from)j(the)f(other)h(k)m +(eyw)m(ords)g(in)0 2170 y(the)d(template.)54 b(This)33 +b(example)i(also)g(illustrates)d(that)k(the)f(templates)g(are)g +(generally)f(case-insensitiv)m(e)g(\(the)0 2283 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord)29 +b(names)g(and)g(TF)m(ORMn)f(v)-5 b(alues)29 b(are)g(con)m(v)m(erted)i +(to)e(upp)s(er-case)g(in)e(the)i(FITS)g(\014le\))f(and)g(that)i(string) +0 2396 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(generally)f(do)h(not)h(need) +f(to)h(b)s(e)f(enclosed)g(in)f(quotes.)p eop +%%Page: 136 144 +136 143 bop 0 299 a Fj(136)2250 b Fh(CHAPTER)29 b(11.)72 +b(TEMPLA)-8 b(TE)30 b(FILES)p eop +%%Page: 137 145 +137 144 bop 0 1225 a Fg(Chapter)65 b(12)0 1687 y Fm(Lo)6 +b(cal)78 b(FITS)e(Con)-6 b(v)g(en)g(tions)0 2180 y Fj(CFITSIO)25 +b(supp)s(orts)g(sev)m(eral)i(lo)s(cal)e(FITS)h(con)m(v)m(en)m(tions)i +(whic)m(h)d(are)i(not)g(de\014ned)e(in)g(the)i(o\016cial)f(NOST)g(FITS) +0 2293 y(standard)k(and)g(whic)m(h)g(are)h(not)g(necessarily)e +(recognized)i(or)g(supp)s(orted)e(b)m(y)i(other)g(FITS)f(soft)m(w)m +(are)i(pac)m(k)-5 b(ages.)0 2406 y(Programmers)36 b(should)e(b)s(e)h +(cautious)h(ab)s(out)f(using)g(these)h(features,)i(esp)s(ecially)c(if)h +(the)h(FITS)f(\014les)g(that)i(are)0 2518 y(pro)s(duced)31 +b(are)i(exp)s(ected)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(pro)s(cessed)g(b)m(y)h(other)f(soft) +m(w)m(are)i(systems)f(whic)m(h)e(do)i(not)f(use)h(the)f(CFITSIO)0 +2631 y(in)m(terface.)0 3275 y Ff(12.1)136 b(64-Bit)45 +b(Long)g(In)l(tegers)0 3587 y Fj(CFITSIO)38 b(can)i(read)f(and)g(write) +g(FITS)f(images)i(or)g(table)f(columns)f(con)m(taining)h(64-bit)h(in)m +(teger)g(data)g(v)-5 b(al-)0 3700 y(ues.)63 b(This)37 +b(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(is)f(not)i(recognized)f(in)f(the)h(o\016cial)f +(FITS)h(Standard)e(de\014nition)g(do)s(cumen)m(t,)k(but)d(it)0 +3813 y(is)31 b(lik)m(ely)f(that)i(FITS)f(will)e(ev)m(en)m(tually)i +(supp)s(ort)f(this)h(data)h(t)m(yp)s(e,)g(esp)s(ecially)e(as)i +(computers)f(that)i(run)d(64-bit)0 3926 y(op)s(erating)25 +b(systems)h(b)s(ecome)f(more)h(common.)40 b(Supp)s(ort)23 +b(for)i(reading)g(and)g(writing)e(64-bit)j(in)m(tegers)g(in)e(CFIT-)0 +4039 y(SIO)32 b(can)i(b)s(e)f(con)m(trolled)g(with)f(the)i(#de\014ne)e +(statemen)m(t)k(at)e(the)g(b)s(eginning)d(of)i(the)h(\014tsio2.h)f +(\014le)f(b)m(y)i(setting)0 4152 y(SUPPOR)-8 b(T)p 444 +4152 28 4 v 32 w(64BIT)p 729 4152 V 33 w(INTEGERS)30 +b(to)h(1)g(\(enable\))f(or)h(0)f(\(disable\).)0 4312 +y(Under)k(the)h(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)h(used)e(b)m(y)h(CFITSIO,)e(FITS)h +(64-bit)h(images)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(BITPIX)f(=)f(64,)j(and)e(the)g(64-bit)0 +4425 y(binary)e(table)i(columns)e(ha)m(v)m(e)j(TF)m(ORMn)f(=)f('K'.)i +(The)e(use)g(of)h(these)h(data)f(t)m(yp)s(es)g(on)g(platforms)e(where)i +(the)0 4538 y(size)26 b(of)h(a)g('long')f(\(or)h('longlong'\))g(in)m +(teger)g(=)f(8)h(b)m(ytes)g(is)e(rather)i(in)m(tuitiv)m(e.)38 +b(CFITSIO)25 b(will)e(write)j(64-bit)h('long')0 4650 +y(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(to)g(the)h(FITS)e(\014le)h(and) +f(read)h(them)g(bac)m(k)h(in)m(to)g('long')f(v)-5 b(ariables)29 +b(just)g(as)i(one)f(w)m(ould)f(exp)s(ect.)0 4763 y(CFITSIO)j(also)h +(supp)s(orts)f(implicit)e(data)k(t)m(yp)s(e)g(con)m(v)m(ersion)f(b)s +(et)m(w)m(een)i(64-bit)e(in)m(teger)h(images)f(and)g(columns)0 +4876 y(and)24 b(an)m(y)h(other)f(supp)s(orted)f(data)i(t)m(yp)s(e,)h +(although)e(some)h(loss)f(of)g(n)m(umerical)f(precision)g(or)i(n)m +(umerical)e(o)m(v)m(er\015o)m(w)0 4989 y(is)29 b(lik)m(ely)g(in)g(this) +h(case.)0 5149 y(The)h(situation)f(is)h(more)g(di\016cult)e(on)j +(32-bit)f(computing)g(platforms)f(that)i(do)f(not)h(supp)s(ort)e(an)h +(in)m(trinsic)e(64-)0 5262 y(bit)37 b(in)m(teger)i(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e.) +65 b(In)38 b(this)f(case)i(it)f(is)f(not)i(p)s(ossible)d(to)j(return)e +(the)i(full)d(64)j(precision)e(of)h(the)h(FITS)0 5375 +y(data)29 b(v)-5 b(alues)27 b(when)g(reading)g(the)i(v)-5 +b(alues)27 b(in)m(to)h(a)g(program)g(v)-5 b(ariable.)39 +b(CFITSIO)26 b(will)g(still)g(con)m(v)m(ert)j(the)g(64-bit)0 +5488 y(in)m(teger)d(v)-5 b(alues)25 b(in)m(to)g(an)m(y)h(other)g(supp)s +(orted)e(data)i(t)m(yp)s(e;)i(the)d(64-bit)h(double)e(data)j(t)m(yp)s +(e)e(is)g(probably)f(the)i(most)0 5601 y(useful)33 b(in)g(this)h(case.) +55 b(It)35 b(only)f(pro)m(vides)f(ab)s(out)i(52-bits)g(of)g(precision)e +(in)g(the)i(man)m(tissa,)h(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)i(so)d(some)0 +5714 y(lose)30 b(of)h(precision)d(is)i(p)s(ossible.)1882 +5942 y(137)p eop +%%Page: 138 146 +138 145 bop 0 299 a Fj(138)1741 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(12.)112 +b(LOCAL)29 b(FITS)h(CONVENTIONS)0 555 y Ff(12.2)136 b(Long)44 +b(String)i(Keyw)l(ord)f(V)-11 b(alues.)0 805 y Fj(The)43 +b(length)h(of)g(a)g(standard)g(FITS)f(string)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(is)f +(limited)f(to)j(68)f(c)m(haracters)i(b)s(ecause)e(it)f(m)m(ust)h(\014t) +0 918 y(en)m(tirely)33 b(within)e(a)j(single)f(FITS)g(header)g(k)m(eyw) +m(ord)i(record.)50 b(In)33 b(some)i(instances)e(it)g(is)g(necessary)h +(to)h(enco)s(de)0 1031 y(strings)28 b(longer)i(than)f(this)f(limit,)g +(so)i(CFITSIO)e(supp)s(orts)g(a)h(lo)s(cal)g(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)i(in)d +(whic)m(h)h(the)g(string)g(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(is)0 1144 +y(con)m(tin)m(ued)35 b(o)m(v)m(er)h(m)m(ultiple)c(k)m(eyw)m(ords.)55 +b(This)33 b(con)m(tin)m(uation)h(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)i(uses)f(an)f(amp) +s(ersand)g(c)m(haracter)i(at)0 1257 y(the)26 b(end)f(of)h(eac)m(h)g +(substring)e(to)i(indicate)f(that)h(it)g(is)e(con)m(tin)m(ued)i(on)f +(the)h(next)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord,)h(and)e(the)h(con)m(tin)m(uation)0 +1370 y(k)m(eyw)m(ords)40 b(all)f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)f(name)g(CONTINUE)f +(without)g(an)h(equal)f(sign)g(in)g(column)g(9.)69 b(The)40 +b(string)e(v)-5 b(alue)0 1483 y(ma)m(y)33 b(b)s(e)f(con)m(tin)m(ued)g +(in)g(this)f(w)m(a)m(y)i(o)m(v)m(er)h(as)f(man)m(y)g(additional)d +(CONTINUE)i(k)m(eyw)m(ords)h(as)f(is)g(required.)45 b(The)0 +1596 y(follo)m(wing)34 b(lines)f(illustrate)g(this)h(con)m(tin)m +(uation)h(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)i(whic)m(h)c(is)i(used)f(in)g(the)h(v)-5 +b(alue)35 b(of)g(the)g(STRKEY)0 1709 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord:)0 +1939 y Fe(LONGSTRN=)45 b('OGIP)i(1.0')189 b(/)48 b(The)f(OGIP)f(Long)h +(String)f(Convention)f(may)i(be)g(used.)0 2051 y(STRKEY)94 +b(=)47 b('This)g(is)g(a)g(very)g(long)g(string)f(keyword&')93 +b(/)47 b(Optional)f(Comment)0 2164 y(CONTINUE)93 b(')48 +b(value)e(that)h(is)g(continued)e(over)i(3)g(keywords)f(in)h(the)g(&)95 +b(')0 2277 y(CONTINUE)e('FITS)47 b(header.')e(/)j(This)e(is)h(another)f +(optional)g(comment.)0 2507 y Fj(It)29 b(is)f(recommended)g(that)h(the) +g(LONGSTRN)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord,)i(as)f(sho)m(wn)f(here,)h(alw)m(a)m(ys)h(b) +s(e)e(included)e(in)h(an)m(y)i(HDU)0 2620 y(that)i(uses)f(this)f +(longstring)g(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)j(as)f(a)f(w)m(arning)g(to)h(an)m(y)g +(soft)m(w)m(are)g(that)g(m)m(ust)g(read)f(the)h(k)m(eyw)m(ords.)41 +b(A)0 2733 y(routine)c(called)f(\014ts)p 712 2733 28 +4 v 33 w(write)p 948 2733 V 32 w(k)m(ey)p 1113 2733 V +33 w(longw)m(arn)h(has)g(b)s(een)g(pro)m(vided)f(in)h(CFITSIO)e(to)k +(write)d(this)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(if)e(it)0 2846 y(do)s(es)30 +b(not)h(already)f(exist.)0 3006 y(This)f(long)h(string)f(con)m(v)m(en)m +(tion)i(is)f(supp)s(orted)e(b)m(y)j(the)f(follo)m(wing)f(CFITSIO)g +(routines:)191 3236 y Fe(fits_write_key_longstr)89 b(-)48 +b(write)e(a)i(long)e(string)g(keyword)g(value)191 3349 +y(fits_insert_key_longstr)41 b(-)48 b(insert)e(a)h(long)g(string)f +(keyword)g(value)191 3462 y(fits_modify_key_longstr)41 +b(-)48 b(modify)e(a)h(long)g(string)f(keyword)g(value)191 +3575 y(fits_update_key_longstr)41 b(-)48 b(modify)e(a)h(long)g(string)f +(keyword)g(value)191 3688 y(fits_read_key_longstr)137 +b(-)48 b(read)94 b(a)48 b(long)e(string)g(keyword)g(value)191 +3801 y(fits_delete_key)425 b(-)48 b(delete)e(a)h(keyword)0 +4030 y Fj(The)36 b(\014ts)p 320 4030 V 32 w(read)p 524 +4030 V 33 w(k)m(ey)p 690 4030 V 34 w(longstr)f(routine)h(is)f(unique)f +(among)j(all)f(the)g(CFITSIO)f(routines)g(in)g(that)i(it)f(in)m +(ternally)0 4143 y(allo)s(cates)e(memory)f(for)h(the)f(long)g(string)g +(v)-5 b(alue;)35 b(all)d(the)i(other)g(CFITSIO)e(routines)g(that)i +(deal)f(with)g(arra)m(ys)0 4256 y(require)38 b(that)i(the)g(calling)e +(program)h(pre-allo)s(cate)h(adequate)g(space)g(to)g(hold)e(the)i(arra) +m(y)g(of)f(data.)69 b(Conse-)0 4369 y(quen)m(tly)-8 b(,)30 +b(programs)g(whic)m(h)f(use)h(the)g(\014ts)p 1443 4369 +V 32 w(read)p 1647 4369 V 33 w(k)m(ey)p 1813 4369 V 34 +w(longstr)f(routine)g(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)g(careful)f(to)i(free)g(the)f +(allo)s(cated)0 4482 y(memory)g(for)g(the)h(string)e(when)h(it)g(is)f +(no)h(longer)g(needed.)0 4642 y(The)g(follo)m(wing)f(2)h(routines)g +(also)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(limited)c(supp)s(ort)g(for)i(this)g(long)g(string) +f(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion,)286 4872 y Fe(fits_modify_key_str)43 +b(-)k(modify)f(an)i(existing)d(string)h(keyword)g(value)286 +4985 y(fits_update_key_str)d(-)k(update)f(a)i(string)e(keyword)g(value) +0 5215 y Fj(in)23 b(that)i(they)f(will)e(correctly)i(o)m(v)m(erwrite)h +(an)f(existing)f(long)h(string)f(v)-5 b(alue,)26 b(but)d(the)h(new)g +(string)f(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(is)f(limited)0 5328 y(to)31 +b(a)g(maxim)m(um)e(of)i(68)g(c)m(haracters)h(in)d(length.)0 +5488 y(The)g(more)h(commonly)g(used)f(CFITSIO)f(routines)h(to)h(write)f +(string)g(v)-5 b(alued)29 b(k)m(eyw)m(ords)h(\(\014ts)p +3254 5488 V 33 w(up)s(date)p 3563 5488 V 32 w(k)m(ey)h(and)0 +5601 y(\014ts)p 127 5601 V 32 w(write)p 362 5601 V 32 +w(k)m(ey\))j(do)e(not)h(supp)s(ort)d(this)h(long)h(string)g(con)m(v)m +(en)m(tion)h(and)f(only)f(supp)s(ort)g(strings)g(up)g(to)i(68)g(c)m +(har-)0 5714 y(acters)g(in)e(length.)47 b(This)30 b(has)i(b)s(een)g +(done)g(delib)s(erately)e(to)j(prev)m(en)m(t)g(programs)f(from)g(inadv) +m(erten)m(tly)g(writing)p eop +%%Page: 139 147 +139 146 bop 0 299 a Fh(12.3.)73 b(ARRA)-8 b(YS)30 b(OF)h(FIXED-LENGTH)g +(STRINGS)e(IN)h(BINAR)-8 b(Y)32 b(T)-8 b(ABLES)871 b +Fj(139)0 555 y(k)m(eyw)m(ords)25 b(using)e(this)h(non-standard)f(con)m +(v)m(en)m(tion)j(without)e(the)h(explicit)e(in)m(ten)m(t)i(of)g(the)f +(programmer)h(or)f(user.)0 668 y(The)36 b(\014ts)p 320 +668 28 4 v 32 w(write)p 555 668 V 32 w(k)m(ey)p 720 668 +V 34 w(longstr)g(routine)f(m)m(ust)i(b)s(e)f(called)g(instead)f(to)j +(write)d(long)h(strings.)58 b(This)35 b(routine)h(can)0 +781 y(also)30 b(b)s(e)g(used)g(to)h(write)e(ordinary)g(string)g(v)-5 +b(alues)30 b(less)g(than)g(68)h(c)m(haracters)h(in)d(length.)0 +1128 y Ff(12.3)136 b(Arra)l(ys)45 b(of)g(Fixed-Length)g(Strings)g(in)g +(Binary)f(T)-11 b(ables)0 1381 y Fj(The)29 b(de\014nition)e(of)j(the)f +(FITS)g(binary)e(table)j(extension)f(format)g(do)s(es)h(not)f(pro)m +(vide)g(a)g(simple)f(w)m(a)m(y)i(to)g(sp)s(ecify)0 1494 +y(that)24 b(a)f(c)m(haracter)i(column)d(con)m(tains)h(an)g(arra)m(y)h +(of)f(\014xed-length)f(strings.)37 b(T)-8 b(o)24 b(supp)s(ort)d(this)h +(feature,)j(CFITSIO)0 1607 y(uses)31 b(a)h(lo)s(cal)f(con)m(v)m(en)m +(tion)h(for)f(the)h(format)g(of)g(the)f(TF)m(ORMn)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(v) +-5 b(alue)31 b(of)h(the)g(form)f('rAw')g(where)g('r')0 +1720 y(is)c(an)g(in)m(teger)h(sp)s(ecifying)d(the)j(total)g(width)e(in) +g(c)m(haracters)j(of)f(the)g(column,)f(and)g('w')g(is)g(an)g(in)m +(teger)h(sp)s(ecifying)0 1833 y(the)c(\(\014xed\))g(length)g(of)g(an)g +(individual)19 b(unit)k(string)g(within)e(the)j(v)m(ector.)41 +b(F)-8 b(or)24 b(example,)i(TF)m(ORM1)e(=)g('120A10')0 +1946 y(w)m(ould)k(indicate)g(that)h(the)h(binary)d(table)i(column)f(is) +g(120)i(c)m(haracters)g(wide)e(and)h(consists)f(of)h(12)h(10-c)m +(haracter)0 2059 y(length)c(strings.)38 b(This)24 b(con)m(v)m(en)m +(tion)k(is)d(recognized)i(b)m(y)f(the)g(CFITSIO)f(routines)g(that)i +(read)f(or)h(write)e(strings)g(in)0 2171 y(binary)30 +b(tables.)44 b(The)31 b(Binary)g(T)-8 b(able)31 b(de\014nition)e(do)s +(cumen)m(t)i(sp)s(eci\014es)g(that)h(other)g(optional)e(c)m(haracters)j +(ma)m(y)0 2284 y(follo)m(w)f(the)h(data)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(co)s(de)g(in)e +(the)i(TF)m(ORM)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord,)h(so)f(this)e(lo)s(cal)h(con)m(v)m(en) +m(tion)i(is)e(in)f(compliance)h(with)0 2397 y(the)f(FITS)e(standard)h +(although)g(other)g(FITS)g(readers)g(ma)m(y)h(not)g(recognize)g(this)e +(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion.)0 2557 y(The)c(Binary)g(T)-8 b(able)26 +b(de\014nition)d(do)s(cumen)m(t)j(that)h(w)m(as)f(appro)m(v)m(ed)g(b)m +(y)g(the)g(IA)m(U)g(in)f(1994)j(con)m(tains)e(an)f(app)s(endix)0 +2670 y(describing)20 b(an)j(alternate)g(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)h(for)f(sp) +s(ecifying)d(arra)m(ys)j(of)g(\014xed)f(or)h(v)-5 b(ariable)22 +b(length)g(strings)f(in)h(a)h(binary)0 2783 y(table)34 +b(c)m(haracter)h(column)e(\(with)g(the)i(form)e('rA:SSTRw/nnn\)'.)50 +b(This)32 b(app)s(endix)f(w)m(as)k(not)f(o\016cially)f(v)m(oted)0 +2896 y(on)d(b)m(y)h(the)f(IA)m(U)h(and)f(hence)g(is)g(still)e(pro)m +(visional.)39 b(CFITSIO)29 b(do)s(es)h(not)g(curren)m(tly)g(supp)s(ort) +e(this)i(prop)s(osal.)0 3243 y Ff(12.4)136 b(Keyw)l(ord)45 +b(Units)h(Strings)0 3496 y Fj(One)37 b(limitation)f(of)h(the)h(curren)m +(t)g(FITS)e(Standard)h(is)g(that)h(it)f(do)s(es)g(not)h(de\014ne)f(a)h +(sp)s(eci\014c)e(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)j(for)0 3609 y(recording)29 +b(the)h(ph)m(ysical)f(units)g(of)h(a)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(v)-5 +b(alue.)40 b(The)30 b(TUNITn)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(can)g(b)s(e)g(used)f(to) +i(sp)s(ecify)e(the)0 