Repatch (from linux) of OSX IRAF

65 files changed, 5372 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/access.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/access.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d68649b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/access.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+.help "access,imaccess" Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+access -- test whether a file exists
+.ih
+USAGE
+bool = access (filename)
+bool = imaccess (imagename)
+.ih 
+PARAMETERS
+.ls filename
+The name of the file whose existence is to be tested.
+.le
+.ls imagename
+The name of the image whose existence is to be tested.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+\fIAccess\fR is a boolean intrinsic function returning true ("yes") if the
+named file exists.  \fIAccess\fR can only be called as a function in an
+expression, not as a task.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Type a file if it exists.
+
+.nf
+    if (access ("lib$motd"))
+	type ("lib$motd")
+    else
+	error (11, "File not found")
+.fi
+
+2. Tell if a file and an image exists.
+
+.nf
+	cl> = access ("lib$motd")
+	cl> = imaccess ("dev$pix")
+.fi
+
+
+.ih
+BUGS
+An optional second argument should be added to test whether the named file
+can be accessed for reading or writing.
+.endhelp
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+directory
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/back.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/back.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..236d65b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/back.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+.help back Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+back -- return to the previous directory
+.ih
+USAGE
+back
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+None.
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+\fIBack\fR is used after a call to \fIchdir\fR or \fIcd\fR to return to the
+previous directory.  Repetitive calls to \fIback\fR may be used to toggle
+between two directories.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Go to the logical directory "dataio".
+
+	cl> cd dataio
+
+2. Return to the previous directory, and then go back to the dataio directory.
+
+	cl> back;back
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+chdir, pathnames
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/beep.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/beep.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70c7b34d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/beep.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+.help beep Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+beep -- beep the terminal
+.ih
+USAGE
+beep
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+Beep sends the bell character (^G) to the terminal.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Wait for a background job to complete, ringing the terminal bell when done.
+
+	cl> wait;beep
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+clear
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/break.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/break.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fce2cf9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/break.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+.help break Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+break -- break out of a loop
+.ih
+USAGE
+break
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fIbreak\fR statement is used to exit (break out of) the \fIfor\fR or
+\fIwhile\fR loop in which it is found.  In the case of nested loop constructs
+only the innermost loop is terminated.
+Unlike C usage the \fIbreak\fR statement does not break out of a switch.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Scan a list (file), printing each list element until either the list is
+exhausted or a list element "exit" or "quit" is encountered.
+
+.nf
+	while (fscan (list, s1) != EOF) {
+	    if (s1 == "exit" || s1 == "quit")
+		break
+	    print (s1)
+	}
+.fi
+
+
+2. Sum the pixels in a two dimensional array, terminating the sum for each
+line if a negative pixel is encountered, and terminating the entire process
+when the total sum passes a predefined limit.
+
+.nf
+	total = 0
+	for (i=1;  i <= NCOLS;  i+=1) {
+	    for (j=1;  j <= NLINES;  j+=1) {
+		if (pixel[i,j] < 0)
+		    break		# exit the J loop
+		total += pixel[i,j]
+	    }
+	    if (total > NPHOT)
+		break			# exit the I loop
+	}
+.fi
+.ih
+BUGS
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+next, while, for
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/bye.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/bye.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..566b419e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/bye.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+.help bye Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+bye -- terminate task execution
+.ih
+USAGE
+bye
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fIbye\fR command terminates the task from which it is executed.
+This is exactly equivalent to the CL reading end of file (EOF) when
+executing a task.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. The most common usage of \fIbye\fR occurs when it is typed by the user to
+exit a package; in this case, \fIbye\fR terminates the package script task.
+
+.nf
+	cl> plot
+	pl> bye
+	cl>
+.fi
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+clbye, return
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/cache.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/cache.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e1680590
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/cache.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+.help cache Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+cache -- cache the parameters for a task in fast memory
+.ih
+USAGE
+cache task [task ...]
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls task
+The name of a task whose parameter set is to be cached in fast memory.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fIcache\fR command loads the parameters of a task in memory.
+The CL normally reads the parameters for a task from disk whenever the
+task is executed.  Cacheing the parameters for frequently executed tasks
+can speed up execution significantly.  This is particularly important when
+the tasks are called from within a loop.
+
+If the \fIcache\fR command is entered without any arguments a list of the
+currently "cached" tasks is printed.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Cache the parameters for the tasks \fIdirectory\fR and \fIpage\fR.
+
+	cl> cache dir page
+
+2. Cache the parameters for the tasks called in a loop within the body of
+a procedure script.  Note the use of command mode in the script.
+
+.nf
+	begin
+		cache ("alpha", "beta")
+		for (i=1;  i <= 10;  i+=1) {
+		    alpha (i)
+		    beta (i)
+		}
+	end
+.fi
+.ih
+BUGS
+The parameter cache should not be confused with the process cache associated
+with the \fIprcache\fR and \fIflprcache\fR commands.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+unlearn, update, lparam, eparam
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/chdir.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/chdir.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..112f135d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/chdir.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+.help chdir,cd Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+chdir, cd -- change the current working directory
+.ih
+USAGE
+chdir [newdir]  or  cd [newdir]
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls newdir
+The new working directory.
+The special name "." refers to the current directory; ".." refers to the next
+higher directory.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+\fIChdir\fR is used to change the current working directory.
+When called without any arguments, \fIchdir\fR sets the default directory
+to "home$", the users home directory.
+The new directory can be specified as an IRAF logical name,
+as a sub-directory of the current directory,
+as a path from either a logical directory or the current directory,
+or as an operating system dependent name.
+
+The names \fIchdir\fR and \fIcd\fR are synonyms.  Note that the command
+\fIback\fR may be called after a \fIchdir\fR to return to the previous
+directory without typing its name.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Return to our home directory.
+
+	cl> cd
+
+2. Go to the package logical directory "pkg$".
+
+	cl> chdir pkg
+
+3. Go down one level to the directory "dataio", a subdirectory of "pkg".
+
+	cl> cd dataio
+
+4. From "dataio", go back up to "pkg" and down into "images".
+
+	cl> cd ../images
+
+5. Go to the "tv" directory, a subdirectory of "images", regardless of the
+current directory
+
+	cl> cd pkg$images/tv
+
+6. On a VMS system, define a new logical directory on a different disk device
+and go there.  Note that the character $ is not permitted in host file or
+directory names.
+
+.nf
+	cl> set dd = scr1:[data]
+	cl> cd dd
+.fi
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+back, pathnames
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/cl.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/cl.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..24cf399e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/cl.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+.help cl,clbye Jun86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+.nf
+cl    -- call the CL as a task
+clbye -- like cl(), but closes current script file too
+.fi
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls gcur = ""
+Global graphics cursor.
+.le
+.ls imcur = ""
+Global image cursor.
+.le
+.ls abbreviate = yes
+Permits minimum match abbreviations of task and parameter names (disabled
+within scripts).
+.le
+.ls echo = no
+Echo all commands received by the CL on the terminal.
+.le
+.ls ehinit = "standout eol noverify"
+Ehistory options string.  (See "ehistory")
+.le
+.ls epinit = "standout noshowall"
+Eparam options string.  (See "eparam")
+.le
+.ls keeplog = no
+Keep a log of all CL commands.
+.le
+.ls logfile = "uparm$logfile"
+The name of the logfile, if command logging is enabled.
+.le
+.ls logmode = "commands nobackground noerrors notrace"
+Logging mode control parameter.  (See "logging")
+.le
+.ls lexmodes = yes
+Enable automatic mode switching between "command mode" (used when commands are
+being entered interactively at the terminal), and "compute mode" (used to
+evaluate arithmetic expressions and argument lists).  If \fIlexmodes\fR is
+disabled command mode is disabled.  Command mode is always disabled within
+scripts and within parenthesis, i.e., expressions or formal argument lists.
+.le
+.ls menus = yes
+If \fImenus\fR are enabled, a table will be printed whenever a package is
+entered or exited listing the tasks (or subpackages) in the new package.
+.le
+.ls mode = "ql"
+The parameter mode of the CL, and of any tasks run by the CL which do not
+specify their own mode (i.e., which specify `auto' mode).  A "q" causes a
+query to be generated whenever a parameter is used which was not set explicitly
+on the command line.  An "m" (menu mode) causes \fIeparam\fR to be called to
+edit/check a task's parameters when the task is run interactively.  An "l"
+causes the parameter file for a task to be updated on disk whenever the task
+is run interactively.  Note that changing the mode at the CL level will have
+no affect on the operation of an individual task unless "auto" mode is set
+at the package, task, and parameter level, causing the mode to defer to the
+global CL mode.
+.le
+.ls notify = yes
+If \fInotify\fR is enabled background jobs will print a message on the user
+terminal (or in the logfile for a queued job) notifying the user when the
+job completes.
+.le
+.ls szprcache = (a small number)
+Controls the size of the process cache.  The value may range from 1 to 10.
+A larger number reduces process spawns but the idle processes may consume
+critical system/job resources.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fIcl\fR and \fIclbye\fR commands are used to call the CL as a task.
+The function of the \fIcl\fR task is to read and execute commands from
+its standard input until \fIbye\fR or end of file is reached.  The \fIcl\fR
+task may be called with arguments or executed in the background like any
+other task.  The \fIcl\fR task may be called from within a procedure or
+script to read commands from the command stream which called that procedure
+or task; this is usually the terminal but may be a another script.
+
+When the \fIcl\fR or \fIclbye\fR command is invoked, the command language
+interpreter stores information about which tasks and packages are currently
+defined.  When the command is finished any tasks or packages which
+have become defined since invocation are lost, unless the user specifically
+overrides this by using the \fIkeep\fR command.
+
+The \fIclbye\fR command performs exactly like a \fIcl\fR followed by a
+\fIbye\fR, except that when called from a script the script file is closed
+immediately, freeing its file descriptor for use elsewhere.  If \fIcl\fR
+is used instead of \fIclbye\fR in a script, the file is not closed until
+after the \fIcl\fR returns.  If a \fIclbye\fR is used in a script, any
+commands following the \fIclbye\fR will not be executed.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Execute CL commands from a file.
+
+	cl> cl < cmdfile
+
+2. Execute CL commands from a pipe.
+
+	cl> print ("!type ", fname) | cl
+
+3. Execute \fIcl\fR, taking command input from the terminal.  Since command
+input is already from the terminal, the only effect is to mark the state
+of CL memory, to allow \fItask\fR, \fIset\fR, and other definitions to be
+made temporarily and later freed by terminating the \fIcl\fR with a \fIbye\fR.
+
+.nf
+	cl> cl
+	cl> set pak = "home$tasks/"
+	cl> task $mytask = pak$x_mytask.e
+		(execute the task)
+	cl> bye
+.fi
+
+In the example above, the declarations of the logical directory "pak" and the
+task "mytask" are discarded when the \fIbye\fR is entered, terminating the
+\fIcl\fR.
+.ih
+BUGS
+Beware that any changes made to the global CL parameters during the execution
+of a \fIcl\fR remain in effect after the task terminates.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+bye, keep, logout
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/clear.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/clear.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c4fe3207
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/clear.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+.help clear Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+clear -- clear the terminal screen
+.ih
+USAGE
+clear
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fIclear\fR command clears the terminal screen.  For this to work properly
+the environment variable \fIterminal\fR must correctly identify the terminal
+currently in use.  If the terminal should get stuck in reverse video mode,
+\fIclear\fR will restore normal video mode as well as clearing the screen.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Clear the screen and print the current directory.
+
+	cl> cle;dir
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+beep, stty
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/commands.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/commands.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d9419695
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/commands.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+.help commands Apr87 language
+.ih
+NAME
+commands -- the CL command syntax
+.ih
+SYNTAX
+In \fIcommand\fR mode (normal interactive commands):
+
+	taskname arg1 ... argN par=val ... par=val redir
+
+In \fIcompute\fR mode (algebraic mode, for expressions and procedures)
+
+	taskname (arg1, ... argN, par=val, ... par=val, redir)
+.ih
+ELEMENTS
+.ls taskname
+The name of the task to be executed.
+.le
+.ls argN
+The positional arguments to the task.  An argument may be any expression;
+in command mode, a parameter name must be enclosed in parenthesis to avoid
+interpretation as a string constant (e.g., filename).
+.le
+.ls param=value
+Keyword equals value assignment.  The value of the parameter named on the
+left is set equal to the value of the expression on the right.
+Keyword equals value assignments must follow any positional arguments.
+To save typing, boolean (yes/no) parameters may be set with a trailing
++ or -, e.g., "verbose+" is the same as "verbose=yes".
+.le
+.ls redir
+A file redirection argument, e.g.:
+
+.ks
+.nf
+> file		spool output in a file
+< file		read input from a file (rather than the terminal)
+>> file		append the output to a file
+>& file		spool both error and regular output in a file
+>>& file	append both error and regular output to a file
+>[GIP]		redirect graphics output to a file, e.g, >G file
+>>[GIP]		append graphics output to a file, e.g, >>G file
+.fi
+.ke
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+A CL command is an invocation of a predefined CL task.
+A task may be one of the numerous builtin functions
+(e.g. time, lparam, ehistory),
+a task defined in a package supplied to the user automatically,
+(e.g., the \fIdirectory\fR task in the \fIsystem\fR package),
+or a task the user has defined himself, using the \fItask\fR directive.
+
+The entire argument list of a command, including file redirection arguments
+may be enclosed in parentheses.  This forces all arguments to be evaluated
+in compute mode.  In command mode arguments are delimited by spaces and
+most characters may be included in strings without need to quote the strings.
+In compute mode arguments are delimited by commas, all strings must be
+quoted, and all CL arithmetic and other operators are recognized.
+Command mode is the default everywhere, except within parenthesis, on the
+right hand side of a "= expr" (inspect statement), or within procedures.
+The sequence #{ <statements> #} may be used to force interpretation of a
+series of statements in compute mode.
+
+
+1. \fBArguments\fR
+
+    The task name may be followed by any number of positional arguments
+and/or keyword=value type arguments, switches, or i/o redirection arguments.
+The positional arguments must come first.  Arguments are most commonly simple
+numeric or string constants, but general expressions are allowed.
+Some examples of arguments follow.
+
+.ks
+.nf
+	"quoted string"
+	(cos(.5)**2 + sin(.5)**2)
+	"work" // 02
+	k + 2			# valid only in compute mode
+	i+3			# valid in both modes
+	(i+3)			# same answer in both modes
+.fi
+.ke
+
+Within an argument the treatment of unquoted strings depends upon
+the current mode.  In command mode the string is assumed to be
+a string constant, while in compute mode it is taken to be the
+name of a parameter.  For example, in command mode the expression
+
+	i+3
+
+is equivalent to the string "i+3", while in compute mode this would
+evaluate to the sum of the \fIvalue\fR of the parameter "i" plus 3.
+To force evaluation of a string like i+3 as a arithmetic expression,
+enclose it in parenthesis.
+
+Positional arguments are assigned to the parameters of the task to
+be executed.  The position of each task parameter is determined by the
+order of the arguments in the \fIprocedure\fR declaration of a
+procedure script task, or by the order of declaration of the parameters
+in a parameter file for other tasks.
+
+Hidden parameters cannot be assigned values positionally (one must use
+keywork assignment).  It is an error to have more positional arguments
+than there are corresponding parameters in the task, but omitting
+positional arguments is legal.  In compute mode, arguments
+may be skipped using commas to mark the skipped arguments, e.g. a,,b.
+
+Following the positional arguments the user may specify keyword
+arguments.  All parameters of a task, including hidden parameters
+may be assigned to using keyword arguments.  The form of a keyword
+argument is
+
+	param=expr
+
+where \fIparam\fR is the name of the task's parameter, and \fIexpr\fR is
+any legal CL expression.  If the parameter is boolean an alternative syntax
+called the "switch" syntax is available:
+
+.ks
+.nf
+	param+		# same as param=yes
+	param-		# same as param=no
+.fi
+.ke
+
+A given parameter may only be assigned to once in a command line.
+
+
+2. \fBI/O Redirection\fR
+
+    Following the argument list the user may specify one or more file
+redirection parameters.  This permits the altering of standard i/o streams
+for this command only.  Note that the file name specified is interpreted
+according to the current mode, i.e.
+
+	> file
+
+sends output to a file with the name "file" in command mode, but uses
+the \fIvalue\fR of the parameter "file" as the filename in compute mode.
+
+The output from one command may also be directed to the input of another
+using pipes.  The syntax is
+
+.ks
+.nf
+	command1 | command2
+    or
+	command1 |& command2
+.fi
+.ke
+
+Here command1 and command2 are full commands, including the taskname
+and all arguments.
+In the first example the standard output of command1 becomes
+the standard input of command2, while in the second the both the
+standard and error output are sent to command2.
+
+Once two commands have been joined by a pipe they function effectively
+as a single command, and the combined command may be joined by
+pipe to further commands.  The resulting "command block" is executed
+as a unit, and may be submitted as a background job by following the
+command block with an "&".
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Simple positional arguments only (command mode).
+
+	cl> copy file1 file2
+
+2. Simple positional arguments only (compute mode).
+
+	cl> copy ("file1", "file2")
+
+3. One positional argument, i.e., the string "file1,file", and one keyword=value
+type argument.  Note that string need not be quoted even though it contains
+the comma, provided there are no spaces in the string.
+
+	cl> lprint file1,file2 device=versatec
+
+4. Syntax for i/o redirection in compute mode, as in a script.
+
+	type ("*.x", > "spool")
+
+5. The same command in command mode.
+
+	cl> type *.x > spool
+
+6. Use of an arithmetic expression in command mode; the scalar value of the
+expression given as the third positional argument is added to the value
+of every pixel in image "pix1", writing a new image "pix2" as output.
+
+	cl> imarith pix1 + (log(4.2)+10) pix2
+
+Many additional examples may be found in the EXAMPLES section of the
+manual pages throughout the system.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+procedure, parameters
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/cursors.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/cursors.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2e04dd03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/cursors.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,671 @@
+.help cursors May93 language
+.ih
+NAME
+cursors -- cursor control for graphics and image display devices
+
+.nh
+Introduction
+
+    In IRAF, all cursor input is via the graphics cursor interface in the CL.
+The CL supports two types of cursors, the graphics cursor and the image
+display cursor, represented in the CL by the two parameter datatypes \fIgcur\fR
+and \fIimcur\fR.  To read either cursor from a task, the programmer declares
+one of the parameters of their task to be of type gcur or imcur, and then
+reads the value of the parameter.  The act of reading a cursor type parameter
+causes the physical device cursor to be read.  To make it possible for the
+user to read either cursor at any time, the CL provides two predefined global
+parameters also called \fIgcur\fR and \fIimcur\fR (or to be more precise,
+"cl.gcur" and "cl.imcur", since both parameters are local parameters of the
+\fIcl\fR task).
+
+Since the graphics cursors are interfaced as CL parameters, a cursor read is
+implied whenever a cursor type parameter is referenced in a CL expression.
+The simplest way to read a cursor is to use the "inspect" statement to print
+the value of the parameter, as in the following example.  Exactly the same
+thing happens when a program like \fIimplot\fR or \fIsplot\fR reads the cursor.
+
+.nf
+	cl> = gcur
+	0.5005035 0.4980621 1 k 
+.fi
+
+More complex accesses are occasionally useful, e.g.:
+
+	cl> print (gcur, > "curpos")
+
+writes the cursor value into a file, and
+
+	cl> = fscan (gcur, x, y)
+
+leaves the X and Y coordinates of the cursor in parameters X and Y.
+
+A cursor read returns a string value, as can be seen in the above example.
+The fields of the cursor value string are (from the left) the X and Y position
+of the cursor in world coordinates, the number of the world coordinate system
+to which the coordinates refer, and the key value, or character typed to
+terminate the cursor read.  If the key is a colon (":"), a fourth field
+will be added, namely a character string entered by the user after typing the
+colon key.  This feature is useful for passing arbitrary commands to programs
+via the cursor interface.
+
+A cursor read is not instantaneous.  A cursor read is initiated by reading a
+cursor type parameter, and terminated by typing any lower case or
+non-alphanumeric character on the keyboard.  The keyboard is used to
+terminate cursor reads from the image display as well as from a graphics
+terminal.  While the cursor read is in progress, i.e., while the CL is
+waiting for a key to be typed on the terminal, the CL is said to be in
+\fIcursor mode\fR.  Cursor mode reserves all of the upper case characters
+and digits for cursor mode commands.  Since the cursor mode commands are
+intercepted by cursor mode, they do not terminate a cursor read and are never
+seen by the program reading the cursor.
+
+The cursor mode commands are the major topic of discussion in the remainder
+of this document.  In brief, the cursor mode commands are used to zoom in
+on some portion of the graphics frame (e.g., to get a more accurate cursor
+position measurement), to roam about at high magnification, to replot the frame,
+to make a hardcopy on a batch plotter device, to save or restore the frame in
+a file, and so on.  In reading the rest of this document, take care not to get
+lost in the complexities of cursor mode, forgetting the essential simplicity
+of the cursor interface, namely that we are reading the cursor and returning
+the cursor coordinates to the caller.
+
+In the remainder of this document the discussion will focus on the graphics
+cursor to minimize confusion.  The same interface is however used to access
+both types of cursor, hence the discussion is relevant for the image display
+interface as well.
+
+.nh
+Overview
+.nh 2
+Invoking Cursor Mode
+
+    Many IRAF tasks produce a plot of some sort and then bring up a graphics
+cursor (e.g. a crosshair) and automatically leave the terminal in cursor mode.
+Alternatively, the user can invoke cursor mode from the CL by typing:
+
+	cl> = gcur
+
+If the CL environment variable \fBcminit\fR is defined when
+cursor mode is first entered, the string value will be interpreted as
+a cursor mode command and used for initialization.  For example, to
+speed up drawing time you could set text quality to low and the
+graphics resolution to 200 points in X and 100 points in Y by adding
+the following \fBset\fR declaration to one's "login.cl" file:
+
+	set cminit = "xres=200; yres=150; txqual=low"
+
+An additional environment variable is provided for applications which generate
+very complex plots.  There is a fixed upper limit on the size of the cursor
+mode frame buffer, used to retain all the graphics instructions used to
+generate a plot.  If the buffer overflows the plot will come out correctly
+the first time, but part of the instructions used to generate the plot will be
+discarded, hence it will not be possible to regenerate the full plot in cursor
+mode.  If this happens the size of the cursor mode frame buffer may be
+increased, e.g.,
+
+	set cmbuflen = 512000
+
+would set the size of the frame buffer to 512K words, or 1 megabyte.
+This would be large enough to hold almost any plot.  A call to \fBgflush\fR
+may be required before the new buffer size takes effect.
+
+.nh 2
+Cursor Mode Help
+
+    While in cursor mode, help text may be obtained in at least two ways.
+Help on the cursor mode commands themselves, i.e. the topic of this
+document, is available with the command ":.help" or just ":.".  By convention
+help on an application task running cursor mode, e.g. \fBimplot\fR, is 
+available with the command "?".  All interactive IRAF graphics tasks are
+required to respond to the ? key with a summary of the keystrokes recognized
+by that task.
+
+.nh 2
+Cursor Mode Commands and Options
+
+    While in cursor mode, whether invoked by an IRAF task or interactively
+via the command "=gcur", three classes of commands are available.
+First, single, upper-case letters take actions such as roaming and zooming,
+redrawing axes after a zoom, and prompting for text annotation.
+Second, cursor mode options and more complicated commands may be entered
+after a ":.", for example sending a screen snapshot to a hardcopy plotter
+and changing text quality and orientation.  Third, all other commands,
+namely the lower case letters and most non-alphanumeric characters,
+are interpreted by the controlling task and will terminate a cursor read.
+Thus, if any keystroke is entered that is not shown below or handled by
+the governing application program, cursor mode exits and the keystroke and
+cursor coordinates are reported.
+
+Minimum match abbreviations are permitted for the cursor mode ":."
+command names.  Multiple commands may be given on one line, delimited by
+semicolons.
+
+The following upper-case commands are interpreted by the graphics system
+and may therefore be entered from the keyboard either in task mode or from
+"=gcur" (this is the same help panel you get from cursor mode by
+typing ":.help"):
+
+.nf
+    A 			draw and label the axes of current viewport
+    B			backup over last instruction in frame buffer
+    C			print the cursor position
+    D 			draw a line by marking the endpoints
+    E			expand plot by setting window corners
+    F			set fast cursor (for HJKL)
+    H			step cursor left
+    J			step cursor down
+    K			step cursor up
+    L			step cursor right
+    M			move point under cursor to center of screen
+    P			zoom out (restore previous expansion)
+    R			redraw the screen
+    T 			draw a text string
+    U 			undo last frame buffer edit
+    V			set slow cursor (for HJKL)
+    W 			select WCS at current position of cursor
+    X			zoom in, X only
+    Y			zoom in, Y only
+    Z			zoom in, both X and Y
+    <			set lower limit of plot to the cursor y value
+    >			set upper limit of plot to the cursor y value
+    \ 			escape next character
+    :			set cursor mode options
+    :!			send a command to the host system
+    =			short for ":.snap"
+    0			reset and redraw
+   1-9			roam
+.fi
+
+If the character : is typed while in cursor mode the alpha cursor will appear
+at the bottom of the screen, allowing a command line to be entered.  Command
+lines which begin with a period, e.g., ":." are interpreted by the graphics
+system; any other command will terminate the cursor read.  If not running an
+IRAF task which interprets that other command, cursor mode will be
+terminated and the cursor value reported.
+
+.nf
+    :.axes[+-]		    draw axes of viewport whenever screen is redrawn
+    :.case[+-]		    enable case sensitivity for keystrokes
+    :.clear		    clear alpha memory (e.g, this text)
+    :.cursor n		    select cursor
+    :.gflush		    flush plotter output
+    :.help		    print help text for cursor mode
+    :.init		    initialize the graphics system
+    :.markcur[+-]	    mark cursor position after each cursor read
+    :.off [keys]	    disable selected cursor mode keys
+    :.on [keys]		    enable selected cursor mode keys
+    :.page[+-]		    enable screen clear before printing help text
+    :.read file		    fill frame buffer from a file
+    :.show		    print cursor mode and graphics kernel status
+    :.snap [device]	    make hardcopy of graphics display
+    :.txqual qual	    set character generator quality (normal,l,m,h)
+    :.txset format	    set text drawing parameters (size,up,hj,vj,etc)
+    :.xres=value	    set X resolution (stdgraph only)
+    :.yres=value	    set Y resolution (stdgraph only)
+    :.viewport x1 x2 y1 y2  set workstation viewport in world coordinates
+    :.write[!][+] file	    save frame buffer in a spool file
+    :.zero		    reset viewport and redraw frame
+.fi
+
+.nh
+Advanced Usage
+.nh 2
+The Frame Buffer
+    
+    The concept of the \fIframe buffer\fR is essential to an understanding of
+cursor mode.  IRAF tasks output all graphics in the form of GKI 
+metacode instructions.  These instructions may be stored in a file if
+desired, or, if the task is run from the CL, they will usually be 
+stored automatically in the frame buffer.  This is a large storage area internal
+to the CL process, and is transparent to the user.  What is important is
+that after producing a plot on the screen, all or part of the information
+in the plot is still present in the frame buffer.  That means that it is
+possible to enter an interactive session with the plot, whether as a part of
+the task that produced the plot in the first place or after the task
+exits by typing "=gcur" from the CL.
+
+If one wishes to recall the last plot after the task which created it has
+exited, and the screen has since been cleared, the plot will still be in
+the frame buffer and can be redrawn by entering cursor mode and typing 0
+(the digit zero).  If the desired plot was not the last one plotted,
+hence is no longer in the frame buffer, it can still be recalled if it
+was saved earlier in a metacode file on disk.  The command ":.read fname"
+will refill the frame buffer from file "fname", and redraw the plot.
+
+All graphics instructions output since the last time the device screen was
+cleared reside in the frame buffer unless there is an extremely large amount
+of information in the plot, in which case only the last part of the plot
+will be saved (the frame buffer dynamically sizes itself to fit the frame,
+but there is a fixed upper limit on its size of about 100 Kb).
+
+.nh 2
+Filling and Writing the Frame Buffer
+
+    The graphics system will automatically clear the frame buffer whenever
+the screen is cleared when plotting.  For example, in a heavy interactive
+graphics session, the frame buffer will be filled and cleared many times,
+and at the end only the last screenfull will be left in the frame buffer.
+When reading a metacode file containing several frames with ":.read",
+all frames will be plotted in sequence, but only the last one will remain
+in the buffer when the sequence finishes.
+
+Some tasks have application-specific functions that append to, rather than
+overwrite the frame buffer.  For example, the "j" function in \fBimplot\fR
+plots another line from the image.  On the screen the previous data vectors
+are erased and the new ones drawn over.  However, if you then do a zoom or
+a reset screen, you will see EACH of the sets of data vectors drawn in
+succession (some people unfairly consider this to be a bug, but actually it
+is a highly desirable feature which we are justifiably proud of).  
+
+The contents of the frame buffer may be written to a metacode file
+with ":.write file".  By default the frame buffer is appended to the
+file if it already exists.  If you wish to "clobber" an existing file,
+use ":.write! file".  Also by default, the frame that is written is what
+you currently see on the screen, i.e., if you have zoomed in on a feature
+only what you see on the screen will be saved.  To write the full frame
+(the one you would see if you first did a "0"), use ":.write+ file".
+To overwrite an existing metacode file in full-frame mode, use ":.write!+ file".
+
+.nh 2
+Moving the Cursor and Modifying the Display Area
+
+    A number of special keystrokes are recognized for interactive
+display control.  These keystrokes may be used to redraw all or
+any portion of the spooled graphics; e.g., one may zoom in on
+a portion of the plot and then roam about on the plot at high
+magnification.  Since the spooled graphics vectors often contain
+more information than can be displayed at normal magnification, zooming
+in on a feature may bring out additional detail (the maximum resolution
+is 32768 points in either axis).  Increasing the magnification will
+increase the precision of a cursor read by the same factor.
+
+If the graphics frame is a typical vector plot with drawn and labeled
+axes, magnifying a portion of the plot may cause the axes to be lost.
+If this is not what is desired a keystroke ("A") is provided to draw and label
+the axes of the displayed window.  The axes will be overplotted on the
+current display and will not be saved in the frame buffer, hence they
+will be lost when the frame is redrawn.  New axes may optionally be drawn
+every time the viewport changes after entry of the command ":.axes+".
+In cursor mode the viewport is the full display area of the output device,
+hence the tick mark labels of the drawn axes are drawn inside the viewport,
+on top of the data.
+
+By default the cursor mode keystrokes are all upper case letters, reserving
+lower case for applications programs.  The terminal shift lock key may be
+used to simplify typing in lengthy interactive cursor mode sessions.
+Most of the upper-case commands involve moving the graphics cursor
+and/or re-displaying a different part of the plot.  Special keystrokes
+are provided for stepwise cursor motions to increase the speed of cursor
+setting on terminals that do not have fast cursor motions (e.g., the
+Retro-Graphics enhanced VT100).  These keystrokes will only work if the terminal
+you are using permits positioning of the cursor under software control.
+
+The commands H, J, K, and L (upper case!) move the cursor left, down, up,
+and right (as in the VI text editor and in Forth/Camera graphics).
+The step size of each cursor motion can change in one of three ways.
+"F" increases the step size by a factor over the current step size each
+time it is used; "V" decreases it similarly.
+
+In practice the F/V speed keys are rarely used because the cursor positioning
+algorithm will automatically adjust the step size as you move the cursor.
+A large step size is used to cross the screen, then the step size is
+automatically decreased as you get close to the desired feature.
+Some practice is required to become adept at this, but soon it becomes
+natural and fast.
+
+Arrow keys, thumbwheels, etc., if present on a keyboard, may also be used
+for cursor motions.  However, moving the cursor this way does not
+automatically report the position to the graphics system, thus if the
+command "C" is given, you will not get a position report after each motion.  
+
+The numeric keypad of the terminal (if it has one) is used to roam about
+when the zoom factor is greater than one.  A numeric key must be escaped
+to use it to exit cursor mode, i.e., if the applications program reading
+the cursor recognizes the digit characters as commands.
+The directional significance of the numeric keys in roam mode is obvious
+if the terminal has a keypad, and is illustrated below.
+
+
+.nf
+	7   8   9	135 090 045
+
+	4   5   6	180 000 000
+
+	1   2   3      -135 -90 -45
+.fi
+
+
+Even if the terminal has a keypad, it may not be possible to use it for
+roam on some terminals.  If the keypad does not work, the normal numeric
+keys at the top of the keyboard will, after a glance at the keypad to
+see which digit to use.
+
+.nh 2
+Reporting and Marking the Cursor Position
+
+    To print the current cursor position in world coordinates without
+exiting cursor mode use the `C' keystroke.
+
+If the cursor mode option ":.markcur+" is set, the position of the cursor
+will be marked with a small plus sign when time cursor mode exits,
+returning the cursor position to the calling program.  This is useful
+when marking the positions of a large number of objects, to keep track
+of the objects already marked.  The cursor position will not be marked until
+cursor mode exits, i.e., no cursor mode command will cause the mark to be
+drawn.  The mark cursor option remains in effect until you explicitly turn
+it off with ":.markcur-" or by typing \fIgflush\fR.  The marks are drawn
+in the frame buffer, hence they will survive zoom and roam or screen reset
+(they can be erased with repeated B commands if desired).
+
+Some plots have more than one world coordinate system (WCS, the third value
+in the cursor value string).  Suppose you are in cursor mode and the frame
+contains two separate plots, or there is only one plot but the lower x-axis
+is in Angstroms while the upper one is in inverse centimeters.  By default
+the graphics system will automatically select the WCS (viewport) closest to
+the position of the cursor, returning a cursor position in that coordinate
+system.  If this is not what is desired, move the cursor to a position
+that belongs unambiguously to one of the coordinate systems and type "W".
+Subsequent cursor reads will refer to the coordinate system you have
+specified, regardless of the position of the cursor on the screen.
+When the frame is cleared the WCS "lock" will be cleared as well.
+
+.nh 2
+Annotating Plots
+
+    The "T" command will prompt you for a text string to be entered from the
+keyboard, followed by a RETURN.  The text will appear on the screen (and get
+stored in the frame buffer), normally located with its lower left corner at
+the current cursor position.  This command may be used in conjunction with
+the "D" command to draw a line from the text annotation to a feature of
+interest in the plot.  Notice that the text size is constant in cursor
+mode regardless of the current magnification.  In order that text entered
+with "T" will look as nearly the same as possible on a hardcopy snapshot
+as it does on the screen, you should set text quality to high.
+
+Text attributes are controlled by two command options.  Use ":.txqual" to
+set text quality to "normal" (the default), "low", "medium", or "high".
+Low-quality text plots the fastest, high-quality the slowest.  On terminals
+with hardware text generation such as the Retro-Graphics Enhanced VT100,
+low-quality characters may always come out 
+upright, even if the whole text string's up-vector is not at 90 degrees.
+
+Low-quality text sizes are also fixed on most devices, so in a hardcopy
+snapshot of a plot the text will not necessarily look the same as it did
+on the screen (in particular it may overwrite data vectors).
+With low-quality text other options such
+as "font=italic" will not work on most terminals (although they may come
+out correctly on a hardcopy device).  In general, set ":.txqual=h" if you are
+planning to get hardcopy output from a plot you are annotating.  Changing
+the text quality only applies to text entered with "T" AFTER the change;
+you cannot automatically set all text to high quality after you have 
+entered it.
+
+There are several ways to change the position of text relative to the
+cursor, its size, font, and orientation.  Use ":.txset" to change the
+text drawing parameters as follows:
+.nf
+
+    keyword	values					default
+
+    up		degrees counterclockwise, zero = +x	90
+    size	character size scale factor		1.0
+    path	left, right, up, down			right
+    hjustify	normal, center, left, right		left
+    vjustify	normal, center, top, bottom		bottom
+    font	roman, greek, italic, bold		roman
+    quality	normal, low, medium, high		normal
+    color	integers greater than one		1
+
+.fi
+The "up" keyword controls the orientation of the character and the whole
+text string.  A text string oriented at +45 degrees to the horizontal, 
+from left to right, would have "up=135".
+
+Character sizes are all specified relative to a base size characteristic
+of each plotting device.  The size is a linear magnification factor, so
+"size=2.0" results in a character with four times the area.
+
+Path is relative to the up vector; a string of characters consecutively
+underneath each other with the normal upright orientation would have 
+"up=90;path=down".
+
+The justify parameters refer to the placement of the entire text string
+relative to the current cursor position.  To center a text string horizontally
+over a spike in a plot, position the cursor to just above the spike and
+set "h=c;v=b".
+
+Font and quality were discussed above.  Setting the color will only have
+an effect on devices supporting it; if you have a color pen plotter, you
+must remember the current color setting, because there you cannot see it
+on the screen (":.show" will reveal it however).
+
+If you make a mistake or don't like the appearance of the text you entered,
+all is not lost.  Use the command "B" to back up over the last instruction
+and redraw (e.g. with "0") until you're ready to reenter the text.  If you
+back up one instruction too far (you lose some of the data vectors for
+instance) just type "U" to undo the last frame buffer edit, i.e. the backup.
+
+For example, to annotate a spectral line with "H-alpha", written sideways
+up the screen from the current position in italics:
+.nf
+
+	:.txqual high
+	:.txset up=180;font=italic
+	T
+	text: H-alpha
+
+.fi
+On the last line, cursor mode provided the "text: " prompt.  The
+format could have been shortened to "u=180;f=i".
+
+.nh 2
+Hardcopy Snapshots
+
+    There are two main ways to get a hardcopy of the frame buffer.  To 
+get a copy of what you see on the screen directly on a hardcopy plotter,
+simply use ":.snap plottername".  When you do so, you are actually sending
+the output down a buffered stream.  That is, you can do several ":.snap"'s
+before anything actually comes out on the plotter.  This is because many
+plotters use several pages worth of blank paper before and after the actual
+plot.  If you are planning to make a number of snapshots in succession,
+even if they are from different "=gcur" sessions, simply use ":.snap" for
+each one until you are done, then issue ":.gflush".  You can also flush
+graphics output to a plotter from the CL using the Language Package task
+\fBgflush\fR:
+
+.nf
+	cl> =gcur
+	...
+	:.snap versatec
+	...
+	:.snap versatec
+	<RETURN>
+	cl>
+	cl> gflush
+
+.fi
+
+Alternatively, you can use ":.write mcodefile" as discussed above, appending
+as many different frames as you wish, then later from the CL, send the
+metacode file to a plotter with one of the graphics kernels:
+
+.nf
+	cl> implot
+	...				(interactive session)
+	:.write file1.mc
+	<RETURN>
+	cl> stdplot file1.mc
+
+		or
+
+	cl> calcomp file1.mc		(etc.)
+
+.fi
+
+.nh 2
+Alternate Cursor Input
+
+    Any program which uses cursor input may be run non-interactively as well
+as in batch mode.  For example, suppose the task has a cursor type parameter
+called "coords".  In normal interactive use a hardware cursor read will
+occur every time the program reads the value of the "coords" parameter.
+To run the program in batch mode we must first prepare a list of cursor
+values in a text file, e.g., with the \fIrgcursor\fR or \fIrimcursor\fR tasks
+in the \fIlists\fR package.  We then run the task assigning the name of the
+cursor list file to the parameter "coords".  For example, to run the
+\fIapphot\fR task in batch, with the cursor list in the file "starlist":
+
+	cl> apphot arg1 arg2 ... argN coords=starlist &
+
+The program will then read successive cursor values from the starlist file,
+not knowing that the cursor values are coming from a text file rather than
+from actual cursor reads.
+
+A second mechanism is available for redirecting cursor input to the
+terminal.  This is most useful when working from a terminal that does not
+have graphics, or when debugging software.  To work this way one must
+first set the value of the environment variable \fIstdgcur\fR (for the
+graphics cursor) or \fIstdimcur\fR (for the image cursor).  Set the value
+to "text" to direct cursor reads to the terminal, e.g.:
+
+	cl> set stdgcur = text
+
+The cursor value will then be a line of text read from the user terminal.
+In this mode the user enters at least two of the fields defining a cursor
+value.  Missing fields are assigned the value zero (the user presumably
+will know that the program does not use the extra fields).
+
+.nf
+	cl> = gcur
+	gcur: 345.33 23.22 1 c
+	345.33 23.22 1 c
+	cl>
+.fi
+
+An example of a cursor read request entered interactively by the user,
+taking input from the terminal and sending output to the terminal,
+is shown above (the CL typed the "gcur: " query and the user entered the
+remainder of that line).  If the cursor device were "stdgraph" a real
+cursor read would occur and the equivalent interaction might appear as
+shown below.  The cursor position is returned in world coordinates,
+where the world coordinate system was defined by the last plot output to
+the device.  For an imaging device the world coordinates will typically
+be the pixel coordinates of the image section being displayed.
+
+.nf
+	cl> = gcur
+	345.33 23.22 1 c
+	cl>
+.fi
+
+Redirecting cursor input to the terminal is useful when working from a
+non-graphics workstation and when debugging programs.  ASCII cursor queries
+are the only type supported when running an IRAF program outside the CL.
+Cursor input may also be taken from a list file by assigning a filename
+to a cursor parameter, i.e., by assigning a list file to a list structured
+parameter and overriding query mode:
+
+.nf
+	cl> gcur = filename
+	cl> = gcur
+	345.33 23.22 1 c
+	cl>
+.fi
+
+.nh 2
+Examining the Status of the Graphics System
+
+    The command ":.show" writes out a page of information concerning the
+state of the graphics system.  This is an example of such a status report:
+
+.nf
+    Cursor Mode Parameters:
+
+	case	= YES
+	markcur = YES
+	page	= YES
+	axes	= NO
+	view	= full screen
+	keys	= ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ<>0123456789?:
+		->ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ<>0123456789?:
+
+
+    Graphics Kernel Status:
+
+	STDGRAPH: kernel=cl, device=vt640
+	    memory=9472 (8192fb+256sb+1024fio), frame=1114+0 words
+	    spool=yes, nopen=0, pid=0, in=0, out=0, redir=-6, wcs=0
+	    text size = 1., up=90, path=right, hj=left, vj=bottom, color=1
+
+	STDIMAGE:	disconnected
+	STDPLOT:	disconnected
+.fi
+
+The cursor mode parameters report the current values of the ":." command
+options; these options are in effect for all of three the standard graphics
+streams, i.e., STDGRAPH (the graphics terminal), STDIMAGE (the image display),
+and STDPLOT (batch plotters).