3722 y(ph)m(ysical)34 b(units)g(of)h(the)h(v)-5 +b(alues)35 b(in)f(a)h(table)h(column,)f(but)g(there)g(is)g(no)g +(analogous)h(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)g(for)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)0 +3835 y(v)-5 b(alues.)41 b(The)30 b(commen)m(t)h(\014eld)f(of)g(the)h(k) +m(eyw)m(ord)g(is)f(often)h(used)f(for)g(this)f(purp)s(ose,)h(but)f(the) +i(units)e(are)i(usually)0 3948 y(not)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)d(in)h(a)i(w)m +(ell)e(de\014ned)h(format)g(that)h(FITS)f(readers)g(can)h(easily)e +(recognize)i(and)f(extract.)0 4108 y(T)-8 b(o)27 b(solv)m(e)h(this)d +(problem,)i(CFITSIO)e(uses)i(a)g(lo)s(cal)f(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)i(in)e +(whic)m(h)f(the)j(k)m(eyw)m(ord)f(units)e(are)j(enclosed)e(in)0 +4221 y(square)20 b(brac)m(k)m(ets)j(as)e(the)f(\014rst)g(tok)m(en)i(in) +e(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)i(commen)m(t)f(\014eld;)i(more)e(sp)s +(eci\014cally)-8 b(,)21 b(the)g(op)s(ening)e(square)0 +4334 y(brac)m(k)m(et)28 b(immediately)d(follo)m(ws)g(the)i(slash)e('/') +i(commen)m(t)h(\014eld)d(delimiter)f(and)i(a)g(single)f(space)i(c)m +(haracter.)41 b(The)0 4447 y(follo)m(wing)29 b(examples)h(illustrate)e +(k)m(eyw)m(ords)j(that)g(use)f(this)f(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion:)0 +4718 y Fe(EXPOSURE=)713 b(1800.0)47 b(/)g([s])g(elapsed)f(exposure)f +(time)0 4831 y(V_HELIO)h(=)763 b(16.23)47 b(/)g([km)g(s**\(-1\)])e +(heliocentric)g(velocity)0 4944 y(LAMBDA)94 b(=)763 b(5400.)47 +b(/)g([angstrom])e(central)h(wavelength)0 5057 y(FLUX)190 +b(=)47 b(4.9033487787637465E-30)42 b(/)47 b([J/cm**2/s])e(average)h +(flux)0 5328 y Fj(In)28 b(general,)g(the)h(units)d(named)i(in)f(the)i +(IA)m(U\(1988\))i(St)m(yle)d(Guide)f(are)i(recommended,)f(with)f(the)i +(main)e(excep-)0 5441 y(tion)j(that)h(the)f(preferred)g(unit)e(for)j +(angle)f(is)f('deg')j(for)e(degrees.)0 5601 y(The)38 +b(\014ts)p 322 5601 V 33 w(read)p 527 5601 V 33 w(k)m(ey)p +693 5601 V 33 w(unit)g(and)g(\014ts)p 1234 5601 V 32 +w(write)p 1469 5601 V 32 w(k)m(ey)p 1634 5601 V 34 w(unit)f(routines)h +(in)g(CFITSIO)f(read)i(and)f(write,)j(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 +b(,)0 5714 y(the)31 b(k)m(eyw)m(ord)f(unit)f(strings)h(in)f(an)h +(existing)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)p eop +%%Page: 140 148 +140 147 bop 0 299 a Fj(140)1741 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(12.)112 +b(LOCAL)29 b(FITS)h(CONVENTIONS)0 555 y Ff(12.5)136 b(HIERAR)l(CH)46 +b(Con)l(v)l(en)l(tion)g(for)f(Extended)h(Keyw)l(ord)f(Names)0 +805 y Fj(CFITSIO)c(supp)s(orts)g(the)i(HIERAR)m(CH)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g +(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)h(whic)m(h)e(allo)m(ws)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(names)g +(that)h(are)0 918 y(longer)33 b(then)f(8)i(c)m(haracters)g(and)f(ma)m +(y)h(con)m(tain)f(the)g(full)e(range)i(of)h(prin)m(table)d(ASCI)s(I)g +(text)j(c)m(haracters.)51 b(This)0 1031 y(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)38 +b(w)m(as)g(dev)m(elop)s(ed)e(at)i(the)f(Europ)s(ean)f(Southern)g +(Observ)-5 b(atory)37 b(\(ESO\))f(to)i(supp)s(ort)d(hierarc)m(hical)0 +1144 y(FITS)30 b(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(suc)m(h)h(as:)0 1395 +y Fe(HIERARCH)46 b(ESO)g(INS)h(FOCU)g(POS)g(=)g(-0.00002500)e(/)j +(Focus)e(position)0 1646 y Fj(Basically)-8 b(,)52 b(this)46 +b(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)j(uses)e(the)h(FITS)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h('HIERAR)m +(CH')h(to)f(indicate)f(that)h(this)e(con)m(v)m(en-)0 +1759 y(tion)e(is)f(b)s(eing)g(used,)k(then)d(the)g(actual)h(k)m(eyw)m +(ord)f(name)h(\()p Fe('ESO)i(INS)f(FOCU)h(POS')c Fj(in)g(this)g +(example\))h(b)s(e-)0 1872 y(gins)39 b(in)f(column)g(10)j(and)e(can)h +(con)m(tain)f(an)m(y)h(prin)m(table)e(ASCI)s(I)g(text)j(c)m(haracters,) +i(including)37 b(spaces.)68 b(The)0 1985 y(equals)43 +b(sign)h(marks)f(the)h(end)g(of)g(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(name)f(and)f +(is)h(follo)m(w)m(ed)f(b)m(y)h(the)g(usual)f(v)-5 b(alue)44 +b(and)f(com-)0 2098 y(men)m(t)31 b(\014elds)e(just)h(as)h(in)e +(standard)h(FITS)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords.)41 b(F)-8 b(urther)30 +b(details)g(of)h(this)e(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)j(are)f(describ)s(ed)d(at)0 +2211 y(h)m(ttp://arcdev.hq.eso.org/dicb/dicd/dic-1-1.4.h)m(tml)33 +b(\(searc)m(h)f(for)e(HIERAR)m(CH\).)0 2371 y(This)42 +b(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)k(allo)m(ws)e(a)g(m)m(uc)m(h)h(broader)e(range)i +(of)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(names)f(than)h(is)e(allo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)g(the)h +(FITS)0 2484 y(Standard.)40 b(Here)30 b(are)h(more)g(examples)f(of)g +(suc)m(h)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords:)0 2735 y Fe(HIERARCH)46 b(LongKeyword)e(=)k +(47.5)e(/)i(Keyword)e(has)h(>)g(8)g(characters,)e(and)i(mixed)f(case)0 +2848 y(HIERARCH)g(XTE$TEMP)f(=)j(98.6)e(/)i(Keyword)d(contains)h(the)h +('$')g(character)0 2961 y(HIERARCH)f(Earth)g(is)h(a)h(star)e(=)i(F)f(/) +h(Keyword)d(contains)h(embedded)f(spaces)0 3212 y Fj(CFITSIO)40 +b(will)f(transparen)m(tly)i(read)h(and)f(write)f(these)j(k)m(eyw)m +(ords,)i(so)d(application)e(programs)h(do)g(not)h(in)0 +3325 y(general)32 b(need)g(to)h(kno)m(w)f(an)m(ything)g(ab)s(out)g(the) +g(sp)s(eci\014c)f(implemen)m(tation)g(details)g(of)i(the)f(HIERAR)m(CH) +g(con-)0 3438 y(v)m(en)m(tion.)49 b(In)32 b(particular,)h(application)e +(programs)h(do)h(not)h(need)e(to)i(sp)s(ecify)e(the)h(`HIERAR)m(CH')h +(part)f(of)g(the)0 3551 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(name)f(when)g(reading)f(or)h +(writing)f(k)m(eyw)m(ords)h(\(although)g(it)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f +(included)d(if)j(desired\).)45 b(When)0 3664 y(writing)33 +b(a)i(k)m(eyw)m(ord,)h(CFITSIO)d(\014rst)h(c)m(hec)m(ks)i(to)f(see)g +(if)f(the)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(name)f(is)g(legal)g(as)h(a)g(standard)f +(FITS)0 3776 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord)k(\(no)g(more)f(than)h(8)g(c)m(haracters)h +(long)e(and)g(con)m(taining)g(only)f(letters,)k(digits,)e(or)g(a)g(min) +m(us)d(sign)i(or)0 3889 y(underscore\).)68 b(If)39 b(so)h(it)f(writes)g +(it)g(as)g(a)h(standard)f(FITS)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord,)k(otherwise)c(it)g +(uses)g(the)h(hierarc)m(h)e(con-)0 4002 y(v)m(en)m(tion)33 +b(to)g(write)f(the)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)48 b(The)32 b(maxim)m(um)f(k)m(eyw) +m(ord)i(name)f(length)g(is)g(67)h(c)m(haracters,)i(whic)m(h)c(lea)m(v)m +(es)0 4115 y(only)c(1)i(space)g(for)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)28 +b(\014eld.)38 b(A)29 b(more)f(practical)g(limit)e(is)i(ab)s(out)g(40)h +(c)m(haracters,)i(whic)m(h)c(lea)m(v)m(es)i(enough)0 +4228 y(ro)s(om)f(for)h(most)f(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(v)-5 b(alues.)40 +b(CFITSIO)27 b(returns)g(an)h(error)h(if)e(there)i(is)e(not)i(enough)f +(ro)s(om)h(for)f(b)s(oth)g(the)0 4341 y(k)m(eyw)m(ord)k(name)f(and)f +(the)i(k)m(eyw)m(ord)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(on)g(the)h(80-c)m(haracter)h +(card,)f(except)g(for)f(string-v)-5 b(alued)30 b(k)m(eyw)m(ords)0 +4454 y(whic)m(h)i(are)h(simply)d(truncated)j(so)g(that)h(the)f(closing) +f(quote)i(c)m(haracter)g(falls)d(in)h(column)g(80.)49 +b(In)32 b(the)h(curren)m(t)0 4567 y(implemen)m(tation,)28 +b(CFITSIO)f(preserv)m(es)i(the)g(case)h(of)f(the)g(letters)g(when)f +(writing)f(the)i(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(name,)g(but)f(it)0 4680 +y(is)c(case-insensitiv)m(e)g(when)g(reading)g(or)h(searc)m(hing)g(for)g +(a)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)40 b(The)24 b(curren)m(t)h(implemen)m(tation)e +(allo)m(ws)i(an)m(y)0 4793 y(ASCI)s(I)k(text)j(c)m(haracter)h(\(ASCI)s +(I)c(32)j(to)f(ASCI)s(I)f(126\))i(in)e(the)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)g(name)g +(except)h(for)e(the)h('=')g(c)m(haracter.)0 4906 y(A)f(space)h(is)f +(also)g(required)f(on)h(either)g(side)f(of)i(the)f(equal)g(sign.)0 +5238 y Ff(12.6)136 b(Tile-Compressed)46 b(Image)g(F)-11 +b(ormat)0 5488 y Fj(CFITSIO)36 b(supp)s(orts)f(a)j(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion) +h(for)e(compressing)g(n-dimensional)d(images)j(and)g(storing)g(the)h +(resulting)0 5601 y(b)m(yte)i(stream)g(in)e(a)i(v)-5 +b(ariable-length)38 b(column)g(in)g(a)i(FITS)f(binary)e(table.)68 +b(The)39 b(general)h(principle)c(used)i(in)0 5714 y(this)33 +b(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)j(is)d(to)i(\014rst)f(divide)e(the)j +(n-dimensional)c(image)k(in)m(to)f(a)h(rectangular)f(grid)f(of)i +(subimages)e(or)p eop +%%Page: 141 149 +141 148 bop 0 299 a Fh(12.6.)73 b(TILE-COMPRESSED)28 +b(IMA)m(GE)j(F)m(ORMA)-8 b(T)1838 b Fj(141)0 555 y(`tiles'.)55 +b(Eac)m(h)35 b(tile)g(is)f(then)h(compressed)g(as)g(a)h(con)m(tin)m +(uous)f(blo)s(c)m(k)f(of)i(data,)h(and)e(the)g(resulting)e(compressed)0 +668 y(b)m(yte)k(stream)h(is)e(stored)h(in)e(a)i(ro)m(w)g(of)g(a)h(v)-5 +b(ariable)35 b(length)h(column)g(in)g(a)h(FITS)f(binary)f(table.)60 +b(By)37 b(dividing)0 781 y(the)j(image)f(in)m(to)g(tiles)g(it)g(is)f +(generally)h(p)s(ossible)e(to)j(extract)h(and)d(uncompress)g +(subsections)h(of)g(the)h(image)0 894 y(without)c(ha)m(ving)h(to)h +(uncompress)e(the)h(whole)f(image.)61 b(The)37 b(default)f(tiling)f +(pattern)j(treats)g(eac)m(h)g(ro)m(w)f(of)h(a)0 1007 +y(2-dimensional)33 b(image)i(\(or)g(higher)e(dimensional)f(cub)s(e\))j +(as)g(a)g(tile,)h(suc)m(h)e(that)i(eac)m(h)g(tile)e(con)m(tains)h +(NAXIS1)0 1120 y(pixels.)57 b(An)m(y)36 b(other)h(rectangular)f(tiling) +f(pattern)h(ma)m(y)h(also)f(b)s(e)g(de\014ned.)58 b(In)35 +b(the)i(case)g(of)g(relativ)m(ely)e(small)0 1233 y(images)j(it)g(ma)m +(y)h(b)s(e)f(su\016cien)m(t)f(to)i(compress)f(the)h(en)m(tire)f(image)g +(as)h(a)f(single)f(tile,)j(resulting)c(in)h(an)h(output)0 +1346 y(binary)28 b(table)i(with)f(1)h(ro)m(w.)41 b(In)29 +b(the)h(case)h(of)f(3-dimensional)e(data)j(cub)s(es,)e(it)h(ma)m(y)g(b) +s(e)f(adv)-5 b(an)m(tageous)32 b(to)f(treat)0 1458 y(eac)m(h)i(plane)e +(of)h(the)g(cub)s(e)f(as)h(a)g(separate)h(tile)e(if)g(application)f +(soft)m(w)m(are)k(t)m(ypically)c(needs)i(to)g(access)i(the)e(cub)s(e)0 +1571 y(on)e(a)h(plane)e(b)m(y)i(plane)e(basis.)0 1732 +y(See)41 b(section)f(5.6)i(\\Image)f(Compression")e(for)h(more)h +(information)e(on)h(using)f(this)g(tile-compressed)h(image)0 +1844 y(format.)p eop +%%Page: 142 150 +142 149 bop 0 299 a Fj(142)1741 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(12.)112 +b(LOCAL)29 b(FITS)h(CONVENTIONS)p eop +%%Page: 143 151 +143 150 bop 0 1225 a Fg(Chapter)65 b(13)0 1687 y Fm(Optimizing)76 +b(Programs)0 2180 y Fj(CFITSIO)22 b(has)h(b)s(een)f(carefully)g +(designed)g(to)i(obtain)f(the)g(highest)g(p)s(ossible)d(sp)s(eed)j +(when)f(reading)g(and)h(writing)0 2293 y(FITS)33 b(\014les.)50 +b(In)33 b(order)h(to)g(ac)m(hiev)m(e)h(the)f(b)s(est)g(p)s(erformance,) +g(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)i(application)d(programmers)g(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)0 +2406 y(careful)23 b(to)i(call)e(the)h(CFITSIO)f(routines)f +(appropriately)h(and)g(in)g(an)g(e\016cien)m(t)i(sequence;)i +(inappropriate)21 b(usage)0 2518 y(of)31 b(CFITSIO)d(routines)i(can)g +(greatly)h(slo)m(w)f(do)m(wn)g(the)h(execution)f(sp)s(eed)g(of)g(a)h +(program.)0 2679 y(The)f(maxim)m(um)g(p)s(ossible)e(I/O)j(sp)s(eed)f +(of)h(CFITSIO)e(dep)s(ends)g(of)i(course)g(on)f(the)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(of)g +(computer)g(system)0 2791 y(that)g(it)e(is)g(running)e(on.)41 +b(As)30 b(a)g(rough)g(guide,)f(the)h(curren)m(t)g(generation)g(of)g(w)m +(orkstations)g(can)h(ac)m(hiev)m(e)g(sp)s(eeds)0 2904 +y(of)k(2)g({)g(10)g(MB/s)h(when)e(reading)g(or)g(writing)f(FITS)h +(images)h(and)f(similar,)f(or)i(sligh)m(tly)e(slo)m(w)m(er)i(sp)s(eeds) +e(with)0 3017 y(FITS)c(binary)g(tables.)40 b(Reading)30 +b(of)g(FITS)g(\014les)f(can)i(o)s(ccur)f(at)h(ev)m(en)f(higher)f(rates) +i(\(30MB/s)i(or)d(more\))h(if)e(the)0 3130 y(FITS)d(\014le)g(is)f +(still)g(cac)m(hed)j(in)d(system)i(memory)f(follo)m(wing)g(a)h +(previous)e(read)h(or)h(write)f(op)s(eration)g(on)h(the)g(same)0 +3243 y(\014le.)43 b(T)-8 b(o)32 b(more)g(accurately)g(predict)e(the)i +(b)s(est)f(p)s(erformance)g(that)h(is)e(p)s(ossible)f(on)j(an)m(y)g +(particular)d(system,)k(a)0 3356 y(diagnostic)f(program)h(called)f +(\\sp)s(eed.c")h(is)f(included)e(with)i(the)h(CFITSIO)e(distribution)e +(whic)m(h)j(can)h(b)s(e)f(run)0 3469 y(to)f(appro)m(ximately)f(measure) +g(the)h(maxim)m(um)e(p)s(ossible)f(sp)s(eed)h(of)i(writing)d(and)i +(reading)g(a)g(test)i(FITS)d(\014le.)0 3629 y(The)k(follo)m(wing)e(2)j +(sections)f(pro)m(vide)g(some)g(bac)m(kground)g(on)h(ho)m(w)f(CFITSIO)f +(in)m(ternally)f(manages)j(the)f(data)0 3742 y(I/O)g(and)g(describ)s +(es)e(some)j(strategies)g(that)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(used)h(to)h(optimize) +e(the)i(pro)s(cessing)e(sp)s(eed)g(of)h(soft)m(w)m(are)0 +3855 y(that)e(uses)f(CFITSIO.)0 4271 y Ff(13.1)136 b(Ho)l(w)45 +b(CFITSIO)f(Manages)i(Data)g(I/O)0 4538 y Fj(Man)m(y)22 +b(CFITSIO)e(op)s(erations)h(in)m(v)m(olv)m(e)h(transferring)e(only)h(a) +h(small)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)h(of)h(b)m(ytes)g(to)g(or)g(from)f(the)h +(FITS)f(\014le)0 4650 y(\(e.g,)31 b(reading)d(a)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord,)h(or)f +(writing)e(a)i(ro)m(w)g(in)e(a)i(table\);)h(it)f(w)m(ould)e(b)s(e)h(v)m +(ery)i(ine\016cien)m(t)e(to)h(ph)m(ysically)e(read)0 +4763 y(or)32 b(write)g(suc)m(h)g(small)e(blo)s(c)m(ks)i(of)g(data)h +(directly)e(in)g(the)h(FITS)g(\014le)f(on)h(disk,)g(therefore)g +(CFITSIO)f(main)m(tains)0 4876 y(a)38 b(set)g(of)g(in)m(ternal)f +(Input{Output)e(\(IO\))j(bu\013ers)f(in)f(RAM)i(memory)g(that)g(eac)m +(h)h(con)m(tain)f(one)g(FITS)f(blo)s(c)m(k)0 4989 y(\(2880)27 +b(b)m(ytes\))f(of)f(data.)40 b(Whenev)m(er)25 b(CFITSIO)f(needs)g(to)i +(access)g(data)g(in)e(the)h(FITS)f(\014le,)i(it)e(\014rst)g(transfers)h +(the)0 5102 y(FITS)30 b(blo)s(c)m(k)g(con)m(taining)g(those)h(b)m(ytes) +g(in)m(to)f(one)h(of)f(the)h(IO)f(bu\013ers)f(in)g(memory)-8 +b(.)42 b(The)30 b(next)g(time)g(CFITSIO)0 5215 y(needs)36 +b(to)g(access)i(b)m(ytes)e(in)f(the)h(same)h(blo)s(c)m(k)e(it)h(can)g +(then)g(go)h(to)f(the)h(fast)f(IO)f(bu\013er)g(rather)h(than)g(using)f +(a)0 5328 y(m)m(uc)m(h)d(slo)m(w)m(er)h(system)f(disk)f(access)i +(routine.)45 b(The)32 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(a)m(v)-5 +b(ailable)32 b(IO)g(bu\013ers)f(is)g(determined)g(b)m(y)h(the)0 +5441 y(NIOBUF)f(parameter)g(\(in)e(\014tsio2.h\))h(and)g(is)g(curren)m +(tly)f(set)i(to)g(40)g(b)m(y)g(default.)0 5601 y(Whenev)m(er)24 +b(CFITSIO)f(reads)g(or)h(writes)f(data)h(it)g(\014rst)f(c)m(hec)m(ks)i +(to)g(see)f(if)f(that)h(blo)s(c)m(k)g(of)g(the)g(FITS)f(\014le)f(is)h +(already)0 5714 y(loaded)32 b(in)m(to)g(one)g(of)g(the)g(IO)g +(bu\013ers.)44 b(If)32 b(not,)h(and)e(if)g(there)h(is)f(an)h(empt)m(y)h +(IO)e(bu\013er)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable,)32 b(then)g(it)g(will)1882 +5942 y(143)p eop +%%Page: 144 152 +144 151 bop 0 299 a Fj(144)1876 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(13.)112 +b(OPTIMIZING)29 b(PR)m(OGRAMS)0 555 y Fj(load)j(that)i(blo)s(c)m(k)e +(in)m(to)g(the)h(IO)g(bu\013er)e(\(when)h(reading)g(a)h(FITS)f +(\014le\))g(or)h(will)d(initialize)g(a)j(new)f(blo)s(c)m(k)h(\(when)0 +668 y(writing)i(to)j(a)g(FITS)f(\014le\).)61 b(If)37 +b(all)f(the)i(IO)e(bu\013ers)h(are)g(already)g(full,)g(it)g(m)m(ust)h +(decide)e(whic)m(h)g(one)i(to)g(reuse)0 781 y(\(generally)32 +b(the)h(one)g(that)g(has)f(b)s(een)g(accessed)i(least)e(recen)m(tly\),) +i(and)e(\015ush)f(the)i(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(bac)m(k)g(to)f(disk)e(if)g(it) +0 894 y(has)f(b)s(een)g(mo)s(di\014ed)e(b)s(efore)i(loading)f(the)i +(new)f(blo)s(c)m(k.)0 1054 y(The)g(one)g(ma)5 b(jor)30 +b(exception)h(to)g(the)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)h(pro)s(cess)f(o)s(ccurs)g +(whenev)m(er)g(a)g(large)h(con)m(tiguous)f(set)h(of)f(b)m(ytes)h(are)0 +1167 y(accessed,)37 b(as)d(migh)m(t)h(o)s(ccur)f(when)f(reading)h(or)g +(writing)e(a)j(FITS)f(image.)53 b(In)34 b(this)f(case)i(CFITSIO)e(b)m +(ypasses)0 1280 y(the)i(in)m(ternal)f(IO)h(bu\013ers)f(and)g(simply)f +(reads)i(or)g(writes)g(the)g(desired)f(b)m(ytes)h(directly)f(in)g(the)h +(disk)f(\014le)g(with)0 1393 y(a)j(single)e(call)g(to)i(a)g(lo)m(w-lev) +m(el)f(\014le)f(read)h(or)h(write)e(routine.)57 b(The)36 +b(minim)m(um)e(threshold)g(for)i(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)0 +1506 y(b)m(ytes)40 b(to)g(read)f(or)g(write)f(this)h(w)m(a)m(y)h(is)e +(set)i(b)m(y)f(the)g(MINDIRECT)g(parameter)h(and)e(is)h(curren)m(tly)f +(set)i(to)g(3)0 1619 y(FITS)28 b(blo)s(c)m(ks)f(=)h(8640)i(b)m(ytes.)41 +b(This)27 b(is)g(the)h(most)h(e\016cien)m(t)g(w)m(a)m(y)g(to)g(read)g +(or)f(write)g(large)g(c)m(h)m(unks)g(of)g(data)i(and)0 +1732 y(can)37 b(ac)m(hiev)m(e)h(IO)e(transfer)g(rates)h(of)g(5)g({)g +(10MB/s)i(or)d(greater.)61 b(Note)38 b(that)f(this)f(fast)h(direct)f +(IO)g(pro)s(cess)g(is)0 1844 y(not)29 b(applicable)d(when)h(accessing)i +(columns)f(of)g(data)h(in)e(a)i(FITS)f(table)g(b)s(ecause)h(the)f(b)m +(ytes)h(are)g(generally)f(not)0 1957 y(con)m(tiguous)h(since)f(they)h +(are)h(in)m(terlea)m(v)m(ed)f(b)m(y)g(the)g(other)g(columns)f(of)h +(data)g(in)f(the)h(table.)40 b(This)27 b(explains)g(wh)m(y)0 +2070 y(the)k(sp)s(eed)e(for)h(accessing)h(FITS)f(tables)g(is)f +(generally)h(slo)m(w)m(er)g(than)h(accessing)f(FITS)g(images.)0 +2230 y(Giv)m(en)h(this)g(bac)m(kground)g(information,)f(the)i(general)f +(strategy)i(for)e(e\016cien)m(tly)g(accessing)h(FITS)f(\014les)f +(should)0 2343 y(b)s(e)f(apparen)m(t:)41 b(when)28 b(dealing)h(with)f +(FITS)h(images,)h(read)f(or)h(write)f(large)g(c)m(h)m(unks)h(of)g(data) +g(at)g(a)g(time)f(so)h(that)0 2456 y(the)25 b(direct)f(IO)g(mec)m +(hanism)f(will)f(b)s(e)i(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed;)j(when)d(accessing)h(FITS)f +(headers)g(or)g(FITS)g(tables,)i(on)e(the)h(other)0 2569 +y(hand,)35 b(once)g(a)g(particular)e(FITS)h(blo)s(c)m(k)h(has)f(b)s +(een)g(loading)g(in)m(to)g(one)h(of)g(the)g(IO)f(bu\013ers,)h(try)g(to) +g(access)h(all)0 2682 y(the)30 b(needed)g(information)e(in)h(that)h +(blo)s(c)m(k)g(b)s(efore)g(it)f(gets)i(\015ushed)d(out)j(of)f(the)g(IO) +f(bu\013er.)40 b(It)30 b(is)f(imp)s(ortan)m(t)g(to)0 +2795 y(a)m(v)m(oid)e(the)g(situation)e(where)h(the)h(same)g(FITS)e(blo) +s(c)m(k)h(is)g(b)s(eing)f(read)h(then)g(\015ushed)f(from)h(a)h(IO)f +(bu\013er)f(m)m(ultiple)0 2908 y(times.)0 3068 y(The)30 +b(follo)m(wing)f(section)h(giv)m(es)h(more)f(sp)s(eci\014c)g +(suggestions)g(for)g(optimizing)f(the)h(use)g(of)h(CFITSIO.)0 +3481 y Ff(13.2)136 b(Optimization)46 b(Strategies)0 3747 +y Fj(1.)54 b(When)34 b(dealing)f(with)h(a)h(FITS)e(primary)g(arra)m(y)i +(or)g(IMA)m(GE)g(extension,)h(it)e(is)f(more)i(e\016cien)m(t)g(to)g +(read)g(or)0 3860 y(write)30 b(large)g(c)m(h)m(unks)g(of)g(the)h(image) +f(at)i(a)e(time)g(\(at)i(least)e(3)h(FITS)f(blo)s(c)m(ks)f(=)h(8640)i +(b)m(ytes\))f(so)g(that)g(the)f(direct)0 3973 y(IO)j(mec)m(hanism)g +(will)d(b)s(e)j(used)g(as)g(describ)s(ed)f(in)g(the)h(previous)f +(section.)50 b(Smaller)32 b(c)m(h)m(unks)h(of)g(data)h(are)g(read)0 +4086 y(or)d(written)f(via)h(the)g(IO)f(bu\013ers,)g(whic)m(h)g(is)g +(somewhat)h(less)f(e\016cien)m(t)i(b)s(ecause)f(of)g(the)g(extra)h(cop) +m(y)f(op)s(eration)0 4199 y(and)26 b(additional)e(b)s(o)s(okk)m(eeping) +i(steps)h(that)g(are)g(required.)38 b(In)26 b(principle)d(it)j(is)g +(more)g(e\016cien)m(t)h(to)h(read)e(or)h(write)0 4312 +y(as)i(big)f(an)h(arra)m(y)h(of)f(image)g(pixels)e(at)j(one)f(time)f +(as)i(p)s(ossible,)d(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)j(if)e(the)i(arra)m(y)f(b)s +(ecomes)g(so)g(large)g(that)0 4425 y(the)j(op)s(erating)f(system)g +(cannot)h(store)g(it)f(all)g(in)f(RAM,)i(then)f(the)h(p)s(erformance)f +(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(degraded)g(b)s(ecause)0 4538 y(of)g(the)f(increased)g +(sw)m(apping)f(of)h(virtual)f(memory)h(to)h(disk.)0 4698 +y(2.)51 b(When)33 b(dealing)g(with)f(FITS)h(tables,)i(the)f(most)g(imp) +s(ortan)m(t)f(e\016ciency)g(factor)i(in)d(the)i(soft)m(w)m(are)h +(design)e(is)0 4811 y(to)k(read)f(or)g(write)f(the)h(data)h(in)e(the)h +(FITS)g(\014le)f(in)g(a)h(single)f(pass)h(through)f(the)h(\014le.)57 +b(An)36 b(example)g(of)g(p)s(o)s(or)0 4924 y(program)g(design)g(w)m +(ould)f(b)s(e)h(to)h(read)g(a)f(large,)j(3-column)d(table)g(b)m(y)h +(sequen)m(tially)e(reading)h(the)g(en)m(tire)h(\014rst)0 +5036 y(column,)24 b(then)g(going)g(bac)m(k)g(to)h(read)e(the)h(2nd)g +(column,)g(and)f(\014nally)f(the)i(3rd)f(column;)i(this)e(ob)m(viously) +f(requires)0 5149 y(3)27 b(passes)g(through)g(the)g(\014le)f(whic)m(h)g +(could)g(triple)f(the)j(execution)f(time)g(of)g(an)g(IO)f(limited)f +(program.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)27 b(small)0 5262 y(tables)j(this)f(is)h(not)g +(imp)s(ortan)m(t,)g(but)g(when)f(reading)g(m)m(ulti-megab)m(yte)i +(sized)f(tables)g(these)h(ine\016ciencies)e(can)0 5375 +y(b)s(ecome)g(signi\014can)m(t.)39 b(The)28 b(more)h(e\016cien)m(t)g +(pro)s(cedure)e(in)h(this)f(case)j(is)d(to)j(read)e(or)h(write)f(only)f +(as)i(man)m(y)g(ro)m(ws)0 5488 y(of)j(the)g(table)f(as)h(will)d(\014t)j +(in)m(to)f(the)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)31 b(in)m(ternal)f(IO)h(bu\013ers,) +h(then)f(access)i(all)d(the)i(necessary)g(columns)0 5601 +y(of)f(data)h(within)c(that)k(range)f(of)g(ro)m(ws.)43 +b(Then)29 b(after)j(the)f(program)g(is)f(completely)g(\014nished)f +(with)g(the)j(data)f(in)0 5714 y(those)i(ro)m(ws)e(it)h(can)g(mo)m(v)m +(e)i(on)e(to)g(the)h(next)f(range)g(of)g(ro)m(ws)g(that)h(will)c(\014t) +j(in)f(the)h(bu\013ers,)f(con)m(tin)m(uing)g(in)g(this)p +eop +%%Page: 145 153 +145 152 bop 0 299 a Fh(13.2.)73 b(OPTIMIZA)-8 b(TION)29 +b(STRA)-8 b(TEGIES)2186 b Fj(145)0 555 y(w)m(a)m(y)28 +b(un)m(til)d(the)h(en)m(tire)h(\014le)f(has)g(b)s(een)g(pro)s(cessed.) +39 b(By)27 b(using)e(this)h(pro)s(cedure)f(of)i(accessing)g(all)f(the)g +(columns)g(of)0 668 y(a)k(table)f(in)f(parallel)f(rather)i(than)g +(sequen)m(tially)-8 b(,)29 b(eac)m(h)h(blo)s(c)m(k)f(of)h(the)f(FITS)g +(\014le)f(will)e(only)j(b)s(e)f(read)i(or)f(written)0 +781 y(once.)0 941 y(The)g(optimal)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)i(ro)m(ws)f +(to)i(read)e(or)g(write)g(at)h(one)g(time)f(in)f(a)i(giv)m(en)f(table)h +(dep)s(ends)d(on)j(the)f(width)f(of)0 1054 y(the)j(table)g(ro)m(w,)g +(on)g(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(IO)g(bu\013ers)e(that)j(ha)m(v)m(e)g +(b)s(een)e(allo)s(cated)h(in)f(CFITSIO,)g(and)g(also)h(on)g(the)0 +1167 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(other)g(FITS)f(\014les)g(that)i(are)f(op) +s(en)f(at)i(the)f(same)g(time)g(\(since)g(one)g(IO)f(bu\013er)g(is)g +(alw)m(a)m(ys)i(reserv)m(ed)0 1280 y(for)i(eac)m(h)h(op)s(en)e(FITS)g +(\014le\).)50 b(The)34 b(CFITSIO)e(Iterator)j(routine)e(will)e +(automatically)j(use)f(the)h(optimal-sized)0 1393 y(bu\013er,)43 +b(but)c(there)i(is)f(also)h(a)g(CFITSIO)e(routine)h(that)h(will)d +(return)i(the)h(optimal)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)h(of)g(ro)m(ws)h(for)g(a)0 +1506 y(giv)m(en)36 b(table:)52 b(\014ts)p 644 1506 28 +4 v 32 w(get)p 796 1506 V 34 w(ro)m(wsize.)57 b(It)37 +b(is)d(not)j(critical)d(to)j(use)f(exactly)g(the)h(v)-5 +b(alue)35 b(of)h(nro)m(ws)f(returned)g(b)m(y)h(this)0 +1619 y(routine,)30 b(as)h(long)f(as)h(one)g(do)s(es)f(not)h(exceed)g +(it.)41 b(Using)30 b(a)h(v)m(ery)g(small)e(v)-5 b(alue)30 +b(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er)i(can)f(also)f(lead)h(to)g(p)s(o)s(or)0 +1732 y(p)s(erformance)f(b)s(ecause)g(of)h(the)f(o)m(v)m(erhead)i(from)e +(the)g(larger)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(subroutine)d(calls.)0 +1892 y(The)36 b(optimal)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)h(ro)m(ws)g(returned)f +(b)m(y)i(\014ts)p 1829 1892 V 32 w(get)p 1981 1892 V +34 w(ro)m(wsize)f(is)g(v)-5 b(alid)34 b(only)h(as)i(long)f(as)g(the)h +(application)0 2005 y(program)27 b(is)f(only)g(reading)h(or)g(writing)e +(data)j(in)e(the)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(table.)40 b(An)m(y)27 +b(other)g(calls)g(to)h(access)g(data)g(in)e(the)0 2118 +y(table)31 b(header)g(or)g(in)e(an)m(y)j(other)f(FITS)f(\014le)g(w)m +(ould)g(cause)h(additional)e(blo)s(c)m(ks)i(of)g(data)g(to)h(b)s(e)e +(loaded)h(in)m(to)g(the)0 2230 y(IO)c(bu\013ers)g(displacing)f(data)i +(from)g(the)g(original)e(table,)j(and)e(should)f(b)s(e)i(a)m(v)m(oided) +g(during)e(the)i(critical)f(p)s(erio)s(d)0 2343 y(while)h(the)j(table)f +(is)g(b)s(eing)f(read)h(or)g(written.)0 2503 y(Occasionally)f(it)g(is)f +(necessary)i(to)h(sim)m(ultaneously)c(access)k(more)f(than)f(one)h +(FITS)f(table,)h(for)g(example)f(when)0 2616 y(transferring)41 +b(v)-5 b(alues)42 b(from)g(an)h(input)d(table)j(to)g(an)g(output)f +(table.)78 b(In)42 b(cases)h(lik)m(e)f(this,)j(one)e(should)e(call)0 +2729 y(\014ts)p 127 2729 V 32 w(get)p 279 2729 V 34 w(ro)m(wsize)24 +b(to)g(get)h(the)f(optimal)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)i(ro)m(ws)g(for)f +(eac)m(h)i(table)e(separately)-8 b(,)26 b(than)d(reduce)h(the)f(n)m(um) +m(b)s(er)0 2842 y(of)31 b(ro)m(ws)h(prop)s(ortionally)-8 +b(.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)32 b(example,)f(if)f(the)i(optimal)e(n)m(um)m(b)s +(er)g(of)h(ro)m(ws)g(in)f(the)i(input)d(table)i(is)g(3600)i(and)0 +2955 y(is)f(1400)i(in)e(the)h(output)f(table,)h(then)g(these)g(v)-5 +b(alues)32 b(should)f(b)s(e)h(cut)h(in)e(half)h(to)h(1800)i(and)d(700,) +j(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)0 3068 y(if)29 b(b)s(oth)h(tables)g(are)h +(going)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(accessed)i(at)f(the)f(same)h(time.)0 +3228 y(3.)39 b(Use)25 b(the)g(CFITSIO)e(Iterator)j(routine.)38 +b(This)23 b(routine)h(pro)m(vides)f(a)j(more)e(`ob)5 +b(ject)26 b(orien)m(ted')f(w)m(a)m(y)h(of)f(reading)0 +3341 y(and)34 b(writing)e(FITS)i(\014les)f(whic)m(h)h(automatically)g +(uses)g(the)g(most)h(appropriate)f(data)h(bu\013er)e(size)h(to)i(ac)m +(hiev)m(e)0 3454 y(the)31 b(maxim)m(um)e(I/O)h(throughput.)0 +3614 y(4.)39 b(Use)24 b(binary)e(table)h(extensions)g(rather)g(than)h +(ASCI)s(I)e(table)h(extensions)g(for)g(b)s(etter)h(e\016ciency)g(when)e +(dealing)0 3727 y(with)36 b(tabular)h(data.)62 b(The)37 +b(I/O)g(to)h(ASCI)s(I)e(tables)h(is)g(slo)m(w)m(er)g(b)s(ecause)h(of)f +(the)h(o)m(v)m(erhead)h(in)d(formatting)h(or)0 3840 y(parsing)31 +b(the)h(ASCI)s(I)f(data)i(\014elds)e(and)h(b)s(ecause)g(ASCI)s(I)f +(tables)h(are)h(ab)s(out)f(t)m(wice)h(as)g(large)f(as)h(binary)d +(tables)0 3953 y(with)f(the)i(same)f(information)f(con)m(ten)m(t.)0 +4113 y(5.)64 b(Design)38 b(soft)m(w)m(are)h(so)g(that)f(it)g(reads)g +(the)g(FITS)f(header)h(k)m(eyw)m(ords)g(in)f(the)h(same)h(order)e(in)g +(whic)m(h)g(they)0 4226 y(o)s(ccur)28 b(in)g(the)h(\014le.)39 +b(When)28 b(reading)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords,)i(CFITSIO)d(searc)m(hes)i(forw)m +(ard)g(starting)f(from)g(the)h(p)s(osition)e(of)0 4339 +y(the)i(last)h(k)m(eyw)m(ord)f(that)h(w)m(as)g(read.)40 +b(If)29 b(it)f(reac)m(hes)j(the)e(end)g(of)g(the)h(header)f(without)f +(\014nding)f(the)i(k)m(eyw)m(ord,)h(it)0 4452 y(then)j(go)s(es)h(bac)m +(k)g(to)h(the)e(start)h(of)g(the)g(header)f(and)g(con)m(tin)m(ues)g +(the)h(searc)m(h)g(do)m(wn)f(to)h(the)g(p)s(osition)d(where)i(it)0 +4565 y(started.)41 b(In)30 b(practice,)h(as)f(long)g(as)h(the)f(en)m +(tire)h(FITS)e(header)h(can)h(\014t)f(at)h(one)g(time)f(in)f(the)h(a)m +(v)-5 b(ailable)30 b(in)m(ternal)0 4678 y(IO)36 b(bu\013ers,)h(then)f +(the)g(header)g(k)m(eyw)m(ord)h(access)g(will)d(b)s(e)i(v)m(ery)g(fast) +h(and)f(it)f(mak)m(es)i(little)e(di\013erence)h(whic)m(h)0 +4791 y(order)30 b(they)g(are)h(accessed.)0 4951 y(6.)40 +b(Av)m(oid)28 b(the)f(use)h(of)f(scaling)g(\(b)m(y)h(using)e(the)i +(BSCALE)e(and)h(BZER)m(O)h(or)f(TSCAL)g(and)g(TZER)m(O)f(k)m(eyw)m +(ords\))0 5064 y(in)34 b(FITS)g(\014les)f(since)i(the)g(scaling)f(op)s +(erations)g(add)g(to)i(the)f(pro)s(cessing)e(time)i(needed)f(to)i(read) +f(or)g(write)f(the)0 5176 y(data.)39 b(In)24 b(some)h(cases)h(it)e(ma)m +(y)h(b)s(e)f(more)g(e\016cien)m(t)h(to)h(temp)s(orarily)c(turn)i(o\013) +h(the)f(scaling)g(\(using)f(\014ts)p 3490 5176 V 33 w(set)p +3634 5176 V 33 w(bscale)0 5289 y(or)30 b(\014ts)p 238 +5289 V 33 w(set)p 382 5289 V 33 w(tscale\))i(and)d(then)h(read)h(or)f +(write)g(the)g(ra)m(w)h(unscaled)e(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(in)f(the)h(FITS)g +(\014le.)0 5450 y(7.)77 b(Av)m(oid)42 b(using)f(the)i(`implicit)c(data) +44 b(t)m(yp)s(e)e(con)m(v)m(ersion')h(capabilit)m(y)e(in)g(CFITSIO.)g +(F)-8 b(or)44 b(instance,)h(when)0 5562 y(reading)27 +b(a)h(FITS)f(image)h(with)e(BITPIX)i(=)f(-32)i(\(32-bit)f(\015oating)g +(p)s(oin)m(t)f(pixels\),)g(read)g(the)h(data)g(in)m(to)g(a)g(single)0 +5675 y(precision)38 b(\015oating)i(p)s(oin)m(t)f(data)i(arra)m(y)f(in)f +(the)h(program.)69 b(F)-8 b(orcing)40 b(CFITSIO)f(to)i(con)m(v)m(ert)g +(the)f(data)h(to)g(a)p eop +%%Page: 146 154 +146 153 bop 0 299 a Fj(146)1876 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(13.)112 +b(OPTIMIZING)29 b(PR)m(OGRAMS)0 555 y Fj(di\013eren)m(t)h(data)h(t)m +(yp)s(e)f(can)h(slo)m(w)f(the)h(program.)0 715 y(8.)57 +b(Where)36 b(feasible,)g(design)f(FITS)g(binary)f(tables)h(using)f(v)m +(ector)k(column)c(elemen)m(ts)i(so)g(that)g(the)g(data)h(are)0 +828 y(written)29 b(as)h(a)g(con)m(tiguous)g(set)g(of)g(b)m(ytes,)g +(rather)g(than)f(as)h(single)e(elemen)m(ts)i(in)f(m)m(ultiple)e(ro)m +(ws.