+
+The graphics kernel status reports the status of each of the three graphics
+streams.  These streams are independent and in principle any graphics device
+may be connected to any stream.  The \fIkernel\fR field gives the name of
+the kernel connected to that stream, if any.  The value "cl" refers to the
+\fIstdgraph\fR kernel, which is built into the CL, and which can only talk
+to graphics terminals.  Any other value is the filename of an external graphics
+kernel, running as a subprocess of the CL process.  The \fIdevice\fR field
+gives the name of the device named in the last "open workstation" command
+on that stream.  This is the device the stream is currently writing plots to.
+
+The significance of the remaining kernel status fields is described below.
+
+
+.nf
+	memory		- total memory used, chars
+	fb		- size of primary frame buffer, chars
+	sb		- size of scratch frame buffer (used by A)
+	fio		- size of the FIO buffer for the stream
+	frame		- amount of data in the frame + data in SB
+
+	spool		- enable spooling of graphics in frame buffer?
+	nopen		- open count (should be zero)
+	pid		- process id of kernel subprocess
+	in		- fd of process in, if subkernel
+	out		- fd of process out, if subkernel
+	redir		- redirection information for pseudofile i/o
+	wcs		- current WCS, zero if not locked with W
+
+	text size	- current text size relative to device's base size
+	up		- text up vector
+	path		- text character drawing path
+	hj		- horizontal justification
+	vj		- vertical justification
+	color		- index of current color attribute
+.fi
+
+
+This status report reflects only the information known to the CL.  The graphics
+subkernels, which are subprocesses of the CL, may themselves have subprocesses,
+sometimes on different nodes in the local network.
+
+.nh 2
+Initializing the Graphics System
+
+    The graphics system can normally be initialized by typing \fIgflush\fR.
+This will clear the frame buffer and disconnect all kernels, freeing memory
+and file descriptors, and reducing the subprocess count.  Shutting down a
+graphics subkernel automatically flushes any buffered graphics output.
+The CL automatically calls \fIgflush\fR during logout to shutdown the
+graphics system in an orderly fashion.
+.ih
+BUGS
+Despite the fact that the CL has graphics and image cursor access capabilities,
+there is no guarantee that one can access the cursor on a particular device.
+A \fIgraphcap\fR entry for the device is also required, as is a graphics kernel
+if the device is not a conventional graphics terminal (e.g., an image display).
+If all of these pieces are not in place, the system will abort the cursor
+read, complaining that it cannot find a termcap or graphcap entry for the
+device, or that it cannot open a connected subprocess (the subkernel).
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+The GIO Reference Manual
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/decls.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/decls.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb168c65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/decls.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+.help declarations Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+declarations -- parameter and variable declarations
+.ih
+SYNTAX
+.nf
+vartype [*]varname[index_list] [= init_value] [{options}] [, ...]
+
+  or
+
+vartype [*]varname[index_list] [{init_value [, options]}] [, ...]
+.fi
+.ih
+ELEMENTS
+.ls vartype
+One of the legal variable types, i.e.:
+
+	int, bool, char, real, gcur, imcur, struct, file
+.le
+.ls varname
+The name of the variable or parameter.  The name must begin with
+an alphabetic character or '_' and should be fewer than 64 characters
+in length.  If the name is preceded by a '*', then the variable
+is 'list-directed', meaning that a new value is taken from a list
+each time the parameter is read.
+.le
+.ls index_list
+The index_list consists of a series of ranges enclosed in square brackets.
+A range may be a single integer in which case the range is from 1 to
+that integer, or two integers separated by a colon.  The second integer
+must be larger than the first.  Ranges are separated by commas. In
+the special case that no ranges are specified by the user, the variable
+is assumed to be a one-dimensional array with a  range from 1 to the
+number of elements in the initialization list.
+.le
+.ls init_value
+The initialization value is a single value for scalar parameters but
+may be a list for array.  A repetition count may be specified in the form
+
+	rep_count (value)
+
+
+which is equivalent to value repeated the rep_count times.
+The values in the initialization list are separated by commas.
+.le
+.ls options
+.br
+Options define certain characteristics of the variables.  Each
+options has the form opt_name=value where value is a constant.
+The current options are:
+.ls mode
+Determines whether the parameter is queried for and whether
+it is learned after task execution.  The default mode for parameters
+declared in the argument list of a CL procedure is "a", and "h" otherwise.
+.le
+.ls min
+The minimum allowable value for the parameter.  If omitted, no min checking
+is performed.
+.le
+.ls max
+The maximum allowable value for the parameter.  If omitted, no max checking
+is performed.
+.le
+.ls prompt
+.br
+The prompt to be used when the parameter is queried for.
+.le
+.ls enum
+The set of allowable string values for a string valued parameter.
+The character '|' delimits successive enumerated strings.
+.le
+.ls filetype
+For a \fIfile\fR type parameter, a string containing characters giving
+file characteristics to be checked for when the file parameter is used.
+.ls
+.nf
+r	file exists and is readable
+w	file exists and is writable
+n	file does not exist
+b	file is a binary file
+t	file is a text file
+.fi
+.le
+.le
+.ls length
+For a string type parameter, the number of characters of storage to
+allocate for the string.  If the actual length of a string later exceeds
+the allocated value the string will be silently truncated.
+.le
+
+Note that all string constants in an options list must be enclosed in
+quotes.
+.le
+
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+Declaration statements are used for inline declaration of parameters and
+local variables.   A declaration after the begin statement of a procedure
+script is a declaration of a local variable, but any other declaration
+defines a parameter.  Parameters are generally saved between invocations
+of a script while local variables are not.
+
+Parameter and variable declarations should always precede executable
+statements with a script.  Certain functions are legal before
+declarations, but this depends upon certain hidden aspects of
+declarations which are not obvious to the user.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+
+.nf
+real	x
+int	ii=32
+int	y {min=0, max=14}
+char	z="abc" {enum="abc|def|ghi", mode="q"}
+
+bool	isotest {YES, mode="ql",
+	    prompt="Do you want to test for isotropy?"}
+
+int	ii=1 {min=0,max=10, prompt="Number of images", mode="h"}
+file	infile="testfile" {filetype="r"}
+struct	line {length=80, mode="h"}
+
+real	array[10]
+int	iarray[15]=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 {min=0, max=100}
+int	jarray[15] { 5(0), 5(2), 5(4), min=0, max=400}
+char	carray[5]= 5("Junk")
+bool	flags[4,-3:3] = 28(NO) {mode="h", prompt="Value set"}
+file	inp_files[3]= "fil1.inp", "fil2.inp", "fil3.inp"
+
+int	karray[3]=1	# (note second and third elements are undefined)
+struct	*list="inputfile.list" {mode="q"}
+int	*ilist="infile.inp" {mode="h", min=0, max=100}
+.fi
+.ih
+BUGS
+.nf
+Options are only permitted for parameters, not local variables.
+The filetype options are recognized but are not implemented internally.
+.fi
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+parameters, procedure
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/defpac.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/defpac.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc262347
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/defpac.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+.help "defpac,defpar,deftask,defvar" Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+.nf
+defpac  -- test if the named package is defined
+deftask -- test if the named task is defined
+defpar  -- test if the named parameter is defined
+defvar  -- test if the named environment variable is defined
+.fi
+.ih
+USAGE
+.nf
+defpac  (pacname)
+deftask (taskname)
+defpar  (param)
+defvar  (variable)
+.fi
+.ih 
+PARAMETERS
+.ls pacname
+An IRAF package name.
+.le
+.ls taskname
+An IRAF taskname.  It may be specified as "taskname" or as
+"packagename.taskname".
+.le
+.ls param
+An IRAF parameter name.  It may be specified as "paramname",
+"taskname.paramname" or "packagename.taskname.paramname".
+.le
+.ls variable
+An environment variable name.  It may be specified as "varname".
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+These routines return a boolean value indicating whether the
+relevant parameter, task or package has been defined.
+A task becomes defined when the package to which it belongs is "loaded"
+by entering the name of the package as a command, or whenever a \fItask\fR
+declaration is input to the CL.  A parameter becomes defined when the
+task to which it belongs is defined; the task need not be currently
+executing for its parameters to be defined.  When a package is exited,
+e.g., after entry of the \fIbye\fR command, all the task and parameter
+declarations for the package are discarded.  Environment variables may
+be either in the host environment, or in the CL environment as a result
+of a \fIset\fR or \fIreset\fR statement.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Test if a task exists.
+
+.nf
+	cl> if (deftask ("system.page"))
+	>>>	print ("task page exists")
+	>>> else
+	>>>	print ("task page not found")
+	task page exists
+	cl>
+.fi
+
+2. Add the value of the named parameter into a sum, but only if the parameter
+exists (the example is for a script).
+
+.nf
+	sum = 0
+	for (i=0;  i <= 10;  i+=1) {
+	    parname = "data" // i
+	    if (defpar (parname)
+		sum += parname
+	}
+.fi
+
+3. Checked whether the 'IRAFARCH' environment variable is defined.
+
+.nf
+	cl> if (defvar("IRAFARCH")) {
+	>>>    print ("IRAFARCH is " // envget("IRAFARCH")
+	>>> }
+	>>> ;
+.fi
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+package, task, redefine, lparam
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/dparam.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/dparam.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88e13b0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/dparam.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+.help dparam Apr87 language
+.ih
+NAME
+dparam -- dump the parameters of a pset as a series of assignments
+.ih
+USAGE
+dparam pset [pset ...]
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls pset
+The name of the parameter set to be listed.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+\fIDparam\fR lists one or more parameter sets.  Psets are specified either by
+the name of the task with which the pset is associated, or by filename (pset
+files have the ".par" extension).  If a file type pset is listed the extension
+must be included, since it is the presence or absence of the filename
+extension which \fBdparam\fR uses to distinguish between task-psets and named
+(file) psets.
+
+Each parameter is listed on a single line with the following format.
+The list of assignments is terminated by the string "# EOF" so that programs
+reading the list from a stream can easily distinguish the end of the variable
+length list of parameters.
+
+	task.param = value
+
+Here "task.param" is the name of the parameter, and "value" is the current
+value of the parameter.  The assignment is skipped if the value is undefined.
+There is no way to distinguish between hidden parameters and query parameters.
+
+The output from \fBdparam\fR is often used as input to programs, whereas
+the output from \fBlparam\fR is formatted in a way which makes it easier for
+humans to read.  For example, the output from \fBdparam\fR may be redirected
+into a file and used on the IRAF main command line to set the task's
+parameters, when debugging a task standalone.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. List the parameter for the task \fIdelete\fR.  Note that the positional
+parameters are listed first, in the order in which they must be specified
+on the command line, followed by the hidden parameters.
+
+.nf
+	cl> dparam delete
+	delete.files = "temp"
+	delete.go_ahead = yes
+	delete.verify = no
+	delete.default_action = yes
+	delete.allversions = yes
+	delete.subfiles = yes
+	delete.mode = "ql"
+	# EOF
+.fi
+
+2. List the contents of the file pset "delete.par".  Named psets such as this
+are most commonly produced using the \fB":w filename"\fR colon command in
+\fBeparam\fR, e.g., to prepare several different versions of the parameter
+set for a task.
+
+	cl> dparam delete.par
+
+.ih
+BUGS
+You cannot list the parameters of a task that does not have a parameter
+file (e.g., all builtin tasks).
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+eparam, lparam, cache
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/edit.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/edit.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..93a588e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/edit.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+.help edit Apr87 language
+.ih
+NAME
+edit -- edit a text file
+.ih
+USAGE
+edit files [files...]
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls files
+The file or files to be edited.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fIedit\fR task invokes a host system editor to edit the named file or
+files.  The editor to be used is determined by the value of the CL environment
+variable \fIeditor\fR.  Filename mapping is applied to the \fIfiles\fR
+argument strings to convert virtual filenames into host system filenames.
+File templates are not supported, unless the host system editor supports them.
+
+The EDT, EMACS, and VI editors are currently supported.  Each editor interface
+is controlled by an \fIedcap\fR table file in the logical directory "dev$";
+these files are also used by the \fIehistory\fR and \fIeparam\fR screen
+editors.  For example, the file "dev$edt.ed" is required to run the EDT
+editor.  The EDITOR_CMD field of the \fIedcap\fR file defines the command
+to be send to the host system to run the editor; this is not necessarily the
+same as the name of the editor.  Support for additional editors is easily added
+by adding new \fIedcap\fR files.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Edit the login.cl file.
+
+	cl> edit home$login.cl
+
+2. Edit the file "temp" in the current directory.
+
+	cl> edit temp
+
+3. On a UNIX system, edit all the ".x" files in the current directory.
+Filename templates cannot be used with the editor unless the editor itself,
+or the host system, expands the filename template.
+
+	cl> edit *.x
+.ih
+BUGS
+The EOF control character is set in the edcap file for the editor language in
+use, e.g., "dev$vi.ed" for the VI editor.  The value in this file may differ
+from that used on the local system; if this is the case, the system installer
+should edit the file and change the value of the parameter EXIT_UPDATE.
+
+The control sequences for the keyboard arrow keys are also defined in the
+".ed" edcap file; TERMCAP should be used instead.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+ehistory, eparam
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/ehistory.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/ehistory.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8d673f7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/ehistory.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+.help ehistory Jun86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+ehistory -- edit and re-execute previous commands
+.ih
+USAGE
+ehistory (or just "e")
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+None.
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fIehistory\fR command calls up a screen editor to edit previously
+executed commands, executing the edited command when return is typed.
+Interrupt (e.g., <ctrl/c> may be used to escape from the editor at any time.
+The type of editor commands recognized is determined by the value of the
+CL environment variable \fIeditor\fR, which may currently be set to
+"edt", "emacs", or "vi".
+
+After the \fIehistory\fR command is entered, the previous command is
+displayed at the bottom of the terminal.  If the previous command was
+a compound statement, or if it extended over more than one line,
+all the lines of the command will be displayed.  To reach a different
+command simply enter the appropriate cursor movement keys for the editor type
+being used.  When the cursor attempts to move above the current command
+the previous command will be displayed.  Similarly when it attempts
+to move below, the next command will appear.  Hitting the return
+key will execute the command currently being edited.
+
+The CL parameter "ehinit" may be used to set the following options:
+.ls [no]standout
+Controls whether the command to be edited is displayed in reverse or
+normal video.
+.le
+.ls eol
+The editor is entered with the cursor positioned to be end of the command line.
+.le
+.ls bol
+The editor is entered with the cursor positioned to be beginning of the command
+line.
+.le
+.ls [no]verify
+If \fIverify\fR is specified, \fIehistory\fR will be automatically entered
+when history commands are entered to recall and execute previous commands.
+If \fInoverify\fR is specified, the commands are recalled and immediately
+executed.
+.le
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Set no standout and verify modes. 
+
+	cl> ehinit = "nostandout verify".
+
+2. Recall the last "xc" command from the history list and edit it.
+If \fIverify\fR were not enabled the command would simply be repeated.
+
+	cl> ^xc
+.ih
+BUGS
+The command editor really only works well for single line commands;
+multiline command blocks are not easily edited at present.
+VI is poorly emulated at present since only control code editor commands
+are possible.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+eparam
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/envget.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/envget.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ffed68e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/envget.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+.help envget Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+envget -- get the string value of an environment variable
+.ih
+USAGE
+envget varname
+.ih 
+PARAMETERS
+.ls varname
+The environment variable whose value is to be returned.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+\fIEnvget\fR returns the string value of the named environment variable.
+The user is prompted for the value if the variable has not yet been defined.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Construct a filename using the value of the environment variable
+"editor", and page the file thus named.
+
+	cl> page ("dev$" // envget ("editor") // ".ed")
+
+2. Compute and print the center line on the terminal screen.
+
+	cl> = ((int (envget ("ttynlines")) + 1) / 2)
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+set, show
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/eparam.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/eparam.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9790310d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/eparam.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+.help eparam Apr87 language
+.ih
+NAME
+eparam -- edit a task's parameters
+.ih
+USAGE
+eparam task [task ...]
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls task
+The name of the task whose parameter set is to be edited.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fIeparam\fR command calls up an interactive screen editor
+to edit the parameters of the named task or tasks.  The syntax of the
+page editor is controlled by the environment variable `editor' which
+may have the values "edt", "emacs", or "vi".  The user may also customize
+the editor by copying the associated "dev$*.ed" file to their home
+directory, and editing the file.
+
+The CL parameter "epinit" may be used to set the following options:
+.ls [no]standout
+Enables or disables use of standout mode (reverse video) in the display.
+.le
+.ls [no]showall
+Controls whether or not hidden parameters are displayed and edited.
+.le
+
+The \fIeparam\fR task may be used to edit either ordinary task parameter
+sets, or named parameter files.
+The presence or absence of a \fB.par\fR filename extension is used to
+determine whether an operand is a taskname or a filename.  For example,
+
+	cl> eparam skypars.par
+
+will edit the parameter \fIfile\fR \fBskypars.par\fR in the current directory,
+whereas
+
+	cl> eparam skypars
+
+will edit the parameter set for the pset-task \fIskypars\fR.
+Lastly, since \fIspypars\fR is a pset-task, we could just type
+
+	cl> skypars
+
+to edit or review the contents of the pset.
+
+The parameter file \fBskypars.par\fR in the above example would probably be
+created using the new colon-command extensions to eparam.  The original
+eparam supported only single keystroke editing commands.  The new colon
+commands are used to enter command lines of arbitrary length to be processed
+by eparam.
+
+A colon command is entered by typing the colon character (`\fB:\fR') while
+the cursor is positioned to the starting column of any value field of the
+parameter set being edited.  The colon character is not recognized as a
+special character beyond column one, e.g., when entering the string value
+of a parameter.  When colon command mode is entered, the colon character
+will be echoed at the start of the bottom line on the screen, and the cursor
+will move to the character following the colon, waiting for the command to
+be entered.  The command is read in raw mode, but the usual delete,
+<ctrl/c>, <ctrl/u>, etc. sequences are recognized.
+
+The following eparam colon commands are currently supported.  All commands
+are carefully error checked before being executed to avoid having eparam
+abort with a stack trace.  An illegal operation causes colon command entry
+mode to be exited, leaving an error message on the command entry line.
+All commands which cause editing of the current pset to terminate may include
+the \fB!\fR character to avoid updating the current pset before reading in
+the new one or exiting eparam.  The default is to update the current pset.
+In all cases, \fIpset\fR may be either the name of a task or the name of a
+parameter file.  Parameter files are always indicated by a \fB.par\fR
+extension, even though the actual file may be a \fB.cl\fR file:
+only \fB.par\fR files will be written, although either type of file may be
+read.
+
+.ls :e[!] [pset]
+Edit a new pset.  If \fIpset\fR is omitted and the cursor was positioned to
+a pset parameter when the colon command was entered then eparam descends into
+the referenced pset; when editing of the sub-pset is complete eparam returns
+to editing the higher level pset at the point at which the '\fB:e\fR'
+command was entered.  If a pset is named the editor context is switched to
+the new pset, updating the current pset first unless the '\fB:e!\fR' command
+was given.
+.le
+.ls :q[!]
+Exit eparam for the current pset; equivalent to a <ctrl/z>.  The variant
+'\fB:q!\fR' causes eparam to be exited without updating the current pset.  
+Entering this command when editing a sub-pset causes an exit to the higher
+level pset.  To abort eparam entirely without updating anything, <ctrl/c>
+should be used.
+.le
+.ls :r[!] [pset]
+Read in a new pset.  If the command is '\fB:r\fR', an error message is
+printed.  If the command is '\fB:r!\fR' the pset currently being edited
+is reread, canceling any modifications made since the last update.
+If a pset is specified the contents of the named pset are merged into the
+current pset, i.e., the named pset is loaded into the current pset,
+overwriting the contents of the current pset.
+The command '\fB:r pfile.par\fR' is commonly used to load a pset formerly
+saved in a user file with '\fB:w pfile.par\fR' into the UPARM version of
+the parameter set for a task.
+.le
+.ls :w[!] pset
+Write or update a pset.  If \fIpset\fR is omitted the pset currently being
+edited is updated on disk.  If \fIpset\fR is given it should normally be the
+name of a parameter file to be written.  If the file exists an error message
+will be printed unless the command '\fB:w! pfile.par\fR' is given to force
+the file to be overwritten.
+.le
+.ls :g[o][!]
+Run the task.  Eparam exits, updating the pset and running the task whose pset
+was being edited.  This is implemented by pushing a command back into the input
+stream of the task which called eparam, hence if eparam was called in a script
+or with other commands on the same line, execution may be delayed until these
+other commands have been edited.  The feature works as expected when used
+interactively.  Since the run command is pushed back into the command input 
+stream it will appear in the history record and in any log files.
+.le
+
+To get out of colon command mode without doing anything, simply type delete
+until the colon prompt is deleted and the cursor returns to the parameter
+it was positioned to when colon command entry mode was entered.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Set standout mode and disable the editing of hidden parameters (leaving
+only the positional parameters).
+
+	cl> epinit = "standout noshowall"
+
+2. Edit the parameters for the \fIdelete\fR task.