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)30 b(example,)0 941 y(it)35 b(is)g(faster)h(to)g +(access)h(the)f(data)h(in)d(a)i(table)g(that)g(con)m(tains)g(a)g +(single)e(ro)m(w)i(and)f(2)h(columns)e(with)h(TF)m(ORM)0 +1054 y(k)m(eyw)m(ords)e(equal)g(to)h('10000E')h(and)e('10000J',)j(than) +d(it)f(is)g(to)i(access)g(the)g(same)f(amoun)m(t)h(of)f(data)h(in)e(a)h +(table)0 1167 y(with)39 b(10000)k(ro)m(ws)d(whic)m(h)g(has)g(columns)f +(with)g(the)i(TF)m(ORM)g(k)m(eyw)m(ords)g(equal)f(to)h('1E')h(and)e +('1J'.)h(In)f(the)0 1280 y(former)27 b(case)i(the)f(10000)i(\015oating) +e(p)s(oin)m(t)f(v)-5 b(alues)27 b(in)g(the)h(\014rst)f(column)g(are)h +(all)f(written)g(in)f(a)i(con)m(tiguous)g(blo)s(c)m(k)0 +1393 y(of)e(the)f(\014le)g(whic)m(h)f(can)i(b)s(e)f(read)g(or)g +(written)g(quic)m(kly)-8 b(,)26 b(whereas)f(in)f(the)i(second)f(case)i +(eac)m(h)g(\015oating)e(p)s(oin)m(t)f(v)-5 b(alue)0 1506 +y(in)33 b(the)h(\014rst)f(column)f(is)h(in)m(terlea)m(v)m(ed)i(with)d +(the)i(in)m(teger)h(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(in)g(the)h(second)g(column)e(of)i +(the)g(same)h(ro)m(w)f(so)0 1619 y(CFITSIO)29 b(has)h(to)h(explicitly)d +(mo)m(v)m(e)k(to)f(the)g(p)s(osition)d(of)j(eac)m(h)g(elemen)m(t)g(to)g +(b)s(e)f(read)g(or)g(written.)0 1779 y(9.)52 b(Av)m(oid)34 +b(the)h(use)e(of)i(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(length)i(v)m(ector)i(columns)c +(in)h(binary)g(tables,)i(since)e(an)m(y)i(reading)e(or)h(writing)0 +1892 y(of)f(these)g(data)g(requires)e(that)i(CFITSIO)f(\014rst)f(lo)s +(ok)i(up)e(or)i(compute)g(the)f(starting)h(address)f(of)g(eac)m(h)i(ro) +m(w)f(of)0 2005 y(data)e(in)e(the)i(heap.)0 2165 y(10.)73 +b(When)40 b(cop)m(ying)h(data)h(from)e(one)h(FITS)f(table)h(to)g +(another,)j(it)d(is)e(faster)j(to)f(transfer)g(the)f(ra)m(w)h(b)m(ytes) +0 2278 y(instead)27 b(of)i(reading)e(then)h(writing)e(eac)m(h)j(column) +e(of)h(the)g(table.)40 b(The)28 b(CFITSIO)e(routines)h(\014ts)p +3349 2278 28 4 v 33 w(read)p 3554 2278 V 32 w(tblb)m(ytes)0 +2391 y(and)36 b(\014ts)p 310 2391 V 32 w(write)p 545 +2391 V 32 w(tblb)m(ytes)h(will)d(p)s(erform)h(lo)m(w-lev)m(el)h(reads)h +(or)f(writes)g(of)h(an)m(y)g(con)m(tiguous)f(range)h(of)g(b)m(ytes)g +(in)0 2503 y(a)d(table)f(extension.)50 b(These)33 b(routines)g(can)g(b) +s(e)g(used)g(to)h(read)f(or)h(write)f(a)g(whole)g(ro)m(w)h(\(or)g(m)m +(ultiple)d(ro)m(ws)i(for)0 2616 y(ev)m(en)e(greater)h(e\016ciency\))g +(of)f(a)g(table)g(with)e(a)i(single)f(function)f(call.)41 +b(These)31 b(routines)f(are)h(fast)g(b)s(ecause)g(they)0 +2729 y(b)m(ypass)36 b(all)f(the)i(usual)e(data)i(scaling,)g(error)f(c)m +(hec)m(king)h(and)f(mac)m(hine)g(dep)s(enden)m(t)f(data)i(con)m(v)m +(ersion)g(that)g(is)0 2842 y(normally)e(done)i(b)m(y)f(CFITSIO,)g(and)g +(they)h(allo)m(w)f(the)i(program)e(to)i(write)e(the)h(data)g(to)h(the)f +(output)f(\014le)g(in)0 2955 y(exactly)29 b(the)f(same)h(b)m(yte)g +(order.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)29 b(these)f(same)h(reasons,)g(these)g(routines) +e(can)h(corrupt)g(the)g(FITS)g(data)h(\014le)0 3068 y(if)35 +b(used)f(incorrectly)h(b)s(ecause)h(no)f(v)-5 b(alidation)34 +b(or)i(mac)m(hine)f(dep)s(enden)m(t)f(con)m(v)m(ersion)i(is)f(p)s +(erformed)f(b)m(y)h(these)0 3181 y(routines.)54 b(These)35 +b(routines)f(are)i(only)e(recommended)h(for)g(optimizing)e(critical)h +(pieces)h(of)h(co)s(de)f(and)g(should)0 3294 y(only)d(b)s(e)h(used)g(b) +m(y)g(programmers)g(who)g(thoroughly)f(understand)f(the)j(in)m(ternal)e +(format)i(of)f(the)h(FITS)e(tables)0 3407 y(they)f(are)f(reading)g(or)g +(writing.)0 3567 y(11.)41 b(Another)30 b(strategy)g(for)g(impro)m(ving) +d(the)j(sp)s(eed)e(of)i(writing)e(a)h(FITS)g(table,)h(similar)d(to)j +(the)f(previous)f(one,)0 3680 y(is)j(to)h(directly)f(construct)h(the)f +(en)m(tire)h(b)m(yte)g(stream)g(for)g(a)g(whole)f(table)g(ro)m(w)h +(\(or)g(m)m(ultiple)e(ro)m(ws\))i(within)d(the)0 3793 +y(application)f(program)h(and)g(then)h(write)f(it)g(to)h(the)g(FITS)f +(\014le)g(with)f(\014ts)p 2520 3793 V 32 w(write)p 2755 +3793 V 32 w(tblb)m(ytes.)40 b(This)28 b(a)m(v)m(oids)i(all)f(the)0 +3906 y(o)m(v)m(erhead)h(normally)e(presen)m(t)h(in)f(the)i +(column-orien)m(ted)e(CFITSIO)g(write)g(routines.)39 +b(This)28 b(tec)m(hnique)h(should)0 4019 y(only)34 b(b)s(e)f(used)h +(for)g(critical)f(applications)g(b)s(ecause)h(it)g(mak)m(es)i(the)e(co) +s(de)h(more)f(di\016cult)f(to)i(understand)e(and)0 4131 +y(main)m(tain,)j(and)f(it)g(mak)m(es)h(the)g(co)s(de)f(more)h(system)g +(dep)s(enden)m(t)e(\(e.g.,)39 b(do)c(the)h(b)m(ytes)g(need)f(to)h(b)s +(e)f(sw)m(app)s(ed)0 4244 y(b)s(efore)30 b(writing)e(to)j(the)g(FITS)f +(\014le?\).)0 4405 y(12.)53 b(Finally)-8 b(,)34 b(external)g(factors)i +(suc)m(h)e(as)g(the)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(of)h(magnetic)f(disk)f(con)m +(troller)h(\(SCSI)f(or)i(IDE\),)g(the)f(size)0 4517 y(of)h(the)g(disk)f +(cac)m(he,)k(the)d(a)m(v)m(erage)i(seek)f(sp)s(eed)e(of)h(the)g(disk,)g +(the)g(amoun)m(t)h(of)f(disk)e(fragmen)m(tation,)k(and)e(the)0 +4630 y(amoun)m(t)29 b(of)g(RAM)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)28 +b(on)h(the)f(system)h(can)g(all)e(ha)m(v)m(e)j(a)f(signi\014can)m(t)e +(impact)i(on)f(o)m(v)m(erall)h(I/O)f(e\016ciency)-8 b(.)0 +4743 y(F)g(or)36 b(critical)e(applications,)g(a)i(system)f +(administrator)e(should)g(review)h(the)i(prop)s(osed)d(system)j(hardw)m +(are)e(to)0 4856 y(iden)m(tify)29 b(an)m(y)i(p)s(oten)m(tial)e(I/O)i(b) +s(ottlenec)m(ks.)p eop +%%Page: 147 155 +147 154 bop 0 1225 a Fg(App)5 b(endix)65 b(A)0 1687 y +Fm(Index)77 b(of)h(Routines)50 2154 y Fj(\014ts)p 177 +2154 28 4 v 32 w(add)p 356 2154 V 32 w(group)p 616 2154 +V 33 w(mem)m(b)s(er)144 b(78)50 2267 y(\014ts)p 177 2267 +V 32 w(ascii)p 382 2267 V 32 w(tform)478 b(59)50 2380 +y(\014ts)p 177 2380 V 32 w(binary)p 466 2380 V 31 w(tform)395 +b(59)50 2493 y(\014ts)p 177 2493 V 32 w(calculator)514 +b(52)50 2606 y(\014ts)p 177 2606 V 32 w(calculator)p +598 2606 V 33 w(rng)349 b(53)50 2719 y(\014ts)p 177 2719 +V 32 w(calc)p 360 2719 V 34 w(ro)m(ws)538 b(52)50 2832 +y(\014ts)p 177 2832 V 32 w(c)m(hange)p 478 2832 V 34 +w(group)372 b(76)50 2945 y(\014ts)p 177 2945 V 32 w(clear)p +396 2945 V 33 w(errmark)366 b(30)50 3057 y(\014ts)p 177 +3057 V 32 w(clear)p 396 3057 V 33 w(errmsg)414 b(30)50 +3170 y(\014ts)p 177 3170 V 32 w(close)p 396 3170 V 33 +w(\014le)566 b(33)50 3283 y(\014ts)p 177 3283 V 32 w(compact)p +541 3283 V 34 w(group)309 b(77)50 3396 y(\014ts)p 177 +3396 V 32 w(compare)p 542 3396 V 34 w(str)429 b(56)50 +3509 y(\014ts)p 177 3509 V 32 w(compress)p 569 3509 V +33 w(heap)278 b(100)50 3622 y(\014ts)p 177 3622 V 32 +w(cop)m(y)p 390 3622 V 34 w(col)577 b(49)50 3735 y(\014ts)p +177 3735 V 32 w(cop)m(y)p 390 3735 V 34 w(data)512 b(86)50 +3848 y(\014ts)p 177 3848 V 32 w(cop)m(y)p 390 3848 V +34 w(\014le)571 b(34)50 3961 y(\014ts)p 177 3961 V 32 +w(cop)m(y)p 390 3961 V 34 w(group)460 b(77)50 4074 y(\014ts)p +177 4074 V 32 w(cop)m(y)p 390 4074 V 34 w(hdu)535 b(34)50 +4187 y(\014ts)p 177 4187 V 32 w(cop)m(y)p 390 4187 V +34 w(header)425 b(34)50 4299 y(\014ts)p 177 4299 V 32 +w(cop)m(y)p 390 4299 V 34 w(k)m(ey)555 b(89)50 4412 y(\014ts)p +177 4412 V 32 w(cop)m(y)p 390 4412 V 34 w(mem)m(b)s(er)369 +b(79)50 4525 y(\014ts)p 177 4525 V 32 w(create)p 445 +4525 V 35 w(disk\014le)354 b(32)50 4638 y(\014ts)p 177 +4638 V 32 w(create)p 445 4638 V 35 w(\014le)515 b(32)50 +4751 y(\014ts)p 177 4751 V 32 w(create)p 445 4751 V 35 +w(group)404 b(76)50 4864 y(\014ts)p 177 4864 V 32 w(create)p +445 4864 V 35 w(hdu)479 b(84)50 4977 y(\014ts)p 177 4977 +V 32 w(create)p 445 4977 V 35 w(img)485 b(40)50 5090 +y(\014ts)p 177 5090 V 32 w(create)p 445 5090 V 35 w(mem\014le)323 +b(82)50 5203 y(\014ts)p 177 5203 V 32 w(create)p 445 +5203 V 35 w(tbl)520 b(46)50 5316 y(\014ts)p 177 5316 +V 32 w(create)p 445 5316 V 35 w(template)284 b(82)50 +5429 y(\014ts)p 177 5429 V 32 w(date2str)580 b(55)50 +5541 y(\014ts)p 177 5541 V 32 w(deco)s(de)p 479 5541 +V 33 w(c)m(hksum)301 b(54)50 5654 y(\014ts)p 177 5654 +V 32 w(deco)s(de)p 479 5654 V 33 w(tdim)412 b(48)1325 +2154 y(\014ts)p 1452 2154 V 33 w(delete)p 1717 2154 V +33 w(col)565 b(49)1325 2267 y(\014ts)p 1452 2267 V 33 +w(delete)p 1717 2267 V 33 w(\014le)559 b(33)1325 2380 +y(\014ts)p 1452 2380 V 33 w(delete)p 1717 2380 V 33 w(hdu)523 +b(35)1325 2493 y(\014ts)p 1452 2493 V 33 w(delete)p 1717 +2493 V 33 w(k)m(ey)543 b(39)1325 2606 y(\014ts)p 1452 +2606 V 33 w(delete)p 1717 2606 V 33 w(record)428 b(39)1325 +2719 y(\014ts)p 1452 2719 V 33 w(delete)p 1717 2719 V +33 w(ro)m(wlist)409 b(48)1325 2832 y(\014ts)p 1452 2832 +V 33 w(delete)p 1717 2832 V 33 w(ro)m(wrange)315 b(48)1325 +2945 y(\014ts)p 1452 2945 V 33 w(delete)p 1717 2945 V +33 w(ro)m(ws)496 b(48)1325 3057 y(\014ts)p 1452 3057 +V 33 w(enco)s(de)p 1755 3057 V 33 w(c)m(hksum)339 b(54)1325 +3170 y(\014ts)p 1452 3170 V 33 w(\014le)p 1602 3170 V +32 w(exists)571 b(83)1325 3283 y(\014ts)p 1452 3283 V +33 w(\014le)p 1602 3283 V 32 w(mo)s(de)577 b(33)1325 +3396 y(\014ts)p 1452 3396 V 33 w(\014le)p 1602 3396 V +32 w(name)j(33)1325 3509 y(\014ts)p 1452 3509 V 33 w(\014nd)p +1638 3509 V 31 w(\014rst)p 1827 3509 V 32 w(ro)m(w)423 +b(52)1325 3622 y(\014ts)p 1452 3622 V 33 w(\014nd)p 1638 +3622 V 31 w(nextk)m(ey)450 b(36)1325 3735 y(\014ts)p +1452 3735 V 33 w(\014nd)p 1638 3735 V 31 w(ro)m(ws)577 +b(52)1325 3848 y(\014ts)p 1452 3848 V 33 w(\015ush)p +1674 3848 V 31 w(bu\013er)490 b(84)1325 3961 y(\014ts)p +1452 3961 V 33 w(\015ush)p 1674 3961 V 31 w(\014le)604 +b(84)1325 4074 y(\014ts)p 1452 4074 V 33 w(get)p 1605 +4074 V 34 w(acolparms)387 b(99)1325 4187 y(\014ts)p 1452 +4187 V 33 w(get)p 1605 4187 V 34 w(b)s(colparms)378 b(99)1325 +4299 y(\014ts)p 1452 4299 V 33 w(get)p 1605 4299 V 34 +w(c)m(hksum)488 b(54)1325 4412 y(\014ts)p 1452 4412 V +33 w(get)p 1605 4412 V 34 w(col)p 1750 4412 V 32 w(displa)m(y)p +2062 4412 V 31 w(width)104 b(48)1325 4525 y(\014ts)p +1452 4525 V 33 w(get)p 1605 4525 V 34 w(colname)464 b(46)1325 +4638 y(\014ts)p 1452 4638 V 33 w(get)p 1605 4638 V 34 +w(coln)m(um)501 b(46)1325 4751 y(\014ts)p 1452 4751 V +33 w(get)p 1605 4751 V 34 w(colt)m(yp)s(e)h(47)1325 4864 +y(\014ts)p 1452 4864 V 33 w(get)p 1605 4864 V 34 w(compression)p +2121 4864 V 31 w(t)m(yp)s(e)100 b(44)1325 4977 y(\014ts)p +1452 4977 V 33 w(get)p 1605 4977 V 34 w(eqcolt)m(yp)s(e)414 +b(47)1325 5090 y(\014ts)p 1452 5090 V 33 w(get)p 1605 +5090 V 34 w(errstatus)437 b(29)1325 5203 y(\014ts)p 1452 +5203 V 33 w(get)p 1605 5203 V 34 w(hdrp)s(os)514 b(86)1325 +5316 y(\014ts)p 1452 5316 V 33 w(get)p 1605 5316 V 34 +w(hdrspace)437 b(35)1325 5429 y(\014ts)p 1452 5429 V +33 w(get)p 1605 5429 V 34 w(hdu)p 1792 5429 V 31 w(n)m(um)428 +b(34)1325 5541 y(\014ts)p 1452 5541 V 33 w(get)p 1605 +5541 V 34 w(hdu)p 1792 5541 V 31 w(t)m(yp)s(e)h(34)1325 +5654 y(\014ts)p 1452 5654 V 33 w(get)p 1605 5654 V 34 +w(hduaddr)451 b(84)2639 2154 y(\014ts)p 2766 2154 V 33 +w(get)p 2919 2154 V 34 w(hduo\013)560 b(84)2639 2267 +y(\014ts)p 2766 2267 V 33 w(get)p 2919 2267 V 34 w(img)p +3100 2267 V 32 w(dim)479 b(40)2639 2380 y(\014ts)p 2766 +2380 V 33 w(get)p 2919 2380 V 34 w(img)p 3100 2380 V +32 w(equivt)m(yp)s(e)245 b(40)2639 2493 y(\014ts)p 2766 +2493 V 33 w(get)p 2919 2493 V 34 w(img)p 3100 2493 V +32 w(param)379 b(40)2639 2606 y(\014ts)p 2766 2606 V +33 w(get)p 2919 2606 V 34 w(img)p 3100 2606 V 32 w(size)490 +b(40)2639 2719 y(\014ts)p 2766 2719 V 33 w(get)p 2919 +2719 V 34 w(img)p 3100 2719 V 32 w(t)m(yp)s(e)458 b(40)2639 +2832 y(\014ts)p 2766 2832 V 33 w(get)p 2919 2832 V 34 +w(k)m(eyclass)495 b(58)2639 2945 y(\014ts)p 2766 2945 +V 33 w(get)p 2919 2945 V 34 w(k)m(eyname)466 b(57)2639 +3057 y(\014ts)p 2766 3057 V 33 w(get)p 2919 3057 V 34 +w(k)m(eyt)m(yp)s(e)504 b(58)2639 3170 y(\014ts)p 2766 +3170 V 33 w(get)p 2919 3170 V 34 w(noise)p 3151 3170 +V 32 w(bits)433 b(44)2639 3283 y(\014ts)p 2766 3283 V +33 w(get)p 2919 3283 V 34 w(n)m(um)p 3128 3283 V 32 w(cols)457 +b(46)2639 3396 y(\014ts)p 2766 3396 V 33 w(get)p 2919 +3396 V 34 w(n)m(um)p 3128 3396 V 32 w(groups)340 b(79)2639 +3509 y(\014ts)p 2766 3509 V 33 w(get)p 2919 3509 V 34 +w(n)m(um)p 3128 3509 V 32 w(hdus)415 b(33)2639 3622 y(\014ts)p +2766 3622 V 33 w(get)p 2919 3622 V 34 w(n)m(um)p 3128 +3622 V 32 w(mem)m(b)s(ers)249 b(78)2639 3735 y(\014ts)p +2766 3735 V 33 w(get)p 2919 3735 V 34 w(n)m(um)p 3128 +3735 V 32 w(ro)m(ws)424 b(46)2639 3848 y(\014ts)p 2766 +3848 V 33 w(get)p 2919 3848 V 34 w(ro)m(wsize)525 b(99)2639 +3961 y(\014ts)p 2766 3961 V 33 w(get)p 2919 3961 V 34 +w(system)p 3224 3961 V 33 w(time)330 b(55)2639 4074 y(\014ts)p +2766 4074 V 33 w(get)p 2919 4074 V 34 w(tile)p 3080 4074 +V 32 w(dim)499 b(44)2639 4187 y(\014ts)p 2766 4187 V +33 w(get)p 2919 4187 V 34 w(tb)s(col)611 b(59)2639 4299 +y(\014ts)p 2766 4299 V 33 w(get)p 2919 4299 V 34 w(v)m(ersion)532 +b(56)2639 4412 y(\014ts)p 2766 4412 V 33 w(hdr2str)d(37,)31 +b(72)2639 4525 y(\014ts)p 2766 4525 V 33 w(insert)p 3023 +4525 V 31 w(atbl)553 b(85)2639 4638 y(\014ts)p 2766 4638 +V 33 w(insert)p 3023 4638 V 31 w(btbl)547 b(85)2639 4751 +y(\014ts)p 2766 4751 V 33 w(insert)p 3023 4751 V 31 w(col)599 +b(49)2639 4864 y(\014ts)p 2766 4864 V 33 w(insert)p 3023 +4864 V 31 w(cols)563 b(49)2639 4977 y(\014ts)p 2766 4977 +V 33 w(insert)p 3023 4977 V 31 w(group)482 b(76)2639 +5090 y(\014ts)p 2766 5090 V 33 w(insert)p 3023 5090 V +31 w(img)563 b(85)2639 5203 y(\014ts)p 2766 5203 V 33 +w(insert)p 3023 5203 V 31 w(k)m(ey)p 3187 5203 V 34 w(n)m(ull)392 +b(91)2639 5316 y(\014ts)p 2766 5316 V 33 w(insert)p 3023 +5316 V 31 w(k)m(ey)p 3187 5316 V 34 w(TYP)347 b(90)2639 +5429 y(\014ts)p 2766 5429 V 33 w(insert)p 3023 5429 V +31 w(record)462 b(90)2639 5541 y(\014ts)p 2766 5541 V +33 w(insert)p 3023 5541 V 31 w(ro)m(ws)530 b(48)2639 +5654 y(\014ts)p 2766 5654 V 33 w(iterate)p 3056 5654 +V 33 w(data)499 b(69)1882 5942 y(147)p eop +%%Page: 148 156 +148 155 bop 0 299 a Fj(148)2084 b Fh(APPENDIX)31 b(A.)61 +b(INDEX)31 b(OF)f(R)m(OUTINES)50 599 y Fj(\014ts)p 177 +599 28 4 v 32 w(mak)m(e)p 415 599 V 34 w(k)m(eyn)421 +b(57)50 712 y(\014ts)p 177 712 V 32 w(mak)m(e)p 415 712 +V 34 w(nk)m(ey)g(58)50 825 y(\014ts)p 177 825 V 32 w(merge)p +446 825 V 34 w(groups)310 b(77)50 938 y(\014ts)p 177 +938 V 32 w(mo)s(dify)p 486 938 V 31 w(card)365 b(92)50 +1051 y(\014ts)p 177 1051 V 32 w(mo)s(dify)p 486 1051 +V 31 w(commen)m(t)177 b(38)50 1164 y(\014ts)p 177 1164 +V 32 w(mo)s(dify)p 486 1164 V 31 w(k)m(ey)p 650 1164 +V 34 w(n)m(ull)219 b(93)50 1277 y(\014ts)p 177 1277 V +32 w(mo)s(dify)p 486 1277 V 31 w(k)m(ey)p 650 1277 V +34 w(TYP)174 b(93)50 1390 y(\014ts)p 177 1390 V 32 w(mo)s(dify)p +486 1390 V 31 w(name)325 b(39)50 1503 y(\014ts)p 177 +1503 V 32 w(mo)s(dify)p 486 1503 V 31 w(record)289 b(92)50 +1616 y(\014ts)p 177 1616 V 32 w(mo)s(dify)p 486 1616 +V 31 w(v)m(ector)p 758 1616 V 35 w(len)144 b(49)50 1728 +y(\014ts)p 177 1728 V 32 w(mo)m(v)-5 b(abs)p 502 1728 +V 33 w(hdu)366 b(33)50 1841 y(\014ts)p 177 1841 V 32 +w(mo)m(vnam)p 547 1841 V 33 w(hdu)321 b(33)50 1954 y(\014ts)p +177 1954 V 32 w(mo)m(vrel)p 477 1954 V 33 w(hdu)391 b(33)50 +2067 y(\014ts)p 177 2067 V 32 w(n)m(ull)p 360 2067 V +31 w(c)m(hec)m(k)450 b(57)50 2180 y(\014ts)p 177 2180 +V 32 w(op)s(en)p 399 2180 V 32 w(data)d(30)50 2293 y(\014ts)p +177 2293 V 32 w(op)s(en)p 399 2293 V 32 w(disk\014le)345 +b(30)50 2406 y(\014ts)p 177 2406 V 32 w(op)s(en)p 399 +2406 V 32 w(\014le)506 b(30)50 2519 y(\014ts)p 177 2519 +V 32 w(op)s(en)p 399 2519 V 32 w(image)391 b(30)50 2632 +y(\014ts)p 177 2632 V 32 w(op)s(en)p 399 2632 V 32 w(table)426 +b(30)50 2745 y(\014ts)p 177 2745 V 32 w(op)s(en)p 399 +2745 V 32 w(group)395 b(78)50 2858 y(\014ts)p 177 2858 +V 32 w(op)s(en)p 399 2858 V 32 w(mem)m(b)s(er)304 b(79)50 +2970 y(\014ts)p 177 2970 V 32 w(op)s(en)p 399 2970 V +32 w(mem\014le)314 b(81)50 3083 y(\014ts)p 177 3083 V +32 w(parse)p 417 3083 V 33 w(extn)m(um)306 b(83)50 3196 +y(\014ts)p 177 3196 V 32 w(parse)p 417 3196 V 33 w(input)p +664 3196 V 31 w(url)246 b(82)50 3309 y(\014ts)p 177 3309 +V 32 w(parse)p 417 3309 V 33 w(range)387 b(61)50 3422 +y(\014ts)p 177 3422 V 32 w(parse)p 417 3422 V 33 w(ro)s(otname)228 +b(83)50 3535 y(\014ts)p 177 3535 V 32 w(parse)p 417 3535 +V 33 w(template)256 b(59)50 3648 y(\014ts)p 177 3648 +V 32 w(parse)p 417 3648 V 33 w(v)-5 b(alue)399 b(57)50 +3761 y(\014ts)p 177 3761 V 32 w(pix)p 334 3761 V 32 w(to)p +446 3761 V 33 w(w)m(orld)354 b(73)50 3874 y(\014ts)p +177 3874 V 32 w(read)p 381 3874 V 33 w(2d)p 510 3874 +V 33 w(TYP)315 b(98)50 3987 y(\014ts)p 177 3987 V 32 +w(read)p 381 3987 V 33 w(3d)p 510 3987 V 33 w(TYP)g(98)50 +4100 y(\014ts)p 177 4100 V 32 w(read)p 381 4100 V 33 +w(atblhdr)345 b(87)50 4212 y(\014ts)p 177 4212 V 32 w(read)p +381 4212 V 33 w(btblhdr)339 b(87)50 4325 y(\014ts)p 177 +4325 V 32 w(read)p 381 4325 V 33 w(card)468 b(36)50 4438 +y(\014ts)p 177 4438 V 32 w(read)p 381 4438 V 33 w(col)529 +b(51)50 4551 y(\014ts)p 177 4551 V 32 w(read)p 381 4551 +V 33 w(col)p 525 4551 V 33 w(bit)p 670 4551 V 338 w(104)50 +4664 y(\014ts)p 177 4664 V 32 w(read)p 381 4664 V 33 +w(col)p 525 4664 V 33 w(TYP)254 b(102)50 4777 y(\014ts)p +177 4777 V 32 w(read)p 381 4777 V 33 w(coln)m(ull)378 +b(51)50 4890 y(\014ts)p 177 4890 V 32 w(read)p 381 4890 +V 33 w(coln)m(ull)p 676 4890 V 31 w(TYP)105 b(103)50 +5003 y(\014ts)p 177 5003 V 32 w(read)p 381 5003 V 33 +w(descript)279 b(104)50 5116 y(\014ts)p 177 5116 V 32 +w(read)p 381 5116 V 33 w(descripts)243 b(104)50 5229 +y(\014ts)p 177 5229 V 32 w(read)p 381 5229 V 33 w(errmsg)371 +b(30)50 5342 y(\014ts)p 177 5342 V 32 w(read)p 381 5342 +V 33 w(grppar)p 678 5342 V 32 w(TYP)148 b(98)50 5454 +y(\014ts)p 177 5454 V 32 w(read)p 381 5454 V 33 w(img)493 +b(97)50 5567 y(\014ts)p 177 5567 V 32 w(read)p 381 5567 +V 33 w(img)p 561 5567 V 32 w(co)s(ord)241 b(72)50 5680 +y(\014ts)p 177 5680 V 32 w(read)p 381 5680 V 33 w(img)p +561 5680 V 32 w(TYP)265 b(97)50 5793 y(\014ts)p 177 5793 +V 32 w(read)p 381 5793 V 33 w(imghdr)355 b(87)1260 543 +y(\014ts)p 1387 543 V 32 w(read)p 1591 543 V 33 w(imgn)m(ull)596 +b(97)1260 656 y(\014ts)p 1387 656 V 32 w(read)p 1591 +656 V 33 w(imgn)m(ull)p 1922 656 V 30 w(TYP)370 b(97)1260 +769 y(\014ts)p 1387 769 V 32 w(read)p 1591 769 V 33 w(k)m(ey)761 +b(36)1260 882 y(\014ts)p 1387 882 V 32 w(read)p 1591 +882 V 33 w(k)m(ey)p 1757 882 V 33 w(longstr)454 b(91)1260 +995 y(\014ts)p 1387 995 V 32 w(read)p 1591 995 V 33 w(k)m(ey)p +1757 995 V 33 w(triple)514 b(92)1260 1107 y(\014ts)p +1387 1107 V 32 w(read)p 1591 1107 V 33 w(k)m(ey)p 1757 +1107 V 33 w(unit)565 b(37)1260 1220 y(\014ts)p 1387 1220 +V 32 w(read)p 1591 1220 V 33 w(k)m(ey)p 1757 1220 V 33 +w(TYP)532 b(91)1260 1333 y(\014ts)p 1387 1333 V 32 w(read)p +1591 1333 V 33 w(k)m(eyn)710 b(36)1260 1446 y(\014ts)p +1387 1446 V 32 w(read)p 1591 1446 V 33 w(k)m(eys)p 1793 +1446 V 33 w(TYP)496 b(92)1260 1559 y(\014ts)p 1387 1559 +V 32 w(read)p 1591 1559 V 33 w(k)m(eyw)m(ord)566 b(36)1260 +1672 y(\014ts)p 1387 1672 V 32 w(read)p 1591 1672 V 33 +w(pix)769 b(42)1260 1785 y(\014ts)p 1387 1785 V 32 w(read)p +1591 1785 V 33 w(pixn)m(ull)618 b(42)1260 1898 y(\014ts)p +1387 1898 V 32 w(read)p 1591 1898 V 33 w(record)646 b(36)1260 +2011 y(\014ts)p 1387 2011 V 32 w(read)p 1591 2011 V 33 +w(subset)p 1873 2011 V 32 w(TYP)250 b(98)31 b(103)1260 +2124 y(\014ts)p 1387 2124 V 32 w(read)p 1591 2124 V 33 +w(subsetn)m(ull)p 2024 2124 V 30 w(TYP)101 b(98)31 b(103)1260 +2237 y(\014ts)p 1387 2237 V 32 w(read)p 1591 2237 V 33 +w(tbl)p 1736 2237 V 32 w(co)s(ord)530 b(72)1260 2349 +y(\014ts)p 1387 2349 V 32 w(read)p 1591 2349 V 33 w(tblb)m(ytes)f(100) +1260 2462 y(\014ts)p 1387 2462 V 32 w(read)p 1591 2462 +V 33 w(tdim)706 b(48)1260 2575 y(\014ts)p 1387 2575 V +32 w(remo)m(v)m(e)p 1698 2575 V 34 w(group)558 b(77)1260 +2688 y(\014ts)p 1387 2688 V 32 w(remo)m(v)m(e)p 1698 +2688 V 34 w(mem)m(b)s(er)467 b(79)1260 2801 y(\014ts)p +1387 2801 V 32 w(reop)s(en)p 1685 2801 V 32 w(\014le)684 +b(82)1260 2914 y(\014ts)p 1387 2914 V 32 w(rep)s(ort)p +1665 2914 V 32 w(error)628 b(30)1260 3027 y(\014ts)p +1387 3027 V 32 w(resize)p 1637 3027 V 33 w(img)701 b(85)1260 +3140 y(\014ts)p 1387 3140 V 32 w(select)p 1636 3140 V +33 w(ro)m(ws)669 b(52)1260 3253 y(\014ts)p 1387 3253 +V 32 w(set)p 1530 3253 V 33 w(atbln)m(ull)647 b(95)1260 +3366 y(\014ts)p 1387 3366 V 32 w(set)p 1530 3366 V 33 +w(bscale)717 b(94)1260 3479 y(\014ts)p 1387 3479 V 32 +w(set)p 1530 3479 V 33 w(btbln)m(ull)641 b(95)1260 3591 +y(\014ts)p 1387 3591 V 32 w(set)p 1530 3591 V 33 w(compression)p +2045 3591 V 32 w(t)m(yp)s(e)267 b(44)1260 3704 y(\014ts)p +1387 3704 V 32 w(set)p 1530 3704 V 33 w(hdrsize)675 b(86)1260 +3817 y(\014ts)p 1387 3817 V 32 w(set)p 1530 3817 V 33 +w(hdustruc)604 b(86)1260 3930 y(\014ts)p 1387 3930 V +32 w(set)p 1530 3930 V 33 w(imgn)m(ull)657 b(95)1260 +4043 y(\014ts)p 1387 4043 V 32 w(set)p 1530 4043 V 33 +w(noise)p 1761 4043 V 33 w(bits)576 b(44)1260 4156 y(\014ts)p +1387 4156 V 32 w(set)p 1530 4156 V 33 w(tile)p 1690 4156 +V 32 w(dim)643 b(44)1260 4269 y(\014ts)p 1387 4269 V +32 w(set)p 1530 4269 V 33 w(tscale)733 b(94)1260 4382 +y(\014ts)p 1387 4382 V 32 w(split)p 1593 4382 V 31 w(names)646 +b(56)1260 4495 y(\014ts)p 1387 4495 V 32 w(str2date)776 +b(55)1260 4608 y(\014ts)p 1387 4608 V 32 w(str2time)770 +b(55)1260 4721 y(\014ts)p 1387 4721 V 32 w(test)p 1565 +4721 V 34 w(expr)744 b(53)1260 4833 y(\014ts)p 1387 4833 +V 32 w(test)p 1565 4833 V 34 w(heap)686 b(100)1260 4946 +y(\014ts)p 1387 4946 V 32 w(test)p 1565 4946 V 34 w(k)m(eyw)m(ord)591 +b(57)1260 5059 y(\014ts)p 1387 5059 V 32 w(test)p 1565 +5059 V 34 w(record)671 b(57)1260 5172 y(\014ts)p 1387 +5172 V 32 w(time2str)770 b(55)1260 5285 y(\014ts)p 1387 +5285 V 32 w(transfer)p 1726 5285 V 32 w(mem)m(b)s(er)441 +b(79)1260 5398 y(\014ts)p 1387 5398 V 32 w(up)s(date)p +1695 5398 V 32 w(card)619 b(38)1260 5511 y(\014ts)p 1387 +5511 V 32 w(up)s(date)p 1695 5511 V 32 w(c)m(hksum)492 +b(54)1260 5624 y(\014ts)p 1387 5624 V 32 w(up)s(date)p +1695 5624 V 32 w(k)m(ey)658 b(37)1260 5737 y(\014ts)p +1387 5737 V 32 w(up)s(date)p 1695 5737 V 32 w(k)m(ey)p +1860 5737 V 34 w(n)m(ull)473 b(38)1260 5850 y(\014ts)p +1387 5850 V 32 w(up)s(date)p 1695 5850 V 32 w(k)m(ey)p +1860 5850 V 34 w(TYP)428 b(93)2723 543 y(\014ts)p 2850 +543 V 33 w(upp)s(ercase)515 b(56)2723 656 y(\014ts)p +2850 656 V 33 w(url)p 2996 656 V 31 w(t)m(yp)s(e)590 +b(33)2723 769 y(\014ts)p 2850 769 V 33 w(v)m(erify)p +3106 769 V 32 w(c)m(hksum)354 b(54)2723 882 y(\014ts)p +2850 882 V 33 w(v)m(erify)p 3106 882 V 32 w(group)425 +b(78)2723 995 y(\014ts)p 2850 995 V 33 w(w)m(orld)p 3104 +995 V 32 w(to)p 3216 995 V 33 w(pix)417 b(73)2723 1107 +y(\014ts)p 2850 1107 V 33 w(write)p 3086 1107 V 32 w(2d)p +3214 1107 V 33 w(TYP)348 b(97)2723 1220 y(\014ts)p 2850 +1220 V 33 w(write)p 3086 1220 V 32 w(3d)p 3214 1220 V +33 w(TYP)g(97)2723 1333 y(\014ts)p 2850 1333 V 33 w(write)p +3086 1333 V 32 w(atblhdr)378 b(87)2723 1446 y(\014ts)p +2850 1446 V 33 w(write)p 3086 1446 V 32 w(btblhdr)372 +b(87)2723 1559 y(\014ts)p 2850 1559 V 33 w(write)p 3086 +1559 V 32 w(c)m(hksum)i(53)2723 1672 y(\014ts)p 2850 +1672 V 33 w(write)p 3086 1672 V 32 w(col)562 b(50)2723 +1785 y(\014ts)p 2850 1785 V 33 w(write)p 3086 1785 V +32 w(col)p 3229 1785 V 33 w(bit)371 b(101)2723 1898 y(\014ts)p +2850 1898 V 33 w(write)p 3086 1898 V 32 w(col)p 3229 +1898 V 33 w(TYP)287 b(100)2723 2011 y(\014ts)p 2850 2011 +V 33 w(write)p 3086 2011 V 32 w(col)p 3229 2011 V 33 +w(n)m(ull)378 b(50)2723 2124 y(\014ts)p 2850 2124 V 33 +w(write)p 3086 2124 V 32 w(coln)m(ull)411 b(50)2723 2237 +y(\014ts)p 2850 2237 V 33 w(write)p 3086 2237 V 32 w(coln)m(ull)p +3380 2237 V 31 w(TYP)138 b(101)2723 2349 y(\014ts)p 2850 +2349 V 33 w(write)p 3086 2349 V 32 w(commen)m(t)313 b(38)2723 +2462 y(\014ts)p 2850 2462 V 33 w(write)p 3086 2462 V +32 w(date)502 b(38)2723 2575 y(\014ts)p 2850 2575 V 33 +w(write)p 3086 2575 V 32 w(descript)312 b(102)2723 2688 +y(\014ts)p 2850 2688 V 33 w(write)p 3086 2688 V 32 w(errmark)356 +b(30)2723 2801 y(\014ts)p 2850 2801 V 33 w(write)p 3086 +2801 V 32 w(errmsg)404 b(56)2723 2914 y(\014ts)p 2850 +2914 V 33 w(write)p 3086 2914 V 32 w(grphdr)f(87)2723 +3027 y(\014ts)p 2850 3027 V 33 w(write)p 3086 3027 V +32 w(grppar)p 3382 3027 V 32 w(TYP)181 b(97)2723 3140 +y(\014ts)p 2850 3140 V 33 w(write)p 3086 3140 V 32 w(history)396 +b(38)2723 3253 y(\014ts)p 2850 3253 V 33 w(write)p 3086 +3253 V 32 w(img)526 b(96)2723 3366 y(\014ts)p 2850 3366 +V 33 w(write)p 3086 3366 V 32 w(img)p 3265 3366 V 32 +w(n)m(ull)343 b(97)2723 3479 y(\014ts)p 2850 3479 V 33 +w(write)p 3086 3479 V 32 w(img)p 3265 3479 V 32 w(TYP)298 +b(96)2723 3591 y(\014ts)p 2850 3591 V 33 w(write)p 3086 +3591 V 32 w(imghdr)388 b(87)2723 3704 y(\014ts)p 2850 +3704 V 33 w(write)p 3086 3704 V 32 w(imgn)m(ull)375 b(96)2723 +3817 y(\014ts)p 2850 3817 V 33 w(write)p 3086 3817 V +32 w(imgn)m(ull)p 3416 3817 V 30 w(TYP)149 b(96)2723 +3930 y(\014ts)p 2850 3930 V 33 w(write)p 3086 3930 V +32 w(k)m(ey)540 b(37)2723 4043 y(\014ts)p 2850 4043 V +33 w(write)p 3086 4043 V 32 w(k)m(ey)p 3251 4043 V 33 +w(longstr)233 b(89)2723 4156 y(\014ts)p 2850 4156 V 33 +w(write)p 3086 4156 V 32 w(k)m(ey)p 3251 4156 V 33 w(longw)m(arn)145 +b(89)2723 4269 y(\014ts)p 2850 4269 V 33 w(write)p 3086 +4269 V 32 w(k)m(ey)p 3251 4269 V 33 w(n)m(ull)356 b(38)2723 +4382 y(\014ts)p 2850 4382 V 33 w(write)p 3086 4382 V +32 w(k)m(ey)p 3251 4382 V 33 w(template)159 b(90)2723 +4495 y(\014ts)p 2850 4495 V 33 w(write)p 3086 4495 V +32 w(k)m(ey)p 3251 4495 V 33 w(triple)293 b(90)2723 4608 +y(\014ts)p 2850 4608 V 33 w(write)p 3086 4608 V 32 w(k)m(ey)p +3251 4608 V 33 w(unit)344 b(39)2723 4721 y(\014ts)p 2850 +4721 V 33 w(write)p 3086 4721 V 32 w(k)m(ey)p 3251 4721 +V 33 w(TYP)311 b(88)2723 4833 y(\014ts)p 2850 4833 V +33 w(write)p 3086 4833 V 32 w(k)m(eys)p 3287 4833 V 33 +w(TYP)275 b(89)2723 4946 y(\014ts)p 2850 4946 V 33 w(write)p +3086 4946 V 32 w(n)m(ull)p 3269 4946 V 31 w(img)344 b(41)2723 +5059 y(\014ts)p 2850 5059 V 33 w(write)p 3086 5059 V +32 w(pix)548 b(41)2723 5172 y(\014ts)p 2850 5172 V 33 +w(write)p 3086 5172 V 32 w(pixn)m(ull)397 b(41)2723 5285 +y(\014ts)p 2850 5285 V 33 w(write)p 3086 5285 V 32 w(record)425 +b(38)2723 5398 y(\014ts)p 2850 5398 V 33 w(write)p 3086 +5398 V 32 w(subset)f(40)2723 5511 y(\014ts)p 2850 5511 +V 33 w(write)p 3086 5511 V 32 w(subset)p 3367 5511 V +32 w(TYP)196 b(97)2723 5624 y(\014ts)p 2850 5624 V 33 +w(write)p 3086 5624 V 32 w(tblb)m(ytes)308 b(100)2723 +5737 y(\014ts)p 2850 5737 V 33 w(write)p 3086 5737 V +32 w(tdim)485 b(48)2723 5850 y(\014ts)p 2850 5850 V 33 +w(write)p 3086 5850 V 32 w(theap)451 b(99)p eop +%%Page: 149 157 +149 156 bop 3764 299 a Fj(149)50 543 y(\013asfm)276 b(59)50 +656 y(\013bnfm)255 b(59)50 769 y(\013calc)310 b(52)50 +882 y(\013calc)p 259 882 28 4 v 33 w(rng)145 b(53)50 +995 y(\013clos)314 b(33)50 1107 y(\013cmph)197 b(100)50 +1220 y(\013cmps)258 b(56)50 1333 y(\013cmrk)j(30)50 1446 +y(\013cmsg)j(30)50 1559 y(\013cop)m(y)280 b(34)50 1672 +y(\013cp)s(cl)301 b(49)50 1785 y(\013cp)s(dt)281 b(86)50 +1898 y(\013cp\015)319 b(34)50 2011 