+
+	cl> ep delete
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+lparam, ehistory
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/error.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/error.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9a312de1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/error.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+.help error Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+error -- abort a task
+.ih
+USAGE
+error errcode errmsg
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls errcode
+An integer code identifying the error (not used at present in the CL since
+error handlers are not supported).
+.le
+.ls errmsg
+A string describing the error.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+\fIError\fR may be used to force an error exit from a script.
+The error message will be displayed, and control will return to the
+most recent interactive cl.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Abort the current task if there is an attempt to compute a negative
+square root.
+
+.nf
+	if (x < 0)
+	    error (1, "sqrt of a negative number (x=" // x // ")")
+	else
+	    y = sqrt (x)
+.fi
+.ih
+BUGS
+There is currently no way to post an error handler to receive control
+if \fIerror\fR is called.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+cl, bye, logout
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/flprcache.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/flprcache.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9d13d286
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/flprcache.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+.help flprcache Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+flprcache -- flush the process cache
+.ih
+USAGE
+flprcache process
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls process
+Either the task number as printed by \fIprcache\fR, or the name of one
+of the tasks in the process.  If no process is named, all processes
+are flushed from the cache (unless they are locked in the cache).
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+When an executable task is first run, the CL spawns the associated executable
+file as a subprocess and then runs the task.  When the task completes the
+process does not exit, rather it remains connected to the CL as a subprocess,
+but becomes idle waiting for another command from the CL.  The set of such
+idle processes forms what is referred to as the CL "process cache".
+The purpose of the process cache is to minimize the overhead required to
+run a task; the first time a task is called response is slow since the
+process has to be executed, but thereafter response is fast provided the
+process remains in the cache.
+
+The \fIflprcache\fR command flushes the process cache, terminating
+the connected subprocesses therein.  If an argument is specified only the
+specific cache slot is cleared, otherwise all cache slots are flushed.
+Processes which have been "locked" in the cache with \fIprcache\fR are
+not flushed unless explicitly named.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Run \fIprcache\fR to get the process slot number, then flush the process
+by slot number.
+
+	cl> flpr 5
+
+2. Flush all idle processes which are not locked in the cache.
+
+	cl> flpr
+
+3. Flush the "x_system.e" process by naming the "directory" task, which
+is contained in that process.  Lock a fresh copy of the process in the cache.
+This initializes the process, and may be necessary if a system task is
+interrupted at the wrong time.
+
+	cl> flpr dir; prc dir
+.ih
+BUGS
+In some circumstances the CL may believe that a process in the
+process cache is running when this is not the case.  The CL will
+not attempt to communicate with a running process, and will be
+unable to kill the process.  If this happens the CL will hang up
+during logout and will have to be interrupted, causing a panic abort
+(this is harmless since the CL is then restarted).
+The user may eventually be required to kill the sub-process using
+operating system facilities.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+prcache
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/for.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/for.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0897f1a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/for.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+.help for Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+for -- FOR statement
+.ih
+SYNTAX
+for ([assign1] ; [bool_expr] ; [assign2]) statement
+.ih
+ELEMENTS
+.ls assign1
+An assignment used to initialize the \fIfor\fR loop.
+.le
+.ls bool_expr
+A boolean valued expression tested before each iteration.
+.le
+.ls assign2
+An assignment executed after each iteration of the loop.
+.le
+.ls statement
+A statement (possibly compound, i.e., enclosed in curly brackets)
+to be executed in each iteration of the loop.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fIfor\fR statement provides a looping mechanism similar to the C-language
+for loop.  \fIAssign1\fR and \fIassign2\fR are assignment statements using
+one of the operators '=', '+=', '-=', '/=', '*='.  Any of the elements of
+the \fIfor\fR loop may be omitted, except the parenthesis and colon field
+delimiters.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. For I equals zero to 10 in steps of 2, increment TOTAL by the value of
+array element I.
+
+.nf
+	for (i=0;  i <= 10;  i += 2)
+	    total += array[i]
+.fi
+
+2. Print the first eight powers of two.
+
+.nf
+	j = 1
+	for (i=1;  i <= 8;  i += 1) {
+	     print (i, j)
+	     j *= 2
+	}
+.fi
+.ih
+BUGS
+A simple assignment of the form i++ will not work.
+Only one assignment statement is permitted in the first and third fields.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+while, case, break, next
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/fprint.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/fprint.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..37a83ef8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/fprint.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+.help "fprint,print,printf" Jul95 language
+.ih
+NAME
+.nf
+print  -- print to the standard output
+fprint -- print to a parameter
+printf -- formatted print to the standard output
+.fi
+.ih
+USAGE
+.nf
+print  expr [expr ...]
+fprint param expr [expr ...]
+printf format [arg ...]
+.fi
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls expr
+Any expression, the string value of which is to be printed.
+.le
+.ls param
+The \fIfprint\fR call will deposit the output string in the value field of 
+this parameter.
+.le
+.ls format
+A C-like format specification string containing plain characters, which 
+are simply copied into the output string, and conversion specifications,
+each of which causes conversion and printing of zero or more \fIargs\fR.
+.le
+.ls arg    
+Any expression, variable, parameter value or constant to be used in the
+\fIformat\fR string's conversion specifications.  One arg is required for
+each conversion specification.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fIprint\fR and \fIfprint\fR commands format a line of text and write
+it to either the standard output or in the case of \fIfprint\fR,
+the p_value field of the named parameter.  The output is free format although
+spaces may be specifically inserted (as quoted string constants) to make the
+output easier to read.  One space is automatically inserted after each
+numeric argument; this can be defeated by coercing the argument to a string
+with the \fIstr\fR intrinsic function.  A newline is automatically output
+at the end of the output line.  I/O redirection may be used with \fIprint\fR
+or \fIprintf\fR to write to a file or through a pipe to another task.
+
+The \fIprintf\fR command allows more control over the output format and can
+convert arguments for printing as another type.  The \fIformat\fR string
+contains plain text characters and format specifications as well as
+escape sequences for printing tabs, newlines, etc. Unlike the other
+two commands, spaces and newlines must be explicitly given in the format
+string.  
+
+A format specification has the form "%[W][.D]Cn", where W is  the  field
+width,  D is the number of decimal places or the number of digits of
+precision, C is the format  code,  and  N  is  radix  character  for
+format  code "r" only.  The W and D fields are optional.  The format
+codes C are as follows:
+
+.nf
+       b    boolean (YES or NO)
+       c    single character (c or '\c' or '\0nnn')
+       d    decimal integer
+       e    exponential format (D specifies the precision)
+       f    fixed format (D specifies the number of decimal places)
+       g    general format (D specifies the precision)
+       h    hms format (hh:mm:ss.ss, D = no. decimal places)
+       m    minutes, seconds (or hours, minutes) (mm:ss.ss)
+       o    octal integer
+       rN   convert integer in any radix N
+       s    string (D field specifies max chars to print)
+       t    advance To column given as field W
+       u    unsigned decimal integer 
+       w    output the number of spaces given by field W
+       x    hexadecimal integer
+       z    complex format (r,r) (D = precision)
+.fi
+
+Conventions for W (field width) specification:
+
+.nf
+    W =  n      right justify in field of N characters, blank fill
+        -n      left justify in field of N characters, blank fill
+        0n      zero fill at left (only if right justified)
+    absent, 0   use as much space as needed (D field sets precision)
+.fi
+
+Escape sequences (e.g. "\n" for newline):
+.nf
+        \f      formfeed
+        \n      newline (crlf)
+        \r      carriage return
+        \t      tab
+        \"      string delimiter character
+        \'      character constant delimiter character
+        \\      backslash character
+        \nnn    octal value of character
+.fi
+
+Compute mode (a parenthesized argument list) is recommended for this task
+to avoid surprises.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Print the name of the current terminal.
+
+	cl> print ("terminal = ", envget ("terminal"))
+
+2. Output a blank line on the standard output, e.g., in a script.
+
+	print ("")
+
+3. Format a command and send it to the host system.  In this example,
+"fname" is a string valued parameter.
+
+	cl> print ("!ls -l ", fname) | cl
+
+4. Write to a file.
+
+.nf
+	for (x=1.;  x < 1E5;  x *= 10) 
+	    print ("the sqrt of ", x, "is ", sqrt(x), >> "output")
+.fi
+
+5. Print a formatted string.
+
+.nf
+	cl> printf ("pi = %.6f\n", 2*atan2(1.0,0.0))
+	pi = 3.141593
+	cl> printf ("RA = %h  DEC = %m\nExptime = %8.2f\n",ra,dec,etime)
+	RA = 18:32:33.5 DEC = 23:45.2	Exptime =     1.57
+.fi
+
+6. Print to a parameter.  Note that \fIfprint\fR allows you to create a 
+formatted string, whereas the scan() example requires a struct parameter.
+
+.nf
+	cl> x = 3.14159
+	cl> fprint (s1, "pi = ", x)
+	cl> = s1
+	pi = 3.14159
+
+	     or 
+
+	cl> printf ("pi = %g\n", x) | scan (line)
+.fi
+
+.ih
+BUGS
+The \fIfprint\fR task is not very useful since the same thing can be
+accomplished by string concatenation and assignment.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+scan, scanf, fscan, fscanf, strings
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/gflush.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/gflush.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0f451c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/gflush.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+.help gflush Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+gflush -- flush any buffered graphics output
+.ih
+USAGE
+gflush
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+None.
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+Output to graphics plotter devices is normally buffered and then disposed
+of to the plotter as a larger job, to increase the efficiency of the
+graphics system.  The \fIgflush\fR task disposes of any buffered graphics
+output and also initializes the graphics subsystem.  The cursor mode frame
+buffer is cleared, any connected graphics subkernels are disconnected,
+and the memory and file descriptors used by the graphics subsystem are
+freed.  A \fIgflush\fR occurs automatically upon logout from the CL.
+
+The number of frames (plots) the graphics system will buffer for a device
+is controlled by the MF (multi-frame) parameter in the \fIgraphcap\fR entry
+for the device.  When the multi-frame count is reached the buffered output
+is automatically disposed of to the device.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Flush any graphics output and initialize the graphics system.
+
+	cl> gflush
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+cursor, stdplot
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/goto.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/goto.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ccd745ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/goto.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+.help goto Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+goto -- branch to a label
+.ih
+USAGE
+.nf
+goto label
+  .
+  .
+  .
+label: statement
+
+.fi
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls label
+The destination label.  Label names have the same syntax as variable names
+and can duplicate the names of existing variables.
+.le
+.ls statement
+The statement executed after the goto statement.  It may be any executable
+statement.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fIgoto\fR statement interrupts the normal flow of program execution by
+transferring control to the statement following the label.  It may also be
+used to exit from nested loops where the break statement is not adequate.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. The most common use of the \fIgoto\fR statement is to branch to an error
+handler if an abnormal condition is detected.
+
+.nf
+begin
+	for (i=1;  i <= 100;  i += 1)
+	    for (j=1;  j <= 100;  j += 1)
+		for (k=1;  k <= 100;  k += 1)
+		    if (pixel[i,j,k] < 0)
+			goto err
+		    else
+			total += pixel[i,j,k]
+
+	print ("total = ", total)
+	return
+err:
+	print ("Invalid pixel value at ",i,j,k)
+end
+.fi
+.ih
+BUGS
+No checking is done to see if a jump is made into a loop.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+break, next
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/hidetask.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/hidetask.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b8e63fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/hidetask.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+.help hidetask Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+hidetask -- hide a task from the user
+.ih
+USAGE
+hidetask task,[task,...]
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls task
+The name of a task to be made hidden.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+If a task is only to be called from other tasks, and is not normally
+invoked directly by the user, then it may be useful to `hide' the task,
+i.e., omit it from the list of tasks listed in the "?" and "??" commands.
+The \fIhidetask\fR command performs this function.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Define the task "_rew" and hide it from the user.  The purpose of the
+leading underscore (not required) is to ensure that the user does not
+accidentally run the task.
+
+.nf
+cl> task $_rew = "home$rew.e"
+cl> hide _rew
+.fi
+
+2. Display the contents of the \fIlanguage\fR package, including all
+hidden tasks (the _ does the trick).
+
+.nf
+cl> ?_ lan
+    language:
+      ?             chdir         defpar        history       radix
+      ??            cl            deftask       jobs          redefine
+      _allocate     clbye         edit          keep          scan
+      _curpack      clear         ehistory      kill          service
+      _deallocate   clpackage     envget        language      set
+      _devstatus    d_f           eparam        logout        show
+      access        d_l           error         lparam        sleep
+      back          d_off         flprcache     mktemp        task
+      beep          d_on          fprint        osfn          time
+      bye           d_p           fscan         package       unlearn
+      cache         d_t           gflush        prcache       update
+      cd            defpac        hidetask      print         wait
+.fi
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/history.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/history.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7357af8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/history.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+.help history Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+history -- display the last few commands
+.ih
+USAGE
+history [[-]ncommands]
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls ncommands
+The number of commands to be displayed.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fIhistory\fR task prints a list of the last few commands executed.
+Only commands which terminated normally are included.
+The number of commands to be printed may be specified on the command line
+if desired.  If the number is preceded by a minus sign the default
+number of lines is not changed, otherwise \fIhistory\fR will take the
+value given as the new default number of commands to be printed.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Print the last few commands.
+	
+	cl> history
+
+2. Print the entire history list.
+
+	cl> history -999
+
+3. Change the default number of history lines to be printed to 5 (and print
+the last five commands).
+
+	cl> history 5
+
+4. Save the history in the file "commands".
+
+	cl> history -999 > commands
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+ehistory
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/if.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/if.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eac7686f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/if.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+.help "if,else" Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+if else -- conditional execution of a statement
+.ih
+SYNTAX
+\fIif\fR (expression) statement1 [\fIelse\fR statement2]
+.ih
+ELEMENTS
+.ls expression
+A boolean valued expression.
+.le
+.ls statement1, statement2
+The statements to be executed (possibly compound, i.e., enclosed in
+curly braces).
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fIif\fR statement is used to execute a statement only if the
+specified condition is true.  An optional \fIelse\fR clause may be given
+to execute a different statement if the condition is false.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Add X to Y only if X is less than Y.
+
+.nf
+	if (x < y)
+	    y += x
+.fi
+
+2. If X is less than 10 print "small", else print "big".
+
+.nf
+	if (x < 10)
+	    print ("small")
+	else
+	    print ("big")
+.fi
+
+3. The \fIelse if\fR construct.
+
+.nf
+	if (str == "+")
+	    val += x
+	else if (str == "-")
+	    val -= x
+	else if
+	    ...
+.fi
+
+4. Nesting, use of braces.
+
+.nf
+	if (i > 0) {
+	    if (i < 10) {
+		print ("0")
+		sum = sum * 10 + i
+	    } else
+		print (" ")
+	}
+.fi
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+for, case, break, next
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/imaccess.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/imaccess.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dfd17ee4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/imaccess.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+.help imaccess July97 language
+.ih
+NAME
+imaccess -- test whether an image exists
+.ih
+USAGE
+bool = imaccess (image)
+.ih 
+PARAMETERS
+.ls image
+The name of the image whose existence is to be tested.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+\fIImaccess\fR is a boolean intrinsic function returning true ("yes") if the
+named image exists.  The function will return false ("no") if the image doesn't
+exist, or if no image extension is supplied and the image name is ambiguous.
+\fIImaccess\fR can only be called as a function in an expression, not as a task.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Print the header of an image if it exists.
+
+.nf
+    if (imaccess ("dev$wpix"))
+	imheader ("dev$wpix",long+)
+    else
+	error (11, "Image not found")
+.fi
+
+2. Tell if a image exists.
+
+	cl> = imaccess ("dev$pix")
+.ih
+BUGS
+An optional second argument should be added to test whether the named file
+can be accessed for reading or writing.
+.endhelp
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+access, directory
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/intro.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/intro.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..86e586bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/intro.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+.help "intro" Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+intro -- a brief introduction to the CL
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+
+1. \fBGeneral\fR
+
+    The CL (or Command Language) is the command interpreter of the IRAF
+environment.  Among it's responsibilities are: task initiation and
+termination; parameter retrieval and updating; and error handling.
+In addition the CL has certain `builtin' utility functions which enable
+monitoring and changing of the IRAF environment, control flow features
+roughly modeled after C and Ratfor as well as fairly sophisticated
+capabilities for performing mathematical calculations and string manipulation.
+The CL environment may easily be extended by the user.
+
+
+2. \fITask Initiation and Termination\fR
+
+    IRAF organizes tasks into groups called \fIpackages\fR.  When a package
+(which is itself a special kind of task) is invoked, it defines
+all the tasks which belong to that package, and the user may
+then execute any of the tasks in the package.  Some of these new
+tasks may themselves be packages.  Normally at the start of a
+CL session, the \fIlanguage\fR package, including all functions built directly
+into the CL, and the \fIsystem\fR package, which contains basic system
+utilities, are automatically invoked.  The user may configure their 
+"login.cl" file to automatically invoke other packages.
+
+Within the CL a task is invoked by entering its name, e.g.
+
+     cl> reduce args
+
+If two tasks in different packages have the same name, then the
+package name may be included:
+
+     cl> spectra.reduce args
+
+The task name may be followed by a parameter list and tasks
+may be linked together by pipes (see parameters).  The task initiates
+execution of either a script file, an ASCII file containing further
+CL commands, or an executable image, an external program linked with
+IRAF libraries so that it may be called as a sub-process from the
+CL process.  The correspondence between the task name and the name
+of the script or image file is made using the task and redefine builtin
+commands.
+
+When a script is run the CL effectively calls itself recursively
+with the new incarnation of the CL having its standard input
+not from the terminal, but from the script file.  When the script
+terminates the recursion unwinds, and the CL returns to an interactive
+mode.  A script may itself call another script or executable.
+
+An executable is run as a separate process with communication
+and synchronization maintained using an inter-process communication
+link (a pipe in UNIX or a shared memory region in VMS).  When
+the executable requires a parameter a request is sent across the
+link, and the CL replies in the same fashion.  When the process terminates
+it informs the CL and then hibernates.  Normally the executable's
+process is not terminated, but is maintained in a process cache
+so that the executable may be used again without the overhead of
+re-initiating the process.  The process finally terminates when the CL
+finishes, when the space in the cache is needed by a new executable
+image, or when the user explicitly clears the cache using the flprcache
+command.  The size of the process cache is small, usually only
+three executables can be maintained in the cache.
+
+
+3. \fIParameter Retrieval and Update\fR
+
+    Most CL tasks have a parameter list associated with them.  When the task
+starts up, the CL looks to see if the user has a private copy of the
+parameters from the last time he ran this task.  If so these parameters
+are loaded into memory.  Otherwise the CL looks for the default values
+of the parameters and loads these.  While the task is active
+the parameters are maintained in memory, but when it finishes the CL
+checks if any `learned' parameters have been modified.  If so
+a new private copy of the parameters is stored into the directory
+pointed to by the IRAF logical name `uparm'.  A number of
+builtins are used to control the handling of parameters including
+lparam, eparam, update and unlearn.
+
+
+4. \fIError Handling\fR
+
+    The CL attempts to trap most kinds of errors that may occur and
+to keep the user in a viable IRAF environment.  When an error occurs in
+a script, execution of the script is terminated and the CL returns to an
+interactive level.  The user may force an error using the \fIerror\fR
+builtin.  When a executable image encounters an error it cannot handle
+itself, it sends an error message to the CL and then hibernates in the
+process cache until its next invocation.  If executable was called by
+a script, the script is terminated and the CL returns to an interactive mode.
+The error message from the executable is relayed to the user.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+commands, mathfcns, strings
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/isindef.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/isindef.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..481d9cc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/isindef.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+.help isindef Dec03 language
+.ih
+NAME
+isindef -- test whether a value or expression is INDEF
+.ih
+USAGE
+bool = isindef (expr)
+.ih 
+PARAMETERS
+.ls expr
+A script variable or boolean expression.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+\fIIsindef\fR is a boolean intrinsic function returning true ("yes") if the
+\fIexpr\fR evaluates to INDEF, and false ("no") otherwise.  When \fIexpr\fR
+is a script variable or the literal string "INDEF" this function is equivalent
+to a test for equality with INDEF, i.e. "x == INDEF".  A less obvious use
+is when INDEF values are used to test for less/greater-than evaluation
+in boolean expressions which result in an INDEF value for the expression as a
+whole (rather than a boolean return) and which can cause confusion about why
+the expression apparently fails.  INDEF values in scripts may only be used to
+test for equality, otherwise the return value is indefinite and when used in
+a compound expression the entire expression is also indefinite.  The
+\fIisindef\fR function provides a way to trap such cases in scripts.  
+
+\fIIsindef\fR can only be called as a function in an expression, not as a task.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Test variables for INDEF values:
+
+.nf
+    cl> x = INDEF
+    cl> = (x == INDEF)
+    yes
+    cl> = isindef (x)
+    yes
+    cl> = isindef (x == INDEF)
+    no
+
+        \fINote:\fR  In this last case the function returns a 'no' since
+        the evaluation of "x == INDEF" is 'yes' and not 'INDEF'.
+
+    cl> = isindef (x == INDEF || x < 0)
+    yes
+
+        \fINote:\fR  In this case the test "x < 0" is indefinite and 
+	causes the entire expression to evaluate to INDEF, and so the
+	function returns 'yes' even though the first expression is a
+	valid boolean.