y(\013cphd)268 b(34)50 +2124 y(\013cpky)274 b(89)50 2237 y(\013crhd)283 b(84)50 +2349 y(\013crim)g(40)50 2462 y(\013cro)m(w)277 b(52)50 +2575 y(\013crtb)299 b(46)50 2688 y(\013dcol)g(49)50 2801 +y(\013delt)309 b(33)50 2914 y(\013dhdu)257 b(35)50 3027 +y(\013dk)m(ey)277 b(39)50 3140 y(\013dkinit)224 b(32)50 +3253 y(\013dk)m(op)s(en)175 b(30)50 3366 y(\013dopn)263 +b(30)50 3479 y(\013drec)294 b(39)50 3591 y(\013dro)m(w)266 +b(48)50 3704 y(\013drrg)293 b(48)50 3817 y(\013drws)272 +b(48)50 3930 y(\013dsum)247 b(54)50 4043 y(\013dt2s)294 +b(55)50 4156 y(\013dtdm)248 b(48)50 4269 y(\013dt)m(yp)279 +b(58)50 4382 y(\013eqt)m(y)293 b(47)50 4495 y(\013esum)258 +b(54)50 4608 y(\013exest)k(83)50 4721 y(\013extn)287 +b(83)50 4833 y(\013\013rw)306 b(52)50 4946 y(\013\015md)283 +b(33)50 5059 y(\013\015nm)g(33)50 5172 y(\013\015sh)323 +b(84)50 5285 y(\013\015us)g(84)50 5398 y(\013fro)m(w)289 +b(52)50 5511 y(\013g2d)p 249 5511 V 320 w(98)50 5624 +y(\013g3d)p 249 5624 V 320 w(98)50 5737 y(\013gab)s(c)277 +b(59)785 543 y(\013gacl)221 b(99)785 656 y(\013gb)s(cl)212 +b(99)785 769 y(\013gcdw)175 b(48)785 882 y(\013gcf)264 +b(51)785 995 y(\013gcf)p 956 995 V 219 w(103)785 1107 +y(\013gc)m(ks)211 b(54)785 1220 y(\013gcnn)190 b(46)785 +1333 y(\013gcno)196 b(46)785 1446 y(\013gcrd)205 b(36)785 +1559 y(\013gcv)244 b(51)785 1672 y(\013gcv)p 976 1672 +V 199 w(102)785 1785 y(\013gcx)199 b(104)785 1898 y(\013gdes)160 +b(104)785 2011 y(\013gdess)124 b(104)785 2124 y(\013gerr)220 +b(29)785 2237 y(\013ggp)p 984 2237 V 236 w(98)785 2349 +y(\013ghad)185 b(84)785 2462 y(\013gh)m(bn)d(87)785 2575 +y(\013ghdn)d(34)785 2688 y(\013ghdt)195 b(34)785 2801 +y(\013ghof)208 b(84)785 2914 y(\013ghpr)194 b(87)785 +3027 y(\013ghps)g(86)785 3140 y(\013ghsp)g(35)785 3253 +y(\013gh)m(tb)k(87)785 3366 y(\013gics)230 b(72)785 3479 +y(\013gidm)179 b(40)785 3591 y(\013gidt)220 b(40)785 +3704 y(\013giet)231 b(40)785 3817 y(\013gipr)219 b(40)785 +3930 y(\013gisz)230 b(40)785 4043 y(\013gk)m(cl)221 b(58)785 +4156 y(\013gk)m(ey)199 b(36)785 4269 y(\013gkls)222 b(91)785 +4382 y(\013gkn)p 987 4382 V 233 w(92)785 4495 y(\013gknm)157 +b(57)785 4608 y(\013gky)236 b(36)785 4721 y(\013gkyn)185 +b(36)785 4833 y(\013gkyt)201 b(92)785 4946 y(\013gky)p +984 4946 V 236 w(91)785 5059 y(\013gmcp)165 b(79)785 +5172 y(\013gmng)160 b(79)785 5285 y(\013gmop)g(79)785 +5398 y(\013gmrm)144 b(79)785 5511 y(\013gmsg)175 b(30)785 +5624 y(\013gm)m(tf)196 b(79)785 5737 y(\013gncl)215 b(46)1436 +543 y(\013gnrw)283 b(46)1436 656 y(\013gnxk)289 b(36)1436 +769 y(\013gpf)357 b(97)1436 882 y(\013gpf)p 1618 882 +V 357 w(97)1436 995 y(\013gp)m(v)340 b(97)1436 1107 y(\013gp)m(v)p +1635 1107 V 340 w(97)1436 1220 y(\013gp)m(xv)292 b(42)1436 +1333 y(\013gp)m(xf)312 b(42)1436 1446 y(\013grec)320 +b(36)1436 1559 y(\013grsz)k(99)1436 1672 y(\013gsdt)314 +b(55)1436 1785 y(\013gsf)p 1603 1785 V 205 w(98)32 b(103)1436 +1898 y(\013gstm)289 b(55)1436 2011 y(\013gsv)p 1623 2011 +V 185 w(98)32 b(103)1436 2124 y(\013gtam)280 b(78)1436 +2237 y(\013gtbb)254 b(100)1436 2349 y(\013gtc)m(h)313 +b(76)1436 2462 y(\013gtcl)335 b(47)1436 2575 y(\013gtcm)285 +b(77)1436 2688 y(\013gtcp)310 b(77)1436 2801 y(\013gtcr)325 +b(76)1436 2914 y(\013gtcs)g(72)1436 3027 y(\013gtdm)274 +b(48)1436 3140 y(\013gthd)299 b(59)1436 3253 y(\013gtis)339 +b(76)1436 3366 y(\013gtmg)280 b(77)1436 3479 y(\013gtnm)274 +b(78)1436 3591 y(\013gtop)305 b(78)1436 3704 y(\013gtrm)289 +b(77)1436 3817 y(\013gtvf)325 b(78)1436 3930 y(\013gun)m(t)302 +b(37)1436 4043 y(\013hdef)311 b(86)1436 4156 y(\016bin)330 +b(85)1436 4269 y(\016cls)356 b(49)1436 4382 y(\016col)347 +b(49)1436 4495 y(\016img)311 b(85)1436 4608 y(\016kls)348 +b(90)1436 4721 y(\016kyu)311 b(91)1436 4833 y(\016ky)p +1613 4833 V 362 w(90)1436 4946 y(\016mem)266 b(82)1436 +5059 y(\016nit)346 b(32)1436 5172 y(\016opn)311 b(30)1436 +5285 y(\016rec)342 b(90)1436 5398 y(\016ro)m(w)314 b(48)1436 +5511 y(\016tab)327 b(85)1436 5624 y(\016ter)347 b(69)1436 +5737 y(\016url)e(82)2191 543 y(\013k)m(eyn)208 b(57)2191 +656 y(\013mahd)169 b(33)2191 769 y(\013mcom)155 b(38)2191 +882 y(\013mcrd)189 b(92)2191 995 y(\013mkls)206 b(93)2191 +1107 y(\013mkyu)169 b(93)2191 1220 y(\013mky)p 2421 1220 +V 220 w(93)2191 1333 y(\013mnam)144 b(39)2191 1446 y(\013mnhd)163 +b(33)2191 1559 y(\013mrec)200 b(92)2191 1672 y(\013mrhd)178 +b(33)2191 1785 y(\013m)m(v)m(ec)194 b(49)2191 1898 y(\013nc)m(hk)205 +b(57)2191 2011 y(\013nk)m(ey)j(58)2191 2124 y(\013omem)155 +b(81)2191 2237 y(\013op)s(en)202 b(30)2191 2349 y(\013p2d)p +2396 2349 V 245 w(97)2191 2462 y(\013p3d)p 2396 2462 +V 245 w(97)2191 2575 y(\013p)s(c)m(ks)217 b(53)2191 2688 +y(\013p)s(cl)272 b(50)2191 2801 y(\013p)s(cls)191 b(100)2191 +2914 y(\013p)s(cl)p 2369 2914 V 227 w(101)2191 3027 y(\013p)s(clu)221 +b(50)2191 3140 y(\013p)s(cn)247 b(50)2191 3253 y(\013p)s(cn)p +2394 3253 V 202 w(101)2191 3366 y(\013p)s(com)177 b(38)2191 +3479 y(\013p)s(dat)207 b(38)2191 3591 y(\013p)s(des)166 +b(102)2191 3704 y(\013pgp)p 2396 3704 V 245 w(97)2191 +3817 y(\013ph)m(bn)191 b(87)2191 3930 y(\013phis)228 +b(38)2191 4043 y(\013phpr)203 b(87)2191 4156 y(\013phps)g(87)2191 +4269 y(\013ph)m(tb)k(87)2191 4382 y(\013pkls)231 b(89)2191 +4495 y(\013pkn)p 2399 4495 V 242 w(89)2191 4608 y(\013pktp)207 +b(90)2191 4721 y(\013pky)245 b(37)2191 4833 y(\013pkyt)210 +b(90)2191 4946 y(\013pkyu)194 b(38)2191 5059 y(\013pky)p +2396 5059 V 245 w(88)2191 5172 y(\013plsw)213 b(89)2191 +5285 y(\013pmrk)181 b(30)2191 5398 y(\013pmsg)j(56)2191 +5511 y(\013pn)m(ul)216 b(95)2191 5624 y(\013ppn)239 b(96)2191 +5737 y(\013ppn)p 2402 5737 V 239 w(96)2857 543 y(\013ppr)273 +b(96)2857 656 y(\013pprn)222 b(41)2857 769 y(\013ppru)g(97)2857 +882 y(\013ppr)p 3053 882 V 273 w(96)2857 995 y(\013pp)m(x)264 +b(41)2857 1107 y(\013pp)m(xn)213 b(41)2857 1220 y(\013prec)244 +b(38)2857 1333 y(\013pscl)258 b(94)2857 1446 y(\013pss)288 +b(40)2857 1559 y(\013pss)p 3038 1559 V 288 w(97)2857 +1672 y(\013psv)m(c)239 b(57)2857 1785 y(\013ptbb)177 +b(100)2857 1898 y(\013ptdm)198 b(48)2857 2011 y(\013pthp)223 +b(99)2857 2124 y(\013pun)m(t)j(39)2857 2237 y(\013rdef)256 +b(86)2857 2349 y(\013reop)s(en)145 b(82)2857 2462 y(\013rprt)253 +b(30)2857 2575 y(\013rsim)237 b(85)2857 2688 y(\013rtnm)213 +b(83)2857 2801 y(\013rwrg)228 b(61)2857 2914 y(\013s2dt)244 +b(55)2857 3027 y(\013s2tm)219 b(55)2857 3140 y(\013sn)m(ul)250 +b(95)2857 3253 y(\013sro)m(w)231 b(52)2857 3366 y(\013texp)237 +b(53)2857 3479 y(\013thdu)223 b(33)2857 3591 y(\013theap)143 +b(100)2857 3704 y(\013tk)m(ey)243 b(57)2857 3817 y(\013tm2s)219 +b(55)2857 3930 y(\013tn)m(ul)251 b(95)2857 4043 y(\013topn)229 +b(30)2857 4156 y(\013tplt)264 b(82)2857 4269 y(\013trec)c(57)2857 +4382 y(\013tscl)274 b(94)2857 4495 y(\013ucrd)233 b(38)2857 +4608 y(\013ukls)250 b(93)2857 4721 y(\013uky)264 b(37)2857 +4833 y(\013ukyu)213 b(38)2857 4946 y(\013uky)p 3062 4946 +V 264 w(93)2857 5059 y(\013up)s(c)m(h)218 b(56)2857 5172 +y(\013up)s(c)m(k)j(54)2857 5285 y(\013urlt)263 b(33)2857 +5398 y(\013v)m(c)m(ks)245 b(54)2857 5511 y(\013v)m(ers)254 +b(56)2857 5624 y(\013wldp)217 b(73)2857 5737 y(\013xyp)m(x)i(73)p +eop +%%Page: 150 158 +150 157 bop 0 299 a Fj(150)2084 b Fh(APPENDIX)31 b(A.)61 +b(INDEX)31 b(OF)f(R)m(OUTINES)p eop +%%Page: 151 159 +151 158 bop 0 1225 a Fg(App)5 b(endix)65 b(B)0 1687 y +Fm(P)-6 b(arameter)77 b(De\014nitions)0 2180 y Fe(anynul)142 +b(-)47 b(set)g(to)g(TRUE)g(\(=1\))f(if)i(any)e(returned)g(values)g(are) +h(undefined,)e(else)i(FALSE)0 2293 y(array)190 b(-)47 +b(array)f(of)i(numerical)d(data)h(values)h(to)g(read)f(or)i(write)0 +2406 y(ascii)190 b(-)47 b(encoded)f(checksum)f(string)0 +2518 y(binspec)94 b(-)47 b(the)g(input)f(table)h(binning)e(specifier)0 +2631 y(bitpix)142 b(-)47 b(bits)g(per)g(pixel.)f(The)h(following)e +(symbolic)g(mnemonics)h(are)h(predefined:)716 2744 y(BYTE_IMG)141 +b(=)i(8)47 b(\(unsigned)f(char\))716 2857 y(SHORT_IMG)93 +b(=)i(16)47 b(\(signed)f(short)g(integer\))716 2970 y(LONG_IMG)141 +b(=)95 b(32)47 b(\(signed)f(long)h(integer\))716 3083 +y(LONGLONG_IMG)d(=)96 b(64)47 b(\(signed)f(long)g(64-bit)g(integer\)) +716 3196 y(FLOAT_IMG)93 b(=)47 b(-32)g(\(float\))716 +3309 y(DOUBLE_IMG)e(=)i(-64)g(\(double\).)525 3422 y(The)g +(LONGLONG_IMG)d(type)j(is)g(experimental)e(and)i(is)g(not)g(officially) +525 3535 y(recognized)e(in)i(the)g(FITS)g(Standard)e(document.)525 +3648 y(Two)i(additional)e(values,)h(USHORT_IMG)f(and)i(ULONG_IMG)e(are) +i(also)f(available)525 3760 y(for)h(creating)e(unsigned)h(integer)g +(images.)93 b(These)47 b(are)g(equivalent)e(to)525 3873 +y(creating)h(a)h(signed)f(integer)g(image)g(with)h(BZERO)f(offset)g +(keyword)g(values)525 3986 y(of)h(32768)g(or)g(2147483648,)d +(respectively,)h(which)h(is)h(the)g(convention)e(that)525 +4099 y(FITS)i(uses)f(to)h(store)g(unsigned)e(integers.)0 +4212 y(card)238 b(-)47 b(header)f(record)g(to)h(be)h(read)e(or)h +(written)f(\(80)h(char)g(max,)f(null-terminated\))0 4325 +y(casesen)94 b(-)47 b(CASESEN)f(\(=1\))g(for)h(case-sensitive)d(string) +i(matching,)g(else)g(CASEINSEN)g(\(=0\))0 4438 y(cmopt)190 +b(-)47 b(grouping)f(table)g("compact")f(option)h(parameter.)f(Allowed)h +(values)g(are:)525 4551 y(OPT_CMT_MBR)f(and)i(OPT_CMT_MBR_DEL.)0 +4664 y(colname)94 b(-)47 b(name)g(of)g(the)g(column)f +(\(null-terminated\))0 4777 y(colnum)142 b(-)47 b(column)f(number)g +(\(first)g(column)g(=)i(1\))0 4890 y(colspec)94 b(-)47 +b(the)g(input)f(file)h(column)f(specification;)e(used)j(to)g(delete,)f +(create,)f(or)j(rename)525 5002 y(table)e(columns)0 5115 +y(comment)94 b(-)47 b(the)g(keyword)f(comment)g(field)g(\(72)h(char)f +(max,)h(null-terminated\))0 5228 y(complm)142 b(-)47 +b(should)f(the)h(checksum)f(be)h(complemented?)0 5341 +y(comptype)f(-)h(compression)e(algorithm)g(to)i(use:)g(GZIP_1,)f +(RICE_1,)f(or)j(PLIO_1)0 5454 y(coordtype-)d(type)i(of)g(coordinate)e +(projection)g(\(-SIN,)h(-TAN,)g(-ARC,)h(-NCP,)525 5567 +y(-GLS,)f(-MER,)h(or)g(-AIT\))0 5680 y(cpopt)190 b(-)47 +b(grouping)f(table)g(copy)h(option)f(parameter.)f(Allowed)g(values)i +(are:)1882 5942 y Fj(151)p eop +%%Page: 152 160 +152 159 bop 0 299 a Fj(152)1822 b Fh(APPENDIX)31 b(B.)61 +b(P)-8 b(ARAMETER)30 b(DEFINITIONS)525 555 y Fe(OPT_GCP_GPT,)44 +b(OPT_GCP_MBR,)h(OPT_GCP_ALL,)f(OPT_MCP_ADD,)h(OPT_MCP_NADD,)525 +668 y(OPT_MCP_REPL,)f(amd)j(OPT_MCP_MOV.)0 781 y(create_col-)e(If)i +(TRUE,)f(then)h(insert)f(a)h(new)g(column)f(in)i(the)f(table,)f +(otherwise)525 894 y(overwrite)f(the)i(existing)f(column.)0 +1007 y(current)94 b(-)47 b(if)g(TRUE,)g(then)f(the)h(current)f(HDU)h +(will)f(be)i(copied)0 1120 y(dataok)142 b(-)47 b(was)g(the)g(data)f +(unit)h(verification)e(successful)g(\(=1\))h(or)525 1233 +y(not)h(\(=)g(-1\).)94 b(Equals)47 b(zero)f(if)h(the)g(DATASUM)f +(keyword)g(is)h(not)g(present.)0 1346 y(datasum)94 b(-)47 +b(32-bit)f(1's)h(complement)e(checksum)h(for)g(the)h(data)g(unit)0 +1458 y(dataend)94 b(-)47 b(address)f(\(in)h(bytes\))f(of)h(the)g(end)g +(of)g(the)g(HDU)0 1571 y(datastart-)e(address)h(\(in)h(bytes\))f(of)h +(the)g(start)f(of)h(the)g(data)g(unit)0 1684 y(datatype)f(-)h +(specifies)e(the)i(data)g(type)f(of)i(the)f(value.)93 +b(Allowed)46 b(value)h(are:)94 b(TSTRING,)525 1797 y(TLOGICAL,)45 +b(TBYTE,)h(TSBYTE,)g(TSHORT,)g(TUSHORT,)g(TINT,)g(TUINT,)g(TLONG,)g +(TULONG,)525 1910 y(TFLOAT,)g(TDOUBLE,)f(TCOMPLEX,)h(and)h(TDBLCOMPLEX) +0 2023 y(datestr)94 b(-)47 b(FITS)g(date/time)e(string:)h +('YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.dd)o(d',)41 b('YYYY-MM-dd',)525 +2136 y(or)47 b('dd/mm/yy')0 2249 y(day)286 b(-)47 b(calendar)f(day)g +(\(UTC\))h(\(1-31\))0 2362 y(decimals)f(-)h(number)f(of)h(decimal)f +(places)g(to)h(be)h(displayed)0 2475 y(deltasize)d(-)j(increment)d(for) +i(allocating)e(more)i(memory)0 2588 y(dim1)238 b(-)47 +b(declared)f(size)g(of)h(the)g(first)g(dimension)e(of)i(the)g(image)f +(or)i(cube)e(array)0 2700 y(dim2)238 b(-)47 b(declared)f(size)g(of)h +(the)g(second)f(dimension)g(of)h(the)g(data)f(cube)h(array)0 +2813 y(dispwidth)e(-)j(display)e(width)g(of)h(a)h(column)e(=)h(length)f +(of)h(string)f(that)h(will)g(be)g(read)0 2926 y(dtype)190 +b(-)47 b(data)g(type)f(of)h(the)g(keyword)f(\('C',)h('L',)f('I',)h('F') +g(or)g('X'\))764 3039 y(C)g(=)h(character)d(string)764 +3152 y(L)i(=)h(logical)764 3265 y(I)f(=)h(integer)764 +3378 y(F)f(=)h(floating)d(point)h(number)764 3491 y(X)h(=)h(complex,)d +(e.g.,)h("\(1.23,)g(-4.56\)")0 3604 y(err_msg)94 b(-)47 +b(error)f(message)g(on)h(the)g(internal)f(stack)g(\(80)h(chars)f(max\)) +0 3717 y(err_text)g(-)h(error)f(message)g(string)g(corresponding)e(to)k +(error)e(number)g(\(30)h(chars)f(max\))0 3830 y(exact)190 +b(-)47 b(TRUE)g(\(=1\))f(if)h(the)g(strings)f(match)h(exactly;)525 +3942 y(FALSE)f(\(=0\))h(if)g(wildcards)e(are)i(used)0 +4055 y(exclist)94 b(-)47 b(array)f(of)i(pointers)d(to)i(keyword)f +(names)g(to)i(be)f(excluded)e(from)i(search)0 4168 y(exists)142 +b(-)47 b(flag)g(indicating)e(whether)g(the)i(file)g(or)g(compressed)e +(file)i(exists)f(on)h(disk)0 4281 y(expr)238 b(-)47 b(boolean)f(or)h +(arithmetic)e(expression)0 4394 y(extend)142 b(-)47 b(TRUE)g(\(=1\))f +(if)h(FITS)g(file)g(may)g(have)f(extensions,)f(else)i(FALSE)f(\(=0\))0 +4507 y(extname)94 b(-)47 b(value)f(of)i(the)e(EXTNAME)g(keyword)g +(\(null-terminated\))0 4620 y(extspec)94 b(-)47 b(the)g(extension)e(or) +i(HDU)g(specifier;)e(a)j(number)e(or)h(name,)f(version,)g(and)h(type)0 +4733 y(extver)142 b(-)47 b(value)f(of)i(the)e(EXTVER)h(keyword)e(=)j +(integer)e(version)f(number)0 4846 y(filename)h(-)h(full)g(name)f(of)h +(the)g(FITS)g(file,)f(including)g(optional)f(HDU)i(and)g(filtering)e +(specs)0 4959 y(filetype)h(-)h(type)g(of)g(file)f(\(file://,)g(ftp://,) +g(http://,)f(etc.\))0 5072 y(filter)142 b(-)47 b(the)g(input)f(file)h +(filtering)e(specifier)0 5185 y(firstchar-)g(starting)h(byte)g(in)h +(the)g(row)g(\(first)f(byte)h(of)g(row)g(=)g(1\))0 5297 +y(firstfailed)e(-)i(member)f(HDU)h(ID)g(\(if)g(positive\))f(or)h +(grouping)e(table)i(GRPIDn)f(index)525 5410 y(value)g(\(if)h +(negative\))f(that)g(failed)g(grouping)g(table)g(verification.)0 +5523 y(firstelem-)f(first)h(element)g(in)h(a)h(vector)e(\(ignored)f +(for)i(ASCII)g(tables\))0 5636 y(firstrow)f(-)h(starting)f(row)g +(number)h(\(first)f(row)h(of)g(table)f(=)i(1\))p eop +%%Page: 153 161 +153 160 bop 3764 299 a Fj(153)0 555 y Fe(following-)45 +b(if)i(TRUE,)g(any)f(HDUs)h(following)e(the)i(current)f(HDU)h(will)g +(be)g(copied)0 668 y(fpixel)142 b(-)47 b(coordinate)e(of)i(the)g(first) +f(pixel)h(to)g(be)g(read)g(or)g(written)f(in)h(the)525 +781 y(FITS)g(array.)93 b(The)47 b(array)g(must)f(be)i(of)f(length)f +(NAXIS)g(and)h(have)g(values)f(such)525 894 y(that)h(fpixel[0])e(is)i +(in)g(the)g(range)g(1)g(to)g(NAXIS1,)f(fpixel[1])f(is)i(in)h(the)525 +1007 y(range)e(1)i(to)f(NAXIS2,)f(etc.)0 1120 y(fptr)238 +b(-)47 b(pointer)f(to)h(a)g('fitsfile')e(structure)h(describing)f(the)i +(FITS)f(file.)0 1233 y(frac)238 b(-)47 b(factional)e(part)i(of)g(the)g +(keyword)f(value)0 1346 y(gcount)142 b(-)47 b(number)f(of)h(groups)f +(in)i(the)e(primary)g(array)h(\(usually)e(=)j(1\))0 1458 +y(gfptr)190 b(-)47 b(fitsfile*)e(pointer)h(to)h(a)h(grouping)d(table)i +(HDU.)0 1571 y(group)190 b(-)47 b(GRPIDn/GRPLCn)d(index)j(value)f +(identifying)f(a)i(grouping)f(table)g(HDU,)h(or)525 1684 +y(data)g(group)f(number)g(\(=0)h(for)g(non-grouped)e(data\))0 +1797 y(grouptype)g(-)j(Grouping)d(table)i(parameter)e(that)i(specifies) +e(the)i(columns)f(to)h(be)525 1910 y(created)f(in)h(a)g(grouping)f +(table)g(HDU.)h(Allowed)f(values)g(are:)h(GT_ID_ALL_URI,)525 +2023 y(GT_ID_REF,)e(GT_ID_POS,)g(GT_ID_ALL,)g(GT_ID_REF_URI,)f(and)j +(GT_ID_POS_URI.)0 2136 y(grpname)94 b(-)47 b(value)f(to)i(use)e(for)h +(the)g(GRPNAME)f(keyword)g(value.)0 2249 y(hdunum)142 +b(-)47 b(sequence)f(number)g(of)h(the)g(HDU)g(\(Primary)e(array)i(=)g +(1\))0 2362 y(hduok)190 b(-)47 b(was)g(the)g(HDU)g(verification)d +(successful)h(\(=1\))i(or)525 2475 y(not)g(\(=)g(-1\).)94 +b(Equals)47 b(zero)f(if)h(the)g(CHECKSUM)f(keyword)g(is)h(not)g +(present.)0 2588 y(hdusum)142 b(-)47 b(32)g(bit)g(1's)g(complement)e +(checksum)h(for)g(the)h(entire)f(CHDU)0 2700 y(hdutype)94 +b(-)47 b(type)g(of)g(HDU:)f(IMAGE_HDU)g(\(=0\),)g(ASCII_TBL)f(\(=1\),)i +(or)g(BINARY_TBL)e(\(=2\))0 2813 y(header)142 b(-)47 +b(returned)f(character)f(string)h(containing)f(all)i(the)g(keyword)f +(records)0 2926 y(headstart-)f(starting)h(address)f(\(in)i(bytes\))f +(of)i(the)e(CHDU)0 3039 y(heapsize)g(-)h(size)g(of)g(the)g(binary)f +(table)g(heap,)h(in)g(bytes)0 3152 y(history)94 b(-)47 +b(the)g(HISTORY)f(keyword)g(comment)f(string)h(\(70)h(char)g(max,)g +(null-terminated\))0 3265 y(hour)238 b(-)47 b(hour)g(within)f(day)h +(\(UTC\))f(\(0)h(-)h(23\))0 3378 y(inc)286 b(-)47 b(sampling)f +(interval)f(for)i(pixels)f(in)h(each)g(FITS)g(dimension)0 +3491 y(inclist)94 b(-)47 b(array)f(of)i(pointers)d(to)i(matching)f +(keyword)g(names)0 3604 y(incolnum)g(-)h(input)f(column)g(number;)g +(range)h(=)g(1)h(to)f(TFIELDS)0 3717 y(infile)142 b(-)47 +b(the)g(input)f(filename,)g(including)f(path)h(if)i(specified)0 +3830 y(infptr)142 b(-)47 b(pointer)f(to)h(a)g('fitsfile')e(structure)h +(describing)f(the)i(input)f(FITS)h(file.)0 3942 y(intval)142 +b(-)47 b(integer)f(part)g(of)i(the)f(keyword)e(value)0 +4055 y(iomode)142 b(-)47 b(file)g(access)f(mode:)g(either)g(READONLY)g +(\(=0\))g(or)i(READWRITE)d(\(=1\))0 4168 y(keyname)94 +b(-)47 b(name)g(of)g(a)g(keyword)f(\(8)h(char)g(max,)g +(null-terminated\))0 4281 y(keynum)142 b(-)47 b(position)f(of)h +(keyword)f(in)h(header)f(\(1st)g(keyword)g(=)i(1\))0 +4394 y(keyroot)94 b(-)47 b(root)g(string)f(for)h(the)g(keyword)e(name)i +(\(5)g(char)g(max,)f(null-terminated\))0 4507 y(keysexist-)f(number)h +(of)h(existing)f(keyword)g(records)f(in)j(the)f(CHU)0 +4620 y(keytype)94 b(-)47 b(header)f(record)g(type:)h(-1=delete;)92 +b(0=append)46 b(or)h(replace;)907 4733 y(1=append;)e(2=this)h(is)h(the) +g(END)g(keyword)0 4846 y(longstr)94 b(-)47 b(arbitrarily)e(long)h +(string)g(keyword)g(value)h(\(null-terminated\))0 4959 +y(lpixel)142 b(-)47 b(coordinate)e(of)i(the)g(last)g(pixel)f(to)h(be)g +(read)g(or)g(written)f(in)h(the)525 5072 y(FITS)g(array.)93 +b(The)47 b(array)g(must)f(be)i(of)f(length)f(NAXIS)g(and)h(have)g +(values)f(such)525 5185 y(that)h(lpixel[0])e(is)i(in)g(the)g(range)g(1) +g(to)g(NAXIS1,)f(lpixel[1])f(is)i(in)h(the)525 5297 y(range)e(1)i(to)f +(NAXIS2,)f(etc.)0 5410 y(match)190 b(-)47 b(TRUE)g(\(=1\))f(if)h(the)g +(2)h(strings)e(match,)g(else)g(FALSE)h(\(=0\))0 5523 +y(maxdim)142 b(-)47 b(maximum)f(number)g(of)h(values)f(to)h(return)0 +5636 y(member)142 b(-)47 b(row)g(number)f(of)h(a)h(grouping)d(table)i +(member)f(HDU.)p eop +%%Page: 154 162 +154 161 bop 0 299 a Fj(154)1822 b Fh(APPENDIX)31 b(B.)61 +b(P)-8 b(ARAMETER)30 b(DEFINITIONS)0 555 y Fe(memptr)142 +b(-)47 b(pointer)f(to)h(the)g(a)g(FITS)g(file)g(in)g(memory)0 +668 y(mem_realloc)e(-)i(pointer)f(to)h(a)h(function)d(for)i +(reallocating)e(more)h(memory)0 781 y(memsize)94 b(-)47 +b(size)g(of)g(the)g(memory)f(block)g(allocated)f(for)i(the)g(FITS)g +(file)0 894 y(mfptr)190 b(-)47 b(fitsfile*)e(pointer)h(to)h(a)h +(grouping)d(table)i(member)f(HDU.)0 1007 y(mgopt)190 +b(-)47 b(grouping)f(table)g(merge)g(option)g(parameter.)f(Allowed)h +(values)g(are:)525 1120 y(OPT_MRG_COPY,)e(and)j(OPT_MRG_MOV.)0 +1233 y(minute)142 b(-)47 b(minute)f(within)g(hour)h(\(UTC\))f(\(0)h(-)h +(59\))0 1346 y(month)190 b(-)47 b(calendar)f(month)g(\(UTC\))g(\(1)h(-) +h(12\))0 1458 y(morekeys)e(-)h(space)f(in)i(the)e(header)h(for)f(this)h +(many)g(more)f(keywords)0 1571 y(n_good_rows)f(-)i(number)f(of)h(rows)g +(evaluating)e(to)i(TRUE)0 1684 y(namelist)f(-)h(string)f(containing)f +(a)j(comma)e(or)h(space)f(delimited)g(list)g(of)i(names)0 +1797 y(naxes)190 b(-)47 b(size)g(of)g(each)f(dimension)g(in)h(the)g +(FITS)f(array)0 1910 y(naxis)190 b(-)47 b(number)f(of)h(dimensions)e +(in)i(the)g(FITS)g(array)0 2023 y(naxis1)142 b(-)47 b(length)f(of)h +(the)g(X/first)f(axis)h(of)g(the)g(FITS)f(array)0 2136 +y(naxis2)142 b(-)47 b(length)f(of)h(the)g(Y/second)f(axis)g(of)i(the)e +(FITS)h(array)0 2249 y(naxis3)142 b(-)47 b(length)f(of)h(the)g(Z/third) +f(axis)h(of)g(the)g(FITS)f(array)0 2362 y(nchars)142 +b(-)47 b(number)f(of)h(characters)e(to)i(read)g(or)g(write)0 +2475 y(nelements-)e(number)h(of)h(data)g(elements)e(to)j(read)e(or)h +(write)0 2588 y(newfptr)94 b(-)47 b(returned)f(pointer)f(to)j(the)e +(reopened)g(file)0 2700 y(newveclen-)f(new)i(value)f(for)h(the)g +(column)f(vector)g(repeat)g(parameter)0 2813 y(nexc)238 +b(-)47 b(number)f(of)h(names)g(in)g(the)g(exclusion)e(list)i(\(may)f(=) +i(0\))0 2926 y(nfound)142 b(-)47 b(number)f(of)h(keywords)f(found)g +(\(highest)g(keyword)g(number\))0 3039 y(nkeys)190 b(-)47 +b(number)f(of)h(keywords)f(in)h(the)g(sequence)0 3152 +y(ninc)238 b(-)47 b(number)f(of)h(names)g(in)g(the)g(inclusion)e(list)0 +3265 y(nmembers)h(-)h(Number)f(of)h(grouping)f(table)g(members)g +(\(NAXIS2)g(value\).)0 3378 y(nmove)190 b(-)47 b(number)f(of)h(HDUs)g +(to)g(move)g(\(+)g(or)g(-\),)g(relative)f(to)h(current)f(position)0 +3491 y(nocomments)f(-)i(if)h(equal)e(to)h(TRUE,)g(then)f(no)h +(commentary)e(keywords)h(will)h(be)g(copied)0 3604 y(noisebits-)e +(number)h(of)h(bits)g(to)g(ignore)f(when)h(compressing)e(floating)g +(point)h(images)0 3717 y(nrows)190 b(-)47 b(number)f(of)h(rows)g(in)g +(the)g(table)0 3830 y(nstart)142 b(-)47 b(first)f(integer)g(value)0 +3942 y(nullarray-)f(set)i(to)g(TRUE)g(\(=1\))f(if)i(corresponding)c +(data)i(element)g(is)h(undefined)0 4055 y(nulval)142 +b(-)47 b(numerical)e(value)i(to)g(represent)e(undefined)g(pixels)0 +4168 y(nulstr)142 b(-)47 b(character)e(string)h(used)h(to)g(represent)e +(undefined)h(values)g(in)h(ASCII)f(table)0 4281 y(numval)142 +b(-)47 b(numerical)e(data)i(value,)f(of)h(the)g(appropriate)e(data)h +(type)0 4394 y(offset)142 b(-)95 b(byte)46 b(offset)g(in)i(the)f(heap)f +(to)h(the)g(first)g(element)e(of)j(the)f(vector)0 4507 +y(openfptr)f(-)h(pointer)f(to)h(a)g(currently)f(open)g(FITS)h(file)0 +4620 y(overlap)94 b(-)47 b(number)f(of)h(bytes)g(in)g(the)g(binary)f +(table)g(heap)h(pointed)f(to)h(by)g(more)g(than)f(1)525 +4733 y(descriptor)0 4846 y(outcolnum-)f(output)h(column)g(number;)g +(range)g(=)i(1)f(to)g(TFIELDS)f(+)i(1)0 4959 y(outfile)94 +b(-)47 b(and)g(optional)e(output)i(filename;)e(the)i(input)f(file)h +(will)f(be)i(copied)e(to)h(this)f(prior)525 5072 y(to)h(opening)f(the)h +(file)0 5185 y(outfptr)94 b(-)47 b(pointer)f(to)h(a)g('fitsfile')e +(structure)h(describing)f(the)i(output)f(FITS)g(file.)0 +5297 y(pcount)142 b(-)47 b(value)f(of)i(the)e(PCOUNT)h(keyword)e(=)j +(size)e(of)i(binary)e(table)g(heap)0 5410 y(previous)g(-)h(if)g(TRUE,)g +(any)f(previous)g(HDUs)h(in)g(the)g(input)f(file)h(will)f(be)i(copied.) +0 5523 y(repeat)142 b(-)47 b(length)f(of)h(column)f(vector)g(\(e.g.)h +(12J\);)f(==)h(1)h(for)f(ASCII)f(table)0 5636 y(rmopt)190 +b(-)47 b(grouping)f(table)g(remove)g(option)g(parameter.)f(Allowed)h +(values)g(are:)p eop +%%Page: 155 163 +155 162 bop 3764 299 a Fj(155)525 555 y Fe(OPT_RM_GPT,)45 +b(OPT_RM_ENTRY,)f(OPT_RM_MBR,)h(and)i(OPT_RM_ALL.)0 668 +y(rootname)f(-)h(root)g(filename,)e(minus)h(any)h(extension)e(or)j +(filtering)d(specifications)0 781 y(rot)286 b(-)47 b(celestial)e +(coordinate)g(rotation)h(angle)g(\(degrees\))0 894 y(rowlen)142 +b(-)47 b(length)f(of)h(a)h(table)e(row,)h(in)g(characters)e(or)i(bytes) +0 1007 y(rowlist)94 b(-)47 b(sorted)f(list)h(of)g(row)g(numbers)f(to)h +(be)g(deleted)f(from)g(the)h(table)0 1120 y(rownum)142 +b(-)47 b(number)f(of)h(the)g(row)g(\(first)f(row)h(=)h(1\))0 +1233 y(rowrange)e(-)h(list)g(of)g(rows)f(or)i(row)f(ranges:)e +('3,6-8,12,56-80')f(or)j('500-')0 1346 y(row_status)e(-)i(array)g(of)g +(True/False)e(results)h(for)h(each)f(row)h(that)g(was)g(evaluated)0 +1458 y(scale)190 b(-)47 b(linear)f(scaling)g(factor;)g(true)g(value)h +(=)g(\(FITS)g(value\))f(*)h(scale)f(+)i(zero)0 1571 y(second)142 +b(-)47 b(second)f(within)g(minute)g(\(0)h(-)h(60.9999999999\))c(\(leap) +i(second!\))0 1684 y(simple)142 b(-)47 b(TRUE)g(\(=1\))f(if)h(FITS)g +(file)g(conforms)e(to)i(the)g(Standard,)f(else)g(FALSE)h(\(=0\))0 +1797 y(space)190 b(-)47 b(number)f(of)h(blank)g(spaces)f(to)h(leave)f +(between)g(ASCII)g(table)h(columns)0 1910 y(status)142 +b(-)47 b(returned)f(error)g(status)g(code)h(\(0)g(=)g(OK\))0 +2023 y(sum)286 b(-)47 b(32)g(bit)g(unsigned)f(checksum)f(value)0 +2136 y(tbcol)190 b(-)47 b(byte)g(position)e(in)i(row)g(to)g(start)g(of) +g(column)f(\(1st)h(col)g(has)g(tbcol)f(=)h(1\))0 2249 +y(tdisp)190 b(-)47 b(Fortran)f(style)g(display)g(format)g(for)h(the)g +(table)f(column)0 2362 y(tdimstr)94 b(-)47 b(the)g(value)f(of)h(the)g +(TDIMn)g(keyword)0 2475 y(templt)142 b(-)47 b(template)f(string)g(used) +g(in)h(comparison)e(\(null-terminated\))0 2588 y(tfields)94 +b(-)47 b(number)f(of)h(fields)f(\(columns\))g(in)h(the)g(table)0 +2700 y(tfopt)190 b(-)47 b(grouping)f(table)g(member)g(transfer)g +(option)g(parameter.)f(Allowed)g(values)i(are:)525 2813 +y(OPT_MCP_ADD,)d(and)j(OPT_MCP_MOV.)0 2926 y(tform)190 +b(-)47 b(format)f(of)h(the)g(column)f(\(null-terminated\);)d(allowed)j +(values)g(are:)525 3039 y(ASCII)g(tables:)94 b(Iw,)47 +b(Aw,)g(Fww.dd,)f(Eww.dd,)f(or)j(Dww.dd)525 3152 y(Binary)e(tables:)g +(rL,)h(rX,)g(rB,)g(rI,)g(rJ,)f(rA,)h(rAw,)g(rE,)g(rD,)g(rC,)g(rM)525 +3265 y(where)f('w'=width)g(of)h(the)g(field,)f('d'=no.)g(of)h +(decimals,)e('r'=repeat)g(count.)525 3378 y(Variable)h(length)g(array)g +(columns)g(are)h(denoted)f(by)h(a)g('1P')g(before)f(the)h(data)f(type) +525 3491 y(character)f(\(e.g.,)h('1PJ'\).)94 b(When)47 +b(creating)e(a)j(binary)e(table,)g(2)h(addition)f(tform)525 +3604 y(data)h(type)f(codes)h(are)g(recognized)e(by)i(CFITSIO:)e('rU')i +(and)g('rV')f(for)h(unsigned)525 3717 y(16-bit)f(and)h(unsigned)f +(32-bit)g(integer,)f(respectively.)0 3942 y(theap)190 +b(-)47 b(zero)g(indexed)e(byte)i(offset)f(of)h(starting)f(address)g(of) +h(the)g(heap)525 4055 y(relative)f(to)h(the)g(beginning)e(of)i(the)g +(binary)f(table)g(data)0 4168 y(tilesize)g(-)h(array)f(of)i(length)e +(NAXIS)g(that)h(specifies)e(the)i(dimensions)e(of)525 +4281 y(the)i(image)f(compression)f(tiles)0 4394 y(ttype)190 +b(-)47 b(label)f(or)i(name)e(for)h(table)f(column)h +(\(null-terminated\))0 4507 y(tunit)190 b(-)47 b(physical)f(unit)g(for) +h(table)f(column)h(\(null-terminated\))0 4620 y(typechar)f(-)h +(symbolic)f(code)g(of)h(the)g(table)g(column)f(data)g(type)0 +4733 y(typecode)g(-)h(data)g(type)f(code)h(of)g(the)g(table)f(column.) +94 b(The)47 b(negative)e(of)525 4846 y(the)i(value)f(indicates)g(a)h +(variable)f(length)g(array)g(column.)764 4959 y(Datatype)618 +b(typecode)189 b(Mnemonic)764 5072 y(bit,)46 b(X)907 +b(1)381 b(TBIT)764 5185 y(byte,)46 b(B)811 b(11)381 b(TBYTE)764 +5297 y(logical,)45 b(L)668 b(14)381 b(TLOGICAL)764 5410 +y(ASCII)46 b(character,)f(A)286 b(16)381 b(TSTRING)764 +5523 y(short)46 b(integer,)g(I)381 b(21)g(TSHORT)764 +5636 y(integer,)45 b(J)668 b(41)381 b(TINT32BIT)p eop +%%Page: 156 164 +156 163 bop 0 299 a Fj(156)1822 b Fh(APPENDIX)31 b(B.)61 +b(P)-8 b(ARAMETER)30 b(DEFINITIONS)764 555 y Fe(long)46 +b(long)h(integer,)e(K)191 b(81)381 b(TLONGLONG)764 668 +y(real,)46 b(E)811 b(42)381 b(TFLOAT)764 781 y(double)46 +b(precision,)f(D)238 b(82)381 b(TDOUBLE)764 894 y(complex,)45 +b(C)668 b(83)381 b(TCOMPLEX)764 1007 y(double)46 b(complex,)f(M)286 +b(163)381 b(TDBLCOMPLEX)620 1120 y(The)47 b(TLONGLONG)f(column)g(type)g +(is)i(experimental)c(and)j(is)g(not)620 1233 y(recognized)e(in)j(the)f +(official)e(FITS)i(Standard)e(document)0 1346 y(unit)238 +b(-)47 b(the)g(physical)e(unit)i(string)f(\(e.g.,)g('km/s'\))g(for)h(a) +g(keyword)0 1458 y(unused)142 b(-)47 b(number)f(of)h(unused)f(bytes)h +(in)g(the)g(binary)f(table)g(heap)0 1571 y(urltype)94 +b(-)47 b(the)g(file)g(type)f(of)h(the)g(FITS)g(file)g(\(file://,)e +(ftp://,)h(mem://,)f(etc.