+.fi
+.ih
+BUGS
+.endhelp
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/jobs.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/jobs.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b23b6563
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/jobs.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+.help jobs Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+jobs -- display the status of background jobs
+.ih
+USAGE
+jobs
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+None.
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+\fIJobs\fR is used to display the status of background jobs.
+If no job number is specified then all the status of all background
+jobs is displayed.  For each job there is one line of output, e.g.
+
+    [2]  0:14 +Running  copy file1 file2 &
+
+Here 2 is the job number of the job; 0:14 is the clock time in minutes and
+seconds since the job was submitted; `Running' indicates that the task is
+currently running while the `+' indicates that this was the last background
+job started.   The remainder of the line is a copy of the actual command
+used to start the job.
+
+The possible states for a background job are:
+
+.nf
+	Done    -- the job has finished normally
+	Exit N  -- the job terminated with exit code N
+	Stopped -- the job is waiting for input from the user
+			(see the \fIservice\fR command)
+	Running -- the job is currently executing
+.fi
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+.nf
+cl> jobs
+    [1]  21:13  Done      mkhelp >& dev$null & 
+    [2]   0:05 +Running   count *.hlp > _junk & 
+.fi
+.ih
+BUGS
+Exit codes are rarely displayed when jobs terminate abnormally.
+The CL checks for background job termination only when a command is
+entered, hence the elapsed time shown will often be greater than it
+should be.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+kill, service
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/keep.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/keep.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..11935af0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/keep.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+.help keep Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+keep -- keep memory after task termination
+.ih
+USAGE
+keep
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+Normally when a script task terminates any tasks, packages, environment
+variables, etc. defined during the execution of that task are discarded
+(in other words, the memory used by the task is freed).
+The \fIkeep\fR command instructs the CL to retain the definitions after
+script termination.  Only one level of "keep" is achieved, e.g.,
+if a script with a keep is called from a higher level script, then when
+the higher level script terminates the task definitions will still be lost
+(unless this higher level script also uses \fIkeep\fR).
+.ih
+EXAMPLE
+1. The most common use for \fIkeep\fR is to retain a set of definitions
+in a script task.
+
+.nf
+	set	pkdir = "home$hebrew/"
+	task	aleph, beth, kaph = hebrew.cl
+
+	keep
+.fi
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+task, package
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/kill.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/kill.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..92d6e59e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/kill.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+.help kill Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+kill -- kill a background job
+.ih
+USAGE
+kill job [job ...]
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls job
+A background job number, as returned by \fIjobs\fR, or as printed when
+the job is submitted.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+\fIKill\fR is used to forcibly terminate a background job.
+The user must specify the job number of the task to be killed.
+The job number is displayed when the job is started, and may also
+be seen using the \fIjobs\fR command.
+.ih
+EXAMPLE
+1. Kill job number 4.
+
+	cl> kill 4
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+jobs, service
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/logging.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/logging.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..06a3bdaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/logging.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+.help logging Mar86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+.nf
+logging -- Using the CL logging features
+.fi
+.ih 
+DESCRIPTION
+The CL has some simple logging features to allow the recording of events of
+interactive sessions.  From these saved event logs, one can trace a particular
+data analysis sequence, track errors in programs, and create new CL scripts. 
+Other uses for the logfile exist as well. 
+
+There are currently five types of logging messages, with a parameter to
+control what is actually logged.  These include:
+
+.ks
+.nf
+       commands - commands and keystrokes of an interactive session
+     background - messages about and from background jobs
+         errors - logging of error messages
+          trace - start/stop trace of script and executable tasks
+           user - user messages, via the \fIputlog\fR builtin
+.fi
+.ke
+
+All of these types of messages except the interactive commands will show up as
+comments (i.e., starting with a '#') in the logfile.  This facilitates using a
+previous logfile as input to the CL or as the basis for a script task. 
+
+The CL parameters discussed below are used to control the logging features.
+These parameters can be set on the command line, in the "login.cl" file, or
+with the command "eparam cl". 
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls keeplog = no
+The overall on/off switch for the CL logging.  When set to `yes', the logfile
+will be opened and logging will commence.  If the named logfile does not
+exist, it will be created, otherwise log messages will be appended to the
+existing file.
+.le
+.ls logfile = "home$logfile"
+The name of the logfile.
+.le
+.ls logmode = "commands nobackground noerrors notrace"
+
+\fILogmode\fR controls what goes into the logfile.  The following options
+are currently available:
+.ls [no]commands
+Enables or disables logging of interactive commands.  (This is usually always
+enabled.)
+.le
+.ls [no]background
+Enables or disables background logging.  This includes start/stop messages
+when background jobs are submitted and complete, as well as log messages
+from the background job itself.
+.le
+.ls [no]errors
+Enables or disables error logging within script and executable tasks.
+If enabled, error messages printed on the terminal will also be logged.
+.le
+.ls [no]trace
+Enables or disables tracing of script and executable tasks.  If enabled, start
+and stop messages are logged, which include the package and task names, and the
+time.  The start message also includes the filename of the task (.cl or .e). 
+.le
+.le
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Turn all the logging features on except for background logging:
+
+	cl> logmode = "commands nobackground errors trace"
+.ih
+BUGS
+Background logging to the same logfile can cause problems.  The environment
+variable \fIfilewait\fR should be set to `no' to avoid file access conflicts.
+Even with this, reliability is not guaranteed and some messages will not
+get into the logfile.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+cl, putlog
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/logout.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/logout.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..170822a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/logout.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+.help logout Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+logout -- log out of the CL
+.ih
+USAGE
+logout
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+\fILogout\fR causes the CL to shut itself down, regardless of how many
+packages may currently be active.  The only way to shut the CL down without
+killing it is to use \fIlogout\fR; \fIbye\fR is not allowed to shut the
+CL down, since it would be too easy to enter it by accident (and it takes
+a while to log back in).
+
+An error message will be printed if one attempts to log out of the CL while
+a device is still allocated.  The device should be deallocated and the
+\fIlogout\fR repeated, else type \fIlogout\fR several times and you will
+be permitted to logout with the device still allocated.
+.ih
+EXAMPLE
+1. Logout of the CL.
+
+	cl> logo
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+deallocate, bye
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/lparam.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/lparam.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a6199cad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/lparam.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+.help lparam Apr87 language
+.ih
+NAME
+lparam -- list the parameters of a task or pset
+.ih
+USAGE
+lparam pset [pset ...]
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls pset
+The name of the parameter set to be listed.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+\fILparam\fR lists one or more parameter sets.  Psets are specified either by
+the name of the task with which the pset is associated, or by filename (pset
+files have the ".par" extension).  If a file type pset is listed the extension
+must be included, since it is the presence or absence of the filename
+extension which \fBlparam\fR uses to distinguish between task-psets and named
+(file) psets.
+
+Each parameter is listed on a single line with the following format:
+
+	param = value		prompt string
+
+Here "param" is the name of the parameter, "value" is the current value of
+the parameter (blank if undefined), and "prompt string" is the prompt for
+the parameter, if any.  If the parameter is hidden, then the line is enclosed
+in parentheses.  For arrays, instead of the values, a list of the
+dimensionalities is given.  The \fIeparam\fR task may be used to examine
+or edit the contents of an array.  When more than one task is listed the
+task name is prefixed to the list of each tasks parameters.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. List the parameter for the task \fIdelete\fR.  Note that the positional
+parameters are listed first, in the order in which they must be specified
+on the command line, followed by the hidden parameters.
+
+.nf
+cl> lparam delete
+        files = "temp"          list of files to be deleted
+     go_ahead = yes              ?
+      (verify = no)             verify operation before deleting each file?
+(default_acti = yes)            default delete action for verify query
+ (allversions = yes)            delete all versions of each file
+    (subfiles = yes)            delete any subfiles of each file
+        (mode = "ql")           
+.fi
+
+2. List the contents of the file pset "delete.par".  Named psets such as this
+are most commonly produced using the \fB":w filename"\fR colon command in
+\fBeparam\fR, e.g., to prepare several different versions of the parameter
+set for a task.
+
+	cl> lparam delete.par
+
+.ih
+BUGS
+You cannot list the parameters of a task that does not have a parameter
+file (e.g., all builtin tasks).
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+eparam, dparam, cache
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/mathfcns.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/mathfcns.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..50e797f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/mathfcns.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+.help mathfcns Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+mathfcns -- math functions available in the CL
+.ih
+SYNOPSIS
+
+.nf
+Function    Return value		  Description
+
+sin(x)		real			sine
+cos(x)		real			cosine
+tan(x)		real			tangent
+atan2(x,y)	real			arc-tangent
+exp(x)		real			e**x
+log(x)		real			natural logarithm
+log10(x)	real			common logarithm
+frac(x)		real			fractional part
+abs(x)		type of argument	absolute value
+min(a,b,...)	type of min. arg	minimum of a list of values
+max(a,b,...)	type of max. arg	maximum of a list of values
+real(x)		real			convert to real
+int(x)		integer			integer part
+.fi
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+A number of mathematical functions are available under the CL.  In general
+they return real values and may be used wherever a real expression is
+valid.  The input arguments may be integer or real and may be mixed in
+cases where the function has more than one argument.
+Exceptions:
+
+.nf
+    abs(x) 	returns real or integer depending on its argument
+    int(x)	returns an integer
+    min,max	return a copy of the min/max operand, no type change
+.fi
+
+Note that the intrinsic functions \fIint\fR and \fIreal\fR may be called
+to decode string valued arguments.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+.nf
+y = sin (x)
+  = 180 / 3.1415927 * atan2 (x, y)
+i = int (max (4.3, x, y, 2))
+  = 1. - (sin(.5)**2 + cos(.5)**2)
+.fi
+.ih
+BUGS
+An invalid argument list to a math function (e.g. log(-1)) will terminate
+a script.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+strings
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/mktemp.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/mktemp.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2c897cc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/mktemp.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+.help mktemp Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+mktemp -- make a unique file name
+.ih
+USAGE
+mktemp root
+.ih 
+PARAMETERS
+.ls root
+.br
+The root (prefix) for the generated filename.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+\fIMktemp\fR returns a unique filename string which may be used to create
+a temporary file name.  The string is the concatenation of three elements: the
+input argument, the process id, and a final character which changes on
+each call.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Create a unique filename with the root "sav" in the logical
+directory "tmp".
+
+	savefile = mktemp ("tmp$sav")
+.ih
+BUGS
+Since some time may elapse between the creation of the filename and the
+creation of a file with that name, there is no guarantee that the name
+will still be unique when it is actually used, however the algorithm used
+to generate the name makes filename collisions unlikely.
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/next.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/next.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..49a8eaa3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/next.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+.help next Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+next -- start the next iteration of a for or while loop
+.ih
+USAGE
+next
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fInext\fR statement begins the next iteration of the loop construct
+in which it is enclosed, without executing any of the statements remaining
+before the end of the loop.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Sum the pixels in a two dimensional array.  Skip any negative valued pixels.
+
+.nf
+	for (i=1;  i <= NCOLS;  i+=1) {
+	    for (j=1;  j <= NLINES;  j+=1) {
+		if (pixel[i,j] < 0)
+		    next
+		total += pixel[i,j]
+	    }
+	}
+.fi
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+break, while, for
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/osfn.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/osfn.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f544a821
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/osfn.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+.help osfn Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+osfn -- convert an IRAF filename to a host system filename
+.ih
+USAGE
+string = osfn (vfn)
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls vfn  
+The IRAF virtual filename to be translated into a host filename.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+\fIOsfn\fR is a string valued intrinsic function which takes an IRAF virtual
+filename as input and returns the equivalent host system filename as output.
+\fIOsfn\fR can only be called as a function.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Print the host equivalent of the vfn "hlib$login.cl".
+
+	cl> = osfn ("hlib$login.cl")
+
+2. Compute a host filename for use as an argument to a foreign task
+(see help \fItask\fR for more information on foreign tasks).
+
+.nf
+	cl> task $vdir = "$directory"	# VMS directory lister
+	cl> vdir /size osfn("bin$")
+.fi
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+pathnames, task
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/package.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/package.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8d89902f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/package.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+.help package Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+package -- define a new package
+.ih
+USAGE
+package	pkgname
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls pkgname
+The name of the new package to be created.  If called with no arguments,
+\fIpackage\fR lists the currently defined packages in task search order.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fIpackage\fR task creates a new package.
+The newly defined package becomes the current package, and the prompt
+is changed to use the first two characters of the package name.
+The package command does not define any tasks within the package, that
+is done by subsequent \fItask\fR declarations.  Subsequent \fItask\fR
+declarations will add tasks to the task list for the new package.
+
+The new package remains the "current package" until another \fIpackage\fR
+command is entered, or until the task in which the package command was
+entered is terminated.
+Normally \fIpackage\fR will be used at the beginning of a script to define
+the package name.  It will be followed by one or more task definitions,
+and then by a \fIcl\fR or \fIclbye\fR to interpret user commands,
+until the command \fIbye\fR is entered by the user, at which time the
+package script task terminates, discarding the package and any associated
+definitions.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. The use of \fIpackage\fR in a package script task.
+
+.nf
+	package lists
+
+	set	lists		= "pkg$lists/"
+
+	task	table,
+		tokens,
+		unique,
+		lintran,
+		columns,
+		words		= "lists$x_lists.e"
+
+	task	$gcursor	= "lists$gcursor.cl"
+	task	$imcursor	= "lists$imcursor.cl"
+	task	average		= "lists$average.cl"
+
+	clbye()
+.fi
+
+
+2. List the currently defined packages in the order in which they will
+be searched for tasks.
+
+.nf
+	cl> pack
+	clpackage
+	language
+	user
+	system
+.fi
+.ih
+BUGS
+All active packages must have unique names.  To eliminate the possibility
+of parameter file name collisions in UPARM, the three character string
+formed by concatenating the first two and final characters of the package
+name should be unique.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+task, redefine
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/params.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/params.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d0ebed8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/params.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+.help parameters Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+parameters -- IRAF parameters and their usage
+.ih
+DISCUSSION
+
+1. \fIIntroduction\fR
+
+    Parameters are the primary means of communicating information between
+the user and IRAF tasks, and between separate IRAF tasks.  Each user
+effectively has their own copy of the parameters for the tasks they run,
+and by tailoring these as they wish, they may customize the IRAF environment.
+Here we describe characteristics of IRAF parameters.
+The syntax of parameter declarations is described elsewhere.
+
+
+2. \fIParameter Types\fR
+
+    The CL supports a variety of parameter datatypes, from the conventional
+string, integer, and floating point types, to the exotic struct and cursor
+types.  There is no complex type in the CL.
+
+.ls char
+Character parameters are used to store strings of ASCII characters.
+By default character parameters have a maximum length of 64 characters,
+but this may be extended using the \fIlength\fR option when the parameter
+is declared.  A character parameter consisting of a single character can
+usually be treated as an integer, with a value equal to the ASCII value
+of the character.
+.le
+.ls int
+Integer parameters are used to store integer information.  Integer parameters
+are stored internally as a long integer, permitting at least 32 bits of
+precision.
+.le
+.ls real
+Real parameters are stored internally as double's.
+In general they may be entered with or without a decimal point,
+and with or without an exponent.  Note that the exponent should be
+entered using an E not a D.
+.le
+.ls bool
+Boolean parameters may only have the values \fIyes\fR or \fIno\fR.
+.le
+.ls file
+File parameters are basically character parameters which are required
+to be valid file names.  All operations legal on characters are legal
+on file parameters.  Various checks on the accessibility or existence
+of a file may be automatically performed when a \fIfile\fR type parameter
+is used at runtime.
+.le
+.ls struct
+Struct parameters are characters strings which are treated specially by
+the scan and fscan functions.  Scan and fscan set structs to the
+remainder of the line being scanned without further parsing.
+.le
+.ls gcur, imcur
+The cursor parameters have a character string value with a predefined cursor
+value format.  When a cursor type parameter is read in "query" mode, the
+hardware cursor on the graphics terminal or image display is physically read.
+If the cursor parameter is list-structured, cursor input may also be taken
+from a list (text file).  For a more detailed discussion of cursor control
+in the CL, type \fIhelp cursors\fR.
+.le
+
+
+3. \fIList-Directed Parameters\fR
+
+    Frequently one may have a list of values, e.g. numbers or file names,
+which one wishes to analyze in turn.  To do this one may use a list-directed
+parameter.  The parameter is defined with its value field set
+to the name of a file containing the list.  The next time it is referenced
+its value will not be the string containing the file name, but rather
+the first value in the list.  Subsequent calls will return later
+values in the list until an end-of-file is reached, at which point
+the parameter will appear to be undefined.  The file may be
+rewound using the p_filename attribute of the parameter.  Assigning the
+null string to a list parameter closes the associated list file.
+
+.nf
+	int	*list = "listfile.lis"
+	int	cur_val
+
+	for (i=1;  i < nlist;  i+=1) {
+	    cur_val = list
+	    analyze (cur_val)
+	}
+
+.fi
+
+A common usage of struct list-directed parameters is to read files in
+conjunction with the \fIfscan\fR function.  The following example prints
+out a file.
+
+.nf
+	struct	*slist = "filer.lis"
+	struct	line
+
+	while (fscan (slist, line) != EOF)
+	    print (line)
+.fi
+
+
+4. \fIModes\fR
+
+    The mode of a parameter determines two qualities: whether the parameter
+is prompted for when it is accessed, and whether the parameter is "learned",
+i.e. whether its value is saved between invocations of a task.
+
+A hidden parameter is never prompted for unless it is undefined
+or has an illegal value.  A query parameter is prompted for every time
+it is referenced, except that a query parameter which is set on a
+command line is not queried for when it is accessed within that task.
+
+These are the two basic modes, but a parameter may also be defined
+to be automatic.  This means that the parameter will use the mode
+not of the task, but of the package the task is part of, or by the CL.
+When an automatic parameter is referenced the CL searches
+up this hierarchy to find a mode which is not automatic and uses
+this for the mode.  If the mode switch at all levels is automatic
+then the mode is set to hidden.  The mode switch at the task, package
+and CL levels is determined by the VALUE, not the mode, of the
+parameter with the name "mode" associated with the task, package or CL.
+
+Query and automatic parameters are learned by default, while hidden parameters
+are not.
+
+
+5. \fIRanges\fR
+
+    The CL supports ranges for integer and real variables, and enumeration
+lists for character strings.  A user may specify either or both of a minimum
+and maximum for numbers, and the CL will reject
+any values which fall out of this range.  Range checking is only
+performed during querying, or inside \fIeparam\fR, not when a value
+is assigned directly.  For an enumerated string the input string
+is matched against any of the enumerated possibilities
+using a minimum-matching technique.  A value with no match is rejected.
+
+
+6. \fIParameter Attributes\fR
+
+    The user may access the different elements of a parameter using
+the parameter attributes.  For some parameters certain of the
+attributes will be meaningless or undefined.
+
+.ls p_name
+The name of the parameter.
+.le
+.ls p_type
+A string indicating the basic type of the parameter:
+
+.nf
+	b	-- boolean
+	i	-- int
+	r	-- real
+	s	-- string/char
+	f	-- file
+	struct	-- struct
+	gcur	-- graphics cursor
+	imcur	-- image cursor=
+.fi
+.le
+.ls p_xtype
+This is the same as p_type except that the string is prefixed by "*"
+if the parameter is list directed.
+.le
+.ls p_mode
+A string indicating the mode of the parameter composed of the characters:
+
+.nf
+	q  --  query
+	a  --  automatic
+	h  --  hidden
+	l  --  learned
+.fi
+.le
+.ls p_value
+The value of the parameter.  For a list-directed parameter this is a
+element in the file, not the file name.  Generally this is what is accessed
+when the parameter attribute is not specified.
+.le
+.ls p_length
+For string type parameters (i.e. char, struct, file, gcur, imcur),
+the maximum length of the string.
+.le
+.ls p_mimimum
+The minimum value for a parameter.  Also for enumerated strings
+the enumeration list.
+.le
+.ls p_maximum
+The maximum value for a parameter.
+.le
+.ls p_filename
+For list-directed parameters the file name associated with the parameter.
+.le
+
+
+Attributes may appear on either side of an equals sign, e.g.
+
+.nf
+	list.p_filename = "test.fil"
+	= str.p_length
+	range = integ.p_maximum - integ.p_minimum
+	list.p_xtype =
+	= system.page.first_page.p_minimum	# Fully qualified.
+.fi
+
+It is illegal to assign to the p_name, p_type and p_xtype fields.
+Most of the direct use of the parameter attributes is expected to be
+in systems level programming.
+
+
+7. \fIArrays\fR
+
+    The user may define arrays of arbitrary dimensionality within the CL.
+The arrays are referenced in the conventional fashion with
+the index list enclosed in square brackets, and the individual
+elements separated by commas.  In their internal representation,
+arrays are similar to those in Fortran, with the first element
+changing fastest as one traverses memory.  The limits of
+each index may be specified.
+
+In general the CL can only access one element of the array at a time
+but there is an automatic looping feature which permits the
+appearance of array arithmetic.  Any executable statement
+in which an array is referenced but  in which the exact element of the array
+is not defined (an "open" array reference)
+will cause the CL to implicitly execute that
+statement within a loop over all the elements of the array.  More
+than one "open" array may appear in the expression but they
+agree on the limits of the loop.  For example,
+
+.nf
+	real x[20,20], y[20], z[10,20], t[20]
+
+	y = x[1,*]
+	t = log(y)
+	z = x[1:10,*]
+.fi
+
+
+8. \fIScope\fR
+
+    A parameter is known via an implicit reference if the task in which
+it is defined is active.  In an implicit reference the parameter
+name only, without a task or package qualifier, is given.  The CL
+is always active, so that its parameters are always known.  In a
+script, the script itself is active, so its parameters may be used
+implicitly.  If the script calls another task, that sub-task may
+reference the invoking tasks parameters implicitly.