\))0 1684 y(validheap-)g(returned)h(value)g(=) +h(FALSE)g(if)g(any)g(of)g(the)g(variable)e(length)i(array)525 +1797 y(address)f(are)h(outside)f(the)g(valid)h(range)f(of)h(addresses)f +(in)h(the)g(heap)0 1910 y(value)190 b(-)47 b(the)g(keyword)f(value)g +(string)g(\(70)h(char)g(max,)f(null-terminated\))0 2023 +y(version)94 b(-)47 b(current)f(version)g(number)g(of)h(the)g(CFITSIO)f +(library)0 2136 y(width)190 b(-)47 b(width)f(of)i(the)e(character)g +(string)g(field)0 2249 y(xcol)238 b(-)47 b(number)f(of)h(the)g(column)f +(containing)f(the)i(X)h(coordinate)d(values)0 2362 y(xinc)238 +b(-)47 b(X)g(axis)g(coordinate)e(increment)g(at)j(reference)d(pixel)h +(\(deg\))0 2475 y(xpix)238 b(-)47 b(X)g(axis)g(pixel)f(location)0 +2588 y(xpos)238 b(-)47 b(X)g(axis)g(celestial)e(coordinate)g(\(usually) +h(RA\))h(\(deg\))0 2700 y(xrefpix)94 b(-)47 b(X)g(axis)g(reference)e +(pixel)i(array)f(location)0 2813 y(xrefval)94 b(-)47 +b(X)g(axis)g(coordinate)e(value)h(at)i(the)f(reference)e(pixel)h +(\(deg\))0 2926 y(ycol)238 b(-)47 b(number)f(of)h(the)g(column)f +(containing)f(the)i(X)h(coordinate)d(values)0 3039 y(year)238 +b(-)47 b(calendar)f(year)g(\(e.g.)h(1999,)f(2000,)g(etc\))0 +3152 y(yinc)238 b(-)47 b(Y)g(axis)g(coordinate)e(increment)g(at)j +(reference)d(pixel)h(\(deg\))0 3265 y(ypix)238 b(-)47 +b(y)g(axis)g(pixel)f(location)0 3378 y(ypos)238 b(-)47 +b(y)g(axis)g(celestial)e(coordinate)g(\(usually)h(DEC\))h(\(deg\))0 +3491 y(yrefpix)94 b(-)47 b(Y)g(axis)g(reference)e(pixel)i(array)f +(location)0 3604 y(yrefval)94 b(-)47 b(Y)g(axis)g(coordinate)e(value)h +(at)i(the)f(reference)e(pixel)h(\(deg\))0 3717 y(zero)238 +b(-)47 b(scaling)f(offset;)g(true)g(value)h(=)g(\(FITS)f(value\))h(*)g +(scale)f(+)i(zero)p eop +%%Page: 157 165 +157 164 bop 0 1225 a Fg(App)5 b(endix)65 b(C)0 1687 y +Fm(CFITSIO)76 b(Error)h(Status)h(Co)6 b(des)0 2180 y +Fj(The)28 b(follo)m(wing)e(table)i(lists)f(all)g(the)h(error)g(status)g +(co)s(des)g(used)f(b)m(y)h(CFITSIO.)f(Programmers)h(are)g(encouraged)0 +2293 y(to)37 b(use)e(the)h(sym)m(b)s(olic)f(mnemonics)f(\(de\014ned)h +(in)g(the)h(\014le)f(\014tsio.h\))h(rather)f(than)h(the)g(actual)g(in)m +(teger)h(status)0 2406 y(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(to)h(impro)m(v)m(e)f(the)h +(readabilit)m(y)d(of)j(their)e(co)s(de.)48 2665 y Fe(Symbolic)45 +b(Const)190 b(Value)237 b(Meaning)48 2778 y(--------------)187 +b(-----)94 b(------------------------)o(----)o(---)o(----)o(----)o(--) +1002 2891 y(0)191 b(OK,)47 b(no)g(error)48 3004 y(SAME_FILE)427 +b(101)190 b(input)46 b(and)h(output)f(files)h(are)g(the)f(same)48 +3117 y(TOO_MANY_FILES)187 b(103)j(tried)46 b(to)h(open)g(too)g(many)g +(FITS)f(files)h(at)g(once)48 3230 y(FILE_NOT_OPENED)139 +b(104)190 b(could)46 b(not)h(open)g(the)g(named)f(file)48 +3343 y(FILE_NOT_CREATED)91 b(105)190 b(could)46 b(not)h(create)f(the)h +(named)g(file)48 3456 y(WRITE_ERROR)331 b(106)190 b(error)46 +b(writing)g(to)h(FITS)g(file)48 3569 y(END_OF_FILE)331 +b(107)190 b(tried)46 b(to)h(move)g(past)g(end)g(of)g(file)48 +3681 y(READ_ERROR)379 b(108)190 b(error)46 b(reading)g(from)h(FITS)f +(file)48 3794 y(FILE_NOT_CLOSED)139 b(110)190 b(could)46 +b(not)h(close)g(the)f(file)48 3907 y(ARRAY_TOO_BIG)235 +b(111)190 b(array)46 b(dimensions)f(exceed)h(internal)g(limit)48 +4020 y(READONLY_FILE)235 b(112)190 b(Cannot)46 b(write)g(to)i(readonly) +d(file)48 4133 y(MEMORY_ALLOCATION)e(113)190 b(Could)46 +b(not)h(allocate)f(memory)48 4246 y(BAD_FILEPTR)331 b(114)190 +b(invalid)46 b(fitsfile)f(pointer)48 4359 y(NULL_INPUT_PTR)187 +b(115)j(NULL)47 b(input)f(pointer)g(to)h(routine)48 4472 +y(SEEK_ERROR)379 b(116)190 b(error)46 b(seeking)g(position)g(in)h(file) +48 4698 y(BAD_URL_PREFIX)235 b(121)142 b(invalid)46 b(URL)h(prefix)f +(on)h(file)g(name)48 4811 y(TOO_MANY_DRIVERS)139 b(122)j(tried)46 +b(to)h(register)f(too)h(many)g(IO)g(drivers)48 4924 y +(DRIVER_INIT_FAILED)c(123)142 b(driver)46 b(initialization)e(failed)48 +5036 y(NO_MATCHING_DRIVER)f(124)142 b(matching)45 b(driver)i(is)g(not)g +(registered)48 5149 y(URL_PARSE_ERROR)187 b(125)142 b(failed)46 +b(to)h(parse)g(input)f(file)h(URL)48 5262 y(RANGE_PARSE_ERROR)91 +b(126)142 b(parse)46 b(error)h(in)g(range)f(list)48 5488 +y(SHARED_BADARG)235 b(151)190 b(bad)47 b(argument)e(in)j(shared)e +(memory)g(driver)48 5601 y(SHARED_NULPTR)235 b(152)190 +b(null)47 b(pointer)e(passed)h(as)i(an)f(argument)48 +5714 y(SHARED_TABFULL)187 b(153)j(no)47 b(more)g(free)f(shared)g +(memory)h(handles)1882 5942 y Fj(157)p eop +%%Page: 158 166 +158 165 bop 0 299 a Fj(158)1589 b Fh(APPENDIX)31 b(C.)61 +b(CFITSIO)29 b(ERR)m(OR)h(ST)-8 b(A)g(TUS)30 b(CODES)48 +555 y Fe(SHARED_NOTINIT)187 b(154)j(shared)46 b(memory)g(driver)g(is)h +(not)g(initialized)48 668 y(SHARED_IPCERR)235 b(155)190 +b(IPC)47 b(error)f(returned)g(by)h(a)g(system)f(call)48 +781 y(SHARED_NOMEM)283 b(156)190 b(no)47 b(memory)f(in)h(shared)f +(memory)h(driver)48 894 y(SHARED_AGAIN)283 b(157)190 +b(resource)45 b(deadlock)h(would)g(occur)48 1007 y(SHARED_NOFILE)235 +b(158)190 b(attempt)46 b(to)h(open/create)e(lock)h(file)h(failed)48 +1120 y(SHARED_NORESIZE)139 b(159)190 b(shared)46 b(memory)g(block)g +(cannot)h(be)g(resized)f(at)h(the)g(moment)48 1346 y(HEADER_NOT_EMPTY) +91 b(201)190 b(header)46 b(already)g(contains)f(keywords)48 +1458 y(KEY_NO_EXIST)283 b(202)190 b(keyword)46 b(not)h(found)f(in)h +(header)48 1571 y(KEY_OUT_BOUNDS)187 b(203)j(keyword)46 +b(record)g(number)g(is)h(out)g(of)g(bounds)48 1684 y(VALUE_UNDEFINED) +139 b(204)190 b(keyword)46 b(value)g(field)g(is)i(blank)48 +1797 y(NO_QUOTE)475 b(205)190 b(string)46 b(is)h(missing)f(the)h +(closing)f(quote)48 1910 y(BAD_KEYCHAR)331 b(207)190 +b(illegal)46 b(character)f(in)i(keyword)f(name)h(or)g(card)48 +2023 y(BAD_ORDER)427 b(208)190 b(required)45 b(keywords)h(out)h(of)g +(order)48 2136 y(NOT_POS_INT)331 b(209)190 b(keyword)46 +b(value)g(is)h(not)g(a)h(positive)d(integer)48 2249 y(NO_END)571 +b(210)190 b(couldn't)45 b(find)i(END)g(keyword)48 2362 +y(BAD_BITPIX)379 b(211)190 b(illegal)46 b(BITPIX)g(keyword)g(value)48 +2475 y(BAD_NAXIS)427 b(212)190 b(illegal)46 b(NAXIS)g(keyword)g(value) +48 2588 y(BAD_NAXES)427 b(213)190 b(illegal)46 b(NAXISn)g(keyword)g +(value)48 2700 y(BAD_PCOUNT)379 b(214)190 b(illegal)46 +b(PCOUNT)g(keyword)g(value)48 2813 y(BAD_GCOUNT)379 b(215)190 +b(illegal)46 b(GCOUNT)g(keyword)g(value)48 2926 y(BAD_TFIELDS)331 +b(216)190 b(illegal)46 b(TFIELDS)g(keyword)f(value)48 +3039 y(NEG_WIDTH)427 b(217)190 b(negative)45 b(table)i(row)g(size)48 +3152 y(NEG_ROWS)475 b(218)190 b(negative)45 b(number)i(of)g(rows)f(in)i +(table)48 3265 y(COL_NOT_FOUND)235 b(219)190 b(column)46 +b(with)h(this)f(name)h(not)g(found)f(in)h(table)48 3378 +y(BAD_SIMPLE)379 b(220)190 b(illegal)46 b(value)g(of)h(SIMPLE)f +(keyword)48 3491 y(NO_SIMPLE)427 b(221)190 b(Primary)46 +b(array)g(doesn't)g(start)g(with)h(SIMPLE)48 3604 y(NO_BITPIX)427 +b(222)190 b(Second)46 b(keyword)g(not)h(BITPIX)48 3717 +y(NO_NAXIS)475 b(223)190 b(Third)46 b(keyword)g(not)h(NAXIS)48 +3830 y(NO_NAXES)475 b(224)190 b(Couldn't)45 b(find)i(all)g(the)g +(NAXISn)f(keywords)48 3942 y(NO_XTENSION)331 b(225)190 +b(HDU)47 b(doesn't)f(start)g(with)h(XTENSION)e(keyword)48 +4055 y(NOT_ATABLE)379 b(226)190 b(the)47 b(CHDU)f(is)i(not)f(an)g +(ASCII)f(table)g(extension)48 4168 y(NOT_BTABLE)379 b(227)190 +b(the)47 b(CHDU)f(is)i(not)f(a)g(binary)f(table)g(extension)48 +4281 y(NO_PCOUNT)427 b(228)190 b(couldn't)45 b(find)i(PCOUNT)f(keyword) +48 4394 y(NO_GCOUNT)427 b(229)190 b(couldn't)45 b(find)i(GCOUNT)f +(keyword)48 4507 y(NO_TFIELDS)379 b(230)190 b(couldn't)45 +b(find)i(TFIELDS)f(keyword)48 4620 y(NO_TBCOL)475 b(231)190 +b(couldn't)45 b(find)i(TBCOLn)f(keyword)48 4733 y(NO_TFORM)475 +b(232)190 b(couldn't)45 b(find)i(TFORMn)f(keyword)48 +4846 y(NOT_IMAGE)427 b(233)190 b(the)47 b(CHDU)f(is)i(not)f(an)g(IMAGE) +f(extension)48 4959 y(BAD_TBCOL)427 b(234)190 b(TBCOLn)46 +b(keyword)g(value)g(<)i(0)f(or)g(>)h(rowlength)48 5072 +y(NOT_TABLE)427 b(235)190 b(the)47 b(CHDU)f(is)i(not)f(a)g(table)48 +5185 y(COL_TOO_WIDE)283 b(236)190 b(column)46 b(is)h(too)g(wide)g(to)g +(fit)g(in)g(table)48 5297 y(COL_NOT_UNIQUE)187 b(237)j(more)47 +b(than)f(1)i(column)e(name)g(matches)g(template)48 5410 +y(BAD_ROW_WIDTH)235 b(241)190 b(sum)47 b(of)g(column)f(widths)g(not)h +(=)h(NAXIS1)48 5523 y(UNKNOWN_EXT)331 b(251)190 b(unrecognizable)44 +b(FITS)i(extension)g(type)48 5636 y(UNKNOWN_REC)331 b(252)190 +b(unknown)46 b(record;)g(1st)g(keyword)g(not)h(SIMPLE)f(or)h(XTENSION)p +eop +%%Page: 159 167 +159 166 bop 3764 299 a Fj(159)48 555 y Fe(END_JUNK)475 +b(253)190 b(END)47 b(keyword)f(is)h(not)g(blank)48 668 +y(BAD_HEADER_FILL)139 b(254)190 b(Header)46 b(fill)h(area)f(contains)g +(non-blank)f(chars)48 781 y(BAD_DATA_FILL)235 b(255)190 +b(Illegal)46 b(data)g(fill)h(bytes)f(\(not)h(zero)g(or)g(blank\))48 +894 y(BAD_TFORM)427 b(261)190 b(illegal)46 b(TFORM)g(format)g(code)48 +1007 y(BAD_TFORM_DTYPE)139 b(262)190 b(unrecognizable)44 +b(TFORM)i(data)h(type)f(code)48 1120 y(BAD_TDIM)475 b(263)190 +b(illegal)46 b(TDIMn)g(keyword)g(value)48 1233 y(BAD_HEAP_PTR)283 +b(264)190 b(invalid)46 b(BINTABLE)f(heap)i(pointer)f(is)h(out)g(of)g +(range)48 1458 y(BAD_HDU_NUM)331 b(301)190 b(HDU)47 b(number)f(<)h(1)48 +1571 y(BAD_COL_NUM)331 b(302)190 b(column)46 b(number)g(<)i(1)f(or)g(>) +h(tfields)48 1684 y(NEG_FILE_POS)283 b(304)190 b(tried)46 +b(to)h(move)g(to)g(negative)f(byte)g(location)g(in)h(file)48 +1797 y(NEG_BYTES)427 b(306)190 b(tried)46 b(to)h(read)g(or)g(write)g +(negative)e(number)h(of)h(bytes)48 1910 y(BAD_ROW_NUM)331 +b(307)190 b(illegal)46 b(starting)f(row)i(number)f(in)h(table)48 +2023 y(BAD_ELEM_NUM)283 b(308)190 b(illegal)46 b(starting)f(element)h +(number)g(in)h(vector)48 2136 y(NOT_ASCII_COL)235 b(309)190 +b(this)47 b(is)g(not)g(an)g(ASCII)f(string)g(column)48 +2249 y(NOT_LOGICAL_COL)139 b(310)190 b(this)47 b(is)g(not)g(a)g +(logical)f(data)h(type)f(column)48 2362 y(BAD_ATABLE_FORMAT)d(311)190 +b(ASCII)46 b(table)h(column)f(has)h(wrong)f(format)48 +2475 y(BAD_BTABLE_FORMAT)d(312)190 b(Binary)46 b(table)g(column)g(has)h +(wrong)g(format)48 2588 y(NO_NULL)523 b(314)190 b(null)47 +b(value)f(has)h(not)g(been)f(defined)48 2700 y(NOT_VARI_LEN)283 +b(317)190 b(this)47 b(is)g(not)g(a)g(variable)f(length)g(column)48 +2813 y(BAD_DIMEN)427 b(320)190 b(illegal)46 b(number)g(of)h(dimensions) +e(in)i(array)48 2926 y(BAD_PIX_NUM)331 b(321)190 b(first)46 +b(pixel)h(number)f(greater)g(than)g(last)h(pixel)48 3039 +y(ZERO_SCALE)379 b(322)190 b(illegal)46 b(BSCALE)g(or)h(TSCALn)f +(keyword)g(=)h(0)48 3152 y(NEG_AXIS)475 b(323)190 b(illegal)46 +b(axis)g(length)g(<)i(1)48 3378 y(NOT_GROUP_TABLE)330 +b(340)142 b(Grouping)46 b(function)f(error)48 3491 y +(HDU_ALREADY_MEMBER)186 b(341)48 3604 y(MEMBER_NOT_FOUND)282 +b(342)48 3717 y(GROUP_NOT_FOUND)330 b(343)48 3830 y(BAD_GROUP_ID)474 +b(344)48 3942 y(TOO_MANY_HDUS_TRACKED)42 b(345)48 4055 +y(HDU_ALREADY_TRACKED)138 b(346)48 4168 y(BAD_OPTION)570 +b(347)48 4281 y(IDENTICAL_POINTERS)186 b(348)48 4394 +y(BAD_GROUP_ATTACH)282 b(349)48 4507 y(BAD_GROUP_DETACH)g(350)48 +4733 y(NGP_NO_MEMORY)426 b(360)238 b(malloc)46 b(failed)48 +4846 y(NGP_READ_ERR)474 b(361)238 b(read)46 b(error)h(from)f(file)48 +4959 y(NGP_NUL_PTR)522 b(362)238 b(null)46 b(pointer)g(passed)g(as)h +(an)g(argument.)1575 5072 y(Passing)f(null)g(pointer)g(as)h(a)h(name)f +(of)1575 5185 y(template)f(file)g(raises)g(this)h(error)48 +5297 y(NGP_EMPTY_CURLINE)234 b(363)k(line)46 b(read)h(seems)f(to)h(be)h +(empty)e(\(used)1575 5410 y(internally\))48 5523 y +(NGP_UNREAD_QUEUE_FULL)c(364)238 b(cannot)46 b(unread)g(more)g(then)h +(1)g(line)g(\(or)g(single)1575 5636 y(line)g(twice\))p +eop +%%Page: 160 168 +160 167 bop 0 299 a Fj(160)1589 b Fh(APPENDIX)31 b(C.)61 +b(CFITSIO)29 b(ERR)m(OR)h(ST)-8 b(A)g(TUS)30 b(CODES)48 +555 y Fe(NGP_INC_NESTING)330 b(365)238 b(too)46 b(deep)h(include)f +(file)h(nesting)e(\(infinite)1575 668 y(loop,)h(template)g(includes)f +(itself)i(?\))48 781 y(NGP_ERR_FOPEN)426 b(366)238 b(fopen\(\))45 +b(failed,)h(cannot)g(open)h(template)e(file)48 894 y(NGP_EOF)714 +b(367)238 b(end)46 b(of)i(file)e(encountered)f(and)i(not)g(expected)48 +1007 y(NGP_BAD_ARG)522 b(368)238 b(bad)46 b(arguments)g(passed.)g +(Usually)f(means)1575 1120 y(internal)h(parser)g(error.)g(Should)g(not) +h(happen)48 1233 y(NGP_TOKEN_NOT_EXPECT)90 b(369)238 +b(token)46 b(not)h(expected)e(here)48 1458 y(BAD_I2C)523 +b(401)190 b(bad)47 b(int)g(to)g(formatted)e(string)h(conversion)48 +1571 y(BAD_F2C)523 b(402)190 b(bad)47 b(float)f(to)h(formatted)f +(string)g(conversion)48 1684 y(BAD_INTKEY)379 b(403)190 +b(can't)46 b(interpret)g(keyword)f(value)i(as)g(integer)48 +1797 y(BAD_LOGICALKEY)187 b(404)j(can't)46 b(interpret)g(keyword)f +(value)i(as)g(logical)48 1910 y(BAD_FLOATKEY)283 b(405)190 +b(can't)46 b(interpret)g(keyword)f(value)i(as)g(float)48 +2023 y(BAD_DOUBLEKEY)235 b(406)190 b(can't)46 b(interpret)g(keyword)f +(value)i(as)g(double)48 2136 y(BAD_C2I)523 b(407)190 +b(bad)47 b(formatted)e(string)h(to)h(int)g(conversion)48 +2249 y(BAD_C2F)523 b(408)190 b(bad)47 b(formatted)e(string)h(to)h +(float)g(conversion)48 2362 y(BAD_C2D)523 b(409)190 b(bad)47 +b(formatted)e(string)h(to)h(double)f(conversion)48 2475 +y(BAD_DATATYPE)283 b(410)190 b(illegal)46 b(datatype)f(code)i(value)48 +2588 y(BAD_DECIM)427 b(411)190 b(bad)47 b(number)f(of)h(decimal)f +(places)g(specified)48 2700 y(NUM_OVERFLOW)283 b(412)190 +b(overflow)45 b(during)i(data)f(type)h(conversion)48 +2813 y(DATA_COMPRESSION_ERR)137 b(413)95 b(error)46 b(compressing)f +(image)48 2926 y(DATA_DECOMPRESSION_ERR)c(414)95 b(error)46 +b(uncompressing)f(image)48 3152 y(BAD_DATE)475 b(420)190 +b(error)46 b(in)h(date)g(or)g(time)g(conversion)48 3378 +y(PARSE_SYNTAX_ERR)91 b(431)190 b(syntax)46 b(error)g(in)i(parser)e +(expression)48 3491 y(PARSE_BAD_TYPE)187 b(432)j(expression)45 +b(did)i(not)g(evaluate)e(to)i(desired)f(type)48 3604 +y(PARSE_LRG_VECTOR)91 b(433)190 b(vector)46 b(result)g(too)h(large)f +(to)i(return)e(in)h(array)48 3717 y(PARSE_NO_OUTPUT)139 +b(434)190 b(data)47 b(parser)f(failed)g(not)h(sent)f(an)h(out)g(column) +48 3830 y(PARSE_BAD_COL)235 b(435)190 b(bad)47 b(data)f(encounter)g +(while)g(parsing)g(column)48 3942 y(PARSE_BAD_OUTPUT)91 +b(436)190 b(Output)46 b(file)h(not)g(of)g(proper)f(type)48 +4168 y(ANGLE_TOO_BIG)235 b(501)190 b(celestial)45 b(angle)i(too)f +(large)h(for)g(projection)48 4281 y(BAD_WCS_VAL)331 b(502)190 +b(bad)47 b(celestial)e(coordinate)g(or)i(pixel)g(value)48 +4394 y(WCS_ERROR)427 b(503)190 b(error)46 b(in)h(celestial)f +(coordinate)f(calculation)48 4507 y(BAD_WCS_PROJ)283 +b(504)190 b(unsupported)45 b(type)h(of)h(celestial)f(projection)48 +4620 y(NO_WCS_KEY)379 b(505)190 b(celestial)45 b(coordinate)g(keywords) +h(not)h(found)48 4733 y(APPROX_WCS_KEY)187 b(506)j(approximate)45 +b(wcs)i(keyword)e(values)h(were)h(returned)p eop +%%Trailer +end +userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if +%%EOF |