+
+For an explicit reference, i.e. with task and package qualifiers,
+the parameter is known if the package in which the task is defined
+is active.  For example, when starting the CL, the "lists" package
+is not active, thus the parameters of the "sort" task may not
+be referenced even in the form "lists.sort.param".  However since
+the system package is activated during login to the CL, the parameters
+of "page" may be referenced by "page.param".  In general a package
+qualifier is used only to remove ambiguity between tasks with the
+same name in two different packages.
+
+
+9. \fIStorage\fR
+
+    There are several places in which parameters are stored.
+On disk the CL searches
+for the parameters for a task in three locations.  For a procedure
+script, the default parameters are found in the script file itself, while
+other scripts and executables have a parameter file with defaults in
+the same directory as the script or executable.  These default values
+are used the first time a task is run, or whenever the default values
+have been updated more recently than the user's copy of the parameters.
+The user's copy is created when a task terminates, and retains any
+"learned" changes to the parameters.  It is created in a directory
+pointed to by the IRAF logical "uparm" which is usually a sub-directory
+of the default IRAF directory for the user.
+
+The user may also use in-core storage for the parameters using
+the cache command.  This keeps parameters for frequently used tasks
+available without requiring disk access.  Cached parameters
+are copied to disk when the CL exits, or when the update command
+is used.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+lparam, eparam, cache, unlearn, update, cursor
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/prcache.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/prcache.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..62398f16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/prcache.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+.help prcache Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+prcache -- cache a subprocess
+.ih
+USAGE
+prcache task [task ...]
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls task
+The name of a compiled IRAF task (not the filename of an executable file).
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The CL maintains a small cache to store executable images.  When the
+user invokes a task which calls an executable the cache is searched
+for the image before any attempt to load the executable image from
+disk.  After completion of the task the CL retains the executable image
+in the process cache, until the space is needed by some other
+executable.  Thus if a few commands are being executed frequently,
+the overhead of loading the image into core from disk is bypassed,
+which can result in a significant improvement in the response of the CL.
+
+By default, when the cache is full and a new executable must be run,
+the CL searches for the slot containing the task which has remained
+dormant the longest and replaces it with the new task.
+
+The \fIprcache\fR command gives the user some control over this process.
+Using it without any arguments shows the tasks which are currently
+stored in the process cache.  For each slot one gets a line like the
+following.
+
+    [07] lyra!17763(4563X)           H  bin$x_images.e
+
+Here, 07 is the process slot number as required by \fIflprcache\fR to
+disconnect the process.  The name "lyra" is the name of the node in the
+local network on which the process is executing; this is not normally
+the local node.  In the example, 17763 (hex 4563X) is the process number
+(pid) of the executable.  H indicates that the task is hibernating,
+i.e. the task was waiting in the cache to be invoked.  R would show that
+the task was running.  An L appended to either of these would show that the task
+had been locked into the cache by a previous prcache command.
+The last element on the line is the file name of the executable
+file which was loaded when the task was first invoked.
+
+If one or more task names are given as arguments, those tasks are locked
+into the cache, and will not be replaced by the CL without specific user
+intervention.  If these tasks are not already in the cache, the
+corresponding executables are started, and the tasks are loaded into the cache.
+
+Note that the `process cache' described here, and the `parameter cache'
+described in the `cache' command are entirely distinct, and a given
+task may be found in either, both, or neither of the two caches.
+
+Also note that only executable images reside in the process cache.
+Thus, for example, if the \fInews\fR command is executed, it does not
+appear in the process cache, but the executable
+`system$x_system.e' does, because \fInews\fR calls \fIpage\fR,
+which is one of the many entries into the system executable.
+
+Locked process cache slots may only be freed with the \fIflprcache\fR command.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Flush the system process and lock it back into the cache.
+
+.nf
+	cl> flpr dir
+	cl> prc dir
+.fi
+
+2. Print the current contents of the process cache.
+
+.nf
+	cl> prc
+	    [10] lyra!17764(4564X)           H  bin$x_plot.e
+	    [07] lyra!17763(4563X)           H  bin$x_images.e
+	    [04] lyra!17455(442FX)           HL bin$x_system.e
+		   0
+.fi
+
+3. Flush all processes which are not locked into the cache.  This may be
+necessary after aborting a task to initialize (by re-executing) the
+associated process, which may not have recovered completely from the
+abort.
+
+	cl> flpr
+.ih
+BUGS
+The user is responsible for making sure that he does not lock all
+the slots in the cache.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+flprcache
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/proc.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/proc.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ed59196d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/proc.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+.help procedure Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+procedure -- declare a new CL procedure
+.ih
+SYNTAX
+.nf
+\fBprocedure\fR proc_name [( [req_par, ...] )]
+
+<query mode parameter declarations>
+<hidden parameter declarations>
+
+\fBbegin\fR
+	<local variable declarations>
+	<executable statements>
+\fBend\fR
+.fi
+.ih
+ELEMENTS
+.ls proc_name
+The name of the procedure.  In the case of a procedure script,
+the script file should have the same name.
+.le
+.ls req_par
+A required (query mode) parameter for the procedure.
+Hidden parameters must be declared in the declarations section but do
+not appear in the argument list.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fIprocedure\fR statement is used to declare a new CL procedure.
+In the current CL, procedures are permitted only in ".cl" script files,
+and there may be only one procedure per file.  The \fIprocedure\fR statement
+must be the first non-comment statement in the script file.  Any parameters
+which appear in the procedure argument list must be declared in the parameter
+declarations section as well and will default to mode "auto".  Parameters not
+in the required parameter list will default to mode "hidden".
+The order of positional parameters is the order in which the parameters
+appear in the argument list.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Declare a no-op procedure.
+
+.nf
+procedure noop
+begin
+end
+.fi
+
+2. A more complex procedure (hlib$devstatus.cl).
+
+.nf
+# DEVSTATUS -- Print status info for the named device.
+
+procedure devstatus (device)
+
+string	device	{ prompt = "device for which status is desired" }
+bool	verbose = no
+
+string	logname, hostname
+struct	*devlist
+string	dev
+
+begin
+	dev = device
+	_devstatus (dev)
+
+	if (verbose) {
+	    # Print UNIX device status, too.
+
+	    devlist = "dev$devices"
+	    while (fscan (devlist, logname, hostname) != EOF) {
+		if (logname == dev) {
+		    print ("ls -l /dev/", hostname) | cl
+		    break
+		}
+	    }
+	    devlist = ""
+	}
+end
+.fi
+.ih
+BUGS
+CL procedures can only be placed in script files, they cannot currently
+be typed in interactively.  Procedures cannot be precompiled.  A procedure
+cannot return a function value.  Arguments are passed only by value, not
+by reference.  Procedure interpretation (and expression evaluation) is
+currently rather slow.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+declarations, task
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/putlog.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/putlog.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..874be72a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/putlog.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+.help putlog Mar86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+putlog -- put a message to the logfile
+.ih
+USAGE
+putlog logmsg
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls logmsg
+A message to append to the logfile.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+\fIPutlog\fR is used to add user messages to the logfile.  The CL parameter
+\fIkeeplog\fR must be set to `yes' for this to take effect.
+.ih
+BUGS
+For executable tasks, the only way to call \fIputlog\fR currently is via
+the low-level CLIO routine clcmd().
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+cl, logging
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/radix.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/radix.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a267c2fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/radix.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+.help radix Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+radix -- encode a number in any radix
+.ih
+USAGE
+string = radix (number, newradix)
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls number
+The integer number to be encoded.
+.le
+.ls newradix
+The radix or base in which the number is to be printed,
+e.g., 2 (binary), 8 (octal), 10 (decimal), 16 (hex), and so on.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+\fIRadix\fR is a string valued intrinsic function which formats an integer
+number in the indicated radix, return the encoded string as the function
+value.  Note that the CL permits numbers to be input in octal or hex format
+(trailing B or X suffix respectively), allowing common numeric conversions
+to decimal to be done directly.  The \fIradix\fR function is however the
+only CL function currently available for printing numbers in bases other
+than 10.  \fIRadix\fR can only be called as a function.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Print the hex number 7cde in binary.
+
+	cl> = radix (7cdex, 2)
+
+2. Print the hex number 7cde in decimal.
+
+	cl> = 7cdex
+
+3. Print the number in variable I in decimal, octal, and hex.
+
+	cl> print (i, radix(i,8), " ", radix(i,16))
+.ih
+BUGS
+Very large bases produce strange results.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+print
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/return.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/return.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..68a168f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/return.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+.help return Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+return -- exit a procedure
+.ih
+USAGE
+return [value]
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls value
+An optional value returned to the invoking procedure.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fIreturn\fR statement terminates a script and optionally returns a
+value to the invoking routine.  Any number of \fIreturn\fR statements
+may be present in a script.  A \fIreturn\fR statement without a value
+is equivalent to a \fIbye\fR.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+.nf
+return
+return (j+3)
+.fi
+.ih
+BUGS
+The return value cannot currently be utilized by the invoking procedure.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+bye
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/scan.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/scan.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7f2b8a98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/scan.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+.help "scan,scanf,fscan,fscanf,nscan" Jul95 language
+.ih
+NAME
+.nf
+scan   -- read parameters from standard input
+fscan  -- read parameters from file, or another parameter
+scanf  -- formatted read from standard input
+fscanf -- formatted read from file, or another parameter
+nscan  -- get number of parameters scanned
+.fi
+.ih
+USAGE
+.nf
+scan  (p1, p2, p3 ... pn)
+fscan (param, p1, p2, p3, ... pn)
+scanf  (format, p1, p2, p3 ... pn)
+fscanf (param, format, p1, p2, p3, ... pn)
+
+n = nscan()
+.fi
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls pN
+The name of an output parameter, to receive a scanned value.
+.le
+.ls param
+The name of the input parameter whose \fIvalue\fR is to be scanned to
+produce the output values.
+.le
+.ls format
+A C-like format specification string containing plain characters, which 
+which must match exactly what's on the input stream, and conversion 
+specifications,
+each of which causes conversion and scanning of zero or more \fIargs\fR.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+\fIScan\fR, \fIscanf\fR, \fIfscan\fR,
+and \fIfscanf\fR permit the user to read in values from the
+standard input, a file, or a parameter and assign them to the listed parameters.
+\fIFscan\fR or \fIfscanf\fR may also be used to read a string already in core.
+It is useful to consider these functions as performing two disjoint actions:
+acquiring a string, where \fIscan/scanf\fR and \fIfscan/fscanf\fR differ; 
+and parsing the string, where they are identical.
+
+\fIScan/scanf\fR acquires its string by reading exactly one 
+line from the standard
+input.  The action of \fIfscan/fscanf\fR depends on \fIparam\fR.  
+If \fIparam\fR is
+a string, or a struct, then the string is simply the value of \fIparam\fR.
+If, however, \fIparam\fR is a list-directed struct, a call to \fIfscanfscanf\fR
+will get the next line from the file pointed to by \fIparam\fR.
+The file can be rewound by assigning a file name to \fIparam\fR.
+If either scan or fscan reach an EOF, they return with the value EOF and
+do not change any parameters.
+
+Once the string has been acquired it is parsed into segments delimited by
+spaces or tabs in the case of \fIscan\fR or \fIfscan\fR, or when using
+\fIscanf\fR and \fIfscanf\fR with no field width specification for the
+field formats.
+\fIScan\fR and \fIfscan\fR do not recognize quoted strings, nor do they
+view ',' as a delimiter.  The formatted scan functions scanf and fscanf
+recognize ',' as a delimiter in the case of numeric conversion only.
+Each token is then assigned in turn to p1 through
+pn.  If there are too many tokens they are discarded, if there are too
+few, the corresponding parameters are not affected by the call.
+Any conversion error terminates the scan, but parameters already scanned
+retain their new values.  An assignment to a struct terminates the scan
+because the entire unscanned portion of the string is assigned to the
+struct.  Thus any struct should be the last parameter in a scan or
+fscan call.
+
+Scan/scanf and fscan/fscanf are intrinsic functions returning either EOF 
+if end of 
+file on the input list is sensed, or the number of parameters successfully
+scanned.  The function \fInscan\fR also returns the number of parameters
+successfully scanned in the last call to scan or fscan.
+
+A field format specification has the form "%[*][W][lh]C", where '*' indicates
+the field should be skipped, W is  the  field width,
+'l' indicates longword output, 'h' indicates halfword output, and
+C is the format code.  The format codes C are as follows:
+
+.nf
+       c    single character (c or '\c' or '\0nnn')
+       d    decimal integer
+       e    exponential format
+       f    fixed format
+       g    general format
+       o    octal integer
+       s    string
+       x    hexadecimal integer
+.fi
+
+The W (field width) specification indicates the exact number of characters
+to assign to the given argument, e.g. "%2s" would assign two characters of
+an input string to a string variable even though the actual string might
+contain more before a delimiting whitespace.  For numeric input, only W
+digits, decimal points, or exponentiation characters are assigned, e.g.
+"%3f" used on the string "1.23456" would result in a value of "1.2",
+"%2d" used on the string "12345" would result in a value of "12", and so
+on.  If no field width is specified all characters up to a delimiting
+whitespace are used in the conversion, in the case of numeric data and a
+numeric format characters up to a whitespace or non-numeric (including
+decimal points and an 'e' or 'd' exponentiation character) are used.
+
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Print a list of radii, given a list of coordinates.
+
+.nf
+	list = coords
+	while (fscan (list, x, y) != EOF)
+	    print (sqrt (x**2 + y**2))
+.fi
+
+2. Use a formatted scan of the standard input.
+
+.nf
+     cl> print ("1.234 5 7.34abc") | scanf ("%g %d %f %s", x, i, y, s1)
+     cl> =x
+     1.234
+     cl> =i
+     5
+     cl> =y
+     7.34
+     cl> =s1
+     abc
+.fi
+
+3. Use a formatted scan from a "list" parameter.
+
+        fscanf (list, "%g %d %f %s", x, i, y, s1)
+
+.ih
+BUGS
+The syntax of scan and fscan is peculiar, in that they are the only
+functions where parameters are effectively passed by reference rather than by
+value.  Thus p1, ... pn must be parameters whereas in similar contexts an
+arbitrary expression can be used wherever a parameter can.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+string, print, fprint, printf
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/service.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/service.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..21294325
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/service.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+.help service Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+service -- respond to a parameter request from a bkg job
+.ih
+USAGE
+service [job]
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls job
+A background job number (defaults to 1).
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+When a background job requires input from the terminal (e.g. if it queries
+for a parameter), the job enters a stopped state, and a message is
+displayed on the terminal.  At the user's convenience, he should respond
+with a \fIservice\fR command specifying the appropriate job number.  The
+\fIjobs\fR command can also be used to see what jobs require attention.
+
+After entering the \fIservice\fR command, any prompt sent by the background
+job is displayed, and the user may return a single line
+of input to the background task.  Should more lines be needed several
+\fIservice\fR calls may be necessary.  The user may service jobs in
+any order, regardless of how the requests from the background jobs were
+received.
+.ih
+EXAMPLE
+1. Respond to a parameter request from job 3.
+
+	cl> service 3
+.ih
+BUGS
+If one never responds to a request for service from a background job, the job
+will eventually time out and abort.  In principle it is possible to service
+queued background jobs as well as interactive (subprocess) background jobs,
+but in practice the request for service never reaches the terminal (and thus
+the user), hence all parameters should be specified before submitting a job
+to execute in a queue.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+jobs, kill
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/set.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/set.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1b552eb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/set.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+.help set,reset Apr87 language
+.ih
+NAME
+.nf
+  set -- set the value of an IRAF environment variable
+reset -- reset (overwrite) the value of an IRAF environment variable
+.fi
+.ih
+USAGE
+.nf
+set [varname = valuestring]
+reset [varname = valuestring]
+.fi
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls varname
+The environment variable to be defined or set.
+.le
+.ls valuestring
+The new string value of the environment variable.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The CL maintains a list of environment variables, each of which consists
+of a keyword = value pair.  The \fIset\fR and \fIreset\fR operators are used
+to define new environment variables, or to set new values for old environment
+variables.  The two operators are equivalent with the exception that if the
+named environment variable is already defined, \fIset\fR will push a new,
+temporary value for the variable, whereas \fIreset\fR will overwrite the most
+recent definition of the variable.  Environment variables may be examined
+using the \fIshow\fR task or the \fIenvget\fR intrinsic function.
+
+A particular use for the environment variables is in the definition
+of IRAF logical names for directories.  If an environment variable is set to
+a string corresponding to a system-dependent directory name,
+then the environment variable may then be used within the CL to
+refer to that directory.
+
+For example,
+
+.nf
+	set	testdir = "/usr/iraf/testdir"		# Unix
+	set	testdir = "dua2:[iraf.testdir]"		# VMS
+	task	tst1 = testdir$tst1.cl
+.fi
+
+New IRAF logicals may be defined in terms or existing IRAF logical names,
+i.e., logical names are recursively expanded.
+
+.nf
+	set	subdir1 = testdir$subdir1/
+	task	tst2 = subdir1$tst2.e
+.fi
+
+If the \fIset\fR command is entered without any arguments the current
+environment list is printed in the reverse of the order in which the
+definitions were made.  If a variable has been redefined both the
+final and original definition are shown.   The \fIshow\fR command can be
+used to show only the current value.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Define the data directory "dd" on a remote node, and call \fIimplot\fR
+to make plots of an image which resides in the remote directory.
+
+.nf
+	cl> set dd = lyra!/u2/me/data
+	cl> implot dd$picture
+.fi
+
+2. Temporarily change the value of the variable \fIprinter\fR.  The new
+value is discarded when the \fIbye\fR is entered.
+
+.nf
+	cl> cl
+	cl> set printer = qms
+		...
+	cl> bye
+.fi
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+show, envget
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/show.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/show.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..250b855f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/show.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+.help show Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+show -- show the current value of an IRAF environment variable
+.ih
+USAGE
+show [varname]
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls varname
+The name of the environment variable to be displayed.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fIshow\fR command shows the current values of all defined environment
+variables if called with no arguments, or the value of a specific variable
+if an argument is given.  Unlike \fIset\fR, only current values are shown,
+not the entire history of the definitions of environment variables.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Show the current default printer device.
+	
+	cl> show printer
+
+2. Show all "std" (standard i/o stream) related variables.
+
+	cl> show | match std
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+set
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/sleep.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/sleep.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dd51bbbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/sleep.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+.help sleep Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+sleep -- suspend process execution for the specified interval
+.ih
+USAGE
+sleep [nsec]
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls nsec
+The number of seconds to sleep.  Defaults to 0.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fIsleep\fR command causes the task to hibernate for the specified
+amount of time.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Sleep for 10 seconds, and then ring the bell.
+
+	cl> sleep 10; beep
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+wait
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/strings.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/strings.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b123b368
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/strings.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+.help "strings,substr,stridx,str" Jun86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+strings -- string manipulation functions available in the CL
+.ih
+USAGE
+.nf
+str     (x)
+substr  (str, first, last)
+stridx  (test, str)
+strldx  (test, str)
+strlen  (str)
+strlwr  (str)
+strupr  (str)
+strstr  (str1, str2)
+strlstr (str1, str2)
+.fi
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The following functions are available for the manipulation of strings
+within the CL.  All string positions are returned as 1-indexed values.
+
+.ls str (x)
+Converts its argument into a string.  The argument may be
+boolean, integer or real.
+.le
+.ls substr (str, first, last)
+Extracts a substring from string \fIstr\fR from index \fIfirst\fR to 
+index \fIlast\fR.  The \fIfirst\fR value may be larger than \fIlast\fR, in 
+which case the returned string is reversed.  The first character in the 
+string is at index 1.
+.le
+.ls stridx (test, str)
+Finds the position of the first occurrence of any character found in \fItest\fR
+in the string \fIstr\fR, returning 0 if the match fails.
+.le
+.ls strldx (test, str)
+Finds the position of the last occurrence of any character found in \fItest\fR
+in the string \fIstr\fR, returning 0 if the match fails.
+.le
+.ls strlen (str)
+Returns the current length of a string.  Note that the maximum length may be
+obtained as the value of the expression `param.p_length'.
+.le
+.ls strlwr (str)
+Converts \fIstr\fR to all lower-case characters, returns a string value.
+.le
+.ls strupr (str)
+Converts \fIstr\fR to all upper-case characters, returns a string value.
+.le
+.ls strstr (str1, str2)
+Finds the position of the first occurrence of \fIstr1\fR in \fIstr2\fR (an
+exact match is required), or 0 if the match fails.
+.le
+.ls strlstr (str1, str2)
+Finds the position of the last occurrence of \fIstr1\fR in \fIstr2\fR (an
+exact match is required), or 0 if the match fails.
+.le
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Simple function calls.
+
+.nf
+	s = str(y)			     # convert y to a string.
+	s = substr  ("abcdefg", 2, 4)	     # s = "bcd"
+	s = substr  ("abcdefg", 4, 2)	     # s = "dcb"
+	i = stridx  ("abc", " eeboq")	     # i = 4
+	i = strldx  ("/", "/path/image.imh") # i = 6
+	i = strlen  ("abc")		     # i = 3
+	s = strlwr  ("ABC")		     # s = "abc"
+	s = strupr  ("abc")		     # s = "ABC"
+	i = strstr  ("imh","imhead.imh")     # i = 1
+	i = strlstr ("imh","imhead.imh")     # i = 8
+.fi
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+scan, radix
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/stty.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/stty.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8556a43b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/stty.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,589 @@
+.help stty Feb88 language
+.ih
+NAME
+stty -- set/show terminal characteristics
+.ih
+USAGE
+stty [terminal]
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls terminal
+The logical name of the terminal to be used, i.e., the name of the device
+given in the \fIdev$termcap\fR file.
+.le
+.ls baud = 9600
+Set to some nonzero value to inform the VOS of the baud rate; the software
+does not automatically sense the baud rate.  The baud rate must be known to
+accurately generate delays.
+.le
+.ls ncols = 80
+The logical width of the screen in characters; may be set to some value less
+than the physical width to produce more readable output on very high resolution
+terminals.
+.le
+.ls nlines = 24
+The logical height of the screen in characters.
+.le
+.ls show = no
+Show the current terminal driver settings.  The \fIshow\fR function is
+automatically enabled if \fIstty\fR is called with no arguments.
+.le
+.ls all = no
+Show all terminal driver settings, including those which are not currently
+in use.  Setting \fIall\fR automatically sets \fIshow\fR.
+.le
+.ls reset = no
+Reset the terminal driver settings to their default (login time) values.
+Note that the terminal driver is not a task in the normal sense but is always
+active, and once a parameter is set the new value is retained indefinitely.
+.le
+.ls resize = no
+Recompute the terminal screen size parameters, \fBttyncols\fR and
+\fBttynlines\fR, and update their values in the environment.
+If the terminal supports runtime querying of the screen size it will be
+queried (allowing the screen size to change dynamically at runtime),
+otherwise the values from the termcap entry for the terminal will be used.
+.le
+.ls clear = no
+Clear the function(s) which follow on the command line, e.g.,
+"clear ucasein ucaseout" is equivalent to "ucasein=no ucaseout=no".
+.le
+.ls ucasein = no
+Map terminal input to lower case, e.g., when working on an old monocase
+terminal, or on a modern terminal with the shiftlock key on.
+.le
+.ls ucaseout = no
+Map terminal output to upper case.
+.le
+.ls login = "home$ttyin.log" [off]
+Log all input from the terminal to the named text file.
+.le
+.ls logio = "home$ttyio.log" [off]
+Log all terminal i/o to the named text file.  May not be used if either
+\fIlogin\fR or \fIlogout\fR mode is in effect, and vice versa.
+.le
+.ls logout = "home$ttyout.log" [off]
+Log all output to the terminal to the named text file.
+.le
+.ls playback = "home$ttyin.log" [off]
+Divert terminal driver input to the named "stty login" style text file,
+i.e., take input from a file instead of from the terminal.  The effect is
+to exactly repeat a previous terminal session executed with \fIlogin\fR
+mode in effect, e.g., to test or demo software.
+.le
+.ls verify = no
+If \fIverify\fR is enabled during \fIplayback\fR mode the terminal driver
+will read a key from the keyboard before executing each command in the
+logfile.  Tap the space bar to execute the command, \fIq\fR to terminate
+playback mode, or \fIg\fR to continue execution with \fIverify\fR mode
+disabled.  Typing any other key causes a help line to be printed.
+.le
+.ls delay = 500 (msec)
+If \fIverify\fR is disabled during \fIplayback\fR mode the terminal driver
+will pause for \fIdelay\fR milliseconds before executing each logfile command.
+.le
+
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fIstty\fR task is used to set or display the terminal device
+characteristics and VOS terminal driver options.
+Without arguments, \fIstty\fR prints the current characteristics of the
+terminal.  The default terminal type can be changed by setting \fIttyname\fR.
+The terminal characteristics \fIncols\fR, \fInlines\fR or \fIbaud\fR,
+may be changed by typing new values explicitly on the command line.
+
+The most common use of \fIstty\fR is to inform IRAF of the type of terminal
+being used, e.g.,
+
+	cl> stty vt100
+
+would set the terminal type to "vt100".  An error message will be printed
+unless an entry for the named terminal is present in the \fBtermcap\fR file;
+if the named terminal is a graphics terminal, there must also be an entry
+in the \fBgraphcap\fR file.
+
+To find out about the current terminal settings, type
+
+.ks
+.nf
+	cl> stty
+or
+	cl> stty all
+.fi
+.ke
+
+A limited number of terminal driver options may also be set.  In particular,
+the VOS terminal driver (not to be confused with the host operating system
+terminal driver, a lower level facility) implements facilities for case
+conversion upon input or output, and for logging all i/o to the terminal
+and playing back a terminal session logged in a file.
+
+.ih 4 1
+Case Conversions
+The \fBucasein\fR option, if set,
+will cause all upper case terminal input to be mapped to lower
+case (e.g., when working from an old monocase terminal).  In this mode,
+individual upper case characters may be input by preceding them with the
+escape character ^, e.g., "^MAKEFILE" equates to "Makefile".  The full set
+of ^ escapes is summarized below.  The option \fBucaseout\fR will cause all
+terminal output to be mapped to upper case.  Preceding either or both of
+these option keywords by \fBclear\fR causes the options to be cleared.
+
+.ks
+.nf
+	^	shift next character to upper case
+	^+	shift lock (caps lock)
+	^-	clear shift lock
+	^^	the character ^
+.fi
+.ke
+
+Case shifting is disabled in raw mode, e.g., while in cursor mode, and in
+\fBeparam\fR.  All standard IRAF software, however, will sense that ucase
+mode is set before entering raw mode, and will behave as expected.  Ucase mode
+is also disabled by the STDGRAPH kernel whenever the graphics workstation is
+activated.
+
+Note that ^ is also the history meta-character, hence ^^ must be used when
+in \fIucasein\fR mode to pass a single ^ to the CL history mechanism.
+In cursor mode, upper case keystrokes are intercepted by cursor mode unless
+escaped with a backslash.  Escaped keystrokes are mapped to lower case by
+cursor mode if \fIucasein\fR mode is in effect, terminating cursor mode and
+returning a lowercase key to the applications program.
+
+.ih
+Recording Terminal I/O
+The terminal driver options \fBlogio\fR, \fBlogout\fR, and \fBlogin\fR
+may be used to log, respectively, all terminal i/o, all output to the terminal,
+or all input from the terminal.  The logfile names are "home$ttyin.log",
+"home$ttyout.log", or "home$ttyio.log", unless a different logfile name is
+specified by the user.  All logfiles are standard textfiles containing only
+printable characters.
+
+Terminal i/o logging is especially useful for debugging \fItermcap\fR and
+\fIgraphcap\fR entries for new terminals.  All IRAF terminal i/o is logged,
+including raw mode i/o and graphics output.  Terminal i/o from foreign tasks
+or OS escapes is not logged since these tasks bypass the VOS to talk directly
+to the user terminal.
+
+Each sequence of characters read from or written to the terminal (via a zgettt
+or zputtt call to the driver) appears as one logical line of text in the
+logfile, delimited by the data character \n (newline).
+When reading from a terminal in raw mode, each input character will appear
+on a separate line in the logfile with no newline, since only a single
+data character is read at a time during raw mode input.
+All control characters embedded in the data, including newline terminators,
+are rendered into printable form.  Long lines are broken near the right margin,
+adding an escaped newline and indenting continuation lines 4 spaces.
+
+Terminal i/o logging is intended primarily for debugging purposes, rather
+than for logging user commands; the IRAF command language provides a more
+user friendly facility for command logging (see the \fIlanguage.logging\fR
+manpage for further information on the CL command logging facilities).
+All unprintable ASCII codes are rendered in the logfile in a printable form
+intended to eliminate any ambiguity regarding the exact sequence of characters
+sent to or received from the terminal.  In addition to the standard escape
+sequences \n, \t, \r, etc., the following special escape sequences are used:
+
+.ks
+.nf
+	\\		\
+	\^		^
+	^@		NUL (ascii 000)
+	^[A-Z]		ctrl/a - ctrl/z (ascii 001 - 032)
+	^[		ESC (ascii 033)
+	^\		FS  (ascii 034)
+	^]		GS  (ascii 035)
+	^^		RS  (ascii 036)
+	^_		US  (ascii 037)
+	\s		blank (ascii 040)
+	\<newline>	long i/o record continued on next line
+.fi
+.ke
+
+These special escape sequences, plus any ordinary characters, constitute the
+\fIdata\fR recorded in the logfile.  The following additional escape
+sequences are used to record information about the logging session itself in
+the logfile.
+
+.ks
+.nf
+	\#		rest of line is a comment
+	\T		terminal device name at log time
+	\G		stdgraph device name at log time
+	\O		timestamp written at start of log session
+.fi
+.ke
+
+Any whitespace (unescaped blanks, tabs, or newlines) appearing
+in the logfile is put there only to make the file more readable, and is not
+considered data.  Blocks of text may be enclosed in a logfile delimited by
+escaped curly brackets, i.e., "\{ ... \}".  This is used for the \fBplayback\fR
+facility described in the next section.  
+
+.ih
+Playback of Terminal Sessions
+The terminal driver has the capability not only of recording terminal i/o
+in a file, but of taking input from a logfile to repeat a sequence of commands
+previously entered by the user with terminal input logging enabled.
+Note that we are not talking about simply playing back recorded output,
+but of actually executing an arbitrary sequence of commands formerly entered
+by the user.  This is different from executing a sequence of commands entered
+into, for example, a CL script, because \fIall\fR input is recorded,
+including not only the commands, but also all responses to parameter queries,
+all rawmode keystroke input, and all graphics cursor input occurring
+interactively during execution of the recorded commands.
+These \fBplayback scripts\fR are useful for preparing automated demos or
+tutorials of complex software, and for preparing scripts to be used to
+automatically test software.
+
+The basic sequence used to record and later playback a terminal session is as
+follows:
+
+.ks
+.nf
+	cl> stty login [= logfilename]
+		<execute an arbitrary sequence of commands>
+	cl> stty clear login			# or stty reset
+	cl> stty playback [= logfilename]
+.fi
+.ke
+
+Naturally, the playback script must be executed in the same context as when
+the script was generated, i.e., one must ensure that all necessary packages
+have been loaded, that the current directory has been set to the proper
+value if it matters, and so on.  It is not necessary to execute a playback
+script on the same type of video terminal or graphics terminal as was
+used when the script was recorded; since only the terminal input is being
+recorded, playback scripts are device independent and may be played back on
+any terminal.
+
+If desired the commands necessary to establish the starting context may be
+recorded as part of the script.  If the script is going to be repeatedly
+executed it may also be desirable to include commands at the end of the
+recording session to clean up, e.g., deleting any temporary files created
+during the recording session.  If anything has changed which causes a command
+to abort during execution of a playback script, normal terminal input is
+automatically restored, aborting the script.   Note that if the "stty playback"
+command gets into the playback script for some reason, e.g., because the
+"stty reset" (or "stty login=no" etc.) was omitted, then the script will
+repeat indefinitely.  This may or may not be what was desired.
+
+Two \fBstty\fR command line arguments are provided for controlling the
+execution of a playback script.  By default, when a script is played back
+the terminal driver will pause for \fBdelay\fR milliseconds after echoing
+the command to be executed, to give the user watching the playback a chance
+to read the command.  Aside from this programmed delay, execution is fully
+automated.  For example,
+
+	cl> stty play=filename delay=2000
+
+would playback the file "filename", with a delay of 2 seconds following echo
+of each line of recorded input text.
+
+Alternatively, the user may request that the driver pause and wait for the
+user to type a key before executing each logged command (i.e., before
+returning each input line of text to the application).  This is called the
+\fBverify\fR option.  In verify mode, the following keystrokes may be
+entered to continue execution:
+
+.ks
+.nf
+	space, return		continue execution
+	'g'			go: turn verify mode off and continue
+	'q'			quit: terminate playback mode
+.fi
+.ke
+
+Verify mode is automatically disabled during raw mode input since the input
+consists of single characters and an inordinate number of verification
+keystrokes would be required from the user.  Either of the \fBverify\fR or
+\fBdelay\fR options may be overridden by control directives embedded in the
+playback text, as we shall see in the next section.
+
+.ih
+Customizing Playback Scripts
+Although playback scripts may be and often are generated and played back
+without ever looking at or modifying the actual playback script, there are
+cases where it may be desirable to do so.  For example, when generating a
+script to be used as a demo or tutorial, it may be desirable to insert
+explanatory text into the script to be printed out on the terminal when
+the script is played back, to explain to the person running the script what
+is going on.  Likewise, it may be desirable to control the verify and delay
+options at a granularity finer than the entire script.
+
+Explanatory text and/or playback control directives may be inserted into the
+script using the following construct:
+
+	"\{" [<control_directives>] [<text>] "\}"
+
+where \fBcontrol_directive\fR refers to one of the following:
+
+.ks
+.nf
+	%V+		turn verify on
+	%V-		turn verify off
+	%NNN		set \fBdelay\fR to NNN milliseconds
+.fi
+.ke
+
+For example,
+
+.ks
+.nf
+	dir\{%5000
+	[list the current directory]\}\n
+.fi
+.ke
+
+would cause the following to be output, followed after a 5 second delay by a 
+listing of the current directory (the "<>" is not printed, but shows where
+the cursor will be during the 5 second pause):
+
+.ks
+.nf
+	cl> dir
+	[list the current directory]<>
+.fi
+.ke
+
+Note that the newline following the "\{%5000" in the above example is textual
+data, and will be output to the terminal along with whatever follows, up until
+the closing brace, i.e., "\}".  The amount of text to be output may be
+arbitrarily large; there is a builtin limit (currently 4096 characters),
+but it is unlikely that this limit will ever be exceedd, since no more than
+one pageful of text should ever be output in a single call.
+
+Normally, a %V or %NNN control directive refers only to the input record
+with which the enclosing \{...\} control block is associated.  The global
+value of \fIverify\fR or \fIdelay\fR is temporarily overridden for the
+current record.  If desired, the global value may instead be permanently
+modified by adding a ! after the %, e.g.,
+
+	\{%!V-%3000...\}
+
+would permanently disable \fIverify\fR (unless a %V+ or %!V+ directive
+follows later in the script) then output the text "..." followed by a 3
+second delay.
+
+To know where to insert the control directives into a script, it is
+important to understand that input from the script is \fBrecord oriented\fR,
+and that a control directive refers to the input record with which it is
+associated.  An input record is a single \fIlogical\fR line of text in the
+input file.  Note that a logical line of text may span multiple physical lines,
+if the newlines are escaped or present as textual data within a control
+directive.  The position of the control directive within the input record
+determines where the explanatory text will be positioned relative to the
+input text, when both are echoed to the terminal.  Any programmed delay or
+pause will always occur after echoing the full record on the terminal.
+
+.ih
+Raw Mode Playback
+When a program is executing which reads from the terminal in raw mode,
+each character is read from the terminal as soon as it is typed, and
+input characters are not echoed to the terminal unless the application
+explicitly does the echoing.  Examples of programs which use raw mode input are
+\fIeparam\fR and \fIpage\fR, which are keystroke driven, and any program
+which reads the \fBgraphics cursor\fR, since a graphics cursor read uses raw
+mode input.
+
+Playback works much the same for raw input mode as for line input mode,
+except that during raw mode input the input records normally consist of
+single characters, rather than entire lines of text.  By default, \fBverify\fR
+is turned off while reading from the terminal in raw mode, to avoid having
+the user verify each individual character.  Also, the terminal driver will not
+echo text read from the playback file in raw mode, since the text would not
+have been echoed if playback were not in effect.
+
+.ih
+Cursor Reads in Playback Mode
+A typical Tektronix style cursor read will look something like the following,
+as recorded in an \fBstty login\fR script file following a recording session:
+
+.ks
+.nf
+	K
+	3
+	)
+	'
+	*
+	\r
+.fi
+.ke
+
+This six character sequence consists of the key value of the cursor read (K),
+followed by the [x,y] cursor coordinate encoded as four ascii characters
+("3)'*" in this case), followed by the "GIN mode terminator" character or
+characters, normally a single CR (\r).  Of course, if the terminal is not a
+Tektronix compatible terminal (e.g., DEC-Regis), the details will differ
+from this example.
+
+The single character per line format of a cursor read reflects the fact that
+each input record is a single character when reading from the terminal in
+raw mode.  For the purposes of playback, however, such a sequence may be
+reformatted on a single line if desired, to improve the readability of a
+script (the extra whitespace in the second example is ignored, since if a
+space were data it would appear as \s).
+
+.ks
+.nf
+	K3)'*\r
+or
+	K 3 ) ' * \r
+or
+	K
+	3)'*
+	\r
+etc.
+.fi
+.ke
+
+To set the values of the \fIverify\fR or \fIdelay\fR parameters for a cursor
+read one may insert the \{...\} sequence anywhere before the \r delimiter
+is returned to the application, e.g.,
+
+	K3)'*\r\{%V+\}
+
+would do, since the sequence shown forms one logical input record in the
+playback file, and the control directive included will be processed before
+any input data characters from the record are returned to the application.
+If the multi-line form of a cursor read is used, the control directive may
+be tacked onto any of the records K through \r in the example.
+
+Output of explanatory text in an interactive graphics session is a little
+more tricky, since if one is not careful the text will come out while in
+graphics mode, causing it to be rendered as random lines drawn all over the
+screen.  A safe technique for outputting comments during playback of a
+graphics session is to output the text to the \fBstatus line\fR,
+taking care of course to output only a single line of text at once
+(since multiple lines written to the status line would rapidly flash by,
+leaving only the last line visible on the screen).  We can do this by taking
+advantage of the : command sequence, which can be used to put the terminal
+temporarily into status line output mode.
+
+.ks
+.nf
+	:####\r
+	\{%5000
+	This is a status line comment\}
+	^U\177
+.fi
+.ke
+
+For example, insertion of the above sequence between any two cursor reads
+in a recorded interactive graphics session would cause the text
+"This is a status line comment" to be written to the status line,
+with normal execution of the script occurring after a 5 second delay
+followed by erasure of the status line and exit from status line mode
+(due to the ctrl/u and rubout inserted as data after the colon cursor read).
+
+While executing an interactive graphics session via playback, cursor values
+are read from the playback script instead of from the terminal, hence the
+user never sees the actual cursor crosshairs on the screen.  To give the
+user some idea of what is going on, the key values of successive cursor mode
+keystrokes are echoed in ascii down the left side of the screen, starting at
+the upper left.  The keystroke value is also echoed at the position of the
+cursor, to indicate where the cursor crosshairs would have been in an actual
+interactive session.
+
+.ih
+Sample Playback Script
+We conclude with an example of a complete playback script which can be
+entered into a file and played back to demonstrate some of the features of
+the \fIimplot\fR task in the PLOT package (the PLOT package must already
+be loaded).
+
+.ks
+.nf
+	\O=NOAO/IRAF V2.6 iraf@pavo Fri 20:09:21 01-Jan-88
+	\T=gterm40
+	\G=gterm
+	\n
+	imheader\sdev$pix\slo+\suser-\n\{%3000
+	[Print image header]\}
+	\n
+	implot\sdev$pix\n
+	J3..8\r J3-,)\r J3+)9\r K3)'*\r J3((0\r l3&';\r
+	:####\r
+	\{%5000
+	[use key `o' to overplot]\}
+	^U\177
+	o3&';\r
+	K3&';\r K3%*(\r K3#,3\r l3!.?\r
+	:####\r
+	\{%5000
+	[key `X' expands the plot in x]\}
+	^U\177
+	X3!.?\r
+	qXXXX\r
+	stty\sreset\n
+.fi
+.ke
+
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Show the current terminal type and attributes.
+
+.nf
+	cl> stty
+	Terminal=vt640, ncols=80, nlines=24, 9600 baud
+	ucasein=no, ucaseout=no, logio=off
+.fi
+
+2. Tell the system that the terminal is a vt100.
+
+	cl> stty vt100
+
+3. Set the baud rate of the current terminal to 9600 baud.
+
+	cl> stty baud=9600
+
+4. Set the width of the screen to 80 columns, e.g., to get short menus on a
+workstation where the physical number of columns may be much greater than 80.
+
+	cl> stty ncols=80
+
+5. Set the terminal type to 4012 and set ucasein and ucaseout modes.
+
+	cl> stty 4012 ucasein ucaseout
+
+6. Clear the ucasein and ucaseout modes.
+
+	cl> stty clear ucasein ucaseout
+
+7. Record a terminal session in the default logfile (home$ttyio.log).
+
+	cl> stty logio
+
+8. Record input from the terminal in the file "demo".
+	
+	cl> stty login=demo
+
+9. Terminate logging and playback the terminal session recorded in this file.
+
+.nf
+	cl> stty reset
+	cl> stty playback=demo
+.fi
+.ih
+BUGS
+1. Note that, when working with a terminal which supports runtime querying
+of the screen size, the screen size is queried when the \fBstty resize\fR
+command is executed, rather than when the terminal screen actually changes size.
+Hence, the screen size parameters printed by a command such as \fBstty show\fR
+will not necessarily reflect the actual screen size.  \fBstty resize show\fR
+queries the terminal for the screen size, hence should always be correct.
+The screen size is automatically queried whenever the \fIpage\fR or \fIhelp\fR
+tasks are run.
+
+2. The terminal screen size is determined by querying the terminal for the
+screen size, and reading the response back (this technique has the advantage
+that it works remotely over IPC and network connections, and is host system
+independent).  If the terminal does not respond for some reason, e.g.,
+because the terminal type has been set improperly and the terminal does not
+support the query function, then \fBstty\fR will hang.  Typing a carriage
+return causes execution to resume, after which the error should be corrected.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+language.logging, fio$zfiott.x, etc$sttyco.x
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/switch.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/switch.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a79b9536
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/switch.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+.help "switch,case,default" Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+switch -- switch case statement
+.ih
+SYNTAX
+.nf
+switch (expr) {
+case val1 [, val1,...]:
+    statements
+case val3 [, val3,...]:
+    statements
+	(etc.)
+default:
+    statements
+}
+.fi
+.ih
+ELEMENTS
+.ls expr
+An integer-valued expression tested before entry into the switch block.
+.le
+.ls valN
+Integer valued constants used to match expression.
+.le
+.ls statements
+Simple or compound statements to be executed when the appropriate case or
+default block is selected.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fIswitch\fR statement provides a multiway branch capability.
+The switch expression is evaluated and control branches to the matching
+\fIcase\fR block.  If there is no match the \fIdefault\fR block, if present,
+receives control.  If no \fIdefault\fR block is present, the switch is skipped.
+
+Each \fIcase\fR statement consists of a list of values defining the case,
+and an executable statement (possibly compound) to be executed if the case
+is selected by the switch.  Execution will continue until the next case is
+reached, at which time a branch out of the \fIswitch\fR statement occurs.
+Note this difference from the C switch case, where an explicit \fIbreak\fR
+statement is required to exit a switch.  If a \fIbreak\fR is used in a CL
+switch, it will act upon the loop statement containing the switch, not the
+switch itself.
+
+Note that both the switch expression and the case constants may
+be integers, or single characters which are evaluated to their
+ASCII equivalents.
+
+The \fIdefault\fR statement must be the last statement in the switch block.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Multiple cases, no default case.
+
+.nf
+	switch (opcode) {
+	case 1:
+	    task1 (args)
+	case 2:
+	    task2 (args)
+	case 5:
+	    task5 (args)
+	}
+.fi
+
+2. Multiple values in a case.
+
+.nf
+	switch (digit) {
+	case '1','2','3','4','5','6','7':
+	    n = n * 8 + digit - '0'
+	default:
+	    error (1, "invalid number")
+	}
+.fi
+.ih
+BUGS
+Only integer values are allowed (no strings).
+The case values must be constants; ranges are not permitted.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+if else, goto
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/task.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/task.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5e4aacc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/task.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+.help "task,redefine" Apr87 language
+.ih
+NAME
+.nf
+task     -- define a new IRAF task
+redefine -- redefine an IRAF task
+.fi
+.ih
+USAGE
+.nf
+task     t1 [t2 ...] = tfile
+redefine t1 [t2 ...] = tfile
+.fi
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls t1, t2, ...
+The names of the new logical tasks.  The task name should be prefixed by a $
+if the task has no parameter file.  An optional extension should be appended
+if either the standard input or output of the task is a binary stream, rather
+than text.  For example, "$mytask.tb" denotes a task with no parameter file,
+a text standard input, and a binary standard output.
+.le
+.ls tfile
+The name of the file to be executed or interpreted to run the task.
+The type of the task is determined by the file extension.  An ".e" extension
+indicates an executable task, while ".cl" indicates a CL script task or
+procedure.  The \fItfile\fR string is prefixed by a $ to define a
+\fIforeign task\fR (see the discussion below).
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fItask\fR statement defines a new task to the CL, and is required before
+the task can be run from the CL.  The new task is added to the "current
+package", i.e., the package that is listed when "?" is entered.  Any task
+definitions made since the current package was entered will be discarded
+when the package is exited.
+
+In addition to defining a new task, the \fItask\fR statement defines the
+type and attributes of the new task.  Three types of tasks can be defined:
+script (.cl), executable (.e), and foreign ($...).  A task is assumed to
+have a parameter file ("taskname.par", in the same directory as \fItfile\fR),
+unless the taskname is explicitly prefixed by a $.  A suffix or extension
+may optionally be added to the task name to indicate whether the input and
+output streams are text or binary.  The default is text, meaning that if
+output (or input) is redirected to a file, the file will be opened as a
+text file.
+
+The \fIforeign task\fR facility allows host system tasks, e.g., host utilities
+or user written Fortran or C programs, to be called from the CL as if they
+were regular IRAF tasks.  The command line of a foreign task is parsed
+like that of any other task (and unlike an OS escape), allowing expression
+evaluation, i/o redirection, and background job submission.  The difference
+between a regular IRAF task and a foreign task is that the foreign tasks have
+little or no access to IRAF facilities, are usually machine dependent
+(and programs which use them are machine dependent), and cannot be cached.
+Nonetheless the foreign task facility is very useful for personalizing and
+extending the IRAF environment with a minimum of effort.
+
+The \fItask\fR statement includes facilities for defining how the host system
+argument list for a foreign task will be built when the task is called from
+the CL.  The simplest form of the foreign task statement is the following:
+
+	task [$]taskname = "$host_command_prefix"
+
+where \fIhost_command_prefix\fR is the first part of the command string to be
+passed to the host system.  Any command line arguments are simply tacked onto
+the end of this string, delimited by blanks.
+
+If this is insufficient then argument substitution may be used to define how
+the argument list is to be built up.  The macro \fB$N\fR denotes argument N
+from the CL command line, with the first argument being number 1.  The macro
+\fB$0\fR is a special case, and is replaced the name of the task being
+executed.  Likewise, \fB$*\fR denotes all arguments.  If the character
+following the $ is enclosed in parenthesis, the corresponding argument string
+will be treated as an IRAF virtual filename, with the equivalent host system
+filename being substituted for use in the host command.  Any other character
+sequences are passed on unchanged.  The argument substitution macros are
+summarized in the table below.
+
+.ks
+.nf
+	$0		task name
+	$N		argument N
+	$*		all arguments
+	$(...)		host system filename translation of "..."
+.fi
+.ke
+
+When a task is invoked, an executable is run by starting an attached
+sub-process, while a script is run by starting a new level of the CL
+with its standard input set to the script file.
+
+An executable image may contain any number of executable CL tasks, hence it
+can be pointed to by multiple task names or in multiple \fItask\fR statements.
+A script file can only contain one script task.
+
+\fIRedefine\fR has the same syntax as the \fItask\fR command, but all the
+task names must already be defined in the current package.  It is often
+useful after misspelling the task file name in a task command.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Call up the editor to create a new program (task) mytask.x.  Compile
+the new program.  Declare it using the task statement and then run it.
+
+.nf
+	cl> edit mytask.x			# edit
+	cl> xc mytask.x				# compile & link
+	cl> task $mytask = mytask.e		# define task
+	cl> mytask arg1 arg2			# run it
+.fi
+
+2. Define a script task with associated parameter file (if the script is
+a \fIprocedure\fR, the parameter file is omitted since procedure scripts
+always have defined parameters).
+
+	cl> task myscript = myscript.cl
+
+3. Define the four new tasks implot, graph, showcap, and gkiextract.
+All have parameter files except showcap.  The gkiextract task has a
+binary output stream.  All tasks are executable and are stored in the
+executable file "plot$x_plot.e".  Note the use of comma argument
+delimiters in this example; this is a compute mode example as would
+be found in a package script task.
+
+.nf
+	task	implot,			# compute mode syntax
+		graph,
+		$showcap,
+		gkiextract.tb	= "plot$x_plot.e"
+.fi
+
+4. Make the listed UNIX programs available in the IRAF environment as
+foreign tasks.  None of the tasks has a parameter file.  The "$foreign"
+declares the tasks as foreign, and indicates that the IRAF task name
+is the same as the host system task name.
+
+	cl> task $ls $od $rlogin = $foreign
+
+5. Define a couple of foreign tasks for VMS, where the command to be sent
+to VMS is not the same as the IRAF task name.
+
+.nf
+	cl> task $run	= $run/nodebug
+	cl> task $debug = $run/debug
+	cl> task $top	= "$show proc/topcpu"
+.fi
+.ih
+BUGS
+The distinction between command and compute mode syntax can be confusing.
+When defining tasks in your login.cl or in a package script task, use
+compute mode, with commas between the arguments and all strings quoted
+(there are plenty of examples in the system).  When typing in \fItask\fR
+statements interactively, use command mode.  If you forget and leave in
+the commas, they will be assumed to be part of the task name, causing the
+following error message when the task is run:
+
+	ERROR: IRAF Main: command syntax error
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+prcache, flprcache, package
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/time.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/time.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4e49c9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/time.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+.help time Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+time -- display the current time
+.ih
+USAGE
+time
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+\fITime\fR writes the current time and date on the standard output.
+.ih
+EXAMPLE
+.nf
+cl> time
+Fri 12:50:29 14-Feb-86
+.fi
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+sleep, wait, jobs
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/unlearn.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/unlearn.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..035a9a51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/unlearn.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+.help unlearn Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+unlearn -- restore initial defaults for parameters
+.ih
+USAGE
+unlearn name [name ...]
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls name
+An IRAF task or package name.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+Normally when a task terminates the values of the query mode task parameters
+used are stored in the parameter file on disk, appearing as the new defaults
+the next time the task is run.  The \fIunlearn\fR command instructs the CL
+to forget any task parameters it might have learned and to use the initial
+default values the next time the task is run.  If a tasks parameters have
+been cached, then they are removed from the parameter cache.
+
+If a package name is specified all the tasks in the package are unlearned.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Unlearn the parameters for the delete and plot.graph tasks.
+
+	cl> unlearn delete plot.graph
+
+2. Unlearn the parameters for all tasks in the \fIdataio\fR package.
+
+	cl> unlearn dataio
+
+3. To unlearn the parameters for all tasks in the system, log out of the
+CL and run \fImkiraf\fR, or enter the following:
+
+.nf
+	cl> chdir uparm
+	cl> delete *.par
+.fi
+.ih
+BUGS
+It is possible for the parameter set for a task to become corrupted,
+e.g., if the CL is interrupted while it is updating the parameter file on
+disk, causing a truncated file to be written.  If this should occur one
+will get error messages complaining about illegal arguments or parameters
+not found when the task is run.  The fix is to "unlearn" the parameters
+for the task.
+
+When the CL fetches the parameters for a task, it checks to see if the
+system defaults have been updated more recently than the user's copy of
+the parameter set, and uses the system copy if it is more recent, after
+printing a message to warn the user.  This is done by comparing the file
+dates for the system and user parameter sets.  On VMS, it is easy for the
+modify date of the system copy of the parameter set to become updated
+even though the file data has not been modified, causing an annoying warning
+message to be printed when the task is later run.  Should this occur,
+the best solution is to unlearn all affected parameter sets.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+cache, update, lparam, eparam
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/update.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/update.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8a77cff4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/update.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+.help update Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+update -- update the parameters for a task on disk
+.ih
+USAGE
+update task [task ...]
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls task
+An IRAF task name.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+Normally when a task terminates the values of the task parameters used
+are stored for the next invocation of the task in a disk file in the
+users UPARM directory.  However if the task parameters have been
+cached by the \fIcache\fR command, this will not be done until the
+CL terminates.  In the case of a background job, automatic updating of
+parameters is disabled.  The \fIupdate\fR command is used to force the
+parameters for a task to be updated on disk.
+.ih
+EXAMPLE
+1. Update the parameters for the \fIpage\fR task.
+
+	cl> update page
+.ih
+BUGS
+The parameter set is only updated on disk if a parameter has been modified
+since the last update.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+cache, unlearn
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/wait.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/wait.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ecef7a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/wait.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+.help wait Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+wait -- wait for a background job to terminate
+.ih
+USAGE
+wait [job job ...]
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls job
+A background job number, as printed when the job is submitted,
+or as given by the \fIjobs\fR command.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fIwait\fR task causes the CL to hibernate until a background job or
+jobs terminates.  No arguments, or a job number of 0 means to wait
+until all background jobs finish, while other arguments can be
+specified to wait for a particular job.  If a background job is
+not running the wait returns immediately.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. Wait for any background jobs to finish, beeping the terminal when done.
+
+	cl> wait;beep
+
+2. Wait for job 3 to terminate.
+
+	cl> wait 3
+.ih
+BUGS
+Deadlock is possible.
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+jobs, kill, service
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/which.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/which.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..54d50f3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/which.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+.help "which,whereis" Mar04 language
+.ih
+NAME
+.nf
+which -- locate a task in the package list
+whereis -- locate all occurrences of a task in the package list
+.fi
+.ih
+USAGE
+.nf
+which [task] [...]
+whereis [task] [...]
+.fi
+.ih
+PARAMETERS
+.ls task
+Name of task to be located.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fIwhich\fR command returns the first occurrence of a task in the currently
+loaded package list.  The \fIwhereis\fR command returns all occurrences of that
+task in the package list.  More than one task may be supplied on the command
+line, unique abbreviations for task names are permitted.
+
+These commands are similar to the UNIX commands of the same name.  Users should
+note that \fIonly\fR the currently loaded packages are searched.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1.  Find out which package contains the HEAD task.
+.nf
+
+	cl> which head
+	system
+.fi
+
+2.  Find all currently loaded package which contain the SPLOT task.
+.nf
+
+	cl> whereis splot
+	echelle onedspec
+.fi
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/doc/while.hlp b/pkg/language/doc/while.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c5cb96f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/doc/while.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+.help while Feb86 language
+.ih
+NAME
+while -- while loop construct
+.ih
+SYNTAX
+while (expression) statement
+.ih
+ELEMENTS
+.ls while
+Required keyword.
+.le
+.ls expression
+A boolean valued expression tested before each iteration.
+.le
+.ls statement
+A statement (possibly compound) to be executed in each iteration of the loop.
+.le
+.ih
+DESCRIPTION
+The \fIwhile\fR loop executes the enclosed statements while the specified
+condition is true.
+.ih
+EXAMPLES
+1. An infinite loop.
+
+.nf
+	while (yes) {
+	    sleep 30
+	    time
+	}
+.fi
+
+2. Type a file.
+
+.nf
+	list = "home$login.cl"
+	while (fscan (list, line) != EOF)
+	    print (line)
+.fi
+.ih
+SEE ALSO
+for, case, break, next
+.endhelp
diff --git a/pkg/language/language.hd b/pkg/language/language.hd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..884551ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/language.hd
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# Help directory for the LANGUAGE (Command Language tasks) package.
+
+$defdir	= "pkg$language/doc/"
+
+access		hlp = access.hlp
+back		hlp = back.hlp
+beep		hlp = beep.hlp
+break		hlp = break.hlp
+bye		hlp = bye.hlp
+cache		hlp = cache.hlp
+case		hlp = switch.hlp
+cd		hlp = chdir.hlp
+chdir		hlp = chdir.hlp
+cl		hlp = cl.hlp
+clbye		hlp = cl.hlp
+clear		hlp = clear.hlp
+commands	hlp = commands.hlp
+cursors		hlp = cursors.hlp
+declarations	hlp = decls.hlp
+default		hlp = switch.hlp
+defpac		hlp = defpac.hlp
+defpar		hlp = defpac.hlp
+deftask		hlp = defpac.hlp
+defvar		hlp = defpac.hlp
+dparam		hlp = dparam.hlp
+edit		hlp = edit.hlp
+ehistory	hlp = ehistory.hlp
+else		hlp = if.hlp
+envget		hlp = envget.hlp
+envget		hlp = envget.hlp
+eparam		hlp = eparam.hlp
+error		hlp = error.hlp
+flprcache	hlp = flprcache.hlp
+for		hlp = for.hlp
+fprint		hlp = fprint.hlp
+fscan		hlp = scan.hlp
+fscanf		hlp = scan.hlp
+gflush		hlp = gflush.hlp
+goto		hlp = goto.hlp
+hidetask	hlp = hidetask.hlp
+history		hlp = history.hlp
+if		hlp = if.hlp
+imaccess	hlp = imaccess.hlp
+intro		hlp = intro.hlp
+isindef		hlp = isindef.hlp
+jobs		hlp = jobs.hlp
+keep		hlp = keep.hlp
+kill		hlp = kill.hlp
+logout		hlp = logout.hlp
+logging		hlp = logging.hlp
+lparam		hlp = lparam.hlp
+mathfcns	hlp = mathfcns.hlp
+mktemp		hlp = mktemp.hlp
+nscan		hlp = scan.hlp
+next		hlp = next.hlp
+osfn		hlp = osfn.hlp
+package		hlp = package.hlp
+parameters	hlp = params.hlp
+prcache		hlp = prcache.hlp
+print		hlp = fprint.hlp
+printf		hlp = fprint.hlp
+procedure	hlp = proc.hlp
+putlog		hlp = putlog.hlp
+radix		hlp = radix.hlp
+redefine	hlp = task.hlp
+return		hlp = return.hlp
+scan		hlp = scan.hlp
+scanf		hlp = scan.hlp
+service		hlp = service.hlp
+set		hlp = set.hlp
+reset		hlp = set.hlp
+show		hlp = show.hlp
+sleep		hlp = sleep.hlp
+strings		hlp = strings.hlp
+stty		hlp = stty.hlp
+switch		hlp = switch.hlp
+task		hlp = task.hlp
+time		hlp = time.hlp
+unlearn		hlp = unlearn.hlp
+update		hlp = update.hlp
+wait		hlp = wait.hlp
+while		hlp = while.hlp
+which		hlp = which.hlp
+whereis		hlp = which.hlp
diff --git a/pkg/language/language.men b/pkg/language/language.men
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4a4390a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/language.men
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+Language package.
+
+Note: To get help on a keyword enclose it in quotes.  Keywords are starred.
+
+	  intro - A brief introduction to IRAF
+
+Language components:
+
+          break * Break out of a loop
+	   case * One setting of a switch
+       commands - A discussion of the syntax of IRAF commands
+	cursors - Graphics and image display cursors
+   declarations - Parameter/variable declarations
+        default * The default clause of a switch
+           else * Else clause of IF statement
+            for * C-style for loop construct
+             if * If statement 
+           goto * Goto statement
+        logging - Discussion of CL logging
+           next * Start next iteration of a loop
+     parameters - Discussion of parameter attributes
+      procedure * Start a procedure script
+         return * Return from script with an optional value
+         switch * Multiway branch construct
+          while * While loop
+
+
+Builtin Commands and Functions:
+
+	 access - Test if a file exists
+	   back - Return to the previous directory (after a chdir)
+	   beep - Send a beep to the terminal
+	    bye - Exit a task or package
+	  cache - Cache parameter files, or print the current cache list
+	     cd - Change directory
+	  chdir - Change directory
+	     cl - Execute commands from the standard input
+	  clbye - A cl followed by a bye (used to save file descriptors)
+          clear - Clear the terminal screen
+	 defpac - Test if a package is defined
+	 defpar - Test if a parameter is defined
+        deftask - Test if a task is defined
+	 defvar - Test if an environment variable is defined
+	 dparam - Dump a pset as a series of task.param=value assignments
+	   edit - Edit a text file
+       ehistory - Edit history file to re-execute commands
+	 envget - Get the string value of an environment variable
+         eparam - Edit parameters of a task
+	  error - Print error code and message and abort
+      flprcache - Flush the process cache
+	 fprint * Print a line into a parameter
+	  fscan * Scan a list
+	 fscanf * Formatted read from a file, or another parameter
+	 gflush - Flush any buffered graphics output
+       hidetask - Make a task invisible to the user
+        history - Display  commands previously executed
+       imaccess - Test if an image exists
+           jobs - Display status of background jobs
+	   keep - Make recent set, task, etc. declarations permanent
+	   kill - Kill a background job
+	 logout - Log out of the CL
+	 lparam - List the parameters of a task
+       mathfcns - Mathematical routines
+	 mktemp - Make a temporary (unique) file name
+	   osfn - Return the host system equivalent of an IRAF filename
+        package - Define a new package, or print the current package names
+        prcache - Show process cache, or lock a process into the cache
+	  print - Print a line on the standard output
+	 printf - Formatted print to the standard output
+         putlog - Put a message to the logfile
+	  radix - Encode a number in the specified radix
+       redefine - Redefine a task
+	  reset - Reset the value of an environment variable
+	   scan * Scan the standard input
+	  scanf * Formatted read from the standard input
+        service - Service a query from a background job
+	    set - Set an environment variable
+           show - Show an environment variable
+          sleep - Hibernate for a specified time
+        strings - String manipulation routines
+	   stty - Set/show terminal characteristics
+	   task - Define a new task
+           time - Print the current time
+        unlearn - Restore the default parameters for a task or package
+	 update - Update a task's parameters (flush to disk)
+	   wait - Wait for all background jobs to complete
+        whereis - locate all occurences of a task in the package list
+          which - locate a task in the package list
+
diff --git a/pkg/language/language.par b/pkg/language/language.par
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a531c351
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/language/language.par
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+version,s,h,"November 1984"